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Dick, Maurício Elias, Berenice Santos Gonçalves, and Rosângela Schwarz Rodrigues. "Formatos digitais de publicação científica em acesso aberto: uma análise à luz do design da informação | Digital formats of open access scientific publication: an information design analysis." InfoDesign - Revista Brasileira de Design da Informação 14, no. 2 (October 29, 2017): 144–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51358/id.v14i2.595.
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A paisagem global da publicação científica contemporânea se caracteriza pela existência de periódicos de acesso aberto que disponibilizam resultados de pesquisas científicas de maneira gratuita e irrestrita, por meio de variados formatos de arquivo digital. Diante da multiplicidade de dispositivos de acesso, a publicação multiformato se mostra uma necessidade e evidencia a importância de um design da informação adequado, visto que a forma de apresentação da mensagem influencia na sua percepção. Nesse contexto, este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o design da informação em diferentes formatos digitais de publicação científica em acesso aberto. Para tal, realizou-se uma análise qualitativa de um artigo científico em três formatos de arquivo digital: PDF, HTML e ePUB. Tal procedimento deu-se a partir dos princípios do design da informação trazidos por Lipton (2007). Como resultado, observou-se que o formato PDF apresentou problemas de legibilidade, comprometendo o princípio da clareza. Além disso, nos formatos HTML e ePUB foram identificadas fragilidades no princípio da hierarquia. Por outro lado, destaca-se a conformidade dos princípios de hierarquia e segmentação no formato PDF, a conformidade com o princípio do equilíbrio e fluxo de leitura no arquivo HTML e o atendimento ao princípio da clareza na versão ePUB. .........The global landscape of contemporary scientific publication is characterized by the existence of open access journals that provide results of scientific research in a free and unrestricted manner, through various formats of digital files. Given the multiplicity of access devices, multi-format publication is needed and highlights the importance of adequate information design, as the form of the message influences its perception. In this context, this study aims to analyse the information design in different digital formats of scientific publishing in open access. To this end, a qualitative analysis of a scientific paper in three digital file formats, PDF, HTML and EPUB, was carried out. This procedure took place from the principles of information design brought by Lipton (2007). As result, it was observed that the PDF format presented legibility problems, compromising the principle of clarity. Moreover, in HTML and EPUB formats weaknesses were identified in the principle of hierarchy. On the other hand, there was compliance with the principles of hierarchy and segmentation in PDF format, compliance with the principle of balance and eye flow in the HTML file and the conformity of the principle of clarity in the ePUB version.
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Gascón Vera, Patricia, and Carmen Marta Lazo. "Internacionalización de un formato televisivo de éxito: “El Hormiguero”." Revista Observatório 2, no. 2 (May 30, 2016): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2447-4266.2016v2especial1p275.
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“Dame una buena idea y cambiaré los formatos de entretenimiento en noche de la televisión española, dame un formato exitoso y daré la vuelta al mundo”. Estas son las premisas con las que El Hormiguero ha llegado a ser un formato de gran recorrido en España y un proyecto exportado a múltiples países a través de diferentes fórmulas: desde la venta de los derechos y creación de una adaptación fiel, la venta de alguna de las secciones, o la emisión de la producción española en diferentes pantallas. Un show televisivo de humor con una osada puesta en escena cuyas aventuras y desventuras suponen un ejemplo de la política de internacionalización televisiva.Palabras Clave: Televisión, internacionalización, El Hormiguero, formatos, venta de derechos. Abstract "Give me a good idea and will change formats of entertainment nights on Spanish TV, give me a successful format and it conquer the world". These are the basic qualities that El Hormiguero has become a long-distance format in Spain and a project exported to many countries through different shapes: from the sale of rights and creating a faithful adaptation, selling some sections, or the issue of the Spanish production in different screens. A television comedy show with a bold staging and his adventures and misadventures represents an example of the televisión policy of internationalization.KeyWords: Television, internationalization, El Hormiguero (The Anthill), formats, rights sales. Resumo "Dê-me uma boa ideia e vai mudar formatos de entretenimento na noite da TV espanhola, me dê um formato de sucesso e te darei todo o mundo." Estas são as qualidades básicas que El Hormiguero tornou-se, um formato de longa distância na Espanha e um projeto exportados para vários países através de diferentes fórmulas: a partir da venda de direitos e a criação de uma adaptação fiel, vendendo algumas seções, ou a questão da produção espanhola em diferentes telas. Um show de comédia de televisão com uma encenação em negrito cujas aventuras e desventuras são um exemplo da política da internacionalização da televisão.Palavras-chave: televisão, internacionalização, El Hormiguero, formatos, vendas de direitos.
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Ramos, Paulo Eduardo. "Os formatos da tira no ensino." REVISTA INTERSABERES 12, no. 25 (May 23, 2017): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22169/intersaberes.v12i25.580.
