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Books on the topic 'Formality / informality'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Colley, Helen. Informality and formality in learning: A report for the Learning and Skills Research Centre. London: Learning and Skills Development Agency, 2003.

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2

von Groddeck, Victoria, and Sylvia Marlene Wilz, eds. Formalität und Informalität in Organisationen. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-00603-7.

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3

Timo, Grunden, ed. Regierungszentralen: Organisation, Steuerung und Politikformulierung zwischen Formalität und Informalität. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2011.

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4

Stender, Tom, María Crojethovic, Sebastian Gütschow, Carolin Krüger, and Thomas Elkeles. Veränderungspotenziale in Krankenhausorganisationen: Formalität und Informalität in nordostdeutschen Krankenhäusern. Giessen: Psychosozial-Verlag, 2014.

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5

Federighi, Paolo, ed. Educazione in età adulta. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-752-8.

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Il volume presenta l’esito di una serie di incontri e seminari che, a più livelli, hanno contribuito alla costruzione del Convegno Internazionale La ricerca sull’Educazione in età Adulta nelle università italiane tenutosi all’Università di Firenze il 23 e 24 novembre 2017. I vari contributi hanno provato a dare risposta alla domanda sull’origine e lo sviluppo dell’educazione degli adulti in Italia all’interno dei contesti accademici. Cosa significa occuparsi di tale ambito di ricerca? Le direttrici indagate hanno riflettuto su una molteplicità di approcci di ricerca e hanno ricostruito la varietà delle teorie, dei modelli, degli autori che hanno tratteggiato lo sviluppo della disciplina in Italia negli ultimi cinquant’anni. Tra i temi trattati: accrescimento della qualità educativa dei luoghi di lavoro, comprensione dell’educazione incorporata nei luoghi di lavoro, studio delle finalità dell’educazione nei luoghi formali e informali. Si è giunti così a un tema originalmente rilevato, ma non toccato dalla letteratura nazionale, ovvero la questione delle diseguaglianze e la povertà relativa, fenomeni importanti per comprendere lo sviluppo delle società del futuro.
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6

Wisniewski, Rafal, Adriana Mica, and Jan Winczorek. Sociologies of Formality and Informality. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2015.

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7

Wisniewski, Rafal, Adriana Mica, and Jan Winczorek. Sociologies of Formality and Informality. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2015.

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8

Wisniewski, Rafal, Adriana Mica, and Jan Winczorek. Sociologies of Formality and Informality. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2015.

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9

Wisniewski, Rafal, Adriana Mica, and Jan Winczorek. Sociologies of Formality and Informality. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2015.

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10

Mica, Adriana, Jan Winczorek, and Rafał Wiśniewski, eds. Sociologies of Formality and Informality. Peter Lang D, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-04521-5.

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11

Ranganathan, Malini. Rethinking Urban Water (In)formality. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.23.

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Most urban residents around the world access water through a variety of so-called informal means. While “informal” water access is often equated with private water vendors operating outside of the state, this essay argues that informal practices and logics pervade the entire water system, cutting across perceived boundaries separating the formal and informal, state and private, and utility and nonutility. This essay reconceptualizes urban water informality through a postcolonial theoretical lens, arguing that “informal” water does not lie outside of state control and oversight, nor is it strictly separate from “formal” water. Rather, informal water is a product of historically specific forms of state practice that have shaped differentiated and fractured forms of space and infrastructure over time. Central to an understanding of informal water provision is the relationship between state practice, space, and infrastructure. The essay draws from the case of Bangalore, India, to critically rethink urban water informality.
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12

Rodiles, Alejandro. Coalitions of the Willing and International Law: The Interplay between Formality and Informality. Cambridge University Press, 2018.

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13

Rodiles, Alejandro. Coalitions of the Willing and International Law: The Interplay Between Formality and Informality. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2020.

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14

Egger, Eva-Maria, Cecilia Poggi, and Héctor Rufrancos. Welfare and the depth of informality: Evidence from five African countries. 25th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/963-1.

