Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Formation polluant'
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Devroe, Sebastien. "Etude de la combustion du charbon pulvérisé et de la formation des oxydes d'azote dans les grands foyers à chauffe tangentielle." Valenciennes, 1999. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/b6ef6d88-6f13-449b-93ef-c890860834a6.
Full textThis work presents a study of combustion and NOx formation is tangentially boiler plant. It’s developed with Alstom-energy and ADEME’s support. The bibliography shows the importance of the turbulent flow simulation for a good prediction of combustion. And so, the study of the flow is uncoupled from the combustion. So in first, two cold scale models are studied. One represents totally a 600 MWe tangentially boiler unit (scale 1/20), the second one simulates a tangentially burner with square coaxial injectors. The measurements are compared with different turbulent models available in finite volume computer program Fluent. A specific flow at the nozzle of the burner named “snake’s tongue” was putted in light. In second part, the reacting flows in 3 tangentially fired boilers (1 natural gas, 2 pulverized coal) are presented. The calculated results are compared with furnaces observations. Finally, NOx are calculated for the three furnaces and different firing configurations. Thermal NOx are validated with the natural gas results. After an adjustment of the Fuel-NOx model, the calculations are in good agreement for the two furnaces and different loads with measurements
Coddeville, Patrice. "Formation de l'ozone, polluant de la troposphère : étude expérimentale dans l'environnement et par modélisation lagrangienneévaluation de l'impact de l'heure d'été sur la pollution photooxydante." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10078.
Full textJaecker-Voirol, Anne. "Etude physico-chimique de la formation des aerosols : application aux pluies acides et a la stratosphere." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13222.
Full textPistikopoulos, Panayotis. "Comportement physiochimique des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, particulaires et gazeux, dans l'atmosphere : mode de formation des aerosols, transport a meso-echelle, adaptation d'un modele-recepteur a des composes reactifs." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077140.
Full textThibaud, Hélène. "Contribution a l'etude du mecanisme de formation de la chloropicrine au cours de traitements oxydants : application aux eaux a potabiliser." Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2290.
Full textBen, Amor Hedi. "Le bioxyde de chlore dans la filière de production des eaux de consommation : contribution à l'étude de son mécanisme d'action sur les molécules modèles et sur les substances humiques aquatiques." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2314.
Full textBoucher, Aymeric. "Modélisation de la formation des polluants au sein des foyers aéronautiques par une méthode de chimie tabulée." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECAP0006/document.
Full textThe reduction of pollutant emissions of aeronautical combustion chambers is a major issue for engine manufacturers. In order to support them in this task, it is necessary to develop numerical simulation tools able to predict accurately chemical species emissions at the chamber outlet. To achieve this, a detailed description of the chemical reactions is necessary. Nevertheless, considering the current computer capabilities, this description is not presently affordable. This is why the use of chemistry reduction methods preserving the capability to predict pollutants species is necessary. The method of tabulated chemistry is a good candidate to tackle these problems and therefore is used as the basis of model developments achieved in the framework of this PhD thesis. A preliminary work has been made to select in the literature tabulated chemistry methods applying to turbulent reactive two-phase flows. The technique to create the chemical tables has been improved in order to take into account the effect of the residence time of the burnt gases on nitrogen oxides formation. The coupling of the method with a soot model has also been achieved. The tabulated chemistry gives access to the concentration of soot precursors and oxidizers, quantities which are required by the model used for the soot prediction. The developed tabulated chemistry model has been applied to the simulation of a configuration representative of aeronautical combustors. The concentration of nitrogen oxides, soot particles, carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons predicted by the numerical simulations have been compared to experimental results. The topology of the soot volume fraction field and the shape of pollutant concentrations profiles at the outlet agree quite well with the experiments. Nevertheless, concentration levels obtained from the simulations differ from the experimental results. This can be imputed to the error in the prediction of the temperature field that is independent of the combustion model, since a similar error was observed with another combustion model
Croué, Jean-Philippe. "Contribution a l'etude de l'oxydation par le chlore et l'ozone d'acides fulviques naturels extraits d'eaux de surface." Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2289.
Full textGraville, Stephen Rhys. "Pollutant formation during the combustion of heavy liquid fuels." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262602.
Full textHarding, Stephen C. "Investigation into mixing and combustion in an optical, lean, premixed, prevaporised combustor." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359964.