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RESUMO Um dos impactos da indústria cultural nas histórias em quadrinhos foi a criação de formatos regulares para a construção de tiras. Necessidade dos jornais, o molde fixo foi o modo encontrado de padronizar a produção para levar o mesmo produto a mais de um diário. Este artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar como esses diferentes formatos narrativos têm sido apropriados por materiais didáticos brasileiros. A exposição procurará demonstrar que a variedade de moldes narrativos tem explicações em seu processo de produção e circulação. É algo que, se contextualizado ao aluno, ajudaria no processo de identificação do gênero e de construção do sentido, permitindo uma leitura mais crítica daquele conteúdo. Palavras-chave: Formato. Tira. Ensino. ABSTRACT One of the impacts of culture industry towards comic books was the creation of regular formats for comic strips. The regular format was the way to standardize them for newspapers. The following paper has the objective of showing how Brazilian textbooks have used such different narrative formats. It will try to show that the each narrative format has its own characteristics in its production and circulation process. Such explanation could help students identifying the comic strip genre as well as its content construction, which would allow them to have a critical point of view when reading it. Keywords: Format. Comic strip. Teaching. RESUMEN Uno de los impactos de la industria cultural en las historietas fue la creación de formatos estándar para la construcción de tiras. Una necesidad de los periódicos, el molde fijo fue el camino encontrado para estandarizar la producción para llevar el mismo producto hasta más de una revista. En este artículo se pretende demostrar cómo estos diferentes formatos narrativos han sido apropiados para los materiales de enseñanza brasileños. La exposición tratará de demostrar que la variedad de moldes narrativos tiene explicaciones en su proceso de producción y circulación. Es algo que, si contextualizado al estudiante, ayuda en la identificación del género y en la construcción del sentido, lo que permite una lectura más crítica de ese contenido. Palabras-clave: Formato. Tira. Enseñanza.
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Klammer, Thomas P., and Sarah A. Reed. "Operating cash flow formats: Does format influence decisions?" Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 9, no. 3 (September 1990): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4254(90)90011-n.
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TSAREGORODTSEVA, SVETLANA R., and NATALIA A. PANKRATIEVA. "MULTI-FORMAT RETAIL - WHAT ARE THE FORMATS OF MODERN STORES." Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 232, no. 6 (2021): 240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2021-232-6-240-253.
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At the moment, modern retail chains operate in various formats. Our Russian entrepreneurs have learned a lot from foreign networks, adopting their experience, technologies and strategies. For example, such formats of retail stores as outlets, malls, boutiques, discount centers, showrooms, hypermarkets, supermarkets, being a foreign product, have successfully taken root and work on the Russian market, including in Yekaterinburg. Retail formats are developing all over the world according to the same logic, and the Russian retail market repeats their experience. Along with this, we should note the tendency to replace traditional trade formats with more modern ones, as well as the desire to create multi-format retail networks. This makes them more flexible, allows them to make more purchases, increase the share of their own brands, and maintain customer loyalty by satisfying their various requests.
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Swoboda, Bernhard, Bettina Berg, and Dan-Cristian Dabija. "International transfer and perception of retail formats." International Marketing Review 31, no. 2 (April 8, 2014): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-11-2012-0190.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the important but neglected role of retail formats in the transfer and positioning decisions of international retailers. The paper examines the role of core and country-specific attributes of particular formats in determining retailers’ local positioning in inter-format competition. Design/methodology/approach – Focussing on three distinguished grocery formats (i.e. discounters, supermarkets, and hypermarkets) and using multiple-group structural equation models, the authors conducted consumer surveys in Germany and Romania to evaluate consumer perceptions of the core attributes of those formats and their influence on retail brand equity and consumer loyalty. Findings – Although consumer perceptions of core attributes differ between formats in Germany and Romania, most of the core attributes of the formats affect retail brands with equal strength in both markets. Retail brand equity determines loyalty to all formats in both countries. Research limitations/implications – Retailers transferring their formats to foreign countries should place particular emphasis on managing the core attributes of a specific format, as these attributes are of paramount importance in establishing a strong brand. Additional country-specific attributes are also relevant to varying extents, depending on the particular format that is used. Assessing causal relationships extends retailer knowledge of the role of format attributes. Originality/value – This study proposes a format-specific approach that is novel to international retailing research. The country comparison strengthens the study's implications, considers both a developed and an emerging economy, and accounts for the preference of Western European retailers to expand into Eastern European countries. The paper concludes that format transfer and positioning decisions occur within the boundaries of core format attributes.
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Plase, Daiga, Laila Niedrite, and Romans Taranovs. "A Comparison of HDFS Compact Data Formats: Avro Versus Parquet." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 9, no. 3 (July 4, 2017): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2017.1033.
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In this paper, file formats like Avro and Parquet are compared with text formats to evaluate the performance of the data queries. Different data query patterns have been evaluated. Cloudera’s open-source Apache Hadoop distribution CDH 5.4 has been chosen for the experiments presented in this article. The results show that compact data formats (Avro and Parquet) take up less storage space when compared with plain text data formats because of binary data format and compression advantage. Furthermore, data queries from the column based data format Parquet are faster when compared with text data formats and Avro.
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Smyth, Jolene D., Kristen Olson, and Allison Burke. "Comparing survey ranking question formats in mail surveys." International Journal of Market Research 60, no. 5 (April 3, 2018): 502–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470785318767286.
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Although questions that ask respondents to rank-order a list of items can be analytically valuable, responding to ranking questions typically requires a good deal of cognitive effort. This is especially true in mail questionnaires where the advantages of electronic response formats available in web surveys are inaccessible. In this article, we examine two alternative formats for ranking questions in mail surveys. Using a nationally representative mail survey of U.S. adults, this article experimentally compares ranking formats in which respondents write numbers in boxes versus selecting items for the most and second most important issues using a grid layout. Respondents to the numbering format were more likely to provide usable data, although one-third of respondents in this format still did not follow instructions correctly. Substantive responses differed somewhat across formats. Less educated respondents had difficulty with both formats, resulting in substantively different conclusions about preferences across formats for this group. A numbering format is more effective than a most–second most grid format for collecting ranking data in mail surveys.
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Gonnella, Giorgio. "TextFormats: Simplifying the definition and parsing of text formats in bioinformatics." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 26, 2022): e0268910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268910.
