Relevant bibliographies by topics / Formation of contracts

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Formation of contracts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Formation of contracts"

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Heien, Dale. "Price Formation in the California Winegrape Economy." Journal of Wine Economics 1, no. 2 (2006): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1931436100000183.

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AbstractThis paper presents a theory of price determination for winegrapes in California. As the California wine economy developed, winegrape contracts took on a role as one of the centerpieces of this transformation. The theory is presented and it is shown how two important factors, weather and fi nancial uncertainty, served to shape the contracts. Hence, long term planting contracts for new vineyards, specifying the price, helped ameliorate the uncertainty to growers. Similarly, shorter contracts played a similar role for established vintners. The model deals with two types of growers: those with contracts made well before the year in question and those who will sign a contract in the Spring of the year of harvest. This paper hopes to illuminate these elements and their interaction. The model is then empirically estimated and tested. (JEL classifi cation: K12, Q11)
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Gardiner, Caterina. "Principles of Internet contracting: Illuminating the shadows." Common Law World Review 48, no. 4 (December 2019): 208–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473779519891731.

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The common law that applies to Internet contract formation could be said to exist in a penumbra—a grey area of partial illumination between darkness and light—where it may be possible to lose sight of established contract law principles. Internet contracts raise difficult issues relating to their formation that challenge traditional contract doctrine. Analysis of case law from the United States, United Kingdom and Ireland illustrates that the courts have not applied contract formation doctrine in a principled or consistent way. There is a tendency for decisions to be reached for policy reasons, for example, to facilitate the development of e-commerce, or to achieve a result that is considered fair, rather than on sound principles of contract law. There may also be some uncertainty arising from the relationship between statutory consumer protection rules and common law contract formation doctrine. The enforceability of Internet contracts in the common law courts remains unpredictable. This article argues that although Internet contracting may raise distinctive contract formation issues, it is possible for the judiciary to invoke the inherent flexibility of the common law, to take into account the specific characteristics of Internet contracts, while still adhering to established contract law doctrine and maintaining a principled approach.
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Intigam Garayeva, Aysel. "“THE DEATH” OF CONTRACTS AS A RESULT OF VOIDING: VOID OR VOIDABLE?" SCIENTIFIC WORK 15, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/64/102-105.

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Parties conclude a contract for creation and termination of contractual rights and obligations as the existence of a contract ensures parties to face unexpected situations. A valid contract means it is legally binding and enforceable and the formation of a legally binding contract must entail some essential and basic elements. But in some cases, even though the contract meets all basic elements for its validation it can be invalid. If a contract is invalid, it will be annulled from the very beginning, therefore the invalidity has a retroactive effect. Some defects render a contract void, while others make it voidable. This article clarifies types of invalid contracts on the basis of the element of dispute, main characteristic features of void and voidable contracts, dispute period in invalid transactions and grounds that lead to voiding a contract. Key words: defects, the death of contracts, void contracts, voidable contracts, invalidity, grounds for voiding
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Bartkutė, Emilija, and Gabrielė Gumbytė. "Išmaniosios sutartys: teisinis reglamentavimas ir jo problematika." Vilnius University Open Series, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 122–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/os.tmp.2020.6.

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This research paper deals with the Institute of Smart Contracts, reveals legal regulation and its problems. In the first part of the work, using the attributes: immutability, specific form and operation without third party mediation, and the basic functions of storing, validating and executing, the concept of smart contracts is revealed. Also, in order to fully disclose the exclusivity of these contracts, fundamental differences from automated transactions are discussed. In the second part – three contract institutes are distinguished, in the context of which the compatibility of smart contracts with the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania is assessed. First of all, it discusses the formation and its characteristics, in addition it is evaluated whether the formation of the smart contract violates the norms of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania. Further, the exclusive execution of these contracts and their compliance with Chapter XVI of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania is disclosed. Finally, the paper examines possible breaches of smart contracts, ways to resolve them, as well as customization and compatibility.
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MCCANNON, BRYAN C., COLLEEN TOKAR ASAAD, and MARK WILSON. "Contracts and trust: complements or substitutes?" Journal of Institutional Economics 14, no. 5 (November 6, 2017): 811–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137417000522.

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AbstractSocial preferences and third-party enforcement of formal contracts are two mechanisms that facilitate performance of an agreement. The standard argument is that formal, enforceable contracts substitute when the social preferences of trust and trustworthiness are lacking. We explore the alternative hypothesis that trust and contract enforcement are complements. We measure social preferences from both a Trust Game and a social values survey, using them as explanatory variables in a Contract Game. We find that both increased contract enforcement and high trusting preferences lead to enhanced rates of contract formation and larger investments. There is an important interaction effect, where trusting individuals enter into agreements at a greater rate and make larger investments when enforcement is greater. Thus, contracts and trust complement one another.
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Allen, J. G. "Wrapped and Stacked: ‘Smart Contracts’ and the Interaction of Natural and Formal Language." European Review of Contract Law 14, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 307–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2018-1023.