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This study explores the relationship between household poverty and depth of informality by proposing a new measure of informality at the household level. It is defined as the share of activities (hours worked or income earned) without social insurance for wage workers in the household. We apply cross-sectional regressions to five urban sub-Saharan African countries, showing that a household head informality dummy obscures a non-linear relationship between the depth of household informality and welfare outcomes. In some countries, a small share of income from formal jobs is associated with at least the same welfare as a fully formal portfolio. By assessing transitions between household portfolios with panel data for urban Nigeria, we also show that most welfare differences are explained by selection and that movements in and out of formality cannot sufficiently change welfare trajectories. The results call for better inclusion of informal profiles to social insurance programmes.
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15

Almeida, Rita K., Lourenço S. Paz, and Jennifer P. Poole. Precarization or protection? The impact of trade and labour policies on informality. 47th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/985-3.

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Several episodes of market-oriented reforms in developing countries have been accompanied by a significant rise in work outside of the formal economy. This paper investigates whether the impact of increased exposure to trade on formal employment is mediated by the strength of labour regulations. We rely on data from the Brazilian Census which provides information on workers’ demographics and employment, including job formality status. Our estimation strategy exploits quasi-exogenous changes in industry-level real exchange rates to explore the likelihood of informality across employers exposed to varying degrees of de facto labour regulations. To instrument for labour enforcement, we utilize two key features of Brazilian labour institutions—budgetary decisions about the availability of resources occur at the federal level, while decisions about where to inspect occur at the local level. Our instrumental variables results suggest that strict labour regulations may lead to a precarization of employment, rather than offering protection for workers.
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16

Douglas, Gordon C. C. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190691332.003.0007.

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The conclusion unites the study’s implications for the contemporary city and the book’s conceptual and theoretical contributions to urban studies. First, it confronts the theme of a formality-informality binary in urbanism, which the findings significantly complicate, positing social legitimacy as the better term for understanding the success or acceptability of an urban space intervention. The chapter describes how some of the problems with DIY urbanism—and many forms of urban placemaking—can be addressed through the operationalizing of legitimacy as a democratic, community-based metric of value and validity. But it also considers what additional and perhaps more intangible value DIY urban design still has in its very informality; along with the critical theory of Lefebvre, Harvey, and others and with sociological research on participatory citizenship and its limitations, it posits an inherent promise of unauthorized creative actions as sparks of popular participation and transformative potential.
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17

Douglas, Gordon C. C. “I’m an Expert on Public Space”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190691332.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 focuses on the personal and professional background of many do-it-yourselfers who employ sophisticated knowledge of professional planning and scholarly urbanism in their interventions. In doing so, it begins to challenge binary notions of formality and informality in urbanism. The chapter includes discussion of the history of informality in cities and the development of professionalized urban planning and placemaking practices. It then discusses how many do-it-yourself urban designers have professional design training that they to use in their projects. Where others lack such a background, they often seek information from official sources in order to strengthen and legitimate their interventions, from tools, techniques, and guidelines to justifications grounded in social science research. Although this may lead to better-designed and more effective improvements, it also gives the individuals a certain confidence in the quality of their actions and their right to make them.
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18

VanCour, Shawn. Making Radio Talk. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190497118.003.0006.

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This chapter considers emerging forms of radio speech developed for formats ranging from scheduled talks to professional announcing. Disrupting established styles of public speaking, radio offered rich subject matter for the new discipline of speech communication, which helped to formalize new rules favoring a well-modulated delivery with restrained, natural speech and careful control over rate, pitch, and enunciation. Three larger sets of cultural tensions impacted these emerging announcing practices: (1) tensions surrounding a standardized national speech movement and its implicit regional, gender, and class biases; (2) concerns over an emergent culture of personality that informed debates on desired degrees of formality and informality in radio speech; and (3) long-standing concerns over disembodied communication-at-a-distance exacerbated by radio’s severing of voices from speakers' physical bodies. Resulting efforts to discipline the radio voice spurred important shifts in period voice culture that resonated across fields from rhetoric and theater to film and phonograph entertainment.
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19

Douglas, Gordon C. C. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190691332.003.0001.

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The first chapter introduces and defines the phenomenon of DIY urban design: unauthorized yet intentionally functional and civic-minded improvements to urban spaces, in forms inspired by official streetscape planning and design elements. It then sets up the social and discursive contexts for the study, including its main theoretical engagements—with the persistence of social inequality, the spectrum of formality and informality, the value of the concept of legitimacy in urban placemaking, and the contradictions of participatory citizenship. The chapter also discusses the research design and methodology for the book (also described in detail in Appendix 2) and lays out a brief plan and summary of the chapters to come.
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20

Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.1 General Provisions, General Provisions I: Arts 1.1–1.3—Fundamental principles, Art.1.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0006.