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Text formats are common in bioinformatics, as they allow for editing and filtering using standard tools, as well as, since text formats are often human readable, manual inspection and evaluation of the data. Bioinformatics is a rapidly evolving field, hence, new techniques, new software tools, new kinds of data often require the definition of new formats. Often new formats are not formally described in a standard or specification document. Although software libraries are available for accessing the most common formats, writing parsers for text formats, for which no library is currently available, is a very common though tedious task, utilized by many researchers in the field. This manuscript presents the open source software library and toolset TextFormats (available at https://github.com/ggonnella/textformats), which aims at simplifying the definition and parsing of text formats. Formats specifications are written in a simple data description format using an interactive wizard. Automatic generation of data examples and automatic testing of specifications allow for checking for correctness. Given the specification for a text format, TextFormats allows parsing and writing data in that format, using several programming languages (Nim, Python, C/C++) or the provided command line and graphical user interface tools. Although designed as a general purpose software, the main target application field, for the above mentioned reasons, is expected to be in bioinformatics: Thus, the specifications of several common existing bioinformatics formats are included.
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Boekelder, Angelique. "Printed Instructions: An Examination of Some Visual Formats for Presenting Procedures." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 26, no. 4 (October 1996): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pye9-6h58-64rd-tdxa.
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Three formats for presenting a number of similar procedures in printed instructions were compared in an experiment: separate lists, an integrated list, and a table. Participants had to operate a device on the computer screen, following procedures that were presented in one of these three formats. The integrated list format and the table format were expected to provide an overview of the features common to the similar procedures, which would help incidental learning of the procedures. However, the experiment did not yield such results. None of the formats scored significantly better than the other in the augmentation of incidental learning. Since instructions in integrated list format take more time to read in the beginning than the other formats, the integrated list format can be considered as the least favorable format.
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Kim, Yunhyong, and Seamus Ross. "Digital Forensics Formats: Seeking a Digital Preservation Storage Container Format for Web Archiving." International Journal of Digital Curation 7, no. 2 (October 23, 2012): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v7i2.227.
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In this paper we discuss archival storage container formats from the point of view of digital curation and preservation, an aspect of preservation overlooked by most other studies. Considering established approaches to data management as our jumping off point, we selected seven container format attributes that are core to the long term accessibility of digital materials. We have labeled these core preservation attributes. These attributes are then used as evaluation criteria to compare storage container formats belonging to five common categories: formats for archiving selected content (e.g. tar, WARC), disk image formats that capture data for recovery or installation (partimage, dd raw image), these two types combined with a selected compression algorithm (e.g. tar+gzip), formats that combine packing and compression (e.g. 7-zip), and forensic file formats for data analysis in criminal investigations (e.g. aff – Advanced Forensic File format). We present a general discussion of the storage container format landscape in terms of the attributes we discuss, and make a direct comparison between the three most promising archival formats: tar, WARC, and aff. We conclude by suggesting the next steps to take the research forward and to validate the observations we have made.
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Nuñez, Isabel Cristina, Leonardo Perilla, Diana Mercedes Villarreal, and Gustavo Andrés Gómez. "Reliability of the digital and printed format of a modified version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in college students." Revista Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud UDES 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20320/rfcsudes.v2i2.59.
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Background: Programs that promote regular physical activity (PA) require reliable PA measurements methods to establish their effectiveness. Objective: To determine the test-retest reliability of digital and print format of International Physical Activity Questionnaire and to establish the reliability between both presentation formats. Methods: The digital and print format questionnaires were self-administered twice to a sample of 76 college students (20.6 ± 2.8 years), 4-7 days later they completed the formats again. Test-retest and between formats reliability was analyzed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and weighted Kappa index (wK). Agreement between measurements was established by Bland-Altman method (B&A). Results: Test-retest reliability with ICC was excellent for both formats (digital: 0.77, print: 0.82) and acceptable by wK (digital: 0.61, print: 0.71). Agreement between measurements for both formats was low for PA vigorous and moderate categories. Between formats, reliability was excellent for first and second measurement. Conclusions: Although ICC confirmed excellent test-retest reliability, B&A showed a low level of agreement between measurements. Between formats reliability was excellent, and both formats provide similar information.
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Belov, Vladimir, Andrey Tatarintsev, and Evgeny Nikulchev. "Choosing a Data Storage Format in the Apache Hadoop System Based on Experimental Evaluation Using Apache Spark." Symmetry 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13020195.
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One of the most important tasks of any platform for big data processing is storing the data received. Different systems have different requirements for the storage formats of big data, which raises the problem of choosing the optimal data storage format to solve the current problem. This paper describes the five most popular formats for storing big data, presents an experimental evaluation of these formats and a methodology for choosing the format. The following data storage formats will be considered: avro, CSV, JSON, ORC, parquet. At the first stage, a comparative analysis of the main characteristics of the studied formats was carried out; at the second stage, an experimental evaluation of these formats was prepared and carried out. For the experiment, an experimental stand was deployed with tools for processing big data installed on it. The aim of the experiment was to find out characteristics of data storage formats, such as the volume and processing speed for different operations using the Apache Spark framework. In addition, within the study, an algorithm for choosing the optimal format from the presented alternatives was developed using tropical optimization methods. The result of the study is presented in the form of a technique for obtaining a vector of ratings of data storage formats for the Apache Hadoop system, based on an experimental assessment using Apache Spark.
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Nugent, William A., and James W. Broyles. "Assessment of Graphics and Text Formats for System Status Displays." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 18 (October 1992): 1464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203601822.
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This study compared the relative effectiveness of three computer-based formats for displaying Navy system status data. Response speed and accuracy data were collected for each format on four tasks typically performed in a shipboard Combat Information Center (CIC). The three presentation formats were character readout (CRO), text-only, and text-graphics. Results showed the text-only and text-graphics formats produced faster, more accurate performance than the CRO on count and compare tasks; however, no reliable performance differences were found between presentation formats for identify and criterion tasks. Predictions concerning an advantage for the text-graphics format over the text-only format on certain types of tasks were not supported by the study findings. The practical applications and design implications of these findings are discussed.