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Abstract This article explores ‘smart contracts’ from first principles: What they are, whether they are properly called ‘contracts’, and what issues they raise for national contract law. A ‘smart’ contract purports to record contractual promises in language which is both intelligible to human beings and (ultimately) executable by machines. The formalisation of contracting language that this entails is, I argue, the most important aspect for lawyers—just as important as the automation of contractual performance. Rather than taking a doctrinal approach focused on the presence of traditional indicia of contract formation, I examine the nature of contracts as legal entities created by words and documents. In most cases, smart contracts will be ‘wrapped in paper’ and nested in a national legal system. Borrowing from the idiom of computer science, I introduce the term ‘contract stack’ to highlight the complex nature of contracts as legal entities incorporating different ‘layers’, including speech acts by the parties in both natural and formal languages as well as mandatory legal rules. It is the interactions within this contract stack that will be most important to the development of contract law doctrines appropriate to smart contracts. To illustrate my points, I explore a few issues that smart contracts might raise for English contract law. I touch on the questions of illegality, jurisdiction, and evidence, but my focus in this paper is on exploring issues in contract law proper. This contribution should be helpful not only to lawyers attempting to understand smart contracts, but to those involved in coding smart contracts—and writing the languages used to code them.
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Koontz, Stephen R., Michael A. Hudson, and Matthew W. Hughes. "Livestock Futures Markets And Rational Price Formation: Evidence For live Cattle And Live Hogs." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 24, no. 1 (July 1992): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200026157.

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AbstractThe efficiency of livestock futures markets continues to receive attention, particularly with regard to their forward pricing or forecasting ability. The purpose of this paper is to present a more general theory that encompasses the forward pricing concept. It is argued that futures contract prices for competitively produced nonstorable commodities, such as live cattle and live hogs, follow a rational formation process. Futures contract prices reflect expected market conditions when contracts are sufficiently close to the delivery month that the supply of the underlying commodity cannot be changed. However, prior to the period when future supplies are relatively fixed, futures contract prices should adjust to reflect the competitive equilibrium, where output price equals average costs of production. Presented evidence suggests that live cattle and live hog futures markets support the rational price formation hypothesis: prices for distant contracts reflect average costs of feeding. Implications for risk management strategies are considered.
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Mbarki, M. Mohamed Amine, M. Jaouad Rharzouz, and M. Omar Boubker. "L’impact De La Formation, Selon Les Normes Qualite, Sur L’implication Du Personnel Sous Contrats Flexibles : Resultats D’une Etude Empirique." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n2p173.

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This paper introduces the raising interests of certified automotive companies of Tangier-Tétouan region on quantitative flexibilization strategies, via atypical contracts. Therefore, the involvement paradox remains significant through contracts’ flexibility. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the training practices impact according to quality standards on stuff involvement under integration contract. On the methodological standpoint, we have combined between an exploratory qualitative approach and a confirmatory quantitative approach, on the basis of a sample of 170 operators under integration contracts in Moroccan automotive industry. The results show that employees ‘training influences positively on their level of emotional involvement.
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Ayegba, Calistus. "Duties and Required Competencies of a Management Contractor." Journal of Construction Business and Management 2, no. 1 (January 3, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/jcbm.2.1.70.

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One of the responses to the critical failings of separation of design and construction processes of traditional procurement system is the development of management contracting (MC) procurement system. Several studies have indicated MC procurement system to be most suitable for large and complex projects, when on-time project delivery is required, and when flexibility during construction is desired. Owing to the involvement of the Management contractor at both design and construction stage of projects, the management contractors play more significant role in the benefits that MC system has shown to deliver. This study aims to investigate the duties performed by the management contractor and the required competencies for a management contractor, to provide knowledge and understanding on important considerations for the selection of a management contractor. Empirical data was collected using documentary analysis of three management contracts tender documents and a semi-structured interview with a key role player of two of the management contracts in South Africa. Findings revealed the duties performed by management contractors to be multitasking, covering both the pre-construction and construction stage of building projects. Also, owing to the increased responsibilities of management contractors, the competencies required to perform as a management contractor are distinguishable when compared to competencies needed of contractors to perform in other procurement systems. The knowledge and understanding of the duties and required competencies to perform as management contractors provided in this study will help construction clients and the construction industry in the selection process, performance management and evaluation of management contractors. Keywords: Construction procurement, Management and relationship formation duties, Management contracting procurement system, Management contractor.
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Handayani, Erna, Heru Kurnianto Tjahjono, and Akhmad Darmawan. "Uniqueness of psychological contract in a faith-based organization (FBO)." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 6 (October 26, 2020): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i6.912.

