Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Formality

Contents

Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Books
Book chapters
Conference papers
Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Formality'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Formality.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Formality"

1

Bernhardt, Deborah. "Formality." Tikkun 25, no. 3 (May 2010): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/08879982-2010-3026.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Nuzzo, Angelica. "Form, Formality, Formalism in Hegel’s Dialectic-Speculative Logic." History and Philosophy of Logic 44, no. 2 (April 3, 2023): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01445340.2023.2181581.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Saleh, Bashar. "Noncommutative formality implies commutative and Lie formality." Algebraic & Geometric Topology 17, no. 4 (August 3, 2017): 2523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/agt.2017.17.2523.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Davis, Whitney. "Subjectivity and Objectivity in High and Historical Formalism." Representations 104, no. 1 (2008): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2008.104.1.8.

Full text

Abstract:

High formalism (often identified with the criticism of modern arts) can be defined by the reification of pure formality, the promotion of close looking, and the decontextualization of "the object," its disaggregation from the archaeological and architectural assemblages in which all artifacts are usually found. It is avowedly subjective. By contrast, historical formalism (often identified with the archaeology of art in premodern and non-Western traditions) attempts a hermeneutics of integrated aspect-seeing in the past——including the constitutive historical subjectivity of formality produced by the makers of the artifacts in question——that proceeds methodologically from the formalities we can see when we organize artifacts according to explicit morphological typologies and series. It is provisionally objective.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Kaufman, Eleanor. "Extreme Formality." Angelaki 15, no. 1 (April 2010): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0969725x.2010.496171.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Campos, Ricardo, and Benjamin C. Ward. "Gravity formality." Advances in Mathematics 331 (June 2018): 439–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2018.04.019.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Campos, Ricardo. "BV formality." Advances in Mathematics 306 (January 2017): 807–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2016.10.034.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Hoogerwoord, Rob R. "Formality works." Information Processing Letters 77, no. 2-4 (February 2001): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-0190(00)00210-6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Tannen, Deborah. "Folk Formality." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 12 (May 15, 1986): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v12i0.1851.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Pramitha, Asi Intan. "Formal Translation On Indonesian President Speech." Buletin Al-Turas 21, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 385–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/bat.v21i2.3848.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This research analyzes President Speech Script from “State Address by President of the Republic of Indonesia on the Occasion of the 65th Anniversary of Independence of the Republic Indonesia which contains two languages. The purpose of this research is to discover the language expressions to know which the level of formality used in President Speech in translation of Indonesian into English. The writer analyzes the President speech as the unit of analysis. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative by comparing two text of President Speech, the Source Language (Indonesian) and Target Language (English). It uses the level of formality theory to analyze the language expressions used in translation of Indonesian into English. In this research the writer finds that there are some words, phrases, and sentences which those expressions show the formality. Based on this research, the formality mostly showed from the diction or word order and tone. Also, there are some expressions which are generally used by a President in his Speech. So, the result of translation is formal based on the analysis which has been done. ---tentang pidato president Indonesia pada kegiatan peringatan hari kemerdekaan bangsa Indonesia yang ke-65 tahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat formalitas penerjemahan ungkapan bahasa yang digunakan oleh president Indonesia dalam menyampaikan pidatonya dalam bahasa Indonesia yang kemudian diterjemahan ke dalam bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan membandingkan dua teks naskah pidato, bahasa Indonesia dan hasil terjemahannya dalam bahasa Inggris. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan teori formalitas berdasarkan sumber acuan buku teori penerjemahan. Penelitian ini, menympulkan bahwa hasil penerjemahan teks naskah pidato dari bahasa Indonesia ke dalam bahasa Inggris banyak menggunakan ungkapan-ungkapan bahasa formal. Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi bagi para pembaca dan pemerhati penerjemahan.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Formality"

1

Weidner, Jan [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Soergel. "Modular equivariant formality = Modulare äquivariante Formalität." Freiburg : Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1123480745/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Emley, Bryce. "Formality." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/376.

Full text

Abstract:

Of the many aspects of the composition of poetry, the most common component of the form involves emotional response. There is an infinite number of ways to write a poem, and likewise an infinite number of forms which a poem can be structured according to. In writing this collection of poems composing my thesis, I set out to write poetry in as many ways as I could to explore how different forms, devices, voices, points of view, sounds, tones, and as many other variables as I could think of affect poetry as stimulus. The poems in this collection cover a range of classic poetic forms and styles as well as variations of free verse and contemporary forms. My hope is that the readers of these poems will be able to experience a wide range of emotional responses and gain the same insight into the vast abilities inherent in poetry that I gained in writing them.<br>B.A.<br>Bachelors<br>Arts and Humanities<br>Creative Writing

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Pedroza, Andrés. "Equivariant formality and localization formulas /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2004.