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Neace, William P., Steven Michaud, Lauren Bolling, Kate Deer, and Ljiljana Zecevic. "Frequency formats, probability formats, or problem structure? A test of the nested-sets hypothesis in an extensional reasoning task." Judgment and Decision Making 3, no. 2 (February 2008): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500001480.
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AbstractFive experiments addressed a controversy in the probability judgment literature that centers on the efficacy of framing probabilities as frequencies. The natural frequency view predicts that frequency formats attenuate errors, while the nested-sets view predicts that highlighting the set-subset structure of the problem reduces error, regardless of problem format. This study tested these predictions using a conjunction task. Previous studies reporting that frequency formats reduced conjunction errors confounded reference class with problem format. After controlling this confound, the present study’s findings show that conjunction errors can be reduced using either a probability or a frequency format, that frequency effects depend upon the presence of a reference class, and that frequency formats do not promote better statistical reasoning than probability formats.
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Ganguly, Lauhona. "Global Television Formats and Their Impact on Production Cultures: The Remaking of Music Entertainment Television in India." Television & New Media 20, no. 1 (February 27, 2018): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527476418759215.
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This article focuses on the impact of global television formats on local (nonformat) homegrown shows and examines how formats reshape industrial–cultural conventions for local productions. Empirically, the article looks at how (Indian) Idol rewrites cultural values, assumptions, and norms for nonfictional entertainment, particularly music talent shows in India. Using a production studies approach, analysis zooms in on production negotiations—the strategies and goals of the Idol format, specific calculations targeting Indian market, and how rival, homegrown shows review and revise (or reject) a format’s appeals. By investigating how producers from local nonformat shows such as Saregamapa (discussed further in the article) deliberate and rewrite their productions to challenge and overcome Idol’s allure while also adopting Idol’s features, this article argues that format copying is a coping mechanism, which reveals the tactical, creative, and cultural responses to the power of global media capital and not creative lethargy or mere copycatting.
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Gumbert, Jean-Pierre. "Trois formats." Gazette du livre médiéval 9, no. 1 (1986): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/galim.1986.1009.
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Grube, Katherine, and Zoe Meng Jiang. "Chaotic formats." Journal of Chinese Cinemas 13, no. 2 (May 4, 2019): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17508061.2019.1669849.
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Smith, Caylin, and Ian Cooke. "Emerging Formats." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 27, no. 3 (December 2017): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0955749018775878.
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Since 2013, the UK Legal Deposit Libraries (LDLs) have actively collected, preserved and provided access to e-Journals, e-Books and archived websites acquired under the UK's Non-Print Legal Deposit Regulations. The LDLs are currently in the midst of focusing on more complex content types that have yet to be addressed. The Emerging Formats project is investigating the collection management needs of published works that are created with digital formats that have significant software and hardware dependencies. These include e-Books created as mobile apps, web-based interactive narratives and structured data. This article discusses the collection management challenges of these format types within the framework of UK Non-Print Legal Deposit.
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Egan-Wyer, Carys Jane, Steve Burt, Jens Hultman, Ulf Johansson, Alice Beckman, and Clara Michélsen. "Ease or excitement? Exploring how concept stores contribute to a retail portfolio." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 49, no. 7 (May 31, 2021): 1025–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-10-2020-0407.
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PurposeThe study aims to explore how concept stores (theoretically) differ from other experience-based retail formats, and hence, how they (practically) contribute to a diversified retail store portfolio.Design/methodology/approachCase study based on semi-structured, qualitative interviews with seven IKEA retail managers, three industry experts and 26 customers of IKEA concept stores in London and Stockholm.FindingsThe concept store represents a conceptual departure from other experiential store formats. It is neither fully experiential in the sense that it is not only about marketing communications nor is it sales or profit-focused. Its aim is to be an accessible touchpoint that reduces friction on a diversified customer journey with its value to the retail portfolio being that it attracts new and latent customers, mitigates existing inhibiting factors and drives them to other touchpoints.Research limitations/implicationsIdeas about the different characteristics of new store formats and their potential to shape the customer experience are extended. New formats reflect innovation in retailing and are part of a retail portfolio which generates different customer expectations and determinants from traditional store formats which provide the customers' existing reference point.Practical implicationsThe contributions of new formats should be evaluated in light of other existing formats in the portfolio and not isolated. This is particularly true when considering format cannibalisation and the potentially extended customer journey that arises when customers use traditional format stores and new concept format stores simultaneously.Originality/valuePrevious research, using sales metrics and market-based results as performance determinants, suggests negative outcomes for format diversification. Our study suggests that the contributions of the concept store format should be viewed from an overall customer journey perspective and the “performance” of different format based touchpoints are not best captured through traditional sales evaluation methods.
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Underwood, William. "Grammar-Based Specification and Parsing of Binary File Formats." International Journal of Digital Curation 7, no. 1 (March 9, 2012): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v7i1.217.
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The capability to validate and view or play binary file formats, as well as to convert binary file formats to standard or current file formats, is critically important to the preservation of digital data and records. This paper describes the extension of context-free grammars from strings to binary files. Binary files are arrays of data types, such as long and short integers, floating-point numbers and pointers, as well as characters. The concept of an attribute grammar is extended to these context-free array grammars. This attribute grammar has been used to define a number of chunk-based and directory-based binary file formats. A parser generator has been used with some of these grammars to generate syntax checkers (recognizers) for validating binary file formats. Among the potential benefits of an attribute grammar-based approach to specification and parsing of binary file formats is that attribute grammars not only support format validation, but support generation of error messages during validation of format, validation of semantic constraints, attribute value extraction (characterization), generation of viewers or players for file formats, and conversion to current or standard file formats. The significance of these results is that with these extensions to core computer science concepts, traditional parser/compiler technologies can potentially be used as a part of a general, cost effective curation strategy for binary file formats.