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This study aims to explore the uniqueness of the psychological contract in the Faith-Based Organization (FBO). Psychological contracts, as part of the bond between individuals and organizations, are constantly evolving research. In line with the Conservation of Organizational Resources (COR) theory, organizations strive to defend their resources. Faith-Based Organization (FBO) is an organization with minimal written formal contracts. The bond with the members is a bond with the same values ​​and goals. This research examines the psychological contract of FBO, from the aspects of formation, contribution, and violation. The formation of shared values ​​which becomes the affective commitment of FBO members is specifically discussed because of the uniqueness of the organization with its ideological and religiosity sides. Using the lens of the COR theory, this study sees the psychological contract of the two elements of the FBO, namely members and organizations. This study is a literature review using traditional narrative methods. The results show that there have not been many in-depth studies of the psychological contract on religious organizations (FBO) with religious aspects that characterize the psychology of individuals in it. This study creates new gaps in research related to psychological contracts.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Formation of contracts"

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Ackerman, David T. "International contracts a quantitative analysis of transnational contract formation." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/8.

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Globalization is the promise of the future, and it presents, quite literally, a world of opportunities not available in the past. International collaborations in science, research, and business now enjoy increased probabilities of success, in part, because of the advance in technology and the possibility of instantaneous communications. The convenience, simplicity and affordability of technology are helping to make the world accessible to almost everyone. With new availability of international concerns and the growth of global partnerships in all areas of interest, an increased need arises for agreements that memorialize collaborators' commitments, responsibilities and obligations. There is a corresponding concern that the agreements be enforceable across national and international lines should anything go wrong. There is no collaboration, partnership or venture that will not be touched in some way by the law. Whose law governs and how rules and regulations of different nations will be applied are of escalating concern. Empirically examining the state of international contract law is the overarching focus of my research. Adopting a research methodology involving both quantitative and qualitative techniques, I am investigating whether any consistency exists between attorneys of different practice sectors (academic, government, corporate and private) considering choice of law, enforcement of contract provisions, and the inclusion of preventative measures of international contracts. My results contribute to the future success of international collaborations of all concerns by empirically identifying the need for increased education on various dispute resolution options, as well as the effect cultural awareness has on the drafting of international contracts.
ID: 030476559; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for honors in the major in Legal Studies.; Thesis (B.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.
B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
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Kamantauskas, Povilas. "Formation of click-wrap and browse-wrap contracts." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140617_121839-54611.

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In a time of rapid development of technologies, new forms of contracting online emerge. Two of these are analyzed in this thesis: click-wrap agreements (where an offer is accepted by way of clicking on an icon “I agree”) and browse-wrap agreements (where the offeree supposedly accepts the offer by browsing on a website, while the terms to the contract are accessible through an inconspicuous hyperlink). Click-wrap agreements are formed, they are accepted in a manner recognized as binding and the offeree knows the terms she assents to. Browse-wrap agreements are generally not formed. Even though the action of browsing on a website could indicate assent, the offeree must know that the act of browsing will be construed as acceptance. But the offeree is generally not made aware of the terms to the contract and thus cannot assent to what she is not aware of. However, if the offeree is in fact aware of the terms to the contract and still knowingly performs the action of browsing, a contract is formed and the offeree is bound. There are some doctrinal problems with an element of an offer – intent to be bound. E-contracting involves a great deal or recklessness by the offerors as well as offerees, leading to the conclusion that the action of clicking “I agree” does not really indicate the intent of the party who performs the act, to actually agree. There is no adequate answer to this problem presently. To sum up, the enforceability of click-wrap contracts is settled in courts, it is a... [to full text]
Besivystant technologijoms keičiasi ir sutarčių sudarymo būdai: dėl mažesnių kaštų ir patogumo populiarėja sutartys elektroninėje erdvėje. Prie to turi prisitaikyti ir teisinė aplinka, todėl šiame magistro darbe yra aptariamos dvi sąlyginai naujos sutarčių sudarymo formos. Viena jų – spragtelėjimu sudaroma sutartis (angl. – click-wrap agreement). Čia oferentas akceptuoja sutarties sąlygas, paspausdamas monitoriaus ekrane ikoną „Sutinku“ ar pan. O situacija, kai sutartis turėtų būti sudaroma naršymu (angl. – browse-wrap agreement) – kiek sudėtingesnė, čia oferentas turėtų išreikšti savo sutikimą vien naršydamas internetinėje svetainėje, tačiau informacija, apie tai, jog naršymas bus laikomas sutikimu galima rasti spragtelėjus ant saito (angl. – hyperlink), kuris neretai būna pateikiamas puslapio apačioje, bet apie nuorodą su sutarties sąlygomis ir akceptavimo būdu oferentas nėra informuojamas, dažnai apie ją net nežino. Šiame darbe spragtelėjimu ir naršymu sudaromos sutartys analizuojamos kaip abstrakčios teisės koncepcijos, aptariamas jų pagrįstumas, tinkamumas. Lietuvos ir Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų nacionalinės teisės sprendimai darbe aptariami lyginamuoju aspektu. Pirmiausia privalu išsiaiškinti ar galima sudaryti sandorius elektroninėmis (ne tik ryšio) priemonėmis. Nors elektroninėmis ryšio priemonėmis perduodama informacija prilyginama rašytiniams dokumentams (taigi, taip sudaromos sutartys tikrai galioja), spragtelėjimu ar naršymu sudaromų sutarčių atveju, ši teisinė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Mik, Eliza. "Contract formation in open electronic networks." Connect to full text, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4995.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2007.
Title from title screen (viewed 28 May 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Law. Degree awarded 2007. Includes bibliography references. Also available in print format.
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Pillet, Gilles. "La substitution de contractant à la formation du contrat en droit privé /." Paris : LGDJ, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/475554957.pdf.

