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1
Ackerman, David T. "International contracts a quantitative analysis of transnational contract formation." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/8.
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Globalization is the promise of the future, and it presents, quite literally, a world of opportunities not available in the past. International collaborations in science, research, and business now enjoy increased probabilities of success, in part, because of the advance in technology and the possibility of instantaneous communications. The convenience, simplicity and affordability of technology are helping to make the world accessible to almost everyone. With new availability of international concerns and the growth of global partnerships in all areas of interest, an increased need arises for agreements that memorialize collaborators' commitments, responsibilities and obligations. There is a corresponding concern that the agreements be enforceable across national and international lines should anything go wrong. There is no collaboration, partnership or venture that will not be touched in some way by the law. Whose law governs and how rules and regulations of different nations will be applied are of escalating concern. Empirically examining the state of international contract law is the overarching focus of my research. Adopting a research methodology involving both quantitative and qualitative techniques, I am investigating whether any consistency exists between attorneys of different practice sectors (academic, government, corporate and private) considering choice of law, enforcement of contract provisions, and the inclusion of preventative measures of international contracts. My results contribute to the future success of international collaborations of all concerns by empirically identifying the need for increased education on various dispute resolution options, as well as the effect cultural awareness has on the drafting of international contracts.ID: 030476559; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for honors in the major in Legal Studies.; Thesis (B.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.
B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
2
Grach, Gaëtan. "L'unité des contrats privés et des contrats publics." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1069.
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La recherche d'une unité entre les contrats privés et les publics revient à vouloir démontrer l'existence d'un socle, d'un droit commun aux contrats privés et aux contrats publics au stade de leur formation. Cependant, si l'unité des éléments essentiels du contrat peut se révéler imparfaite entre le droit privé et le public, deux notions peuvent apporter une cohérence au phénomène juridique d'unité des contrats : la notion générale de contrat en sa qualité de principe fondateur du phénomène d'unité permet la recherche d'une définition unitaire du contrat dont l'expression est la notion de consentement ; alors que les notions d'objet et de cause se révèlent être des instruments d'identification principal et accessoire du phénomène d'unité des contrats. Ainsi, s'il existe une multitude de contrats, il n'existe qu'une notion de contrat. S'il existe une infinité d'objet, de cause et de moyen de consentir, il n'existe qu'une notion d'objet, de cause et de consentement. L'unité des contrats privés et des contrats publics est cela : la réduction d'une pluralité de notions à une notion-cadre fondamentale, la notion de contratSeeking unity between private and public contracts is ultimately intended to demonstrate the existence of a base, a law common to private and public contracts, at the stage of their conclusion. However, if the unity, in terms of private and public law, of the basic elements of the contract may prove to be imperfect, two concepts may bring cohesiveness to the legal phenomenon of the unity of contracts: the general concept of contract in its role as a founding principle of the phenomenon of unity enables a uniform definition for the contract to be sought, the expression of which is the concept of consent whereas the notions of object and cause reveal themselves to be main instruments of identification, ancillary to the phenomenon of the unity of contracts. Thus, if multiple contracts exist, there only exists one concept of the contract. If there are an infinite number of objects, causes and means of consent, there is only one concept of object, cause and consent. The unity of private contracts and public contracts is this: the reduction of a multiplicity of notions into one basic framework, the concept of the contract
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Mik, Eliza. "Contract formation in open electronic networks." Connect to full text, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4995.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2007.Title from title screen (viewed 28 May 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Law. Degree awarded 2007. Includes bibliography references. Also available in print format.
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Gougeon, Audrey. "L'intervention du tiers à la formation du contrat." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL20021/document.
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La formation du contrat suppose la rencontre de deux ou plusieurs volontés en vue de créer des effets de droit. Elle repose sur un échange de consentements des parties, dont est a priori exclue la figure du tiers. Le tiers est, en effet, classiquement défini par la négative en opposition aux parties, comme celui qui ne peut subir les effets du contrat ni profiter de ses bénéfices, car il n’y a pasconsenti. Toutefois, la présence des tiers lors de l'élaboration du contrat n'est pas inconnue en droit positif. Mais le délitement de l'Etat tiers garant du contrat et l'avènement de la contractualisation se sont accompagnés d'une multiplication de tiers intervenant au stade de la formation du contrat.L’objet de cette étude est de démontrer que l'intervention de tiers est de plus en plus sollicitée lors de la phase d'élaboration de l'accord. Le tiers ne doit plus être considéré seulement comme étant celui qui est étranger à la volonté des parties. Il influence, voire même, contraint cette volonté. Il semble important aujourd'hui d'élargir la qualité de tiers au contrat. Les interventions de tiers au stade de la formation de l'accord, qu'elles aient pour but de protéger les intérêts particuliers des contractants et/ou l'intérêt général, constituent une limite à la volonté autonome des individus et, par conséquent, restreignent la liberté contractuelle des contractants en influençant tant la rencontre des consentements que la détermination du contenu contractuelThe formation of the contract requires the meeting of two or more minds in order to create legal effects. It is based on an exchange of the parties consent’, from which any third party is theorically excluded. The third party is, indeed, classically negatively defined by opposition towards the parties as one that cannot suffer the contract’s effects or enjoy its benefits because it has not consented to it. However, the presence of third parties during the agreement of the terms of the contract is not unknown in positive law. But the State disintegration as a third party guarantor of the contract, and the advent of contractualization, are accompanied by a proliferation of third party interventions during the contract formation stage. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that third party interventions are increasingly requested during the formulation phase of the agreement. The third party should no longer beconsidered purely as an alien to the parties’ wills. It influences, and even, compels this will. Today it would seem important, in contract matters, to broaden the capacity of a third party. Third party interventions during the agreement formulation, whether to protect the interests of contracting parties and / or the public interest, constitute a restriction to people’s individual autonomy, and, therefore, limit contractual freedom by influencing both the meeting of theminds and the determination of contractual content
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Zhang, Jinlei. "The formation of insurance contract in London market." Thesis, Swansea University, 2008. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42399.
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The processes involved in the formation of a marine insurance contract are different from the processes by which other types of contracts are formed. The formation of insurance contracts in London Market typically takes the following course: a prospective assured who is seeking the insurance cover approaches a Lloyd's accredited broker. The broker prepares the slip and takes it around the market seeking subscriptions. Then the underwriter, who wishes to participate in the insurance, will initial the slip, stating the percentage and the proportion of the risk he is prepared to underwrite. Once the broker has obtained the desired level of subscriptions, the slip is closed. A formal policy is frequently issued later. In general, the formation of a contract of marine insurance is governed by the ordinary principles of contract law. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the application of contract law principles to the legal issues that arise at the formation stage in marine insurance contracts and to investigate whether these principles are suitable to dealing with the practical difficulties that arise in the London insurance market. The main body of the thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is about the legal issues arising before the marine insurance contract is concluded. The second part concentrates on the insurance broker who is playing a significant role during the process of contract formation. Legal issues on the duties, rights and liabilities of the insurance broker will be discussed. The third part focuses on legal issues arising after the marine insurance contract is concluded. Although the issues to be discussed arise in the post-contractual stage, they can often be traced to the processes involved at the formation stage.
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Ghiglino, Maxime. "La volonté précontractuelle : socle de la formation contractuelle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0483.
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La volonté précontractuelle est le socle de la formation contractuelle. Au cours des négociations, les parties formulent leurs exigences et perfectionnent leurs volitions. Les manifestations de volonté à l’origine du contrat sont donc le fruit d’un processus volitif propre à chaque contractant. En dépit des apparences, le droit n’ignore pas le vouloir des parties au stade des négociations. Il s’intéresse aux mécanismes d’élaboration de cette volonté. La perception de la volonté précontractuelle est alors un enjeu essentiel dans la compréhension de l’acte qui en résulte. Il s’intéresse également aux manifestations de volonté. Celles-ci fixent ponctuellement le vouloir de leur auteur. Elles rassurent alors par leur perceptibilité. Toutefois, ces manifestations n’ont pas toujours la clarté attendue. En effet, le doute innerve la période précontractuelle et plus particulièrement les manifestations de volonté qui s’y développent. Confronté à cette difficulté, le droit doit s’adapter. Il entreprend donc de réagir en tentant d’adapter le résultat de ces manifestations. Ainsi, le contrat ne sera en définitive qu’une résurgence partielle des manifestations de volonté à son origine. Il peut par conséquent être appréhendé comme l’expression imparfaite des volontés précontractuelles à sa source. En somme, la frontière entre le précontractuel et le contractuel est ténue. L’analyse de la volonté précontractuelle et de ses manifestations va révéler les liens existant entre ces deux notionsThe pre-contractual willingness is the basis of contractual training. During the negotiation, the parties draw up their requirements and develop their volitions. The demonstrations of willingness at the initiation of the contract are therefore the outcome of a volitional process for each contracting party. In spite of appearances, the legal entitlement does not ignore the will of contracting parties at the negotiating phase. It is interested in the mechanisms of elaboration of this willingness. The perception of the pre-contractual willingness is the essential stake throughout the apprehension stage of the final deed. It is highly concerned by the demonstration’s ways of a willingness. These delineate punctually the willingness of their originator. It reassures by their perceptibility. However, these manifestations are not always unambiguous like expected. Indeed, the doubt innervate the pre-contractual stage and more particularly the manifestation phase of a willingness which emerges here. Confronted with this challenge, the legal entitlement must adapts. It engages to react by trying to adapt the outcome of these manifestations. In this way, the contract will ultimately become a partial resurgence of the manifestation of veritable willingness. It can therefore be comprehended as the imperfect expression of pre-contractual willingness at its source. In essence, the border between the pre-contractual and the contractual is tenuous. The analysis of the pre-contractual willingness and its manifestations reveals the existing links between these two notions
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Helmholz, Niels. "Contract formation and the Internet : an analysis of contract formation in English, South African and German law with special regard to the Internet." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52746.