Full textMay-Carle, Jean-Baptiste. "Ethanol et moteur Diesel : mécanismes de combustion et formation des polluants." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843644.
Full textMolero, de Blas Luis Javier. "Pollutant formation and interaction in the combustion of heavy liquid fuels." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286382.
Full textSedighi, Kurosh. "The combustion of fuel oil and the factors influencing pollutant formation." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254782.
Full textNguyen, Thi Huyen Trang. "Émissions polluantes des NOx : mécanisme de formation et de réduction." Thesis, Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0449/document.
Full textNOₓ emission in the steel industry mainly come from the combustion of coal in the agglomeration process. Among the methods of NOₓ reduction for this process, the addition of additives to the mixture of raw materials agglomeration process is chosen due to its advantages. This technique is comparatively simple to implement, and requires only a low-cost investment. This thesis is part of European project INTERREG IVA CleanTech and industrial project ArcelorMittal Dunkerque in order to study NOₓ reductions by additives. The objectives of this thesis is to have a better comprehension in the mechanism of NOₓ reduction by additives to optimize the process with more effective additives. With that purpose, the properties of agglomerated products are also studied to determine the additives' influences on the quality of the final product. In the first part, an experimental study was devoted to sutdy the thermal decomposition of the additives to understand the mechanism of NOₓ reduction. The compounds formed during the pyrolysis of additives are identified and quantified. This allows us to confirm the products' influence on the reduction of NOₓ. In the second part, agglomerated products obtained in the pilot test are measured by different methods (X-ray diffraction laboratory, high-energy and high-resolution X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy). To determine the compositions of crystalline phases contained in the agglomerates. We then compared the differences between the reference agglomerate (without additives) and agglomerate obtained with different additives in order to determine the phases related to the mechanical resistance
Lellek, Stephan [Verfasser]. "Pollutant Formation in Premixed Natural Gas Swirl Flames with Water Injection / Stephan Lellek." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149578920/34.
Full textTran, Luc Sy. "Étude de la formation de polluants lors de la combustion de carburants oxygénés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0171/document.
Full textThe decrease of petroleum reserves and the increase of concentration of greenhouse gas CO2 are the two major known problems related to the use of fossil fuels. Bio-fuels appear as a means allowing a decrease of the dependence on fossil fuels and a reduction of the harmful impact of engine on the environment. Bio fuels are considered as a source of renewable energy. The aim of this thesis was to develop and validate experimentally the high temperature kinetic models for the combustion of oxygenated compounds of bio-fuels: ethanol, second-generation bio-fuels of families of furan (furan, 2-methylfuran, 2,5-dimethylfuran), of tetrahydrofuran (tetrahydrofuran, 2 methyltetrahydrofuran), and tetrahydropyran, using new data obtained in laminar premixed low-pressure flame. About 20-60 products were quantified by gas chromatography and identified using mass spectrometry. The results obtained were then used to analyze the consumption pathways of fuels and the formation pathways of products, especially for pollutants, in order to better understand the combustion chemistry of these bio-fuels. This thesis report includes 5 chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter presents a review of the major works already published in the literature for the oxidation of ethanol and cyclic ethers. In the second chapter, the experimental setup of laminar premixed flame with the analytical techniques is described, detailing in particular new developments. Eventually, chapters 3, 4, 5 present the experimental and modeling results of the study of the combustion chemistry of the compounds studied
Zervas, Efthimios. "Etude des mécanismes de formation des polluants spécifiques émis par les moteurs à combustion interne." Mulhouse, 1996. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02966575.
Full textMethods for the analysis on sulfur dioxide, alcohols and organic acids have been developed. The first one includes the capture of the sulfur dioxide in a solution of oxygenated water and the analysis by ionic chromatography with a conductimetric detector. The second one includes the capture in pure water and an analysis by gas chromatography/flame ionisation detector. The third one uses the capture in pure water and the analysis of the formic acid by an ionic chromatography and of the other acids by gas chromatography. These methods have been applied in the case of vehicles' non-regulated pollutants research. An experiment design, combined specified fuels and analysis of the exhaust gazes, has been applied on a spark ignition engine. These tests proved several qualitative and quantitative correlations between the composition of the fuel and the emitted pollutants. Precursors of hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and organic acids have been found. These results show that aromatics and cyclohexane contribute for the benzene's formation, 1-hexene and cyclohexane for the 1,3 butadiene's, aromatics are the precursors of the propionic acid and o xylene of the butyric acid
Togbe, Casimir. "Etude cinétique de l'oxydation de constituants de biocarburants et composés modèles : formation de polluants." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00585394.