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Barros, Isabel. "Contratação pública: empreitadas de obras públicas: o concurso público." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15226.

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A contratação pública assume um papel muito importante na actividade autárquica. Uma boa gestão dos contratos públicos é fundamental para a prossecução do interesse colectivo, no que se refere à utilização do dinheiro público. É através de contratos públicos de empreitadas que se fazem os grandes investimentos públicos. Por obrigação legal, qualquer empreitada a realizar por um município tem que respeitar as regras do novo Código da Contratação Pública, em vigor em Portugal desde 30 de Julho de 2008. Este Código tem como princípios basilares a transparência, a publicidade e a concorrência, numa óptica de mercado aberto. Os procedimentos com vista à formação do contrato público são as ferramentas que permitem seguir aqueles princípios. Neste trabalho, propõe-se um manual de procedimentos, que auxiliem os profissionais dos municípios portugueses, a conduzir um procedimento de Concurso Público para a contratualização de empreitadas de obras públicas; ABSTRACTS: Public procurement assumes a very important role in the local government activity. A proper management of the public contracts is essential for the prosecution of the community interest, regarding the use of the public money. It is through public works contracts that the great public investments are done. Due to legal obligations, any contract to carry out, by the local government, of a public work has to respect the rules of the new code of public contracting, operating in Portugal from the 30th of July of 2008. This code assumes as basic principles the transparency, the publicity, and the competition, in open market optics. The procedures set for the formation of the public contract, are the tools that allow to follow those principles. In this project work, we propose a procedure manual, to assist the professionals of Portuguese municipalities, to conduct a public tender procedure for public works contracting.
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Helmholz, Niels. "Contract formation and the Internet : an analysis of contract formation in English, South African and German law with special regard to the Internet." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52746.

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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines the conclusion of contracts on the Internet in English and South African law on the one hand, and German law on the other. Because these legal systems have not developed specific rules for the formation of contracts by way of this medium of communication, the question is whether the traditional doctrines are adequate to the demands of tecnological innovation. The study accordingly proceeds from a detailed discussion of the traditional rules of offer and acceptance developed in each of the systems. To this end, the leading cases and of English and South African law are considered with an emphasis on the points of difference between the approach of the courts in these systems. Where there is uncertainty or different points of view, regard is had to the critical points of view of English and South African commentators. In respect of the codified German civil law, the authoritative provisions of the general part of the civil code are discussed against the background of the commentary of academic authors. An investigation of the technical structure of the Internet and the various methods of communication afforded by it, provides a foundation for an examination of the application of the general principles of the various legal systems to contract formation on the Internet. It is concluded that despite fundamental differences in the of approach of the systems under consideration, the general principles of each system are capable of application in the context of electronic contracting. The dissertation endeavours to develop proposals regarding adequate solutions to the problems typical of the process of contract formation on the Internet.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is afgestem op die hantering van kontraksluiting op die Internet in die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse Reg aan die een kant, en die Duitse Reg aan die ander kant. Omrede geeneen van hierdie stelsels tot op hede spesifieke maatreëls daargestel het vir kontraksluiting deur middel van hierdie kommunikasiemiddel nie, is die vraag of tradisionele beginsels afdoende is met die oog op eise van die nuwe tegnologie. Die ondersoek gaan derhalwe uit van 'n behandeling van die tradisionele reëls van aanbod en aanname soos wat dit in elkeen van die stelsels ontwikkel het. Met die oog hierop, word sleutelvonnisse van die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse reg ontleed, veral dan ook met klem op verskille in die benadering van die howe in hierdie twee stelsels. In geval van onsekerheid en verskille van mening, word verwys na die kritiese standpunte van Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse kommentatore. Met verwysing na die gekodifiseerde Duitse stelsel word die gesaghebbende bepalings van die Burgerlike Wetboek behandel teen die agtergrond van die kommentaar van Duitse akademiese skrywers. 'n Ontleding van die tegniese struktuur van die Internet en die verskillende kommunikasiemetodes wat dit bied, verskaf die grondslag vir 'n ondersoek na die toepaslikheid van die algemene beginsels aangaande kontraksluiting van die onderskeie regstelsels in die konteks van elektroniese kontraktering. Die gevolgtrekking is dat ten spyte van fundamentele verskille in benadering, die algemene beginsels van die verkillende stelsels wel aanwendbaar is in die nuwe omgewing. Die verhandeling poog om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die ontwikkeling van aanvaarbare oplossings tot die probleme wat tipies is aan kontraksluiting deur middel van die Internet.
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Bruwer, Elizabeth. "Vereniging van die koopreg : kontraksluiting in 'n historiese, regsvergelykende en internasionale perspektief." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52046.