Find full text

Abstract:

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2004.<br>Adviser: Loring W. Tu. Submitted to the Dept. of Mathematics. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-45). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Zaki, Yamani Mai Ahmed. "Formality and propriety in the Hejaz." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274822.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Fergus, Edward Joseph. "Specifying distributed applications : the limits of formality." Thesis, Open University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236204.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Sherr-Ziarko, Ethan. "Prosodic properties of formality in spoken Japanese." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:85d42ec3-0cba-493d-bb8a-8edfe4f33d44.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis investigates the relationship between prosody and formality in spoken Japanese, from the standpoints of both speech production and perception. The previous literature on this topic has often produced inconsistent or contradictory results (e.g. Loveday, 1981; Ofuka at al., 2000; Ito, 2001; Ito, 2002), and this thesis therefore seeks to address the research question of whether speakers and listeners use prosody in any predictable way when expressing or judging formality in spoken Japanese. Chapter 2 describes a pilot study which aimed to determine which prosodic variables were worth investigating in a larger corpus-based study. Speech of different levels of formality was elicited from subjects indirectly via the inclusion of indexical linguistic items in carrier sentences. Analysis of the relationship between mean f<sub>0</sub> and duration shows a significant correlation with the categories of formal and informal speech where both variables are higher in informal speech. Consequently, in Chapter 3 f<sub>0</sub> and articulation rate were analyzed in the corpus-based study. Corpus data for the study was collected via one-on-one conversations recorded at NINJAL in Tachikawa-shi, Japan. The speech data from the corpus was analyzed in order to test the hypothesis that the prosodic variables of mean f<sub>0</sub>, articulation rate, and f<sub>0</sub> range would all be consistently higher in informal speech. Analysis using mixed effects models and a functional data analysis shows that all three prosodic variables are significantly higher in informal speech. These results were then used to inform the design of a speech perception study, which tested how manipulation of mean f<sub>0</sub>, articulation rate, and f<sub>0</sub> range upwards or downwards affect listeners' judgments of de-lexicalized speech as formal or informal. Results show that manipulation of all three variables upwards or downward leads to listeners' judging recordings as more informal or formal respectively. However, manipulation of individual variables does not have a significant correlation with changes in listeners' judgements. This result led to the theory that categorization tasks in speech perception are probabilistic, with listeners accessing distributions of acoustic cues to the categories in order to make judgments. Chapter 5 of the thesis describes a probabilistic Bayesian model of formality formulated based on the theory of the cognitive process of category judgment described in Chapter 4, which attempts to predict a recording's level of formality based only on its prosody. Given information on the overall and speaker-specific distributions of the prosodic cues to the different levels of formality, the model is able to discriminate between categories at a rate better than chance (~63% accurate for formal speech, ~74% accurate for informal speech), performing better than human listeners - who could not predict formality based on only prosodic information at a rate above chance in the study in Chapter 4. The studies in this thesis show a consistent, significant relationship between prosody and formality in spoken Japanese in both speech production and perception, which can be modeled probabilistically using a Bayesian statistical framework.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Critchley, Patricia. "The role of formality in English property law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390268.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Güler, Demen [Verfasser], and Klaus-Jörn [Akademischer Betreuer] Lange. "Characterizing Formality / Demen Güler ; Betreuer: Klaus-Jörn Lange." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1182985866/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Lupton, Gregory Michael. "The intrinsic formality of certain types of algebras." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12488.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Saleh, Bashar. "Formality and homotopy automorphisms in rational homotopy theory." Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Matematiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-160835.