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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines the conclusion of contracts on the Internet in English and South African law on the one hand, and German law on the other. Because these legal systems have not developed specific rules for the formation of contracts by way of this medium of communication, the question is whether the traditional doctrines are adequate to the demands of tecnological innovation. The study accordingly proceeds from a detailed discussion of the traditional rules of offer and acceptance developed in each of the systems. To this end, the leading cases and of English and South African law are considered with an emphasis on the points of difference between the approach of the courts in these systems. Where there is uncertainty or different points of view, regard is had to the critical points of view of English and South African commentators. In respect of the codified German civil law, the authoritative provisions of the general part of the civil code are discussed against the background of the commentary of academic authors. An investigation of the technical structure of the Internet and the various methods of communication afforded by it, provides a foundation for an examination of the application of the general principles of the various legal systems to contract formation on the Internet. It is concluded that despite fundamental differences in the of approach of the systems under consideration, the general principles of each system are capable of application in the context of electronic contracting. The dissertation endeavours to develop proposals regarding adequate solutions to the problems typical of the process of contract formation on the Internet.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is afgestem op die hantering van kontraksluiting op die Internet in die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse Reg aan die een kant, en die Duitse Reg aan die ander kant. Omrede geeneen van hierdie stelsels tot op hede spesifieke maatreëls daargestel het vir kontraksluiting deur middel van hierdie kommunikasiemiddel nie, is die vraag of tradisionele beginsels afdoende is met die oog op eise van die nuwe tegnologie. Die ondersoek gaan derhalwe uit van 'n behandeling van die tradisionele reëls van aanbod en aanname soos wat dit in elkeen van die stelsels ontwikkel het. Met die oog hierop, word sleutelvonnisse van die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse reg ontleed, veral dan ook met klem op verskille in die benadering van die howe in hierdie twee stelsels. In geval van onsekerheid en verskille van mening, word verwys na die kritiese standpunte van Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse kommentatore. Met verwysing na die gekodifiseerde Duitse stelsel word die gesaghebbende bepalings van die Burgerlike Wetboek behandel teen die agtergrond van die kommentaar van Duitse akademiese skrywers. 'n Ontleding van die tegniese struktuur van die Internet en die verskillende kommunikasiemetodes wat dit bied, verskaf die grondslag vir 'n ondersoek na die toepaslikheid van die algemene beginsels aangaande kontraksluiting van die onderskeie regstelsels in die konteks van elektroniese kontraktering. Die gevolgtrekking is dat ten spyte van fundamentele verskille in benadering, die algemene beginsels van die verkillende stelsels wel aanwendbaar is in die nuwe omgewing. Die verhandeling poog om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die ontwikkeling van aanvaarbare oplossings tot die probleme wat tipies is aan kontraksluiting deur middel van die Internet.
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More, Kristen M. "CONSIDER THE SOURCE: AN INVESTIGATION INTO PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT FORMATION." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1163691587.
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Qiu, Shuo. "Insurance Market Equilibrium: Contract Formation, Heterogeneity, and Operational Efficiency." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2008. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/9768.
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Business AdministrationPh.D.
The three essays of this dissertation investigate the insurance equilibrium from various perspectives. The first essay uses Cournot game-theoretic model to study the insurance contract formation and provides theoretical justification for policy limit. The second essay introduces buyers' heterogeneous risk aversion into Wilson's equilibrium, derives new equilbria, and provides the conditions under which those new equilibria will hold. The third essay studies the operational efficiency of life insurers in China. Through comparing the efficiency of domestic and foreign life insurers, decomposing their efficiency scores, figuring out the directions and potential they could improve, and analyzing the change and driver of productivity, the essay gives insights of the fast-developing life insurance industry in China.
Temple University--Theses
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Gruber, Dexter Rowe. "CONTRACT V. TRUST: AN EXAMINATION OF TRUST FORMATION IN CONTRACTING DYADS." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1456.
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Contracts and trust are two of the most important concepts impacting exchange relationships. Although there is a substantial amount of organizational literature scrutinizing contracts and trust as mechanisms of cooperation, very little of this scholarship has been empirical and, thus, our understanding is very limited. The two constructs have been cast as substitutes by some scholars and complements by others, but this body of research has largely ignored the potential for an interactive effect. One such effect has been postulated by select organizational scholars, entitled the “contract contrarian perspective” by this research, who tout that the introduction of written contracts has a negative effect on trust between the parties. The apex objective of this study was to examine how contracts affect the existence and development of trust between bargaining partners. This inquiry tested the contract contrarian perspective to determine if the introduction of a written contract into a negotiation damages trust or retards trust-building. In addition, this research offered an alternative explanation for the contract contrarian perspective and posited that any negative effect on trust that may occur during the contracting process might not be the result the introduction of a written contract but, rather, of the disparity in the parties’ relative bargaining power or the asymmetry of their legal sophistication. As trust is a complex construct, the present disquisition separated trust into two dependent variables: goodwill trust and competence trust. This allowed us to examine how the introduction of a contract affects different aspects of trust, thus, allowing for more precise indication of the effects. Consistent with the contract contrarian perspective, it was hypothesized that the introduction of a written contract into a negotiation would produce a negative effect on trust levels. It was also hypothesized that both bargaining power and legal sophistication would moderate the potential negative effect of introducing a contract into a negotiation. The study employed a vignette experimental design methodology and utilized a sample of 220 participants from a contracted data collection service and the data were analyzed with ANOVA and MANOVA. The results did not support the contract contrarian perspective’s claim and did not support the hypotheses regarding moderation; however, this study did find that both bargaining power and of legal sophistication had significant impacts on goodwill trust and competence trust.
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Engel, Kathryn L. "The influence of one's social network on psychological contract formation." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3413.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2008.Vita: p. 92. Thesis director: Jose M. Cortina. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 9, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-91). Also issued in print.
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Van, Haecke-Lepic Sabine. "La distinction entre la formation et l’exécution du contrat : contribution à l’étude du contrat dans le temps." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED051.
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C’est au cours de l’étude de la distinction entre la formation et l'exécution du contrat que s’est imposée une réflexion sur une autre alternative au modèle du contrat à exécution instantanée : le contrat de durée. En consacrant un modèle de contrat hors du temps le droit contractuel s’est construit sur une chimère. En effet, en niant l’infiltration du temps dans le contrat, les frontières entre la formation et l’exécution se sont fissurées. Devant cet état de fait, les attentes de clarification de la réforme furent nombreuses. Cependant, la réforme du droit des contrats bien que codifiant les apports épars de la jurisprudence n’en a pas tiré les conséquences de fond en consacrant une possible incomplétude du contrat à sa formation. En continuant à ignorer l’impact de la durée sur les contrats qui s’exécutent dans le temps, la réforme a aggravé l’éclatement des concepts et a empêché le droit commun d’évoluer.L’auteur s’est attaché donc à vouloir englober l’ensemble de la réalité contractuelle en faisant émerger à côté du modèle du contrat échange, le modèle du contrat de durée. La proposition d’un contrat de durée serait donc de nature à réconcilier le droit contractuel entre la culture contractuelle de l’échange et la culture contractuelle de la coopération qui prend naissance dans la durée. La durée du contrat transforme le contrat et émancipe son exécution en permettant au moment de la formation une certaine incomplétudeWhile studying the distinction between the preparation and the execution of a contract, a reflection on a new alternative to the contract of instantaneous performance imposed itself: an adjustable circumstance-based contract. Devoted to a timeless model of contract, contract law has built itself on a pipe dream. Indeed, the negation of time’s infiltration in a contract led the boundaries between preparation and execution to crack apart. In front of this situation the expectations for clarification with the reform were numerous. However, the 2016 reform of contract law, although systematising the scattered provisions of case law, did not drew the needed conclusions by sanctioning the possible incompleteness of a contract in its preparation. Still ignoring time’s impact in time-based contracts, the 2016 reform has worsened the splitting of concepts and prevented the evolution of common right. Thus the author focused on embracing the whole of contractual reality and developing alongside the swap contract: the adjustable circumstance-based contract. Contract law has indeed been confronted to types of contract that struggled to integrate duration but which, in the need to happen alongside a unique swap model, distorted its concepts. This is why the offer of an adjustable circumstance-based contract would be able to reconcile, in contract law, the contract culture of swap and the contract culture of cooperation which arise in duration
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Cachia, Moira. "The influence of individual identity on psychological contract formation and development." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580581.
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The psychological contract refers to the employee's perception of the employment relationship, considered as the outcome of the exchange between the employee and employer. However, this thesis argued that since identity is integral to the individual, the psychological contract is, at least in part, influenced by employee needs which are sought to be fulfilled. Hence the psychological contract is viewed as a positive self-expression, affected by the individual's developing characteristics. A longitudinal design was adopted, using semi-structured interviews, diary studies and surveys. Data was collected at three, six and twelve months from initiation of employment. This thesis presents the findings from this research programme in three empirical chapters: Chapter 6 focuses on the qualitative techniques (interviews with 26 participants and a 5-day diary study with 11 participants) at time point 1, Chapter 7 covers the qualitative techniques at time point 2 and 3 (in-depth interviews with 20 participants and a 5-day diary study with 10 participants) and Chapter 8 presents the quantitative surveys across the three time points (with 33 participants). The results from Chapter 6 showed that the development of an organizational identity is fundamental to psychological contract formation while the results from Chapter 7 showed the centrality of maintaining a personal identity. The results from Chapter 8 showed that the psychological contract is sustained as long as personal identity needs remain being fulfilled, even if organizational identification decreases. Overall, this thesis highlights how the fulfilment of individual identity needs plays a major role in the engagement and maintenance of the psychological contract. Employees seek to achieve, maintain and enhance their self-esteem, self-efficacy, continuity and distinctiveness through their association with their employing organization. A multi-systemic approach is recommended when examining the psychological contract since its preservation depends on the fit between the multiple systems in which the individual operates and not just on the individual's relationship with the organization. On a practical level, it is proposed that an organization is more likely to maintain the necessary stability of the employee's psychological contract if these individual factors are identified and addressed.
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Chahbar, Taoufik. "Étude de la formation du contrat électronique, comparaison droit français et droit marocain." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100097.