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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: International trade has increased tremendously in the last few decades. When parties to a contract find themselves in different countries and each has its own legal background, specific problems originate in connection with formation of the contract, its execution, the breach thereof and so forth. The predominant theme of this work is the question of how a diversity of legal rules should be approached in an international context. The focus is on contract formation, and the rules of offer and acceptance are therefore examined. As a result of diverse legal cultures, different legal systems often have contradicting rules pertaining to contract formation, which can lead to a variety of problems if the contracting parties are not aware of the inconsistencies. According to international private law's choice of law-rules, such a contract should be governed by the rules of the legal system with which it has the closest connection. Connecting factors can be for instance the domicile of particular persons at various times, the situs of property, or the place where a juristic act was performed. One specific legal system will therefore rule the contract. There is however another possibility: that of a uniform substantive law. This involves the unification of different legal rules into one set of rules to be applied to contracts which are concluded in an international context. Taking into account that many of the rules and doctrines applicable to contract law have a common philosophical origin, the necessity of a convergence of these rules may be questioned. However, most of the rules ended up being different in different legal systems, and parties to an international transaction will probably not have the same idea about questions such as the possibility to revoke an offer before acceptance, or the precise moment of formation of the contract. A comparative study of the rules of offer and acceptance illustrates this point. International efforts to unify the law in this regard are explored, in order to assess the possibility of a uniform substantive law of contracts. Some of the international instruments seem to be able to find a middle way between conflicting rules, although it may not always be the best way to solve the problem. It is argued that harmony is not necessarily advanced by a codification of existing rules, and that a common legal culture which can lead to the incremental development of harmonious legal principles may be an alternative solution for the problem of incompatible national legal systems in an international context.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Internasionale handel het die afgelope paar dekades geweldig toegeneem. Wanneer kontraktante hulle in verskillende lande bevind, elke party met sy eie regsagtergrond, ontstaan eiesoortige probleme in verband met kontraksluiting, die uitvoering daarvan, kontrakbreuk, en dies meer. Die oorheersende tema van hierdie werk is die vraag na die hantering van 'n verskeidenheid regsreëls betrokke in 'n internasionale konteks. Die fokus is op kontraksluiting, en die reëls aangaande aanbod en aanname word derhalwe ondersoek. As gevolg van die bestaan van uiteenlopende regskulture het verskillende regstelsels dikwels teenstrydige reëls met betrekking tot kontraksluiting. Dit kan natuurlik problematies wees, veral indien die partye tot die kontrak nie bewus is van die teenstrydighede nie. Ooreenkomstig die choice of law-reëls van internasionale privaatreg, word so 'n kontrak beheers deur die regstelsel waarmee dit die nouste verbintenis het. Faktore wat dui op so 'n band kan byvoorbeeld die domisilie van bepaalde persone op verskillende tye, die situs van eiendom, of die plek waar 'n regshandeling verrig is wees. Een spesifieke regstelsel sal dus van toepassing wees op die kontrak. Daar is egter ook 'n ander moontlikheid: dié van 'n eenvormige substantiewe reg. Dit behels die vereniging van verskillende regsreëls ten einde een stel reëls daar te stel wat toegepas word op internasionale kontrakte. lndien in ag geneem word dat heelparty reëls en leerstukke in die kontraktereg 'n gemeenskaplike filosofiese oorsprong het, is die noodsaaklikheid van 'n vereniging van die reëls nie 'n gegewe nie. Die meeste van dié reëls het egter verskillend uitgekristalliseer in verskillende regstelsels, en partye tot 'n internasionale transaksie sal heel waarskynlik nie dieselfde opinie hê oor kwessies soos die moontlikheid om 'n aanbod voor aanname daarvan te herroep, of die presiese oomblik van totstandkoming van 'n kontrak nie. 'n Vergelykende studie van die reëls van aanbod en aanname illustreer die punt. Internasionale pogings om die reg in die verband te verenig word ondersoek, ten einde die moontlikheid van 'n eenvormige substantiewe reg van toepassing op kontrakte te beoordeel. Sekere van die internasionale instrumente blyk 'n middeweg tussen uiteenlopende reëls te vind, alhoewel dit nie noodwendig die beste manier is om die probleem voorhande op te los nie. Daar word geargumenteer dat harmonie nie noodwendig bevorder word deur 'n kodifikasie van bestaande reëls nie, en dat 'n gemeenskaplike regskultuur wat tot die geleidelike ontwikkeling van eenvormige regsbeginsels kan lei, 'n alternatiewe oplossing vir die probleem van onversoenbare nasionale regstelsels in 'n internasionale konteks kan wees.
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GERETY, VERNON EUGENE. "FORMATION AND CONTROL OF COLLUSION IN A SEALED OFFER MARKET: AN EXPERIMENTAL EXAMINATION." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184142.