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Keinonen, Heidi. "Television Format as Cultural Negotiation." TV Formats and Format Research 5, no. 9 (August 1, 2016): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2016.jethc103.
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Despite the growing number of publications on television formats, specific theorisations regarding formats and format adaptation, in particular, are still rare. In this article, I introduce a synthesizing approach for studying format appropriation. Drawing on format study, media industry research and structuration theory, I suggest that television formats should be understood and studied as a process of cultural negotiation in which global influences and local elements amalgamate on various levels of television culture (i.e., production, text, and reception); every level includes several sites of symbolic or actual negotiation. These sites emerge in the duality of structure and human agency.
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Hu, Xinyu, Zhonghu Zhang, and Junyan Yang. "Spatial Correlation of Formats in the Central Districts of a Megacity: The Case of Shanghai." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 19, 2019): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061658.
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A “format” is an essential component of a city’s central districts and reflects their economic characteristics. In the urban context, individual formats relate to and mutually influence each other. Using data from two central districts in Shanghai—People’s Square and Lujiazui—and a case study approach, we investigated the mutual influences and relations among formats in these districts. We collected and categorized data on formats and assessed the degree of format aggregation. We also identified and described three different types of spatial relationships that may exist among formats: Strong two-way correlations, strong one-way correlations, and weak two-way correlations. These spatial relationships reflect the spatial distribution structure in an urban central district, embodying the systemicity and integrity of formats. The relationships we found have significance for future research on spatial relationships in other urban central districts.
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Debbeler, Luka Johanna, Anne Pohrt, Carolin Fleischmann-Struzek, Daniel Schwarzkopf, Sebastian Born, Konrad Reinhart, and Odette Wegwarth. "Text-Based vs. Graphical Information Formats in Sepsis Prevention and Early Detection: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Informed Choice." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 3659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11133659.
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Sepsis is associated with 11 million global deaths annually. Although serious consequences of sepsis can generally be avoided with prevention and early detection, research has not yet addressed the efficacy of evidence-based health information formats for different risk groups. This study examines whether two evidence-based health information formats—text based and graphical—differ in how well they foster informed choice and risk and health literacy and in how well they support different sepsis risk groups. Based on a systematic literature review, two one-page educative formats on sepsis prevention and early detection were designed—one text based and one graphical. A sample of 500 German participants was randomly shown one of the two formats; they were then assessed on whether they made informed choices and on their risk and health literacy. For both formats, >70% of participants made informed choices for sepsis prevention and >75% for early detection. Compared with the graphical format, the text-based format was associated with higher degrees of informed choice (p = 0.012, OR = 1.818) and risk and health literacy (p = 0.032, OR = 1.710). Both formats can foster informed choices and risk and health literacy on sepsis prevention and early detection, but the text-based format appears to be more effective.
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Hussain, Ikram, Oh-Jin Kwon, and Seungcheol Choi. "Evaluating the Coding Performance of 360° Image Projection Formats Using Objective Quality Metrics." Symmetry 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13010080.
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Recently, 360° content has emerged as a new method for offering real-life interaction. Ultra-high resolution 360° content is mapped to the two-dimensional plane to adjust to the input of existing generic coding standards for transmission. Many formats have been proposed, and tremendous work is being done to investigate 360° videos in the Joint Video Exploration Team using projection-based coding. However, the standardization activities for quality assessment of 360° images are limited. In this study, we evaluate the coding performance of various projection formats, including recently-proposed formats adapting to the input of JPEG and JPEG 2000 content. We present an overview of the nine state-of-the-art formats considered in the evaluation. We also propose an evaluation framework for reducing the bias toward the native equi-rectangular (ERP) format. We consider the downsampled ERP image as the ground truth image. Firstly, format conversions are applied to the ERP image. Secondly, each converted image is subjected to the JPEG and JPEG 2000 image coding standards, then decoded and converted back to the downsampled ERP to find the coding gain of each format. The quality metrics designed for 360° content and conventional 2D metrics have been used for both end-to-end distortion measurement and codec level, in two subsampling modes, i.e., YUV (4:2:0 and 4:4:4). Our evaluation results prove that the hybrid equi-angular format and equatorial cylindrical format achieve better coding performance among the compared formats. Our work presents evidence to find the coding gain of these formats over ERP, which is useful for identifying the best image format for a future standard.
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Desaulniers, David R., Douglas J. Gillan, and Marianne Rudisill. "The Effects of Format in Computer-Based Procedure Displays." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 5 (October 1988): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803200511.
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Two experiments were conducted to investigate display variables likely to influence the effectiveness of computer-based procedure displays. In Experiment 1, procedures were presented in three formats, Text, Extended-Text, and Flowchart. Text and Extended-Text are structured prose formats which differ in the spatial density of presentation. The Flowchart format differs from the Text format in both syntax and spatial representation. Subjects were required to use the procedures to diagnose a hypothetical system anomaly. The results indicate that performance was most accurate with the Flowchart format. Although overall completion times did not differ significantly across formats, the Flowchart format required significantly less time for step implementation. In Experiment 2, procedure window size was varied (6-line, 12-line, and 24-line) in addition to procedure format. In the six line window condition, Experiment 2 replicated the findings of Experiment 1. Procedures in the Flowchart format were completed with greater accuracy than procedures in either of the text formats. As predicted, completion times for Flowchart procedures decreased with increasing window size; however, accuracy of performance decreased substantially. Implications for the design of computer-based procedure displays are discussed.