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L’activité du commerce électronique reçoit habituellement traduction dans un outil juridique classique mis à la disposition des acteurs économiques par le droit : le contrat. Celui-ci se conclue nécessairement à distance. Ainsi est-il dématérialisé. S’ajoutent le caractère éventuellement dépersonnalisé et le caractère éventuellement international grâce à la capacité procurée par les réseaux informatiques de s’affranchir des frontières. Ces caractéristiques du contrat du commerce électronique ont perturbé les paramètres du droit. Celui-ci étant essentiellement conçu pour encadrer une relation contractuelle dont les protagonistes sont des humains en faisant recours à des éléments tangibles. Dans une telle situation, un processus d’adaptation aux nouveaux paramètres du contrat du commerce électronique s’impose au droit sous peine d’un recul historique. Le droit français et le droit marocain se sont montrés réactifs dans la mesure où le droit des contrats ici et là connaît d’ores et déjà un processus d’adaptation aux nouveaux paramètres du contrat du commerce électronique. L’analyse d’un tel processus révèle; l’émergence des règles propres à un tel contrat; certaines règles y ont été déclarées inapplicables; certaines institutions ont été repensées en prenant en compte ces nouveaux paramètres et des définitions portant sur des notions déjà existantes ont été introduites dans le cadre d’un tel processus. La comparaison entre le droit des contrats français et le droit des contrats marocain en matière du contrat du commerce électronique nous a permis d’observer les lacunes . Ainsi, nous avons relevé à titre non exhaustif que : la règle de la capacité en l’état actuel du droit positif français ou marocain est défavorable à la conclusion du contrat par « les agents électroniques »; l’application du délai raisonnable à l’offre par voie électronique en droit français est incompatible avec le besoin de la veille concurrentielle qui se fait sentir dans le marché virtuel (cyberespace) plus qu’ailleurs; le législateur marocain s’est montré ferme à la reconnaissance de la qualité de l’offre par voie électronique en ignorant certaines techniques de la publicité qui permettent la mise en vente immédiate; etc. Toute initiative de nature à combler de telles lacunes doit être confiée à la jurisprudence, car la règle jurisprudentielle n’est pas obligatoire, elle est susceptible d’être rejetée ou modifiée à tout moment à l’occasion de l’examen d’une nouvelle espèce. Cette possibilité de revirement permet de marcher de pair avec le contrat du commerce électronique par nature mouvant. L’intervention du législateur en matière du contrat du commerce électronique dans la mesure où elle est nécessaire doit se limiter à adopter les cadres juridiques existants de façon à lever les blocages réels découlant d’une contrainte juridiqueThe e-commerce business is usually embodied in a traditional legal tool made available to economic actors by the law: the contract. This one is usually signed from afar. Thus it is dematerialized. In addition, there is the possibility of depersonalization and internationalization thanks to the ability of computer networks to break free of borders. These characteristics of the e-commerce contract have disrupted the legal framework. The latter being essentially aimed at regulating a contractual relationship in which the parties involved are human beings by using tangible elements. In such a situation, an adjustment process due to the new parameters of the electronic commerce contract is required for the law to avoid a historical setback. French and Moroccan laws have proved to be reactive insofar as contract law here and there already witnesses a process of adaptation to the new parameters of the electronic commerce contract. The analysis of such a process reveals; the advent of rules specific to such a contract; certain rules have been declared inapplicable; some institutions have been rethought taking into account these new parameters and definitions of existing concepts have been introduced as part of such a process. The comparison between French contract law and Moroccan contract law in the field of electronic commerce contracts allowed us to observe the shortcomings. Thus, we noted, but not exhaustively, that: the capacity-rule in the current state of French or Moroccan positive law is detrimental to the signing of the contract by "electronic agents"; the application of the reasonable time limit to the offer by electronic means under French law is incompatible with the need for competitive intelligence which is felt in the virtual market (cyberspace) more than elsewhere; the Moroccan legislator has been quite firm in recognizing the quality of the offer through electronic means by ignoring certain advertising techniques which allow immediate sale; etc. Any initiative likely to fill such gaps must be entrusted to the case law, since the case-law is not mandatory, it is likely to be rejected or modified at any time when a new case is examined. This turnaround possibility makes it possible to work alongside the evolving nature of the e-commerce contract. The legislator's intervention in the field of electronic commerce contracts, insofar as it is necessary, must be limited to adopting existing legal frameworks in order to remove the real obstacles resulting from a legal constraint
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Brown, Steven A. "Evaluating leadership development curriculum based on learning contract feedback." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p068-0564.
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Magang, Veronica G. "A sensemaking perspective on the psycological contract formations during organisational socialisation." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4294.
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The main aim of this thesis is to investigate the processes of the psychological contract during organisational socialisation.
Research on psychological contract tends to focus more on the content and breach of the contract. Very little is known about the formative stages of the contract. Very little attention has also been given to investigating the psychological contract together with organisational socialisation. Linking the two research areas would further our understanding of both the dynamic nature of the psychological contract. This is achieved by investigating the temporal changes of the psychological contract of new employees, pre-entry up to six months post entry into employment. The research also investigates the psychological contract from the employer`s perspective. It utilises Weick`s (1995) sensemaking properties as a methodological framework to better understand these processes. Consistent with the research aim and objectives and social constructionism, a qualitative methodology was adopted. The research used in-depth semi structured interviews to collect data supplemented with sitting in during recruitment interviews in one of the organisations, and data were analysed using template analysis. Periodic interviews were carried out every four to six months post entry. The research consists of two organisations, where each provided two groups for analysis.
The findings show that after entry into the organisation, the psychological contract changes in a variety of ways influenced by socialisation into the organisation. A model based on the findings is presented and discussed in the discussion chapter. The research also makes a contribution (methodology) by adopting the sensemaking framework.
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Magang, Veronica Goitsemang. "A sensemaking perspective on the psycological contract formations during organisational socialisation." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4294.
Full textAbstract:
The main aim of this thesis is to investigate the processes of the psychological contract during organisational socialisation. Research on psychological contract tends to focus more on the content and breach of the contract. Very little is known about the formative stages of the contract. Very little attention has also been given to investigating the psychological contract together with organisational socialisation. Linking the two research areas would further our understanding of both the dynamic nature of the psychological contract. This is achieved by investigating the temporal changes of the psychological contract of new employees, pre-entry up to six months post entry into employment. The research also investigates the psychological contract from the employer`s perspective. It utilises Weick`s (1995) sensemaking properties as a methodological framework to better understand these processes. Consistent with the research aim and objectives and social constructionism, a qualitative methodology was adopted. The research used in-depth semi structured interviews to collect data supplemented with sitting in during recruitment interviews in one of the organisations, and data were analysed using template analysis. Periodic interviews were carried out every four to six months post entry. The research consists of two organisations, where each provided two groups for analysis. The findings show that after entry into the organisation, the psychological contract changes in a variety of ways influenced by socialisation into the organisation. A model based on the findings is presented and discussed in the discussion chapter. The research also makes a contribution (methodology) by adopting the sensemaking framework.
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Mouawad, Julie. "Les relations d'affaires : approche comparée du droit français et du droit libanais." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0030.
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Le mot « relations d’affaires » n’est plus seulement une simple dénomination dans le « monde du business » ; en effet, la notion juridique de relations d’affaires intervient aujourd’hui comme étant une nouvelle catégorie juridique du droit notamment depuis la rédaction de l’ordonnance française n⁰ 2016-131 du 10 février 2016. Notre analyse va porter sur la consécration de la notion de relations d’affaires en droit positif français et libanais. Cette analyse aura pour intérêt principal de tenter d’esquisser une définition générale de la notion de relations d’affaires, de développer le cadre juridique dans lequel elle se forme et de déterminer les caractéristiques relatives à la notion de relations d’affaires. Une approche juridique de cette notion nous permet de préciser les contours du régime juridique de la notion de relations d’affaires tout en se basant, en grande partie, sur l’article L. 442-6-I, 5⁰ du Code de commerce français. L’analyse de l’équilibre économique et de la sécurité juridique des contractants va conduire à étudier non seulement les relations pré-contractuelles et contractuelles mais aussi le sort et les effets juridiques des relations d’affaires au stade post contractuel. On s’attachera dans une première approche, à éclaircir les domaines dans lesquels la notion de relations d’affaires est abordée en droit positif et essayer d’en préciser les éléments constitutifs. Et dans une deuxième approche, on analysera les effets juridiques de la notion de relations d’affaires au cours des diverses phases de la formation du contrat et des conséquences de la rupture du contrat sur lesdites relationsThe word « business relations » is no longer only a denomination in the « business world »; in fact, the legal notion of business relations intervenes today as a new legal category of law, in particular since the drafting of French order No. 2016-131 in 10 February 2016. Our analysis will focus on the consecration of « business relations » in French and Lebanese positive law. This analysis has a principal interest to attempt to outline a general definition of the concept of « business relations », to develop the legal framework within which it is formed, and to determine the related characteristics of the business relations concept. A legal approach of this notion has enabled us to specify the legal framework of the business relations notion, this is largely based on article L. 442-6-I, 5⁰ of the French commercial code. The analysis of the economic equilibrium and the legal security of contractors will lead us to study not only the pre-contractual and contractual relations but also the condition and the legal effects of business relations at the post-contract stage. In a first approach, we will clarify the areas in which the notion of business relations is approached in positive law, and will try to specify its constituent elements. In a second approach, we will analyze the legal effects of the « business relations » notion during the diverse phases of the contract drafting and the consequences of the contract termination on those relations
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Waldburger, Martin [Verfasser]. "Decision Support in Contract Formation for Commercial Electronic Services with International Connection / Martin Waldburger." Aachen : Shaker, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1069048860/34.
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Kamantauskas, Povilas. "Formation of click-wrap and browse-wrap contracts." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140617_121839-54611.
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In a time of rapid development of technologies, new forms of contracting online emerge. Two of these are analyzed in this thesis: click-wrap agreements (where an offer is accepted by way of clicking on an icon “I agree”) and browse-wrap agreements (where the offeree supposedly accepts the offer by browsing on a website, while the terms to the contract are accessible through an inconspicuous hyperlink).
Click-wrap agreements are formed, they are accepted in a manner recognized as binding and the offeree knows the terms she assents to.
Browse-wrap agreements are generally not formed. Even though the action of browsing on a website could indicate assent, the offeree must know that the act of browsing will be construed as acceptance. But the offeree is generally not made aware of the terms to the contract and thus cannot assent to what she is not aware of. However, if the offeree is in fact aware of the terms to the contract and still knowingly performs the action of browsing, a contract is formed and the offeree is bound.
There are some doctrinal problems with an element of an offer – intent to be bound. E-contracting involves a great deal or recklessness by the offerors as well as offerees, leading to the conclusion that the action of clicking “I agree” does not really indicate the intent of the party who performs the act, to actually agree. There is no adequate answer to this problem presently.
To sum up, the enforceability of click-wrap contracts is settled in courts, it is a... [to full text]Besivystant technologijoms keičiasi ir sutarčių sudarymo būdai: dėl mažesnių kaštų ir patogumo populiarėja sutartys elektroninėje erdvėje. Prie to turi prisitaikyti ir teisinė aplinka, todėl šiame magistro darbe yra aptariamos dvi sąlyginai naujos sutarčių sudarymo formos. Viena jų – spragtelėjimu sudaroma sutartis (angl. – click-wrap agreement). Čia oferentas akceptuoja sutarties sąlygas, paspausdamas monitoriaus ekrane ikoną „Sutinku“ ar pan. O situacija, kai sutartis turėtų būti sudaroma naršymu (angl. – browse-wrap agreement) – kiek sudėtingesnė, čia oferentas turėtų išreikšti savo sutikimą vien naršydamas internetinėje svetainėje, tačiau informacija, apie tai, jog naršymas bus laikomas sutikimu galima rasti spragtelėjus ant saito (angl. – hyperlink), kuris neretai būna pateikiamas puslapio apačioje, bet apie nuorodą su sutarties sąlygomis ir akceptavimo būdu oferentas nėra informuojamas, dažnai apie ją net nežino. Šiame darbe spragtelėjimu ir naršymu sudaromos sutartys analizuojamos kaip abstrakčios teisės koncepcijos, aptariamas jų pagrįstumas, tinkamumas. Lietuvos ir Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų nacionalinės teisės sprendimai darbe aptariami lyginamuoju aspektu. Pirmiausia privalu išsiaiškinti ar galima sudaryti sandorius elektroninėmis (ne tik ryšio) priemonėmis. Nors elektroninėmis ryšio priemonėmis perduodama informacija prilyginama rašytiniams dokumentams (taigi, taip sudaromos sutartys tikrai galioja), spragtelėjimu ar naršymu sudaromų sutarčių atveju, ši teisinė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Orji, Peter. "The evolution of a regulatory framework for e-commerce formation : metamorphosis of traditional contract principles." Thesis, University of Reading, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.567593.