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This commentary focuses on Article 1.2, which spells out a fundamental principle of contract law: the principle of freedom from form, or ‘principle of informality’. No contract, statement, or other act made under the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) requires a particular formality in order to be valid and enforceable; it is sufficient if these are made orally or by mere conduct. While the PICC admit for exceptions to some of their other fundamental contract law principles, the principle of freedom from form is executed in the purest form possible. It applies to the formation of contracts as well as to their subsequent modification and termination, it is reinforced by Art 3.1.2, and there is not a single exception to it. Art 1.2 covers relevant and mandatory formal requirements, formal requirements agreed by the parties, and the concept of ‘writing’.
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21

Logic, Language, Formalism, Informalism. International Thomson Computer Press, 1995.

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22

Page, Edward C. Robert K. Merton et al.,. Edited by Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page, and Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.14.

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This article offers a critique ofA Reader in Bureaucracy, by Robert K. Merton et al. It examines four themes in the papers and debates in the book, many of which were central to the study of bureaucracy in the 1950s and 1960s: the debate with Max Weber over his historical-comparative ambitions of the ‘ideal type’ of bureaucracy, formality and informality, the relationship between social stratification and bureaucracy, and the problematization of authority. The discussion outlines Weber’s perspectives on bureaucracy, particularly the ideal type of bureaucracy, his preconditions of bureaucracy, and the bureaucratizing tendencies in modern society. The chapter then turns to the problematic link between social class and status and bureaucracy, together with the role of formal rules and hierarchy in explaining bureaucratic behavior. It concludes by assessing the influence of sociology in general, and of theReaderin particular, on contemporary public policy studies.
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23

Douglas, Gordon C. C. Constructive Deviance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190691332.003.0002.

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This chapter defines do-it-yourself urban design in detail. It does so first in contrast to existing social science perspectives (in sociology, criminology, art criticism, psychology, and critical theory) on unauthorized urban space interventions more generally: place-based direct actions that challenge normative uses of particular urban spaces. It argues that DIY urban design is distinct in its intentions and its form. The chapter describes the process of inquiry and discovery at the outset of the research and initial observations. Definitions for other key terms, including informality and formality, are also given. Additional findings about the actions themselves and the people who create them flesh out the definition while introducing some points of distinction among types of DIY urban design activities. Three main categories of DIY urban design are described: spontaneous streetscaping, renegade renewal, and aspirational urbanism. The discussion raises many of the questions that guide the remainder of the study.
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24

Lernen zwischen Formalität und Informalität. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91167-0.

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25

Wilz, Sylvia Marlene, and Victoria von Groddeck. Formalität und Informalität in Organisationen. Springer VS, 2014.

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26

Beck, Robert J., and Henry F. Carey. Teaching International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.309.

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The international law (IL) course offers a unique opportunity for students to engage in classroom debate on crucial topics ranging from the genocide in Darfur, the Israeli–Palestinian issue, or peace processes in Sri Lanka. A well-designed IL course can help students to appreciate their own preconceptions and biases and to develop a more nuanced and critical sense of legality. During the Cold War, IL became increasingly marginalized as a result of the perceived failure of international institutions to avert World War II and the concurrent ascent of realism as IR’s predominant theoretical paradigm. Over the past two decades, however, as IL’s profile has soared considerably, political scientists and students have taken a renewed interest in the subject. Today, IL teaching/study remains popular in law schools. As a general practice, most instructors of IL, both in law schools or undergraduate institutions, begin their course designs by selecting readings on basic legal concepts and principles. Once the basic subject matter and associated reading assignments have been determined, instructors typically move on to develop their syllabi, which may cover a variety of topics such as interdisciplinary methods, IL theory, cultural relativism, formality vs informality, identity politics, law and economics/public choice, feminism, legal realism, and reformism/modernism. There are several innovative approaches for teaching IL, including moot courts, debates, simulations, clinical learning, internships, legal research training, and technology-enhanced teaching. Another important component of IL courses is assessment of learning outcomes, and a typical approach is to administer end-of-semester essay-based examinations.
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27

Givens, Terryl L. Worship. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794935.003.0010.