Full textYahyaoui, Mohammed. "Etude cinétique de la formation de polluants à partir de mélanges représentatifs des essences." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2024.
Full textISNARD, ANDRE AUGUSTO. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF COMBUSTION AND POLLUTANTS FORMATION IN NATURAL GAS DIFFUSIVE FLAMES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2000. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=1883@1.
Full textAtualmente, vem ocorrendo um notável aumento de investimentos no setor de gás natural no Brasil. A utilização do gás natural para a geração de energia tem importantes atrativos como, por exemplo, a diversidade de oferta do gás e sua queima mais limpa em relação a outros combustíveis fósseis. Existe um crescente interesse em projetos, idéias e opções alternativas para melhorar a performance e reduzir as descargas poluentes de equipamentos de combustão industrial para o meio ambiente. A necessidade de processos mais eficientes e menos poluentes tem acelerado a busca por desenvolvimento tecnológico. No projeto desenvolvido, foi investigada a performance de um modelo baseado na formulação de volumes finitos, incluindo o modelo k-e de turbulência, o modelo generalizado de taxas finitas de Arrhenius e Magnussen para o cálculo das reações químicas, e o modelo de radiação por transferência discreta, para simular o processo de combustão em fornalhas industriais através da utilização do pacote comercial Fluent (versão 4.4). O principal objetivo do estudo foi o de investigar a performance deste modelo em simular a combustão e prever a formação de NO e CO em chamas industriais de gás natural através da comparação com dados experimentais. Para a simulação da combustão foram testados dois modelos, o primeiro correspondendo a uma única reação global de oxidação do metano (1 etapa), e o segundo composto por duas reações (2 etapas). Uma sensível evolução foi obtida empregando-se o modelo em duas etapas em comparação com o em uma etapa. Para a simulação da formação de NO foram testados sete casos diferentes. Nestes casos, foram principalmente investigados os mecanismos - thermal NOx -,- prompt NOx - e o método PDF para a representação da interação química- turbulência. Percebeu-se que o método PDF permitiu uma evolução na predição da formação de NO na fornalha. Além disso, o - prompt NOx - foi o mecanismo dominante e portanto faz-se necessária uma investigação mais aprofundada sobre as características desse mecanismo para melhores resultados na predição de NO. Apesar da evolução dos modelos empregados e de seus resultados durante o trabalho, são necessárias novas investigações para detectar possíveis melhorias em tais modelos que possibilitem previsões mais realistas para a formação de NO.
Nowadays, a strong raise in investments is occurring in the natural gas segment in Brazil. The natural gas application for energy generation is very attractive due to many reasons, like the offering diversity and the cleaner burning in comparison with other fossil combustibles. There is an increasing interest in projects, ideas and alternative options for the improvement of the performance and reducing the pollutants discharges of industrial combustion equipments to the environment. The need for more efficient and less polluters processes has accelerated the search for technological development. In the present work, it was investigated the performance of a model based in the finite volume formulation including the k-e model of turbulence, the generalized finite rate model of Arrhenius and Magnussen for the chemical reactions calculations, and the discrete transfer radiation model for simulating the combustion processes in natural gas industrial flames using the commercial code Fluent (version 4.4). The main goal of the inquiry was to investigate the performance of such modeling approach in predicting NO and CO formation inside the furnace by the comparison with the experimental data. For the combustion modeling, two mechanisms were simulated. The first corresponding to an unique global reaction for the oxidation of methane (1 step), and the second corresponding to two reactions (2 steps). An evident evolution was obtained using the two steps model. Seven different cases were tested to predict the NO formation. In these cases, the main investigations were concentrated on the mechanisms -thermal NOx-, -prompt NOx- and on the PDF method for representing the interaction between chemistry and turbulence. The PDF method improved the prediction for the NO formation within the furnace. The -prompt NOx- was the dominating mechanism and therefore it is necessary a deeper investigation on the characteristics of this mechanism for better results in estimating the NO concentrations. Although the models, mechanisms and results have improved along the present research, new investigations are necessary for more accurated predictions for the NO formation.