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This research, entitled The Evolution of a Regulatory Framework for E-commerce: Metamorphosis of Traditional Contract Principles, is set against the background of the general question whether there is the need for a whole new legal structure for contract formation in the on line environment, or if the existing traditional laws of contract are sufficient by adapting the current provisions to cyber space. In the first chapter, the research examines the context of e-contract, laying a foundation for the analysis of the legal framework through which electronic business transactions are conducted. The research covers matters such as the rudimentary use of the prefix e as an attempt to translate commerce from its traditional form to its cyber-based equivalent. This chapter also explores a description of the technological infrastructure for various avenues of e-commerce. Chapter Two provides a functional definition of the law of e-commerce. From the proposal that the virtual world is completely devoid of law to the view that it is too strictly regulated, this chapter examines whether or not there can be a legal mechanism for governing businesses online - as distinct from the general law of contract - what that mechanism might be, and the efficacy of any such law. In Chapter Three a model of a virtual contract formed by the use of electronic media is examined. This model of contract formation is aided by importing the rules of traditional contract into the virtual shop. The contract rules are tested for relevance and applicability in the online environment. Chapter Four deals with a crucial feature of many online contracts: 'standard forms'. It answers the question whether there is anything significantly different from the day-to-day standard form paper contracts when these contracts are formed and/or executed online. In Chapter Five the concept of a separate legal personality for automated agents is discussed. There is an analogous review of the creation of personality from other non-human v legal persons. Signature and other authenticating means as key to contract formation, though not necessarily ingredients for determining validity, are discussed. In Chapter Six the research explores the relevance and increased use of authentication features like pin numbers, biometrics and e-signatures, particularly the legal aspects of electronic signatures (statutory requirements, practical problems with their use, and case law response to the use of electronic signatures). Finally the work turns to the core issues surrounding complex e-commerce transactions: choosing a forum for the adjudication of disputes. The work, while dealing with keys aspects of contract, moves from the traditional contract form to contracts in the virtual environment, and questions the applicability of the existing law, then proposes an approach specific to the uniqueness of the online market.
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Park, Sung-Ho. "International sale of goods in electronic environment : comparative legal and practical research on the contract formation." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499065.
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Mallet, Pierre. "L’incidence des procédés électroniques sur la formation du contrat." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAD002.
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Face à la progression accélérée du commerce électronique et surtout dans des sociétés qui ont la tendance à tout réglementer, le législateur européen et son homologue français n’ont pas tardé à intervenir pour mettre en place un cadre juridique pour le commerce électronique. L’intervention du législateur français était indispensable pour créer la confiance dans le support électronique. Ces interventions se sont poursuivies et se présentent par l’admission de la valeur probatoire du support électronique, la reconnaissance de l’écrit électronique ad validitatem ce qui permet au cyberconsommateur de conclure un contrat solennel par voie électronique. Notamment, l’acte authentique électronique. L’intervention du législateur se présente également par la reconnaissance de la signature électronique, la réglementation détaillée et précise de la période de la conclusion du contrat (l’obligation d’information, l’offre et l’acceptation), l’attribution aux cyberconsommateurs d’un droit de rétractation récemment renforcé par la loi Hamon et l’application des méthodes de la lutte contre les clauses abusives sur le contrat conclu par voie électronique. En revanche, ces interventions n’ont pas pu dissiper la méfiance dans le support électronique pour plusieurs raisons :D’abord, les sources des dispositions qui réglementent le contrat conclu par voie électronique se multiplient sans qu’il existe une vraie volonté d’articulation les unes avec les autres. Ces dispositions sont éparpillées dans le Code civil, le Code de la consommation et parfois elles ne sont pas codifiées ce qui crée un vrai désordre dans certains aspects juridique comme c’est le cas pour l’obligation d’information. Cette multiplication des sources n’aide pas le législateur à réaliser son objectif. À savoir, créer la confiance dans le support électronique.Ensuite, les dispositions concernant le contrat conclu par voie électronique sont de source communautaire. Et le droit européen ne réussit pas souvent à créer la cohérence, la simplicité et la prévisibilité dans les droits internes en raison de son caractère artificiel et la multiplication des acteurs qui participent à l’élaboration de ces droits. Le droit européen devient parfois un facteur d’inquiétude et d’incertitude.Puis, le cyberconsommateur est surprotégé dans le commerce électronique. Cette surprotection se cristallise par la multiplication de l’obligation du professionnel d’information, les mentions spéciales qui doivent être respectées dans l’offre, l’acceptation en ligne qui s’effectue sous forme assez précise, détaillée et par étapes et enfin le droit de rétractation qui a été largement étendu par la loi Hamon.Enfin, le législateur n’a pas apporté de solutions pour certaines questions dans le contrat conclu par voie électronique comme c’est le cas pour l’identité du contractant et sa capacité et le recours au droit commun du contrat n’est pas efficace parce que les solutions qu’il présent ne sont pas adéquate avec le support électroniqueDe plus, le cybercommerçant peut devenir un élément de déstabilisation du lien contractuel en ligne et donc de méfiance dans le support électronique par les clauses abusives qui peut mettre dans ses conditions générales de venteIn the face of the rapid growth of e-commerce the European legislator and his French counterpart were proactive to intervene to put an e-commerce legal framework.The intervention of the French legislature was necessary to create confidence in the electronic support.The legislative process in France began by accepting the electronic document as evidence and recognition after that as a condition to be convened.Legislative intervention is also demonstrated by the recognition of electronic signature and the organization of the contractual process on the Internet and recognition to internet consumers their reference right and applying methods of removing unfair conditions in electronic contracts.However, these interventions did not dispel the lack of trust in electronic document for several reasons:First, sources of provisions that regulate the electronic contracts are diverse and scattered in several legislative texts where they exist in civil law, consumer law, and others where sometimes they are not codified and this creates a real mess in some of the legal aspects, as is the case for commitment to informing this diversity of sources does not help the legislature achieve its goal of creating confidence in the electronic media.Secondly, the European law is the source of contract-mail provisions, where it often fails in creating harmony and simplicity due to the diversity of actors involved in the development of these laws so that European law sometimes becomes a factor of anxiety and lack of confidence factors. E-commerce sometimes grants extra protection which crystallized through the creation of commitment to news and be overstated as it must take into account additional information in the offer and acceptance, and also through the recognition of the right of withdrawal, which has spread widely.Finally, the legislator did not provide solutions to certain issues in the electronic contract as is the case for the identity of the contractor and the eligibility to use public law rules and contracts are not effective because the solutions offered that are not often consistent with this kind of contracts
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Abdou, Bechir. "L'acquéreur et la formation du contrat de vente." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1046.
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L’approche statique de la notion d’acquéreur, retenue par le Code civil, a été remise en cause par la professionnalisation des vendeurs, suite au renouvellement des méthodes de vente et à la complexification des biens. Au stade de la formation du contrat de vente, l’équilibre postulé par le droit commun s’est progressivement affaibli pour donner naissance à des rapports déséquilibrés entre l’acquéreur et le vendeur. Pour remédier à cette situation, les normes contemporaines, d’inspiration consumériste, ont adopté une approche dynamique de la notion en établissant différentes catégories d’acquéreurs, en vue de leur permettre d’exprimer un consentement réfléchi et éclairé. Les enjeux, théoriques et pratiques, d’une étude confrontant l’acquéreur aux règles de la formation du contrat de vente ont pour objet de déterminer si l’évolution législative a permis de rétablir l’équilibre. L’immixtion du droit de la consommation dans le droit de la vente met en œuvre un dispositif protecteur du consentement de l’acquéreur. Ainsi, les normes consuméristes restaurent-elles l’équilibre pour tous les rapports ? Les règles protectrices du consentement, n’étant pas exclusivement attachée à la qualité de l’acquéreur, autorisent-elles le retour à l’équilibre ou au contraire, donnent-elles naissance à de nouvelles situations déséquilibrées ? La réponse à cette interrogation nécessite d’analyser les dispositions organisant le contrat de vente mais, également, celles relatives au contrat de prêt. Le financement de l’acquisition est, généralement, lié à la conclusion de la venteThe static approach of the idea of buyer, chosen by the Civil Code, has been challenged by the professionalization of the buyer, following the renewal of sales techniques and the fact that the goods are becoming more complex. On the level of the making of the sales contract, the balance implied by the common-law has gradually weakened to generate unbalanced relationships between the buyer and the seller. To solve this, the contemporary standards based on consumerism have adopted a dynamic approach of the notion by distinguishing different categories of buyers, in order to give them the opportunity to express a well-thought and informed consent. The major issues, both theoretical and practical, of a study which confronts the buyer to the rules of the making of a sales contract, are to determine if the legal evolution allowed to reestablish the balance. The interference of the consumption right in the sales right generates a protective system of the buyer's consent. Can the consumerist standards restore the balance at all levels? Do the protective rules of consent, not being exclusively attached to the quality/ nature of the buyer, allow a way back to the original balance or on the contrary, do they give birth to new unbalanced situations? The answer to this question requires to analyze the rules which organize the sales contract and those connected to the rental contract too. The acquisition financing is currently connected to the sealing of the sale. The diversity of these rules requires to deal with them under the light of the protection of the buyer's consent, in order to allow him to give a well-thought and informed consent
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Spencer, Brien T. "Three Essays on the Formation and Finance of Local Governments." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/pmap_diss/37.
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This dissertation follows a three-essay format. Each essay evaluates a different fiscal institution from a public administration perspective. In the first essay I examine whether state-funded property tax exemptions are effective in reducing the property taxes. This class of exemption is characterized by a grant from state to local governments that is intended to replace property tax revenue and lower property tax payments. Two separate theories of local fiscal behavior predict that that price effects and fiscal illusion will reduce the effectiveness of this type of tax relief. I test these predictions using panel regression analysis on county-level data from Georgia. I find that only two thirds of the revenue allocated to this program is actually used for tax relief. In the second essay I test a model of the property tax in which the levy is set to balance the difference between budgeted expenditures and expected receipts from all other revenue sources. This model demonstrates how the property tax can be used to offset unexpected changes to other revenues given a change in personal income. This model is contrasted with an alternative model in which expenditures are budgeted after expected total revenues have been determined. I will estimate both models for local governments in Georgia and test which more accurately describes local fiscal performance. I will also use both to predict changes to the property tax over a period of time and measure which model generated the more accurate forecast. Unlike the first two papers, which are quantitative analyses of fiscal data, this chapter is a case study of the contract city model of governance as implemented in the newly incorporated city of Sandy Springs, Georgia. I investigate whether the scope of outsourcing in contract cities creates additional challenges for city officials that manage contractor performance. I evaluate the incentive structures in the contract agreements that influence the principal-agent relationship using a textual analysis research method. I find that certain combinations of municipal functions in a single public-private partnership creates the potential for negative synergies to arise which would increase the difficulty of monitoring and managing the private partner.
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Rovinski, Jean. "La violence dans la formation du contrat." Aix-Marseille 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX32004.