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Martin, Robin L., and Thomas C. Way. "Pictorial Format Displays for Two-Seat Fighter-Attack Aircraft." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, no. 9 (September 1987): 1072–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703100933.
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Use of pictorial displays was explored as one solution to the complexity of modern aircraft and missions. A simulator crew-in-the-loop study was conducted to evaluate the utility and crew acceptance of pictorial format displays for two-seat fighter-attack aircraft, to determine whether utility and crew acceptance were affected by application of color, and to recommend format changes based on the results. Pictorial formats were developed in both color and monochrome for the Head-Up Display and tactical, situation, and system status displays. Sixteen operational two-man aircrews learned the formats and flew them in mission simulation. Opinion, workload, and performance data were collected. The crews clearly supported the concept of pictorial formats, preferred the color version, and provided critiques of specific formats.
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Seninde, Denis Richard, and Edgar Chambers. "Comparing Four Question Formats in Five Languages for On-Line Consumer Surveys." Methods and Protocols 3, no. 3 (July 14, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps3030049.
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Question formats are critical to the collection of consumer health attitudes, food product characterizations, and perceptions. The information from those surveys provides important insights in the product development process. Four formats based on the same concept have been used for prior studies: Check-All-That-Apply (CATA), Check-All-Statements (CAS), Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA), and Rate-All-Statements (RAS). Data can vary depending on what question format is used in the research, and this can affect the interpretation of the findings and subsequent decisions. This survey protocol compares the four question formats. Using a modified version of the Eating Motivation Survey (EMS) to test consumer eating motivations for five food items, each question format was translated and randomly assigned to respondents (N = 200 per country per format) from Brazil (Portuguese), China (Mandarin Chinese), India (Hindi or English), Spain (Spanish), and the USA (English). The results of this survey should provide more understanding of the differences and similarities in distribution of data for the four scale formats. Also, the translations and findings of this survey can guide marketers, sensory scientists, product developers, dieticians, and nutritionists when designing future consumer studies that will use these question formats.
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Ellis, John, Andrea Esser, and Juan Francisco Gutiérrez Lozano. "Editorial." TV Formats and Format Research 5, no. 9 (August 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2016.jethc098.
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Editorial to the issue on "TV Formats and Format Research: Theory, methodology, history and new developments." During the last 15 years format research has grown into a notable, distinct field of academic investigation alongside the dramatic expansion of the trade in TV formats. This special issue of VIEW builds on existing format scholarship to deepen our understanding of the history and the continuing growth of the TV format business from a European perspective.
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Vázquez-Cano, Esteban. "The videoarticle: New reporting format in scientific journals and its integration in MOOCs." Comunicar 21, no. 41 (June 1, 2013): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c41-2013-08.
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The new training context in higher education is moving toward a new model of massive, open and free education through a methodology based on video simulation and students’ collaborative work. Using a descriptive methodology, we analyze the formats and Web content presentation of 72 journals indexed in the Journal Citation Reports® (2013) in the field of communication, and their presence in the development of massive open online courses (MOOCs) at the leading global platform, «Coursera». The findings show that the vast majority of scientific journals in the field of communication offer few disclosure formats and are difficult to embed in new massive, ubiquitous and collaborative movements which use the selfcreated «audiovisual pill». Therefore, the integration of articles of international scientific journals in MOOCs is almost nonexistent. Journals are not taking advantage of the great potential of these courses for scientific divulgation, probably because its unique disclosure format is written text. Thus, we propose a new model for scientific publication which shares writing text format with the video article, social media outreach and new formats supported by mobile digital devices to foster greater international visibility of scientific development and social progress in an everyday, more interconnected and visual society. Los nuevos escenarios formativos en la educación superior se están orientando hacia un nuevo modelo de formación masiva, abierta y gratuita por medio de una metodología basada en la videosimulación y el trabajo colaborativo del estudiante. En este artículo analizamos a través de un estudio descriptivo los formatos de divulgación y presentación de contenidos de las 72 revistas indexadas del campo de la Comunicación en el Journal Citation Reports® (2013) y su presencia en el desarrollo de cursos online masivos en abierto (MOOCs) en la principal plataforma mundial «Coursera». Las conclusiones muestran que la gran mayoría de revistas científicas del campo de la Comunicación ofrecen pocos formatos de divulgación y poco integrables en los nuevos movimientos masivos, ubicuos y colaborativos que utiliza como recurso principal, la «píldora audiovisual» de creación propia. El posicionamiento de las revistas de reconocido prestigio internacional es casi nulo y no se está aprovechando el gran potencial que estos cursos suponen para la divulgación científica; probablemente debido a que su único formato de divulgación es el texto escrito. Como consecuencia de esta situación, proponemos un nuevo modelo de divulgación científica que comparta el soporte escrito con el videoartículo, la divulgación en redes sociales y la difusión en formatos soportados por dispositivos digitales móviles que favorezcan una mayor visibilidad internacional del avance científico y social de manera más integrada en la sociedad interconectada y visual en la que vivimos.
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Oh, Seh-La, Mi Ri Jung, and Jin Hee Yim. "Redesigning Electronic Records Preservation Formats Based on Open Formats." Journal of Records Management & Archives Society of Korea 16, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 79–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.14404/jksarm.2016.16.4.079.
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Henderson, William T. "Preservation of electronic formats & electronic formats for preservation." Journal of Academic Librarianship 19, no. 5 (November 1993): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0099-1333(93)90036-5.