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The main objective of this study is to examine the behavior of sellers in a sealed offer market in three distinct environments. The dissertation examines the mechanism to determine its competitive characteristics when sellers are unable to engage in overt communication. Next, the market setting is changed in order to consider the ability of sellers to form stable and effective cartels when the subjects are given the opportunity to conspire. Finally, the consequences of antitrust enforcement is considered. First, by reducing the number of communication episodes between sellers and second, by separately introducing random monetary penalties whenever the observed winning offer was greater than sellers cost. A secondary but significant contribution of this research was the use of prison inmates as subjects in economic experiments. Therefore, the financially motivated behavior of student subjects could be contrasted with prisoner subjects in a laboratory environment. This contrast proves extremely interesting when an antitrust environment, using randomly imposed monetary penalties, was introduced. The results of my research indicate, given equal constant cost suppliers, the sealed offer auction mechanism has the potential to generate very competitive behavior by sellers when communication between subjects is prohibited. However, in an identical environment, when conspiratorial opportunities exist prior to every auction, one observes very stable and effective cartels. These first two conclusions are insensitive to the subject pool under consideration (i.e., student versus prisoner subjects). When the frequency of communication is reduced (i.e., as a result of antitrust enforcement) the market is still conducive to effective collusion. However, in comparison to the experiments where subjects were allowed to communicate prior to every auction, the cartel in this environment were more unstable and less effective at extracting monopoly profit from the market. Finally, when antitrust enforcement is introduced by imposing random monetary penalties whenever the observed winning offer is greater than seller cost, the behavior of sellers is extremely sensitive to the expected returns from collusion as well as the dispersion of these returns. Also, the cartels collusive behavior indicated that students were risk averse, responded more to changes in the severity of the penalty specification (the penalty amount) while the prisoner cartels were risk takers, being more sensitive to changes in the certainty of the penalty specification (the detection level).
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Lee, Daesik. "Essays on coalition formation under asymmetric information." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53567.

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We consider the applicability of the Revelation Principle under the possibility of collusive behavior among players in some Bayesian framework. In doing this, since the coalition formation itself suffers information asymmetry problems, we assume that the coalition is formed if the colluding parties can successfully find some coalitional mechanism whose outcome is a set of messages in the original mechanism. Recently Cremer [1986] proposes a coalitional mechanism in the framework of the well known Vickrey-Clark-Groves mechanism. We assume that the agents successfully collude if they can find coalitional a mechanism such that (i) coalitional mechanism is incentive-compatible and (ii) the payoff of this mechanism is strictly Pareto-improving in terms of the agent’s expected utility. Our analysis is undertaken in a one principal/two agent framework. We first ünd that the Revelation Principle is still applicable in the pure adverse selection model. We then extend this result to a model with both adverse selection and moral hazard aspects. Finally, we consider a three-tier principal/supervisor/agent hierarchical organization, as in Tirole (1986). We explicitly present the coalitional mechanism as a side-contract between the supervisor and the agent. We apply the previous result of applicability of the Revelation Principle and characterize the coalition-proof mechanism. We find that the principal can design an optimal collusion free contract with some additional cost by specifying proper individual and coalitional incentive-compatibility conditions and individual rationality conditions. Moreover, we find that the results of Tirole (1986)’s paper hinge on the fact that he considers only “hard,” verifiable, information.
Ph. D.
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Tahat, Hisham. "Legal issues related to the formation of electronic contracts : a comparative study of English and American law." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439908.

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This thesis explores selected legal problems that arise in the formation of online contracts in the American and English legal systems. The thesis examines to what extent traditional contract law rules provide a satisfactory legal ground for governing such issues. It attempts to show that no substantial legislative reform is necessary as adaptations of traditional contract law rules are sufficient. To this end, this study focuses on questions regarding the formation of email contracts, the role of electronic agent in forming website contracts, the distinction between offer and website advertisement, online errors and mistakes, web site acceptance, and finally, the incorporation of online terms.
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Books on the topic "Formation of contracts"

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Cibinic, John. Formation of government contracts. 2nd ed. [Washington, D.C.]: Government Contracts Program, George Washington University, 1986.