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La violence dans notre societe est partout presente mais les echanges economiques realises au moyen du contrat s'averent concernes en tout premier lieu dans la mesure ou ils font intervenir des agents en position de dominance. La realite economique et sociale d'aujourd'hui nous a incite a approfondir notre reflexion sur la definition juridique et le role de la notion de violence dans le droit des contrats. Le contrat consacre en effet un rapport de conflits, nait au sein d'un ensemble de tensions economiques. Que doit etre aujourd'hui la notion de violence contractuelle alors que certains parlent deja d'abus de pouvoir contractuel, d'abus de puissance economique, d'exploitation de la faiblesse du contractant? apres avoir analyse de maniere systematique l'ensemble de la jurisprudence relative au vice de violence afin d'en preciser les criteres et conditions d'application, etudiant successivement les auteurs et victimes privilegies de violence puis les situations contractuelles privilegiees de violence, nous avons ensuite tente de mieux cerner la notion nouvelle de violence contractuelle en l'etudiant dans ses relations avec l'ensemble des notions juridiques tant subjectives qu'objectives qui lui sont concurrentes, ainsi qu'en evaluant l'incidence sur elle des reformes legislatives recentes intervenues dans la matiere du contrat. Nous avons essaye ainsi de definir la place du vice de violence renove dans le cadre du droit moderne des contrats. Le vice contractuel de violence, tel qu'il est applique par les tribunaux, nous est apparu comme l'expression d'une exploitation abusive par un contractant dominant d'un etat de superiorite contractuelle lors de la negociation, caracterise par des pressions materielles ou psychologiques atteignant le consentement du contraint dans son element de liberte d'une maniere suffisamment forte pour justifier l'annulation du contrat desequilibre qui en est resulte, generateur d'avantages injustes en faveur du contractant dominant. Ainsi "objectivise" et mieux defini dans sa double nature de delit civil et de vice du consentement, le vice de violence pourra selon nous s'affirmer comme un outil efficace de protection a posteriori du faible dans le contratViolence in our society is all-pervading, but economic exchanges carried out by means of a contract are shown to be implicated most of all in the sense that they call into use agents having a dominant position. Today's economic and social realities provoked us into deepening our thoughts on the legal definition and the role of violence in the contract laws. The contract, in fact, sanctions conflictual relationships, which stem from the heart of a number of other economic pressures. When some already speak of the abuse of contractual power, the abuse of economic power, the exploitation of the contractuants weaknesses, what should the notion of contractual violence be today? after having systematically analysed the whole of the case laws concerning the violence flaw, so as to isolate the criteria and conditions of enforcement, having successively studied the perpetrators and victims of violence then the contractual situations which favour violence, we then attempted to get a better grasp of the new notions of contractual violence by studying it in its relationship with the totality of judicial notions both subjective and objective which oppose it, and also by judging the effect of legislative reforms which have recently come into use in the matter of contracts. We therefore have tried to define the place of renowed violence flaws within the framework of modern contract laws. The contractual flaws of violence, such as they are defined by the law courts, appears to us to be the abusive use by a dominant contractuant of his state of contractual superiority during the period of negociation, caracterised by material or psychological pressure which affects the freedom of the agreement of the contract in a way which is strong enough to later justify the cancellation of the unbalanced contract, which in so doing creates unfair advantages in favour of the dominant contractuant. Thus "objectivised' and better defined in its double form of civil contravention
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Bruwer, Elizabeth. "Vereniging van die koopreg : kontraksluiting in 'n historiese, regsvergelykende en internasionale perspektief." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52046.
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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: International trade has increased tremendously in the last few decades. When parties to a contract find themselves in different countries and each has its own legal background, specific problems originate in connection with formation of the contract, its execution, the breach thereof and so forth. The predominant theme of this work is the question of how a diversity of legal rules should be approached in an international context. The focus is on contract formation, and the rules of offer and acceptance are therefore examined. As a result of diverse legal cultures, different legal systems often have contradicting rules pertaining to contract formation, which can lead to a variety of problems if the contracting parties are not aware of the inconsistencies. According to international private law's choice of law-rules, such a contract should be governed by the rules of the legal system with which it has the closest connection. Connecting factors can be for instance the domicile of particular persons at various times, the situs of property, or the place where a juristic act was performed. One specific legal system will therefore rule the contract. There is however another possibility: that of a uniform substantive law. This involves the unification of different legal rules into one set of rules to be applied to contracts which are concluded in an international context. Taking into account that many of the rules and doctrines applicable to contract law have a common philosophical origin, the necessity of a convergence of these rules may be questioned. However, most of the rules ended up being different in different legal systems, and parties to an international transaction will probably not have the same idea about questions such as the possibility to revoke an offer before acceptance, or the precise moment of formation of the contract. A comparative study of the rules of offer and acceptance illustrates this point. International efforts to unify the law in this regard are explored, in order to assess the possibility of a uniform substantive law of contracts. Some of the international instruments seem to be able to find a middle way between conflicting rules, although it may not always be the best way to solve the problem. It is argued that harmony is not necessarily advanced by a codification of existing rules, and that a common legal culture which can lead to the incremental development of harmonious legal principles may be an alternative solution for the problem of incompatible national legal systems in an international context.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Internasionale handel het die afgelope paar dekades geweldig toegeneem. Wanneer kontraktante hulle in verskillende lande bevind, elke party met sy eie regsagtergrond, ontstaan eiesoortige probleme in verband met kontraksluiting, die uitvoering daarvan, kontrakbreuk, en dies meer. Die oorheersende tema van hierdie werk is die vraag na die hantering van 'n verskeidenheid regsreëls betrokke in 'n internasionale konteks. Die fokus is op kontraksluiting, en die reëls aangaande aanbod en aanname word derhalwe ondersoek. As gevolg van die bestaan van uiteenlopende regskulture het verskillende regstelsels dikwels teenstrydige reëls met betrekking tot kontraksluiting. Dit kan natuurlik problematies wees, veral indien die partye tot die kontrak nie bewus is van die teenstrydighede nie. Ooreenkomstig die choice of law-reëls van internasionale privaatreg, word so 'n kontrak beheers deur die regstelsel waarmee dit die nouste verbintenis het. Faktore wat dui op so 'n band kan byvoorbeeld die domisilie van bepaalde persone op verskillende tye, die situs van eiendom, of die plek waar 'n regshandeling verrig is wees. Een spesifieke regstelsel sal dus van toepassing wees op die kontrak. Daar is egter ook 'n ander moontlikheid: dié van 'n eenvormige substantiewe reg. Dit behels die vereniging van verskillende regsreëls ten einde een stel reëls daar te stel wat toegepas word op internasionale kontrakte. lndien in ag geneem word dat heelparty reëls en leerstukke in die kontraktereg 'n gemeenskaplike filosofiese oorsprong het, is die noodsaaklikheid van 'n vereniging van die reëls nie 'n gegewe nie. Die meeste van dié reëls het egter verskillend uitgekristalliseer in verskillende regstelsels, en partye tot 'n internasionale transaksie sal heel waarskynlik nie dieselfde opinie hê oor kwessies soos die moontlikheid om 'n aanbod voor aanname daarvan te herroep, of die presiese oomblik van totstandkoming van 'n kontrak nie. 'n Vergelykende studie van die reëls van aanbod en aanname illustreer die punt. Internasionale pogings om die reg in die verband te verenig word ondersoek, ten einde die moontlikheid van 'n eenvormige substantiewe reg van toepassing op kontrakte te beoordeel. Sekere van die internasionale instrumente blyk 'n middeweg tussen uiteenlopende reëls te vind, alhoewel dit nie noodwendig die beste manier is om die probleem voorhande op te los nie. Daar word geargumenteer dat harmonie nie noodwendig bevorder word deur 'n kodifikasie van bestaande reëls nie, en dat 'n gemeenskaplike regskultuur wat tot die geleidelike ontwikkeling van eenvormige regsbeginsels kan lei, 'n alternatiewe oplossing vir die probleem van onversoenbare nasionale regstelsels in 'n internasionale konteks kan wees.
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Chow, Kwok-sang, and 周國生. "A case study on the environmental impacts of a large site formation contract in the urban area." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252588.
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Chow, Kwok-sang. "A case study on the environmental impacts of a large site formation contract in the urban area /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498332.
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Turmel, Anne-Sophie. "La formation du contrat électronique." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON10014.
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La voie électronique traduit la dématérialisation, la dépersonnalisation et l'internationalisation du contrat. Ces phénomènes soulèvent la délicate question de savoir comment le droit appréhende le processus de la formation du contrat. La réponse à cette question conduit à organiser les rapports du negotium à l'instrumentum électronique en distinguant la volonté de l'économie du contrat. La volonté de contracter pose des problèmes de fond et de forme tenant à la fois à l'échange et à la forme électroniques des consentements. L'étude contribue à définir le cadre juridique applicable au contrat pour assurer sa validité et son efficacité lorsqu'il est conclu par voie électronique. L'économie du contrat conclu par voie électronique pose des questions inédites en ce que les éléments de dématérialisation et d'internationalisation en affectent l'équilibre. Le caractère immatériel des transactions invite à s'interroger sur l'économie des contrats de l'activité électronique, alors que le caractère international est dominé par la recherche d'une protection uniforme et effective des contractants. L'étude, donc, de la formation des contrats soulève dans ce champ un certain nombre de questions qu'il faut résoudre pour assurer la régulation des réseaux.
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Kliemann, Ana Carolina. "Erro invalidante da dogmática do negócio jurídico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/7686.
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A regulamentação das hipóteses de erro no Direito Obrigacional foi objeto de profunda alteração em razão da nova redação atribuída à matéria pelo novo Código Civil e em razão do novo cenário desenhado pelo princípio da manutenção do contrato. A presente dissertação trata das diferenças entre a regulamentação do erro em face do Código anterior (1916 – “CC/16”, artigos 86 a 113) e do novo Código (2002 – “CC/02”, artigos 138 a 166). Além disso, a dissertação trata sobre as conseqüências advindas do desfazimento do negócio jurídico por erro, inclusive sobre eventual indenização. As questões propostas e que subjazem esta dissertação são: em quais situações a parte pode requerer o desfazimento por erro? A existência de erro, somente, é suficiente para que se declare inválido o contrato? E quais são as conseqüências da invalidação do negócio jurídico? Há algum dever indenizatório? As respostas a essas questões serão umas, se analisadas a partir das regras do Código Civil de 1916, e outras, se respondidas com base nas regras do Código Civil de 2002. A dissertação analisa o fato de, em regra, a doutrina apontar como modificação do novo Código Civil a introdução do princípio da proteção da confiança daquele que não agiu em erro. Na verdade, no entanto, essa proteção já era implementada na vigência do Código Civil anterior (CC/16), por meio do dever de indenizar. Portanto, a proteção da outra parte não é novidade introduzida pelo novo Código Civil (CC/02). A tese exposta nesta dissertação aponta para o fato de que, além da proteção da outra parte, a lei protege o contrato em si, como uma forma de proteger o comércio, ou seja, todos os demais contratos que dependem dele, direta ou indiretamente. E essa proteção é colocada em prática ao se dificultar o desfazimento do negócio jurídico por erro. Nesse sentido, o novo Código Civil inovou ao acrescentar um outro requisito para o desfazimento do negócio por erro: a sua recognoscibilidade.The regulation of the hypotheses of mistake in Contract Law has suffered deep modifications due to the new wording of the new Civil Code and the new scenario drafted by the principle of maintenance of the contract. The presented thesis covers the differences between the old regulation supported by the old Civil Code (1916 – “CC/16”, articles 86 to 113) and the new one (2002 – “CC/02”, articles 138 to 166). Besides that, it deals with the consequences of the extinguishment of the contract due to mistake, including the possibility of indemnification of the other party. The questions posed, which are beneath this thesis, are: in which situations a party may avoid a contract for mistake? The existence of the mistake, solely, is enough to make the contract unenforceable? And what are the consequences? Is there any duty of indemnification? The answers will be different according to the rules of the Civil Code of 1916 and the 2002 one. In general, writers have pointed out as the modification introduced by the new Civil Code the protection of the other party that has not acted in mistake. Actually, this protection has been in evidence since the old Civil Code (CC/16), what was put into practice throughout the duty of indemnification. Thus, the protection of the other party is not the change introduced by the new Civil Code (CC/02). The point is that the new law, besides protecting the other party, protects also the contract itself, as a means of protection of the market, or, in other words, all other contractual relations that depend on it, direct or indirectly. And this protection is put into practice by making more difficult to terminate the contract for mistake. In this sense, the new Civil Code added one more requisite: the recognosibility of the mistake.