Atualmente, ha ocurrido un notable aumento de inversiones en el sector de gas natural en Brasil. La utilización del gas natural para la generación de energía tiene importantes atractivos como, por ejemplo, la diversidad de oferta del gas y su quema más limpia en relación a otros combustibles fósiles. Existe un cresciente intereés en proyectos, ideas y opciones alternativass para mejorar la calidad y reducir las descargas poluentes de equipos de combustión industrial para el medio ambiente. La necesidad de procesos más eficientes y menos poluentes ha acelerado la búsqueda del desarrollo tecnológico. En el proyecto desarrollado, se investigó la performance de un modelo basado en la formulación de volumes finitos, incluyendo el modelo k-e de turbulencia, el modelo generalizado de tasas finitas de Arrhenius y Magnusen para el cálculo de las reacciones químicas, y el modelo de radiación por transferencia discreta, para simular el proceso de combustión en hornos industriales a través de la utilización del software comercial Fluent (versión 4.4). El objetivo principal de este estudio fue el de investigar la performance de este modelo al simular la combustión y preveer la formación de NO y CO en llamas industriales de gas natural a través de la comparación con datos experimentales. Para la simulación de la combustión se provaron dos modelos, el primeiro corresponde a una única reacción global de oxidación del metano (1 etapa), y el segundo compuesto por dos reacciones (2 etapas). Se obtiene una sensible evolución al utilizar el modelo en dos etapas envés del modelo con una etapa. Para la simulación de la formación de NO se probaron siete casos diferentes. En estos casos, se ivestigaron principalmente los mecanismos - thermal NOx -,- prompt NOx - y el método PDF para la representación de la interacción química-turbulencia. Se observa que el método PDF permite una evolución en la predicción de la formación de NO en el horno. Además, el - prompt NOx - fue el mecanismo dominante y por lo tanto se hace necesario una investigación más profunda sobre las características de ese mecanismo para mejorar los resultados en la predición de NO. A pesar de la evolución de los modelos empleados y de sus resultados durante el trabajo, se necesitan nuevas investigaciones para detectar posibles mejorías que hagan posible previsiones más realistas para la formación de NO.
Nicol, David Gardner. "A chemical kinetic and numerical study of NOx and pollutant formation in low-emission combustion /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7033.
Full textFerrendier, Marc. "Mise au point de schemas cinetiques reduits pour decrire la formation des polluants dans la combustion." Orléans, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ORLE2040.
Full textWan, Junfeng. "Intéraction entre l'élimination des polluants azotés et la formation des franules aérobies en réacteur biologique séquencé." Toulouse, INSA, 2009. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000254/.
Full textAerobic granular sludge process is a feasible technology for the treatment of nitrogen pollution, but some key points need to be further understood in order to optimize the operational conditions for its industrial application, especially considering the minimization of energy requirements. The special structure of aerobic granules generates naturally the pollutants transfer limit within granules. The spatial organization is much more heterogeneous than that in the flocs. The autotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria are interacting or competing. Thus the goal of this work is, in two experimental studies, to better understand the interactions between the growth / respiration under the anoxic/aerobic conditions and the structure of granular sludge as well as their performance for nitrogen removal. In the first experiment, two parallel SBR reactors are installed maintaining a dissolved oxygen concentration of 1. 8±0. 8 mg L-1. Nitrate (50-200 mg N L-1) was only added in the influent of one reactor, in which the aggregates properties were comparable to aerobic granules, while the aggregates properties in the other reactor were more traditional (floc-like). The kinetic observation and nitrogen measurement show that denitrification occurs within the aggregates where the DO is probably limited because of high specific biological activities and the density of biological aggregates. A developing mathematical model by the software tool AQUASIM® allows describing the concentration gradients of substrates in the granules (1 dimension) and the evolution of biological species in the reactor. This model including the phenomena of respiration / growth / storage of heterotrophic species in aerobic and anoxic conditions helps to describe the effect of nitrate on the heterotrophic growth. Not only the profile of active biomass shows a growth in more depth but also generates more storage compounds. Finally, this model reveals that heterotrophic growth in more depth (generated by the presence of nitrate) protect well the active biomass to avoid the detachment by erosion. In the second experiment, two airlift reactors worked on the different aeration strategies: a relatively moderate air flow rate (SAV = 0. 6 cm s-1) and alternating anoxic / aerobic conditions are applied in the first reactor (additional nitrate is maintained to avoid anaerobic condition), whereas a high air flow rate (SAV = 2. 83 cm s-1) and strictly aerobic conditions maintain in the second reactor. The results show that the alternating anoxic feast / aerobic famine conditions encourage the formation of aerobic granules (the size is between 500-1000 Bm) and the stabilization of nitrification performance. The aggregates strength test shows that the density of aerobic granules is higher than the flocs. The size of aerobic granules is not calibrated by the Kolmogorov micro-scale. The formation of granules is characterized by several stages: a stage of densification, an expansion phase with particles erosion (bimodal distribution), then a growth phase and a maturation
Cailler, Mélody. "Mécanismes chimiques virtuels optimisés pour la prédiction des polluants dans des flammes turbulentes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC084/document.