Full text

Abstract:

This licentiate thesis consists of two papers treating subjects in rational homotopy theory. In Paper I, we establish two formality conditions in characteristic zero. We prove that adg Lie algebra is formal if and only if its universal enveloping algebra is formal. Wealso prove that a commutative dg algebra is formal as a dg associative algebra if andonly if it is formal as a commutative dg algebra. We present some consequences ofthese theorems in rational homotopy theory. In Paper II, we construct a differential graded Lie model for the universal cover of the classifying space of the grouplike monoid of homotopy automorphisms of a space that fix a subspace.<br><p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.</p>

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Books on the topic "Formality"

1

Esposito, Chiara. Formality Theory. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09290-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Hendry, Joy. Politeness and formality in Japanese social relations. Stirling: University of Stirling, Scottish Centre for Japanese Studies, 1991.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Lambrechts, Pascal. Formality of the little N-disks operad. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2014.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Bank, World, ed. Increasing formality and productivity of Bolivian firms. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2009.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

World Bank. Poverty Reduction and Economic Management., ed. Bolivia: Policies for increasing firms' formality and productivity. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Bank, World, ed. Bolivia: Reducing gender based differences in formality and productivity. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Trout, Stran L. Board meeting procedure in Virginia: Formality in local government boards. Quinton, Va: S.L. Trout, 2010.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Kikodze, Evgenii͡a. Urbanisticheskiĭ formalizm: Urban formalism. Moskva: Izdatelʹskai︠a︡ programma "Interrosa", 2007.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

1942-, Lea Sydney, ed. The Burdens of formality: Essays on the poetry of Anthony Hecht. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Nicolas, Andrea. From process to procedure: Elders' mediation and formality in Central Ethiopia. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2011.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Formality"

1

Iacona, Andrea. "Formality." In LOGIC: Lecture Notes for Philosophy, Mathematics, and Computer Science, 25–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64811-4_3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Esposito, Chiara. "Introduction." In Formality Theory, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09290-4_1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Esposito, Chiara. "Classical Mechanics and Poisson Structures." In Formality Theory, 7–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09290-4_2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Esposito, Chiara. "Deformation Quantization and Formality Theory." In Formality Theory, 21–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09290-4_3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Esposito, Chiara. "Kontsevich’s Formula and Globalization." In Formality Theory, 61–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09290-4_4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Farinella, Domenica, and Davide Arcidiacono. "Beyond formality." In The Routledge Handbook of the Gig Economy, 116–30. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003161875-10.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Hanzel, Igor. "The Essential Formality." In The Concept of Scientific Law in the Philosophy of Science and Epistemology, 108–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3265-9_7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Ijatuyi, Olufunto, Hezekiah Adedayo Ayoola, and Alessandro Melis. "Informality in formality." In Informality through Sustainability, 343–55. New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Earthscan series on sustainable design: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429331701-22.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Nuzzo, Angelica. "Form, Formality, Formalism in Hegel's Dialectic-Speculative Logic." In The Formalization of Dialectics, 5–19. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032631677-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Flack, Chapman, and Mikhail J. Atallah. "Better Logging through Formality." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-39945-3_1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Formality"

1

Pituxcoosuvarn, Mondheera, Wuttichai Vijitkunsawat, and Yohei Murakami. "Addressing Sociolinguistic Challenges in Machine Translation: An LLM-Based Approach for Politeness and Formality." In 2024 8th International Conference on Information Technology (InCIT), 757–62. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/incit63192.2024.10810615.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Li, Jiahuan, Yiqing Cao, Shujian Huang, and Jiajun Chen. "Formality is Favored: Unraveling the Learning Preferences of Large Language Models on Data with Conflicting Knowledge." In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 5307–20. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.304.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Chen, Yunan, Charlotte Tang, Xiaomu Zhou, Aleksandra Sarcevic, and Soyoung Lee. "Beyond formality." In the 2013 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2441955.2442030.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

McCauley, Lee, Sidney D'Mello, and Steve Daily. "Understanding without formality." In the 43rd annual southeast regional conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1167350.1167374.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Pei He, Lishan Kang, and Ming Fu. "Formality based genetic programming." In 2008 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cec.2008.4631354.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Dixon, Martin. "An Increasing Need for Formality (Keynote)." In 2019 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/fmcad.2019.8894255.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Abu Sheikha, Fadi, and Diana Inkpen. "Automatic classification of documents by formality." In 2010 International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering (NLP-KE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nlpke.2010.5587767.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Turney, Edmund, Carmen Pérez Sabater, and Begoña Montero Fleta. "Formality and informality in electronic communication." In ExLing 2006: 1st Tutorial and Research Workshop on Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2006/01/0054/000054.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Wang, Caihong, Shuxiang Gong, Sicong Zhao, Yang Cao, Naibing Lv, Jinghui Wu, and Shuang Wu. "Formality style transfer via masked SeqGAN." In 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Automation, and High-Performance Computing (AIAHPC 2022), edited by Ligu Zhu. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2641352.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Yeung, Louise, Beryl Plimmer, Brenda Lobb, and Douglas Elliffe. "Levels of formality in diagram presentation." In the 2007 conference of the computer-human interaction special interest group (CHISIG) of Australia. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1324892.1324957.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Formality"