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Pontvianne-Broux, Arnaud. "La formation du contrat de travail du sportif professionnel." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01D005.
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Le sport professionnel constitue une activité réglementée, soumise à la délivrance préalable d'un permis fédéral de concourir pour tout sportif. Et, pareil octroi se révèle, notamment, conditionné à la souscription initiale, par ce joueur et son club, d'un contrat de travail sportif professionnel, dont la conclusion ne se réalise pas de manière instantanéeProfessional sport turns out to be a regulated activity that is subjected to the preliminary issue of a federal permit for competing required for each sportsman. And, such a grant reveals itself, among others, as being conditional upon the initial signing, by this player and his club, of a contract of professional sports employment, the formation of which doesn't realize in an instantaneous way
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Bianchini, Luiza Lourenço. "O contrato preliminar incompleto." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5694.
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Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar o contrato preliminar, a partir das diversas funções que ele cumpre no processo de formação do negócio jurídico. Em especial, examina-se a figura do contrato preliminar que é menos completo do que o contrato definitivo, estabelecendo apenas os aspectos essenciais do negócio prometido e deixando em aberto outros pontos que devem ser preenchidos no intervalo entre os dois negócios. O contrato preliminar incompleto, como se lhe designa aqui, constitui uma etapa no processo de formação progressiva do contrato, atendendo a interesses dignos de tutela conforme o ordenamento jurídico. Para tanto, o trabalho está dividido em quatro capítulos, além da introdução e da conclusão. Na primeira parte, apresentam-se os principais interesses práticos que estão por trás da cisão do negócio em duas etapas (no contrato preliminar e no contrato definitivo). Vê-se que o contrato preliminar não é uma figura inútil, um desdobramento desnecessário do processo de formação do negócio. Na segunda parte, são delineados os contornos do contrato preliminar, mediante o exame de sua causa e de seu objeto, além das figuras que se lhe assemelham. Demonstra-se que, embora não se confunda com o negócio definitivo, o contrato preliminar já deve definir a causa do negócio prometido, que serve para identificá-lo. Na terceira parte, atenta-se para o chamado princípio da equiparação, que determina que, em regra, o contrato preliminar siga a mesma disciplina prevista para o negócio definitivo. Tal princípio deve ser, todavia, excepcionado, quando a própria cisão do processo de formação do negócio no preliminar e no definitivo serve para afastar alguma regra que valerá apenas para o segundo negócio. Nesse ponto, demonstra-se que o princípio da equiparação não se aplica integralmente no que se refere ao objeto do contrato definitivo, que não precisa estar previsto, exaustivamente, no contrato preliminar. Revela-se, aí, a admissibilidade da figura do contrato preliminar incompleto. Por fim, na última parte, examina-se a execução específica do preliminar, destacando-se, em particular, o cabimento desse remédio também para o chamado contrato preliminar incompleto, quando, então, caberá ao juiz integrá-lo mediante as regras de integração previstas no ordenamento jurídico.The objective of this dissertation is to analyze preliminary contracts in the light of the various functions they perform in the formation of a legal transaction. In particular, the paper examines preliminary contracts which are less complete than the definitive contracts they precede and which set out merely the essential aspects of the promised transaction, leaving other points to be decided upon in the interval between the two contracts. Such contracts, referred to in this paper as incomplete preliminary contracts, constitute a distinct stage in the process of progressive formation of the legal transaction and address interests which are capable, in our legal system, of giving rise to a claim for judicial relief. This study is divided into four chapters (in addition to the introduction and conclusion). The first part sets out the principal practical interests behind the splitting of a legal transaction into two distinct parts (the preliminary contract and the definitive contract) and demonstrates that the preliminary contract is by no means an unnecessary and useless offshoot of the formation of a legal transaction. The second part sets out an overview of preliminary contracts in terms of their raison dêtre and their objects and draws a parallel with other similar legal instruments. This part seeks to show that despite being distinct from the definitive contract, the preliminary contract defines the raison dêtre of the promised transaction (i.e. the reason for contracting) and thus serves to define (classify) the contract. In the third part, attention is drawn to the so-called principle of equivalence (principio de equiparação) according to which a preliminary contract must, as a general rule, comply with the same legal rules applicable to the definitive agreement. An exception needs to be made, however, when the actual separation of the process of formation of the legal transaction into preliminary and definitive stages leads to a given rule being applicable solely to the definitive contract. The author demonstrates that, in such cases, the principle of equivalence does not apply in full to the objects of the definitive contract and said objects do not therefore need to be the subject of exhaustive provision in the preliminary contract. This therefore reveals that an incomplete preliminary contract is legally permissible. Finally, in the closing part of the paper, the issue of specific performance of the preliminary contract is examined. Particular emphasis is given to the applicability of this legal remedy to incomplete preliminary agreements and to the powers vested in the judge to complete (i.e. fill in the gaps) in the preliminary contract, in accordance with the applicable rules as to integration of contracts
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Mai-Nivoit, Catherine. "L’influence du contrat psychologique sur la formation organisationnelle : Recherche-action au sein d’un site de production automobile français." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CNAM1007.
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Le contrat psychologique se définit comme une croyance de l'employé relative à des obligations réciproques entre lui-même et son employeur, lesquelles sont basées uniquement sur la perception des promesses de l'organisation mais qui ne correspondent pas obligatoirement à la réalité. Bien que ce concept suscite une littérature abondante, peu d'études se sont intéressées spécifiquement à ses relations avec la formation organisationnelle. La revue de littérature met en évidence que les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, organisationnelles et formationnelles influencent le contrat psychologique d'une part. D'autre part, les objectifs de performance organisationnelle et d'employabilité, les facteurs contextuels et le transfert des acquis de la formation contribuent à l'efficacité de la formation. Cette recherche-action vise à répondre à la question de l'influence du contrat psychologique sur la formation organisationnelle. L'échantillon de l'étude est composé de 119 ouvriers non diplômés d'un site de production automobile français. La première partie des résultats se consacre à l'étude de la validité psychométrique de l'outil de mesure du contrat psychologique, le « Psychological Contract Inventory » (PCI), à l'influence des variables sociodémographiques, organisationnelles et formationnelles sur le contrat psychologique. La seconde partie s'intéresse à l'influence de la réalisation du contrat psychologique sur la satisfaction de la formation. A partir de la revue de littérature et des résultats obtenus, un modèle théorique comprenant l'influence des caractéristiques individuelles, organisationnelles et formationnelles de l'employé sur le contrat psychologique et l'influence de la réalisation du contrat psychologique sur la satisfaction de la formation est proposé. Dans la troisième partie, les implications pratiques et théoriques des résultats sont discutéesThe Psychological Contract is defined as a belief of the employee on reciprocal obligations between himself and his employer, which is also based solely on the perception of the organization's promises but does not necessarily correspond to reality. Although this concept provides researchers with abundant literature, few studies have focused specifically on its relationship with organizational training. The literature review consulted for this research shows that socio-demographic, organizational and training characteristics influence the Psychological Contract and also that the objectives of organizational performance and employability, contextual factors and transfer of training contribute to the effectiveness of the training. The purpose of this action-research is to answer the question of the extent of the influence of the Psychological Contract on organizational training. The study sample consists of 119 unqualified workers in a French automotive production site. The first part of this research's results is dedicated to the study of the psychometric validity of the Psychological Contract's measurement tool, the "Psychological Contract Inventory" (PCI) and the influence of socio-demographic, organizational and formational variables on the Psychological Contract. The second part focuses on the influence of the realization of the Psychological Contract on training satisfaction. From the literature review and the results obtained, a theoretical model is proposed which would include the influence of individual, organizational and training characteristics of the employee's Psychological Contract and the influence of the realization of the Psychological Contract on training satisfaction. In the third part, the practical and theoretical implications of the results are discussed
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Kasri, Noor Suhaida Binti. "A critical analysis of the resolution of the Malaysian Securities Commission Shariah Advisory Council : a case study of the crude palm oil futures contract." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2012. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3444/.
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This thesis analyses the resolution made by the Shariah Advisory Council of the Malaysian Securities Commission (SAC) which resolves that the crude palm oil futures contract is permissible. This resolution is controversial as it collides with the resolutions of other mainstream or internationally represented organisations of Shari'ah scholars. These mainstream resolutions rule that the commodity futures contract transgresses Sharf'ah principles. However, the SAC contends that it is permissible on the principle of public interest (ma#a~ah) and on the notion that trading regulations have overcome Sharf'ah prohibitions; namely, that of gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (gambling). The focus of this thesis is thus to analyse the adequacy of the SAC resolution in terms of its coherence with the real trading of the crude palm oil futures contract as well as the adequacy of the crude palm oil futures legal framework in overcoming Sharf' ah prohibitions. This is an area which has not been given adequate attention in the current literature. Apart from the liteniture on the legality of the commodity futures contract, this thesis examines the legal framework of the Malaysian commodity futures market as well as the American and European markets. To compliment this research, non-structured interviews and discussions have been undertaken. In the final analysis, the data gathered from the interviews and discussions, as well as the relevant literature, evidences that the SAC resolution is not coherent with real trading and that the elements of gharar and maysir have not been eliminated by the trading regulations. Additionally, the analysis finds that, contrary to the argument of its proponents, the commodity futures market has failed to represent its purpose as a risk management tool as well as a price discovery tool. In summation, an inadequate resolution would inevitably undermine the SAC's, position as Malaysia's sole Islamic capital market's Sharf'ah advisor, and Malaysia's reputation as the international Islamic capital market hub.
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Naimi-Charbonnier, Marine. "La formation et l'exécution du contrat électronique." Paris 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA020056.