Full textThe conflicting nature of performance, operability and environmental constraints leads engine manufacturers to perform a fine optimization of the burner geometry to find the best design compromise.Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is an attractive tool to achieve this challenging task, and is routinely used in design office to capture macroscopic flow features.However, the prediction of phenomena influenced by complex kinetic effects, such as flame stabilization, extinction and pollutant formation, is still a crucial issue.Indeed, the comprehensive description of combustion chemistry effects requires the use of detailed models imposing prohibitive computational costs, numerical stiffness and difficulties related to model the coupling with unresolved turbulent scales.Reduced-cost chemistry description strategies must then be proposed to account for kinetic effects in LES of real combustion chambers.In this thesis an original modeling approach, called virtual optimized chemistry, is developed.This strategy aims at describing the chemical flame structure and pollutant formation in relevant flame configurations, at a low computational cost.Virtual optimized kinetic schemes, composed by virtual reactions and virtual species, are built through optimization of both kinetic rate parameters and virtual species thermo-chemical properties so as to capture reference target flame quantity
Terry, Jason Charles. "Fundamental Studies in Flameless Combustion and Implications to Reaction Zone Structure and Pollutants Formation." NCSU, 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11242003-121506/.
Full textMARCHAL, ALEXANDRE. "Etude de la contribution des familles chimiques constitutives des gazoles a la formation de polluants non reglementes." Orléans, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ORLE2049.
Full textPengloan, Gaëlle. "Etude cinétique de l'oxydation de composés aromatiques : application à la formation de polluants dans les moteurs automobiles." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2077.
Full textNocturne, Alexandra. "Développement d'outils pour la modélisation de la formation de polluants,CO et NOx, dans des chaudières domestiques." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0524.
Full textMaio, Giampaolo. "Pollutant prediction in numerical simulations of laminar and turbulent flames using virtual chemistry." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASC003.
Full textCFD is nowadays used by research engineers as a numerical tool to design and optimize advanced combustion devices that are employed in energy conversion systems. In the development of advanced numerical CFD tools, one of the main research challenges is the identification of a reduced combustion chemistry model able to find a compromise between accurate reproduction of the flame structure and pollutants formation with an affordable CPU cost. In particular, pollutants formation prediction is a difficult task when complex flame environments are encountered: flame characterized by mixture stratification, heat loss and burnt gas recirculation. The present research work focuses on the modeling of CO and NOx formation in complex flame conditions using a reduced finite rate chemistry approach. CO and NOx reduced chemistry models are here developed using the recent virtual chemistry model; it consists in designing reduced mechanisms made of a network of an optimized number of virtual species interacting through virtual optimized reactions. In the first step, the virtual chemistry mechanisms are developed and validated in 1-D flames comparing the results with detailed chemistry. In a second step, they are employed to compute several 2-D laminar and 3-D turbulent flame configurations which include different combustion regimes: premixed, onpremixed, partially-premixed and non-adiabatic conditions. The obtained results are validated either with experimental data or with detailed chemistry computations
Guilloteau, Angélique. "Etude multiphasique de polluants organiques aromatiques : répartition des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques dans les suies et formation d’aérosols dans l'ozonolyse du catéchol." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2065.
Full textGALLARDO, GARCIA JOSE CARLOS. "Etudes de la qualite de l'air : realisation d'inventaires d'emissions atmospheriques et modelisation de la formation de polluants photochimiques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR13004.