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C, Nash Ralph, Yukins Christopher R, and George Washington University. Government Contracts Program, eds. Formation of government contracts. 4th ed. Washington, DC: George Washington University Law School, Government Contracts Program, 2011.

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Cibinic, John. Formation of government contracts. 2nd ed. [Washington, D.C.]: Government Contracts Program, George Washington University, 1986.

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C, Nash Ralph, and George Washington University. Government Contracts Program., eds. Formation of government contracts. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: George Washington University Law School, Government Contracts Program, 1998.

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Contract formation and parties. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Lieberman, Richard D. Elements of contract formation: Practical advice on winning government contracts. Chicago: CCH Inc., 2000.

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Omoregie, Edoba B. Law of contract in Nigeria: Formation of contract. Akure: Sylva Pub., 2000.

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Furmston, M. P. Contract formation and letters of intent. Chichester, West Sussex, England: J. Wiley, 1998.

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Enterprises, RIBA, ed. Focus on construction: Contract formation. London: RIBA Enterprises, 2003.

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Kazeem, Musendiq Adeniji. Electronic contract formation and the Nigerian initiatives. [Nigeria]: [s.n.], 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Formation of contracts"

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Graziano, Thomas Kadner. "Formation of contracts." In Comparative Contract Law, 49–219. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-87676-1_4.

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Adriaanse, John. "The Formation of Construction Contracts." In Construction Contract Law, 36–77. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-00959-3_3.

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Adriaanse, John. "The Formation of Construction Contracts." In Construction Contract Law, 36–77. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36600-8_3.

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Utku, Doruk. "Formation of Contracts via the Internet." In Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, 289–308. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35040-6_18.

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Anshelevich, Elliot, and Gordon Wilfong. "Network Formation and Routing by Strategic Agents Using Local Contracts." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 386–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92185-1_44.

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Smirnov, Alexander, Leonid Sheremetov, and Nikolay Teslya. "Robot Coalition Formation Based on Fuzzy Cooperative Games over Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 346–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42250-9_33.

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Pedersen, Lars Haagen, Nina Smith, and Peter Stephensen. "Minimum Wage Contracts and Individual Wage Formation: Theory and Evidence from Danish Panel Data." In Macroeconomic Perspectives on the Danish Economy, 165–92. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230501034_6.

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Smirnov, Alexander, Leonid Sheremetov, and Nikolay Teslya. "Usage of Smart Contracts with FCG for Dynamic Robot Coalition Formation in Precision Farming." In Enterprise Information Systems, 115–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40783-4_7.

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Walcott, Lesley A. "Contract Formation." In Commonwealth Caribbean Insurance Law, 44–62. New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Commonwealth Caribbean law: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351031783-4.

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Darling QC, Paul, and James Bradford. "Contracts: Formation and Interpretation." In Wilmot-Smith on Construction Contracts, 3–74. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832805.003.0001.

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This chapter discusses the law relating to construction, engineering, and infrastructure contracts. It explains a series of rules developed by the law that guide the courts into making decisions about whether obligations will be enforced and analyses how courts enforce most contracts in circumstances where the parties had an intention to create legal relations. It also identifies parties that have the capacity to contract, such as adults and corporations. This chapter explains how undischarged bankrupt may enter into a contract without committing a criminal offence. It mentions government departments that can contract and sue or be sued pursuant to their contracts.
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Conference papers on the topic "Formation of contracts"

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"FORMATION AND FULFILLMENT OF ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS IN ICS." In 6th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0002648700240030.

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Arcaute, Esteban, Eric Dallal, Ramesh Johari, and Shie Mannor. "Dynamics and stability in network formation games with bilateral contracts." In 2007 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2007.4434965.

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Militaru, Ioana Nely. "TIME AND PLACE OF THE FORMATION OF A CONTRACT - DEFINING ELEMENTS OF THE CONSENT IN MATTERS RELATING TO CONTRACTS." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW, FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b21/s5.124.

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Erol-Kantarci, Melike, and Hussein T. Mouftah. "Overlay energy circle formation for cloud data centers with renewable energy futures contracts." In 2014 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communication (ISCC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscc.2014.6912634.

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Smirnov, Alexander, Leonid Sheremetov, and Nikolay Teslya. "Fuzzy Cooperative Games Usage in Smart Contracts for Dynamic Robot Coalition Formation: Approach and Use Case Description." In 21st International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007763003610370.

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Zhang, Shuo, Fu Tian, Xiaofang Wang, Qiang Gao, Yongfeng Sui, Jibing Lan, and Xudong Ding. "Investigation of the Secondary Crossflow at the Rectangular Exit of a Low-Speed Sectioned Contractive Wind Tunnel." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23447.