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L'émergence des nouvelles technologies de l'information bouleverse les habitudes du commerce et notamment la pratique des contrats à distance. Né en l'absence physique des parties, sur un réseau mondial comme l'internet, le contrat électronique a la particularité d'être entièrement dématérialisé et être à vocation internationale. Aussi, après en avoir défini le concept, l'étude de sa formation nous amène à mettre en exergue les difficultés relatives à l'offre: diversité des pollicitants; différence de régime dans l'émission de l'offre électronique; obligation d'information précontractuelle à la charge du pollicitant professionnel, naissance de l'acceptation par cliquage de souris; distinction des modalités de l'échange du consentement selon la nature nationale ou internationale du contrat électronique; remise en cause de la rencontre des volontés par le droit de rétractation. Ensuite le régime de la preuve électronique; la différenciation dans l'exécution en ligne ou hors réseau du contrat, comme les modalités du paiement électronique sont successivement abordés. Enfin, les règles afférentes à la compétence juridictionnelle et à la loi applicable sont étudiées pour répondre aux mieux aux interrogations surgissant lorsque le contrat formé par voie électronique fait l'objet d'un litige international ".
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Boitard-Lepine, Marie-Alice. "La formation, objet du contrat de travail." Cergy-Pontoise, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CERG0059.
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Étiennot, Pascale. "La formation professionnelle dans le contrat de travail." Nancy 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN20016.
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La formation professionnelle entretient en droit francais des liens importants avec le contrat de travail mais ceux-ci ont été tissés progressivement. Dans les textes fondateurs de notre système de formation, les relations entre formation et relation de travail laissaient peu de place au contrat de travail. Lorsqu'elles existaient elle étaient instituées sous la forme d'avantage pour l'employeur et le salarié. Au fil du temps la formation devait s'affirmer dans le contrat en voyant son rôle modifié. Avec la crise économique et ses attributs classique, suppression d'emplois, augmentation du chômage, elle est devenue de plus en plus une necessité. Mais en s'imposant elle s'est diversifiée. Si le dispositif légal s'est enrichi depuis la décennie 1990 de differents droits individuels au profit des salariés, l'analyse juridique met en lumière l'un des aspects resté jusqu'à ces dernières années dans l'ombre : la formation en tant qu'obligation. En effet fréquentes sont les hypothèses dans lesquelles l'employeur et le salarié sont tenus par des obligations. Mais en entrant dans le contrat de travail, la formation n'a pas eu un rôle neutre. Elle est un élément moteur de l'evolution du contrat de travail. Son influence s'exerce doublement. Elle affecte tout d'abord le contrat dans son contenu. Elle bouscule non seulement les équilibres établis entre les parties mais également l'objet du contrat de travail. Par ailleurs elle contribue a redynamiser le rôle exercé par le contrat dans la relation de travail. Elle permet d'attester de la vitalité du contrat de travailIn french law, professional training has important connections with the work contract, but these links have been established progressively. In the text founding our system of training, relations between training and contract left little room for the work contract itself. When existing, they were set up under the form of advantage for the employer and the salaried employee. Over the years, training was to establish itself in the contract and has seen its role modified. With the economical crisis, and its usual characteristics : loss of jobs, increase in unemployement, training has become more and more a necessity. But in becoming essential, it has become diversified. Since the beginning of the 90's, individual rights to the benefit of salaried employees have been added to the existing measures, but juridical analysis has brought one of the aspects into light, which had stayed ignored until recently : training as an obligation. As a matter of fact, cases in which the employer and the salaried employee are bound by obligations are frequent. In becoming part of the work contract, training does not have a neutral role. It is of prime importance in the development of the work contract and has a double influence. On the one hand, training affects the contract in its content, for it changes a great deal the established balance between the parties, as well as the object of the work contract. On the other hand, training plays an important part in giving a new impulse to the work contract. It allows the vitality of the work contract to be confirmed
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Brien, Spencer T. "Three essays on the formation and finance of local governments." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42890.
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This dissertation follows a three-essay format. Each essay evaluates a different fiscal institution from a public administration perspective.
In the first essay I examine whether state-funded property tax exemptions are effective in reducing the property taxes. This class of exemption is characterized by a grant from state to local governments that is intended to replace property tax revenue and lower property tax payments. Two separate theories of local fiscal behavior predict that that price effects and fiscal illusion will reduce the effectiveness of this type of tax relief. I test these predictions using panel regression analysis on county-level data from Georgia. I find that only two thirds of the revenue allocated to this program is actually used for tax relief.
In the second essay I test a model of the property tax in which the levy is set to balance the difference between budgeted expenditures and expected receipts from all other revenue sources. This model demonstrates how the property tax can be used to offset unexpected changes to other revenues given a change in personal income. This model is contrasted with an alternative model in which expenditures are budgeted after expected total revenues have been determined. I will estimate both models for local governments in Georgia and test which more accurately describes local fiscal performance. I will also use both to predict changes to the property tax over a period of time and measure which model generated the more accurate forecast.
Unlike the first two papers, which are quantitative analyses of fiscal data, this chapter is a case study of the contract city model of governance as implemented in the newly incorporated city of Sandy Springs, Georgia. I investigate whether the scope of outsourcing in contract cities creates additional challenges for city officials that manage contractor performance. I evaluate the incentive structures in the contract agreements that influence the principal-agent relationship using a textual analysis research method. I find that certain combinations of municipal functions in a single public-private partnership creates the potential for negative synergies to arise which would increase the difficulty of monitoring and managing the private partner.
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Wang, Zhao Hua. "La formation des contrats internationaux." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR30004.
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Selon les règles traditionnelles relatives à la formation des contrats, on constate l'existence d'un contrat lors de l'acceptation d'une offre. Pour la formation de tout type de contrat international, il est préférable de généraliser l'application des dispositions de la Convention de Vienne du onze avril mil neuf cent quatre-vingt sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises, bien que les dispositions nationales puissent s'appliquer aussi si désignées à cet effet. Dans la pratique, la conclusion du contrat international peut être le résultat de négociations pendant lesquelles les parties échangent de nombreux documents préalables, ou la référence aux contrats-types, conditions générales ou incoterms. Ces faits mettent en lumière le caractère "sans loi" de la formation des contrats internationaux : la conclusion de ceux-ci peut se passer des règles traditionnelles de la formation des contrats. Mais la naissance de contrats internationaux ne peut être hors du droit. Les nouvelles pratiques pour conclure les contrats internationaux sont en fait des manifestations concrètes des principes de droit de bonne foi et de la liberté contractuelle qui permettent ainsi de dégager un système autonome de négociation des contrats internationaux. La mise en oeuvre de la responsabilité précontractuelle et des conséquences des incidents lors de la conclusion du contrat n'est possible que si une loi applicable est déterminée selon les règles du droit international privéThe traditional rules relating to the formation of contracts record the existence of a contract at the time of the acceptance of an offer. For the formation of all international contracts, it is preferable to generalise the application of the rules established by the Vienna Convention of April eleventh, nineteen hundred and eighty on the contracts for the international sale of goods, although the national provisions are also applicable when they are chosen for that effect. In practice, however, an international contract may be concluded during the negotiations in which the parties exchange many preliminary documents or by reference to standard - form contracts, general conditions or incoterms. These facts reveal the character "sans loi" of the formation of international contracts : such contracts may be concluded without reference to the traditional rules. However, the new practices for concluding international contracts do not mean that the latter can be born out of the "droit". They are the concrete displays of the principles of good faith and of contractual liberty which give rise to an autonomous system of negotiation of international contracts. The establishment of pre contractual liability and the consequences of incidents at the time of conclusion of contract are possible only if an applicable law is determined in accordance with the rules of international private law
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Shandi, Yousef Wiederkehr Georges. "La formation du contrat à distance par voie électronique." Strasbourg : Université Robert Schuman, 2005. http://urs-srv-eprints.u-strasbg.fr/123/01/shandi28062005.pdf.
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Pourre, Jean-Bernard. "Les conditions de la formation du contrat sur Internet." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003VERS016S.
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La Thèse soutenue par Monsieur Jean-Bernard POURRE, le 30 septembre 2003, consacrée aux conditions de formation du contrat sur Internet se propose d’examiner comment se forme l’acte juridique qu’est le contrat au moyen d’Internet. Suivant l’analyse traditionnelle, cette thèse destinée aux praticiens présente selon deux parties, l’expression du consentement sur Internet, puis l’existence d’un échange de consentements. La première partie analyse les modalités d’expression du consentement au travers des instruments électroniques : l’offre et l’acceptation. La seconde partie, après avoir évoqué la question de la loi applicable à la validité et à la preuve du contrat développe la problématique du formalisme probatoire relatif au consentement et la validité de l’échange des consentements. La thèse s’attache particulièrement aux aspects techniques d’Internet et à la signature électronique tant comme moyen d’expression du consentement que comme élément de preuve de l’existence du consentementThe Thesis supported by Mr Jean Bernard POURRE, on September 30th 2003, devoted to the conditions of the formation of the contract on Internet proposes to examine how is formed the legal document which is the contract by means of Internet. According to the traditional analysis, this thesis intended for the experts present according to two parts, the expression of the consent on Internet, then the existence of an exchange of consents. The first part analyses the expression’s method of the consent through electronic instruments: the offer and acceptance. The second part, after having mentioned the question of the law applicable to the validity and the proof of the contract develops the problems of the proof formalism relating to the consent and the validity of the exchange of the consents. The thesis studies particularly to the technical aspects of Internet and the electronic signature as well like expression means of the consent as like proof of the existence of the consent
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Shandi, Yousef. "La formation du contrat à distance par voie électronique." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/SHANDI_Yousef_2005.pdf.
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Le législateur constate que le développement des échanges économiques à distance, surtout sur Internet, repose sur la confiance. Il intervient alors à plusieurs reprises pour lever les obstacles juridiques qui empêchent la conclusion de contrats à distance par voie électronique. Cependant, les dispositions adoptées sont complexes et parfois même critiquables du fait de l'incohérence des différents textes. Ces dispositions portent tout particulièrement sur le processus de la formation de contrat par voie électronique (surtout en ce qui concerne le contenu de l'offre, l'acceptation et la commande) et à la protection du consommateur. Le législateur s'intéresse également au problème de conflit de lois en matière de commerce électronique alors qu'il garde le silence sur les questions de conflit de juridictions et de règlements extrajudiciaires des litigesThe legislator notices that the development of the remote economical exchanges, particularly via the internet is based on confidence. He intervenes on several occasions in order to remove the legal obstacles which stopped the conclusion of remote parties contracts via electronic channels. However the adopted terms are complex and sometimes open to criticism as to the inconsistency of the various texts. Those terms relate especially to the process of formation of contracts via electronic channels (particularly with regard to the content of the offer, the acceptance and the order) and the consumer protection. The legislator takes also interest in the conflict of the laws relating to the e-commerce whereas he remains silent on the subject of conflicts of jurisdictions and the extra-judicial settlements of lawsuits
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Jazmati, Ola. "La sécurité de la formation du contrat de vente conclu sur internet : étude comparée en droit français, égyptien et syrien." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1G002.