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Goldberger, Michael, and Philip Gerney. "Effects of Learner Use of Practice Time on Skill Acquisition of Fifth Grade Children." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 10, no. 1 (October 1990): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.10.1.84.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two teaching formats under Mosston’s practice style on the motor skill acquisition of school-age children. In these popular formats, referred to elsewhere as station work, learning centers, and circuit training, the teacher designs a series of tasks. In the teacher-rotated format (TR) the teacher systematically moves learners from task to task, while in the learner-rotated format (LR) the learners individually decide on task order and the amount of time to spend on each task. The present study examined the effects of these formats as fifth grade children practiced a football punting skill. While both formats were generally found to be effective, for low ability children the conditions provided by the LR format were found to be more profitable. It is recommended that teachers (a) be more sensitive to the tendency of learners not to use their practice time efficiently and (b) establish clear minimal engagement levels.
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Callegaro, Mario, Michael H. Murakami, Ziv Tepman, and Vani Henderson. "Yes–no Answers versus Check-all in Self-Administered Modes: A Systematic Review and Analyses." International Journal of Market Research 57, no. 2 (March 2015): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-2015-014a.
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When writing questions with dichotomous response options, those administering surveys on the web or on paper can choose from a variety of formats, including a check-all-that-apply or a forced-choice format (e.g. yes-no) in self-administered questionnaires. These two formats have been compared and evaluated in many experimental studies. In this paper, we conduct a systematic review and a few meta-analyses of different aspects of the available research that compares these two formats. We find that endorsement levels increase by a factor of 1.42 when questions are posed in a forced-choice rather than check-all format. However, when comparing across a battery of questions, the rank order of endorsement rates remains the same for both formats. While most authors hypothesise that respondents endorse more alternatives presented in a forced-choice (versus check-all-that-apply) format because they process that format at a deeper cognitive level, we introduce the acquiescence bias hypothesis as an alternative and complementary explanation. Further research is required to identify which format elicits answers closer to the ‘true level’ of endorsement, since the few validation studies have proved inconclusive.
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Hussain, Ikram, and Oh-Jin Kwon. "Evaluation of 360° Image Projection Formats; Comparing Format Conversion Distortion Using Objective Quality Metrics." Journal of Imaging 7, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7080137.
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Currently available 360° cameras normally capture several images covering a scene in all directions around a shooting point. The captured images are spherical in nature and are mapped to a two-dimensional plane using various projection methods. Many projection formats have been proposed for 360° videos. However, standards for a quality assessment of 360° images are limited. In this paper, various projection formats are compared to explore the problem of distortion caused by a mapping operation, which has been a considerable challenge in recent approaches. The performances of various projection formats, including equi-rectangular, equal-area, cylindrical, cube-map, and their modified versions, are evaluated based on the conversion causing the least amount of distortion when the format is changed. The evaluation is conducted using sample images selected based on several attributes that determine the perceptual image quality. The evaluation results based on the objective quality metrics have proved that the hybrid equi-angular cube-map format is the most appropriate solution as a common format in 360° image services for where format conversions are frequently demanded. This study presents findings ranking these formats that are useful for identifying the best image format for a future standard.
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Armstrong, Bonnie A., Erika P. Sparrow, and Julia Spaniol. "The Effect of Information Formats and Incidental Affect on Prior and Posterior Probability Judgments." Medical Decision Making 40, no. 5 (July 2020): 680–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x20938056.
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Background. Interpreting medical test results involves judging probabilities, including making Bayesian inferences such as judging the positive and negative predictive values. Although prior work has shown that experience formats (e.g., slide shows of representative patient cases) produce more accurate Bayesian inferences than description formats (e.g., verbal statistical summaries), there are disadvantages of using the experience format for real-world medical decision making that may be solved by presenting relevant information in a 2 × 2 table format. Furthermore, medical decisions are often made in stressful contexts, yet little is known about the influence of acute stress on the accuracy of Bayesian inferences. This study aimed to a) replicate the description-experience format effect on probabilistic judgments; b) examine judgment accuracy across description, experience, and a new 2 × 2 table format; and c) assess the effect of acute stress on probability judgments. Method. The study employed a 2 (stress condition) × 3 (format) factorial between-subjects design. Participants ( N = 165) completed a Bayesian inference task in which information about a medical screening test was presented in 1 of 3 formats (description, experience, 2 × 2 table), following a laboratory stress induction or a no-stress control condition. Results. Overall, the 2 × 2 table format produced the most accurate probability judgments, including Bayesian inferences, compared with the description and experience formats. Stress had no effect on judgment accuracy. Discussion. Given its accuracy and practicality, a 2 × 2 table may be better suited than description or experience formats for communicating probabilistic information in medical contexts.
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Lenivtceva, Iuliia D., and Georgy Kopanitsa. "Evaluating Manual Mappings of Russian Proprietary Formats and Terminologies to FHIR." Methods of Information in Medicine 58, no. 04/05 (November 2019): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1702154.
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Abstract Background Evaluating potential data losses from mapping proprietary medical data formats to standards is essential for decision making. The article implements a method to evaluate the preliminary content overlap of proprietary medical formats, including national terminologies and Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR)—international medical standard. Methods Three types of mappings were evaluated in the article: proprietary format matched to FHIR, national terminologies matched to the FHIR mappings, and concepts from national terminologies matched to Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine–Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT). We matched attributes of the formats with FHIR definitions and calculated content overlap. Results The article reports the results of a manual mapping between a proprietary medical format and the FHIR standard. The following results were obtained: 81% of content overlap for the proprietary format to FHIR mapping, 88% of content overlap for the national terminologies to FHIR mapping, and 98.6% of concepts matching can be reached from national terminologies to SNOMED CT mapping. Twenty tables from the proprietary format and 20 dictionaries were matched with FHIR resources; nine dictionaries were matched with SNOMED CT concepts. Conclusion Mapping medical formats is a challenge. The obtained overlaps are promising in comparison with the investigated results. The study showed that standardization of data exchange between proprietary formats and FHIR is possible in Russia, and national terminologies can be used in FHIR-based information systems.