1

Caro, Lorena, Arturo Galindo, and Marcela Meléndez Arjona. Credit, Labor Informality and Firm Performance in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011386.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper explores the links between labor formality, access to credit and firm performance in Colombia using Annual Manufacturing Survey data for the period 2000-2009. A significant though small relationship is found between access to credit and informality. The results suggest that a 10 percent increase in the ratio of credit to sectoral output increases labor formality between 0. 76 and 1. 14 percentage points. This effect vanishes as a firm's financial constraint increases. The paper also reports a strong correlation between labor formality and firm performance measured as output and employment growth. A one percentage point increase in labor formality is associated with an 8. 5 percent increase in output and an 11 percent increase in employment growth.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Bosch, Mariano, and Julen Esteban-Pretel. Labor Market Effects of Introducing Unemployment Benefits in an Economy with High Informality. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011471.

Full text

Abstract:

Unemployment benefit systems are nonexistent in many developing economies. Introducing such systems poses many challenges, which are partly due to the high level of informality in the labor markets of these economies. This paper studies the consequences on the labor market of implementing an unemployment benefit system in economies with large informal sectors and high flows of workers between formality and informality. We build a search and matching model with endogenous destruction, on-the-job search, and intersectoral flows, where agents in the economy decide optimally whether or not to formalize jobs. We calibrate the model for Mexico, and show that the introduction of an unemployment benefit system, where workers contribute when employed in the formal market and collect benefits when they lose their jobs, can lead to an increase in formality in the economy, while also producing small increases in unemployment. The exact impact of incorporating such benefits depends on the relative strength of two opposing effects: the generosity of the benefits and the level of the contributions that finance those benefits. We also show important policy complementarities with other interventions in the labor market. In particular, combining the unemployment benefit program with policies that reduce the cost of formality, such as lower employment taxes and firing costs, can produce greater decreases in informality and lower impacts on unemployment than when the program is applied in isolation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Kugler, Adriana, Maurice Kugler, and Luis Omar Herrera Prada. Do Payroll Tax Breaks Stimulate Formality? Evidence from Colombia’s Reform. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23308.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Gandelman, Néstor, and Alejandro Rasteletti. The Impact of Bank Credit on Employment Formality in Uruguay. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011379.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper examines the effect of bank credit on employment formalization in Uruguay. Using a difference-in-differences methodology proposed by Catão, Pagés and Rosales (2011), the paper finds that financial deepening decreases informality, especially in more financially dependent sectors. The effect is additionally found to be greater for women and younger workers. Despite the severe economic crisis and a sharp contraction of bank credit experienced by the economy in the period of analysis, no evidence is found that the effect of bank credit on employment formality has changed over time.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Calderón, Valentina, and Ioana Marinescu. The Impact of Colombia's Pension and Health Insurance Systems on Informality. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011360.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper examines how changes in the legislation governing health and pension benefits that took place between 2003 and 2008 in Colombia affected the informal and formal labor markets. In particular, this paper examines two major changes in the legislation. First, it looks at the effects of imposing the requirement to use the same base income to contribute to both health insurance and pensions for independent workers using a difference-in-differences strategy. Second, this document addresses the effects of unifying health and pension system payments, which required employers to make contributions to these two plans through a unified payment system, making it more difficult to contribute differently to the one plan versus the other. The results presented in this paper suggest that this reform increased both full formality and full informality, but with larger positive effects on full formality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Hernández, Fausto, and Arturo Antón-Sarabia. VAT Collection and Social Security Contributions: Is There a Link? Inter-American Development Bank, March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011473.

Full text

Abstract:

Mexican public finances are weak; national tax collection as a percentage of GDP is among the lowest in the world. On the other hand, expenditure needs are enormous. There have been several attempts to reform our tax system but they have not been successful due to different factors such as political interests, excess of oil revenues, and deficient design of the reforms. One of the most important problems is that every reform has been attempted with no significant change on the expenditure side, or what is more, ignoring links between taxes and other economic areas such as social security contributions. Recently Levy (2008) has proposed a major change on the expenditure side. In particular he argues that social policy should dramatically be modified to be able to provide a universal health care system together with unemployment insurance, which at the end would promote formality. This calls for an adequate financial source. In this work we estimate the potential VAT collection to finance this proposal, taking into account some partial equilibrium effects in a context of coexistence of formality and informality. Here the former is defined in terms of tax compliance only.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, Carmen Pagés, and Reyes Aterido. Does Expanding Health Insurance Beyond Formal-Sector Workers Encourage Informality?: Measuring the Impact of Mexico's Seguro Popular. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011476.