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La formation du contrat de vente sur internet s’intègre dans le cadre général de l’économie numérique. La dématérialisation suscite des interrogations juridiques relatives à la confiance que peuvent mettre les parties dans la fiabilité de la formation du contrat lors de la rencontre de l’offre et de l’acceptation. Ces réticences ont un impact négatif sur l’évolution du e-commerce. Les législations internationales ainsi que les législations française, égyptienne et syrienne prennent en compte l’importance de cette confiance. Elles adaptent leurs lois afin d’assurer la sécurité au contrat de vente dématérialisé. Elles prennent des mesures non seulement lors de la formation du contrat de vente, mais elles adoptent aussi des dispositions afin d’assurer la sécurité probatoire de ce type du contrat. Mais, les lois syrienne et égyptienne ne prennent en compte la spécificité du contrat de vente électronique qu’en matière de consommation. La particularité du e-commerce toutefois a été traitée par la doctrine égyptienne en s’inspirant à ce propos du droit civil français. Le législateur français impose des mesures lors de la formation du contrat qui sont plus strictes en matière de consommation. Dans cette thèse, sont envisagées les règles juridiques relatives à la formation du contrat de vente électronique afin d’évaluer les mesures prises par les législations qui visent à renforcer la confiance dans le contrat de vente électronique. Sont aussi analysées les règles intrinsèques et extrinsèques relatives à la preuve en matière de vente électronique afin de savoir si ces règles sont efficaces en ce qui concerne la sécurité probatoire du contratThe dematerialization of the sales contract gives rise to problems of confidence. This has a negative impact on the evolution of e-commerce. International legislation as well as French, Egyptian and Syrian legislation take into account the importance of trust in the digital economy. They adapt their laws to ensure the security of the contract of dematerialized sales. They do not take only measures when forming the sales contract, but they adopt also measures to ensure the probative security of this type of contract. Syrian and Egyptian laws consider only the specificity of the contract of electronic sales in terms of consumption. The peculiarity of e-commerce, however, has been dealt with by Egyptian doctrine, drawing inspiration from French civil law. The French legislator imposes measures during the formation of the contract that are stricter in terms of consumption. In this study, we considered the legal rules relating to the formation of the contract of electronic sales in order to evaluate the measures taken by the legislations which aim to reinforce the confidence in the electronic sales contract. We also analyzed the e-discovery rules for electronic modes of proof to determine whether these rules are effective with regard to the probative security of the contract
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Chendeb, Rabih. "La formation du contrat de consommation, étude de droit comparé." Paris 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA020005.
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Le droit français, tout comme les droits libanais et égyptien ont de longue date réglementé par le droit commun la formation du contrat. Lors de la formation de la relation contractuelle, le principe de l’autonomie prédominait avec en même temps un respect des principes de liberté et d’égalité des deux parties. Aujourd’hui, par le fait du développement économique et social, le respect de ces trois principes n’est, en lui seul, plus apte à assurer une protection satisfaisante de la volonté du consommateur. C’est au nom du respect de la règle morale que le principe de l’autonomie de volonté reçoit en matière contractuelle les plus sérieux atteintes. Les Droits communs français, libanais et égyptien font, assurément une grande part à la morale individuelle en imposant, en particulier, une certaine loyauté dans la négociation et l’exécution des contrats. Toutefois, à cette morale fondée sur le postulat de l’égalité des parties, se superpose, sous l’impulsion d’une législation dirigiste, une morale collective prenant en compte l’appartenance des contractants à tel groupe ou catégorie sociale déterminée. Voilà pourquoi nous avons envisagé la formation du contrat de consommation avec tout ce que comporte de silences et d’ambiguïtés la discussion contractuelle initiale. Certes, les législateurs français, libanais et égyptien ont pris un ensemble de mesures juridiques pour aider le consommateur dans sa tâche et lui assurer une protection fiable devant la prolifération des contrats d’adhésion. Mais la question se pose de savoir si les droits positifs français, libanais et égyptien ont la capacité de s’adapter aux besoins de la pratique et aux nécessités sociales.
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El, Ayoubi Omar. "Le contrat du commerce électronique sur l'Internet : formation et exécution." Toulouse 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU10031.
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Le réseau Internet ne permet pas seulement d'échanger des informations et d'offrir aux entreprises une vitrine nouvelle capable de promouvoir leur activité au delà de leur zone traditionnelle d'influence. Il constitue aussi un nouvel outil permettant de passer des contrats du commerce électronique, qui présentent certaines caractéristiques très singulières en raison de leurs modes de conclusion. Cependant, ces caractéristiques sont à l'origine de plusieurs problèmes juridiques concernant notamment la rencontre des volontés, la capacité de celui qui s'oblige, la date de la formation du contrat, la sécurité du paiement et enfin de la détermination de la juridiction compétente et de la loi applicable. Il convient alors de se demander s'il faut adopter de nouvelles règles juridiques spécifiques au contrat du commerce électronique ou si au contraire les règles traditionnelles du droit des contrats, sous réserve de certaines adaptations, sont parfaitement applicables à ce contrat ? Une question majeure à laquelle on s'efforcera de répondre en examinant successivement la formation (Partie I) et l'exécution du contrat du commerce électronique (Partie II)The internet network does not only allow the exchange of information but also offers companies a window to promote their activities outside their traditional location ; it is a new tool that enables creating e-commerce contracts, which have singular characteristics because of their conclusion mode. Those characteristics are the reason of many legal problems concerning mainly the meeting of minds, the ability of the undertaker, the contract creation date, payment security issues, and finally the competent jurisdiction and the applicable law. It is appropriate to ask if there will be a need for new legal rules and regulations especially for eletronic contracts, or on the contrary, the traditional rules and regulations of contracts, with exception of some adaptations, are perfectly applicable to that contract ? This is the main question that we will try to answer by successively studying the formation (Part I), and the execution the electronic commerce contract (Part II)
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Abrishami, Ali Moghaddam. "How to modernise formation of contract rules in Iranian law : proposals for reform of Iranian Civil Code from comparative perspective of English and uniform law." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498531.
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Henry, Xavier. "La technique des qualifications contractuelles." Nancy 2, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/BUD_T_1992_0003_HENRY_1.pdf.
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La description de la technique des qualifications contractuelles oblige à établir un inventaire raisonné des procédés d'identification des contrats. La première partie est consacrée à une synthèse des critères de qualification des contrats simples nommés ou pas. Les concepts d'objet ou de cause du contrat ne fournissant pas la notion unitaire indispensable à cette recherche, il leur est préféré un concept synthétique regroupant deux structures de qualification. La structure interne étudiée dans le premier titre correspond à un assemblage dont les éléments sont des obligations reliées entre elles par des liens de nature causale. La structure externe objet du second titre permet de replacer le contrat dans son environnement concret (objet de la prestation), personnel (qualité des parties) ou juridique (groupe de contrats). La seconde partie s'attache à décrire les techniques de combinaison au sein d'un meêm accord d'obligations d'origine diverse, en tenant de distinguer les différents procédés de construction de ces contrats composites et de contribuer à la découverte des principes régissant la détermination de leur régime. Les deux premiers titres sont consacrés aux assemblages qui respectent la nature des éléments combinés en dissociant les intégrations hiérarchisées (obligation accessoire) et égalitaires (contrat mixte), alors que le troisième s'intéresse aux techniques dénaturant les éléments combinés (contrat mixte par fusion d'objet ou d'origine causale)The description of the technique of qualifying contracts necessitates the drawing up of an inventory of all the methods used to identify contracts. The first part synthesizes the criterions of qualification of elementary (in opposition to composite) contracts, whether they are named or unnamed. The concepts of objects and consideration of contract do not supply the unitary notion necessary for this research. A concept which synthesizes two structures of legal definition has been prefered. The internal structure, which has been studied under the first heading, consists of a collection of obligations connected to each other by causal bonds. The external structure, which has been studied secondly, places the contract in its concrete environment (object of the prestation), in its personnal environment (capacity of the parties) and in its legal context same agreement and in its legal context (insertion in agroup of contracts). The second part of the research describes the techniques of combining different obligations in a same agreement. It distinguishes between the different procedures of composite agreements and contributes to the discoevry of the principles of their rules. The first two headings concern the composite agreements which respect combined elements and the distinction between hierarchical integrations (accessory obligations) and egalitarian ones (composite contracts). On the contratry, the third heading concerns the techniques which distort the combined elements
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Sallum, Stephanie Elise, and Stephanie Elise Sallum. "Imaging Planet Formation Inside the Diffraction Limit." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625645.
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For decades, astronomers have used observations of mature planetary systems to constrain planet formation theories, beginning with our own solar system and now the thousands of known exoplanets. Recent advances in instrumentation have given us a direct view of some steps in the planet formation process, such as large-scale protostar and protoplanetary disk features and evolution. However, understanding the details of how planets accrete and interact with their environment requires direct observations of protoplanets themselves. Transition disks, protoplanetary disks with inner clearings that may be caused by forming planets, are the best targets for these studies. Their large distances, compared to the stars normally targeted for direct imaging of exoplanets, make protoplanet detection difficult and necessitate novel imaging techniques.
In this dissertation, I describe the results of using non-redundant masking (NRM) to search for forming planets in transition disk clearings. I first present a data reduction pipeline that I wrote to this end, using example datasets and simulations to demonstrate reduction and imaging optimizations. I discuss two transition disk NRM case studies: T Cha and LkCa 15. In the case of T Cha, while we detect significant asymmetries, the data cannot be explained by orbiting companions. The fluxes and orbital motion of the LkCa 15 companion signals, however, can be naturally explained by protoplanets in the disk clearing. I use these datasets and simulated observations to illustrate the effects of scattered light from transition disk material on NRM protoplanet searches. I then demonstrate the utility of the dual-aperture Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer's NRM mode on the bright B[e] star MWC 349A. I discuss the implications of this work for planet formation studies as well as future prospects for NRM and related techniques on next generation instruments.
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AlMajed, Bashayer. "The history and development of contract law in Kuwait : with a particular emphasis on the roll and precepts of Islamic Law in its formation and implementation." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20468/.
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In 1961, Kuwait became a fully independent country, throwing off the vestiges of its status as a British protectorate and choosing a completely fresh and different legal system. The basis chosen was not that of English Common Law but the French- inspired Egyptian model, a ready-made civil law system, conveniently available to be imported at short notice, which also reflected the Islamic traditions and sensibilities of the people. This thesis explores the underlying philosophies and origins out of which the current Kuwaiti legal system was born and then developed. It then analyses how, within this system, Kuwait’s history and evolution influenced the way contract law is codified and practiced in Kuwait today. Special emphasis is placed on the role of Islamic tradition, culture and practices. The distinction between Islamic Law and Islam as a religion is explored in relation to certain important contractual principles. This work includes both analysis of very recent, significant cases from the Court of Cassation, Kuwait’s Supreme Court, as well as direct interviews with Kuwaiti Supreme Court judges, adding a unique insight from the country’s most senior judicial figures into the legal system and workings of modern Kuwait.