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Abstract The low-speed rectangular exit wind tunnel with sectioned contraction is widely used. The secondary flow vortices are found at contraction exit, which would lead to the non-uniform boundary layer and influence the aerodynamic experiment accuracy. In this paper, experimental and numerical approaches are adopted so as to clarify reasons for the formation of the secondary crossflow occurring at contraction exit and take measures to control it. The conclusions can be gotten as: the secondary crossflow is formed and developed in the second (rectangular-to-rectangular) contraction, and the first (circular-to-rectangular) contraction promote the secondary flow vortices to migrate to the middle of flow field to a certain extent; the formation of the secondary crossflow is related to the static pressure gradient in the contraction. Based on the mechanism analysis results, several methods aimed to control the secondary crossflow are proposed and verified, the results can be concluded as: in terms of the rectangular-to-rectangular contraction that contracts along one direction, it is difficult to effectively control the secondary crossflow just by optimizing contraction curves and contraction ratios, while adopting the boundary layer suction can significantly improve the boundary layer uniformity; if the rectangular-to-rectangular contraction contracts in two directions, such secondary crossflow can be well controlled.
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Piazza, G., L. Bressan, and L. Fadabini. "IGCC: The Italian Answer to the Heavy Oil Surplus." In ASME 1997 Turbo Asia Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-aa-111.

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The design, construction and operation of an IGCC cogeneration plant requires commercial planning, regulatory processing and financial coordination as well as technical engineering. This paper is an overview of the ISAB Energy Project a heavy oil fueled IGCC cogeneration plant that produces electric power and process steam. Crucial activities before and after design include formation of the equity partnership, early feasibilities studies, basic design and permitting, structuring of cogeneration contracts, and financing the project. Particular attention is given to the parties involved in project financing and how they manage the various aspects of financial risk that characterize this type of plant.
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Sheppard, Colin J. R., and Carol J. Cogswell. "Image formation in video-enhanced and confocal DIC microscopy." In Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Imaging Techniques and Applications, edited by Maksymilian Pluta and Mariusz Szyjer. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.171888.

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Keith, Stan, Monte Swan, and John Horne. "Plate Tectonic Contraints for Hydrocarbon Formation in the Niobrara Formation." In Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/urtec2013-158.

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Al-Ifan, B. M. "Contract formation methods in E-commerce from Islamic perspective." In 2013 5th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for the Muslim World 2013 (ICT4M). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ict4m.2013.6518900.

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Reports on the topic "Formation of contracts"

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Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy, Erik Blumenkranz, and Alan Garber. Committing to Exercise: Contract Design for Virtuous Habit Formation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16624.

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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.

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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
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Chaparro, Rodrigo, Maria Netto, Elisabeth Díaz, Adalberto Padilla, Krystian Muñoz, and Raúl Riveros. Seguro de ahorro de energía: plataforma estándar para la estructuración, la evaluación y el seguimiento de proyectos de inversión en eficiencia energética y generación distribuida con desempeño energético garantizado. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003352.

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Son crecientes los esfuerzos por fomentar la inversión verde con nuevos instrumentos financieros; sin embargo, la velocidad con que los mercados están adoptando estos instrumentos se ha visto limitada por la heterogeneidad y la falta de información sistemática que permite valorar cuán verdes son las inversiones. El BID ha desarrollado una plataforma estándar para la estructuración, la evaluación y el seguimiento de proyectos de inversión en eficiencia energética y generación distribuida con desempeño energético garantizado. La plataforma busca llenar este vacío e impulsar la modernización tecnológica promoviendo inversiones en tecnologías más eficientes donde se garanticen los ahorros o la generación de energía gracias a la combinación de contratos de desempeño, esquemas de validación y seguros como mecanismo de mitigación de riesgos. La plataforma comprende una herramienta para estimar los ahorros o la energía del proyecto propuesto, listas de control para la validación y verificación del correcto desempeño y un formato para el monitoreo de resultados una vez implementado el proyecto. La herramienta para estimar los ahorros o la energía que genere un proyecto sigue la lógica de establecer una línea base y luego determinar el impacto de la nueva tecnología mediante mejoras en los índices de desempeño o generación, siguiendo los lineamientos técnicos de la familia de normas internacionales de la serie ISO 50000. Este documento presenta los aspectos conceptuales y prácticos de la plataforma, incluye los protocolos para 12 tecnologías aplicables tanto a proyectos nuevos como a proyectos de sustitución y presenta ejemplos para tres proyectos específicos. Los usuarios primarios de la plataforma son proveedores de tecnología, entidades validadoras, entidades financieras y aseguradoras.
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Dialogs by Yuri V. Dublyansky regarding ``Fluid inclusion studies of calcite veins from Yucca Mountain, Nevada, tuffs: Environment of formation``. Special report number 15, Contract number 94/96.0003. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/201753.

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