Full textNamysl, Sylvain. "Experimental study of the formation of pollutants during the combustion of bio-oil surrogate molecules." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0279.
Full textIn 2016, fossil fuels represented about 80% of the world total primary energy supply. However, this resource is limited and has a huge impact on the environment pollution because of the production of greenhouse gases. In order to drastically reduce greenhouse gases emissions, a focus on biofuels, and especially bio-oils, is made in the industrial world and for transportation. The IMPROOF project is funded by the European Union under the SPIRE framework. Its objective is to improve the energy efficiency in the case of steam cracking furnaces by 20% and in parallel to decrease by 25% per ton of ethylene the emission of pollutants like NOx or greenhouse gases. This PhD is focused on the part concerning the use of alternative fuels and especially bio-oils for the heating of the steam cracking furnaces. To better assess bio-oil oxidation or pyrolysis, a bibliographical review about the publications dealing with the composition of bio-oils have been performed. From this review, it comes out that bio-oils could be described as a mixture composed of six main types of chemical compounds: alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, furans and derivatives, oxygenated aromatic compounds and nitrogen organic compounds. In order to complete some detected lack in the literature, the aim of this thesis was to produce a new experimental dataset for molecules owning to the five first chemical families previously presented. A jet-stirred reactor was chosen to perform the experiments, due to its homogeneity in concentration and composition. This kind of “ideal” reactor is indeed convenient for the development of reliable data for the development and validation of kinetic models. During this work, eight fuels were selected and studied: n-butanol, n-pentanol, n-butanal, n-pentanal, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, furan and benzaldehyde. For each fuel, the experimental results were used to develop and validate a kinetic model. Those models were afterward used to study the decomposition pathways of the studied species
Phan, Duong Ngoc Chau. "The relationship between fly ash chemistry and the thermal formation of polychlorinated pollutants during waste incineration." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-80186.
Full textWang, Chen. "Hazardous air pollutants from the waste incineration industry : formation mechanisms, distribution characteristics, and potential environmental risks." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2020. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/807.
Full textLi, Chi-Wang. "Characterizing the properties and reactions of natural organic matter by UV spectroscopy : adsorption of NOM and formation of disinfection by-products /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10150.
Full textPopp, Patrick. "Simulation numérique des réactions homogènes/hétérogènes, des transferts de chaleur, et de la formation de polluants pendant l'intéraction flamme-paroi." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT035H.
Full textAl-Sulaiman, Sabah. "The formation, distribution and behaviour of gaseous pollutants in the Shuaiba industrial area (SIA) - State of Kuwait." Thesis, University of Bath, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267351.
Full textProcaccini, Carlo 1965. "The chemistry of chlorine in combustion systems and the gas-phase formation of chlorinated and oxygenated pollutants." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9365.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references.
A major concern during the combustion of chlorinated fuels is the formation of chlorinated organic pollutants, which are potentially dangerous to human health and to the environment. Observed combustion byproducts include suspected carcinogenic and toxic compounds, such as chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols, and polychlorinated dioxins, furans and biphenyls. AH of these pollutants are regulated by US-EPA emission standards. This research studies the conditions which favor the gas-phase formation of these chlorinated byproducts. Under fuel-lean conditions, oxygen and chlorine compete for the available hydrogen to form H2O and HCl respectively. Laboratory reactor experiments show that, at short residence times (<100ms), relatively large amounts of chlorine atoms and Ch can be present under oxygenrich conditions. A detailed kinetic model of the post-flame chemistry of chlorocarbon combustion is validated in the course of this study, and applied to the prediction of the levels of Cl atoms at the different stages of practical furnaces and incinerators. It is found that atomic chlorine can be present in the combustor gas at levels in the range of0.5 to 2.5%, at temperatures as low as 400-500°C. In the absence of other reactants, these radicals undergo