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Mormons have a very low liturgy in their worship services, in contrast to the high formalism of their temples. In its anti-formalism, Mormon worship may be closest to Quakerism. Mormons are strict Sabbatarians, with worship oriented around taking “the sacrament” of the Lord’s Supper, supplemented with “talks” and hymns (called the sacrament meeting). Scriptures are often employed in the talks, but there is no formal requirement to do so, no readings or recitations. And topics may include grace, or resurrection, or the beatitudes, but may also focus on practical matters of self-reliance or thrift. Mormons also practice fasting once a month and have a monthly service that is a blend of Quaker informalism and Puritan conversion narrative, which they call “testimony bearing.” Twice a year, they convene at a General Conference to hear from the leadership of the church.
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28

Clealand, Danielle Pilar. De AQUÍ Pa’l Cielo. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632298.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 is a theoretical examination of black consciousness in Cuba and the dialogue that comes out of black communities, which often contradicts dominant ideologies. The two forms of ideological critique, formal and informal, are discussed as equally important to the study of black consciousness in Cuba. The chapter highlights everyday conversations and experiences with discrimination as key components of black consciousness. Despite the lack of institutions and networks that support dialogue and agency, blacks have managed, both formally and informally, to challenge the rhetoric from above and sustain a crucial narrative about racism in Cuba from the black perspective. There is an element of solidarity and group identity that stems from blacks’ marginal position not only in Cuba, but also throughout the Americas.
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29

Marcus, Smith, and Leslie Nico. Part III Transfers in Particular Contexts, 18 Transfer of Leases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198748434.003.0018.

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This chapter discusses the manner in which leases can be transferred or assigned. Leases constitute an important exception to the general rule that burdens cannot be assigned. The assignment of any lease, no matter what its duration, must be effected formally by deed. This is so even where the lease could have been created informally. Additionally, so far as leases of over seven years are concerned, the transfer must be registered in order to be effective. There is a fundamental distinction between a legal and an equitable lease. A legal lease comes into being when the requisite formalities for the creation of such a lease have been complied with. Meanwhile, an equitable lease comes into being when, although the requisite formalities have not been complied with, there is nevertheless a contract for a lease to which equity will give effect.
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30

Keane, Adrian, and Paul McKeown. 9. Visual and voice identification. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811855.003.0009.

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This chapter considers the risk of mistaken identification, and the law and procedure relating to evidence of visual and voice identification. In respect of evidence of visual identification, the chapter addresses: the Turnbull guidelines, including when a judge should stop a case and the direction to be given to the jury; visual recognition, including recognition by the jury themselves from a film, photograph or other image; evidence of analysis of films, photographs or other images; pre-trial procedure, including procedure relating to recognition by a witness from viewing films, photographs, either formally or informally; and admissibility where there have been breaches of pre-trial procedure. In respect of evidence of voice identification, the chapter addresses: pre -trial procedure; voice comparison by the jury with the assistance of experts or lay listeners’; and the warning to be given to the jury (essentially an adaption of the Turnbull warning, but with particular focus on the factors which might affect the reliability of voice identification).
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31

Asudeh, Ash, and Gianluca Giorgolo. Enriched Meanings. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847854.001.0001.

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This book presents a theory of enriched meanings for natural language interpretation. Certain expressions that exhibit complex effects at the semantics/pragmatics boundary live in an enriched meaning space while others live in a more basic meaning space. These basic meanings are mapped to enriched meanings just when required compositionally, which avoids generalizing meanings to the worst case. The theory is captured formally using monads, a concept from category theory. Monads are also prominent in functional programming and have been successfully used in the semantics of programming languages to characterize certain classes of computation. They are used here to model certain challenging linguistic computations at the semantics/pragmatics boundary. Part I presents some background on the semantics/pragmatics boundary, informally presents the theory of enriched meanings, reviews the linguistic phenomena of interest, and provides the necessary background on category theory and monads. Part II provides novel compositional analyses of the following phenomena: conventional implicature, substitution puzzles, and conjunction fallacies. Part III explores the prospects of combining monads, with particular reference to these three cases. The authors show that the compositional properties of monads model linguistic intuitions about these cases particularly well. The book is an interdisciplinary contribution to Cognitive Science: These phenomena cross not just the boundary between semantics and pragmatics, but also disciplinary boundaries between Linguistics, Philosophy and Psychology, three of the major branches of Cognitive Science, and are here analyzed with techniques that are prominent in Computer Science, a fourth major branch. A number of exercises are provided to aid understanding, as well as a set of computational tools (available at the book's website), which also allow readers to develop their own analyses of enriched meanings.
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