Full text

Abstract:

Seguro Popular (SP) was introduced in 2002 to provide health insurance to the 50 million Mexicans without Social Security. This paper tests whether the program has had unintended consequences, distorting workers' incentives to operate in the informal sector. The analysis examines the impact of SP on disaggregated labor market decisions, taking into account that program coverage depends not only on the individual's employment status, but also on that of other household members. The identification strategy relies on the variation in SP's rollout across municipalities and time, with the difference-in-difference estimation controlling for household fixed effects. The paper finds that SP lowers formality by 0.4-0.7 percentage points, with adjustments largely occurring within a few years of the program's introduction. Rather than encouraging exit from the formal sector, SP is associated with a 3.1 percentage point reduction (a 20 percent decline) in the inflow of workers into formality. Income effects are also apparent, with significantly decreased flows out of unemployment and lower labor force participation. The impact is larger for those with less education, in larger households, and with somebody else in the household guaranteeing Social Security coverage. However, workers pay for part of these benefits with lower wages in the informal sector.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Támola, Alejandro. Credit, Labor Formality and Firm Size: Analytical Framework and Regional Evidence in the Context of the IDB's Country Strategy Dialogue. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009194.

Full text

Abstract:

This work summarizes the results from a series of papers prepared within the framework of the project "Credit, Formalization, and Firm Growth." Those papers were prepared to help inform the overall policy dialogue and the IDB's technical assistance work with its borrowing members, particularly in regard to financing the lending programs of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The main results can be summarized as follows: i) a positive association between formality and credit conditions in the region appears to be empirically relevant but dependent on idiosyncratic conditions and unevenly distributed conditional on firm size; ii) the positive associations between credit conditions and other measures of firm performance (such as size, growth, and investment) appear to be heterogeneous conditional on firm size; and iii) the empirical assessment of the links between formal credit and the various measures of firm performance may benefit from considering alternative sources of funding such as internal funds.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Djidonou, Gbenoukpo Robert, Neil Foster-McGregor, and Nanditha Mathew. Formal-Informal Supply Chain Linkages and Firm Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Human Capital. UNU-MERIT, February 2025. https://doi.org/10.53330/jner2108.

Full text

Abstract:

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in reducing poverty and inequality by generating the majority of jobs, income, and pathways to better employment opportunities. However, informal enterprises are often characterized by low productivity and significant decent work deficits. In Sub-Saharan Africa, where a large share of the workforce is engaged in informal enterprises, transitioning to formality is essential for enhancing productivity, fostering economic growth, and ensuring decent work for all. A critical pathway for informal firms to formalize is through production and worker linkages with formal firms. Using a sample of 13,626 informal firms from three Sub-Saharan African countries, this study examines the performance effects of informal firms with formal linkages and explores the mediating role of human capital. We find that formal backward linkages—where informal firms source inputs from formal firms—are significantly more common than other types of formal-informal linkages. Employing heteroskedasticity-based identification, our findings reveal that the productivity gains from these linkages are not automatic - higher human capital is essential for firms to benefit from knowledge and technology transfers. This highlights the critical role of absorptive capacity in enabling informal firms to leverage knowledge and technology transferred through formal backward linkages, thereby emphasizing the importance of targeted capacity-building interventions in fostering inclusive economic growth.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Beverinotti, Javier, Gustavo Canavire-Bacarreza, and Alejandro Puerta. Understanding the Growth of the Middle Class in Bolivia. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003407.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper we aim to disentangle how sectoral economic growth affects the growth of the middle class size using state-level data of Bolivia from 2000 to 2017, a country with limited data, breaking the three main economic activities into subsectors aiming for more specific results. By means of a Bayesian hierarchical longitudinal model for small samples, we find that the commerce and services sectors have the biggest impact, even though mining and agriculture also have a positive effect on the increase of the middle class in Bolivia. Our results also suggest that both formality and public social investment have a significant, yet smaller, effect.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!