recombination and form equivalent amounts of Ch in the final quenched products. Changes in the concentrations of chlorine products are shown to occur in response to the addition of trace organic species to the flue gas of chlorocarbon combustion. When small amounts of a combustible species (ethylene, methane or carbon monoxide) are injected into the hightemperature (T> 1100°C), oxygen-rich products of methyl chloride combustion, OH and 0 radicals, generated in the oxidation of the injected fuel, transform significant amounts of HCl to Cl radicals. If the chlorine-containing combustion gas is first cooled to an intermediate temperature (T<800° C), the effect of the hydrocarbon injection is to consume Cl radicals in reactions of H abstraction and to reduce the final concentration of Ch in the quenched products. Chlorine radicals and Ch can react with organic compounds and form stable chlorinated byproducts. Cl· can readily abstract H atoms from stable hydrocarbons, forming carbon-based radicals. At high temperatures, these radicals are promptly consumed in oxidation reactions, and low temperatures are needed for the formation of stable chlorinated species. However, the notion that kinetic constraints severely affect homogeneous pathways at the low temperatures has led several authors to doubt that significant contributions to the formation of chlorinated and oxy-chlorinated pollutants could come from gas-phase reactions. Homogeneous reactions involving free radicals are not slowed by decreasing temperature. The present research shows that chlorine atoms may survive temperature reductions and, if they mix with organic species at temperatures in the range of 500 to 900°C. they promptly react forming large amounts of chlorinated and oxygenated adducts. The gas-phase reactions of benzene with the chlorine species present in combustion products are shown to form chlorinated benzenes and phenols, with a yield of chlorinated products up to 12% of the total benzene consumed. It is shown that the presence of atomic chlorine is required to initiate these reactions and, therefore, conditions which increase the levels of Cl radicals in the combustion gas enhance the formation of chlorinated pollutants. Not only are chlorinated benzenes and phenols hazardous products per se, but they are also known precursors for the formation of poly-chlorinated dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls, via low-temperature (300-500° ) catalytic pathways. Therefore, gas-phase reactions can explain the formation of a large fraction of the organic pollutants released from practical systems.
by Carlo Procaccini.
Ph.D.
Champeau, François. "Paramétrisation des processus physico-chimiques de formation des nuages et étude de leurs impacts sur l'évolution de la composition chimique atmosphérique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717866.
Full textMze, Ahmed Amir Eddine. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de la cinétique de combustion d'alcanes lourds, de kérosènes reformulés et de carburants modèles : formation de polluants." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674848.
Full textNguyen, Thi Thanh Xuan. "Etude physico-chimique de la formation et de l'évolution des particules dans la ligne d'échappement des véhicules : Modélisation et expérimentation." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13173.
Full textSavre, Julien. "Simulation numérique instationnaire de la combustion turbulente au sein de foyers aéronautiques et prédiction des émissions polluantes." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557913.
Full textGuillaume, Bruno. "Les aérosols : émissions, formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires, transport longue distance, zoom sur les aérosols carbonés en Europe." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30260.
Full textBugajny, Christine. "Quantification des émissions polluantes d'origine automobile et modélisation des processus de formation de l'ozone dans la ville de mexico." Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10037.
Full textWeidemann, Eva. "Waste incineration residues : Persistent organic pollutants in flue gas and fly ash from waste incineration." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-92765.
Full textFörbränning av hushållssopor är en vanlig metod för att hantera ett växande avfallsproblem. Metoden har flera fördelar, såsom minskning av volym och vikt, sterilisering och energiåtervinning. Sopförbränning har dock vissa nackdelar och det mest debatterade är sannolikt utsläpp av persistenta organiska föroreningar (POPs) som polyklorerad dibensofuran (PCDF), dibenso-p-dioxin (PCDD), bifenyl (PCB) och naftalen (PCN). Det finns totalt 210 PCDF- och PCDD- kongener, med mellan ett till åtta klor på kolskelettet, varav 17 är giftiga med hormonstörande och cancerframkallande egenskaper. Även tolv av totalt 209 PCB-kongener samt minst två av totalt 75 PCN-kongener uppvisar liknande egenskaper. Dessa klorerade organiska föroreningar bildas då rökgaserna kyls ner i sopförbränningsanläggningarna och avlägsnas från rökgaserna med hjälp av filter och hamnar i flygaskan. Denna avhandling handlar om bildning och nedbrytning av POPs i sopförbränningsrelaterade processer. Den första artikeln är en fallstudie där PCDD bildas i filtren i en fullskalig sopförbränningsanläggning. Bildningen ledde till förhöjda halter organiska föroreningar i rökgaserna, vilket ledde till ökade utsläpp. Den funna bildningsvägen för PCDD i filtren befanns sannolikt bero på kondensation av klorfenoler på filterytorna. Den andra artikeln är en valideringsstudie av en kylprob avsedd att användas vid rökgasprovtagning vid hög temperatur (> 450 °C) för att undvika bildning av POPs under provtagningen. Studien bekräftade att majoriteten av PCDF- och PCDD- bildning i rökgaser från sopförbränning sker vid temperaturer under 600 °C. I den tredje artikeln berättas om behandling av tre olika flygaskor från olika sopförbränningsanläggningar. Askorna behandlades vid 400 °C i inert atmosfär i både en roterugn och i förseglade ampuller. De resulterande koncentrationerna, kloreringsgraderna och kongenprofilerna av de organiska föroreningarna jämfördes. Likheter hittades mellan PCDF och PCN, medan PCDD och PCB betedde sig på ett annat sätt. Studien fann också att PCDF kongenprofiler i aska som behandlats i roterugnen liknade varandra, oberoende av askornas sammansättning, vilket tyder på en liknande bildningsväg. För den fjärde artikeln, genomfördes ytkarakterisering (SEM, EDX, XPS och XRD) på de tre flygaskorna från artikel tre som sedan hettades upp från 30 °C till 900 °C i vacuum. Det som frigjordes på grund av uppvärmningen samt nedbrytningsprodukter från askorna studerades med hjälp av masspektrometri och infraröd spektroskopi. Studien fann att de gaser som frigjordes när temperaturen ökade skilde mellan askorna, beroende på deras sammansättning. Studien fann också att när aska dopad med isotopmärkt PCDF och PCDD utsattes för samma behandling, frigjordes PCDD vid lägre temperatur än PCDF. Denna avhandling berör flera aspekter av problematiken kring klorerade organiska föroreningar som bildas vid sopförbränning, från provtagning till hur man ska hantera flygaskan. Avhandlingen belyser även olika typer av bildning och nedbrytning av POPs i varma processer kopplade till sopförbränning.
Gao, Qiuju. "Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in thermochemical conversion of biomass : formation, distribution and fingerprints." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-118861.
Full textCaplain, Isabelle Dechaux Jean-Claude Nollet Valérie. "Mesure des émissions polluantes automobiles application à la modélisation eulérienne 3D de la formation des oxydants photochimiques dans la troposphère /." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/475.
Full textN° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 3618. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. à la suite de chaque chapitre.
Caplain, Isabelle. "Mesure des émissions polluantes automobiles : application à la modélisation eulérienne 3D de la formation des oxydants photochimiques dans la troposphère." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Caplain.pdf.
Full textÀ partir de la répartition des polluants sur la région suivant ce cadastre, les données obtenues ont servi de données d'entrées pour un modèle de simulation physicochimique de la troposphère (UAM Urban Airshed Model). Une étude précédemment menée, portant sur l'introduction de la spéciation moléculaire détaillée des COV et l'utilisation du mécanisme CBIV n'a pas donné de résultats concluants quant à l'impact de cette spéciation sur la formation d'ozone. Nous souhaitions par l'introduction d'un nouveau mécanisme avoir une prise en compte meilleure de l'ensemble de ces composés et voir ainsi leur contribution éventuelle sur la formation d'ozone sur notre domaine. Ceci nécessitait une adaptation du modèle et notamment l'installation d'un module (interface FCM = Flexible Chemical Mecanism) permettant l'introduction d'un nouveau mécanisme chimique (SAPRC 99 au lieu du CBIV) au sein même du modèle. L'ensemble des fichiers d'entrées a été adapté pour la prise en compte de la totalité des composants. L'influence de la spéciation des COV sur la formation d'ozone sur un épisode de simulation a été ensuite étudiée avec une augmentation de la concentration d'ozone calculée aux stations et un pourcentage moyen d'écart sur la formation d'ozone de l'ordre de 28% par rapport aux calculs avec le précédent mécanisme
Fèvre-Nollet, Valérie. "Simulation numérique des facteurs validants pour la formation des polluants photochimiques de la troposphère : application à la conception de deux nouveaux types de stratégies de contrôle." Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10049.
Full textZhang, Jing. "Analyses of Atmospheric Pollutants in Atlanta and Hong Kong Using Observation-Based Methods." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/4768.
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