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L. Hess Jr, Ronald, and Lawrence Ring. "Off-price versus price-off." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 42, no. 10 (October 7, 2014): 902–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-02-2013-0038.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to better understand the unique competitive positioning characteristics of off-price retailers and how they compare to other types of retailers. The authors compare off-price and upscale off-price retailers with four major formats of retailers: first, discount department store/warehouse club retailers; second, moderate department store retailers; third, department store retailers; and finally, specialty department store retailers. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs a representative sample that was randomly drawn from four primary metropolitan cities in the USA. The data were collected using telephone interviews by a prominent, marketing research firm. A series of discriminant analyses were conducted to examine the data. Findings – The findings of the paper indicate that the off-price formats were consistently positioned at extreme points along the price/value continuum, signifying the strongest value-orientation among the other retail formats. The authors also found that while the upscale off-price format followed the specialty department stores in terms of fashion. The results point to an important disadvantage of the off-price format – although strong on price/value, they often fall short on fashion and many other store attributes that may be important to luxury-oriented customers. Research limitations/implications – The paper employed a sample from several cities collected using a telephone interview methodology within the US. Due to these limitations, the findings of this paper may be hampered by this methodology and not generalize to regions outside of the US. Future research should examine how the demise of most of the upscale off-price retailers and growth of flash web sites have changed the competitive structure of retailing. Practical implications – The results demonstrate that the positioning of the off-price retail format is unique from other formats. The retail formats occupy distinct positions. The off-price retail format is strongly associated with the price/value position but only moderately fashionable to customers, especially when compared with the department and specialty department store formats. In contrast, the upscale off-price format, while also strongly positioned along the price/value continuum, is considered much more fashionable than the off-price retail format. In fact, the upscale off-price retail format only trails the specialty department store format in terms of fashion. Originality/value – The unique characteristics of the off-price retail format and growing interest from upscale department stores underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of the motives of the off-price shopper. This paper provides retailers with a more complete understanding of the store attributes that differentiate the off-price retail format from other major retail store formats. The overall objective of this study is to offer a comprehensive view of the positioning of off-price retailers compared with many alternative retail formats.
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Levy, Alan S., Sara B. Fein, and Raymond E. Schucker. "Performance Characteristics of Seven Nutrition Label Formats." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 15, no. 1 (March 1996): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569601500101.
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The authors evaluate seven nutrition label formats to determine consumer comprehension and acceptance of displayed information. They test comprehension on five tasks: comparing two products, judging healthfulness, verifying claims, estimating servings needed to meet the daily requirement for a nutrient, and balancing nutrients in a daily diet. Performance scores were higher on some tasks—particularly dietary management ones—for formats that displayed nutrient amounts in percentages than for those that displayed nutrient amounts in metric units, even when interpretational aids were included on the metric formats. The two most preferred formats were metric formats with an interpretational aid. The findings have an important impact on decisions about the final nutrition label format required by the Food and Drug Administration.
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Widing, Robert E., and W. Wayne Talarzyk. "Electronic Information Systems for Consumers: An Evaluation of Computer-Assisted Formats in Multiple Decision Environments." Journal of Marketing Research 30, no. 2 (May 1993): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224379303000201.
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The performance of three formats in three choice sets was studied. In choice sets with negatively correlated attributes, the computer-assisted LINEAR format led to superior decisions in comparison with a computer-assisted CUTOFF format and a simple RAN DOM-order format. Decision quality, however, was high and the same across the formats in a choice set with non-negatively correlated attributes. The LINEAR format was highly regarded by subjects, resulted in timely decisions, and is recommended on the basis of its performance in the study.
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López-Valero, Amando, Eduardo Encabo-Fernández, and Isabel Jerez-Martínez. "Digital Competence and Literacy: Developing New Narrative Formats. The «Dragon Age: Origins» Videogame." Comunicar 18, no. 36 (March 1, 2011): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c36-2011-03-08.
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The approach of this article is centered on the concepts of digital competence and new narrative formats. We aim to apply these dimensions to the videogame «Dragon Age Origins», winner of the 2009 videogame of the year award. Its features - plot, characters and interactivity – make it ideal reading material in other formats and are highly motivational for young people. The development of digital competence signifies new literacy, and it is necessary to find new stimulating resources that combine the fun and formative dimensions. Equally relevant are multimodal texts (Kress & Van Leeuwen, 2001), especially new narrative formats that imply social progress, as the ways of reading are different. The texts have acquired new formats with the same quality as books but they sometimes motivate users more. This is the case of «Dragon Age Origins», a dark heroic fantasy role-playing game set in a unique world containing a story to be read and experienced. Our analysis of the videogame discusses whether it should be considered a form of reading or not.Este artículo tiene como ejes conceptuales la competencia digital, la literacidad y los nuevos formatos narrativos. El aprendizaje permanente incluye las mismas como claves de la formación de la persona y sobre todo, como elemento que va a contribuir a su inserción en una sociedad dinámica y cambiante. Tras analizar dichas dimensiones, las mismas serán reflejadas en el videojuego denominado «Dragon Age: Orígenes», galardonado con el premio juego de rol del año en el año 2009. El desarrollo de la competencia digital conlleva una nueva alfabetización y en la misma es preciso hallar recursos motivadores para que dicha adquisición sea a la vez una cuestión lúdica y formativa. Otro aspecto relevante que será tratado en el texto tiene que ver con la multimodalidad textual (Kress & Van Leeuwen, 2001), sobre todo con los nuevos formatos narrativos. Este hecho supone un importante avance social ya que las formas de lectura varían apareciendo formas distintas más motivadoras para el usuario pero no por ello poseen menor calidad. Éste es el caso de «Dragon Age: Orígenes», un juego de rol basado en la fantasía heroica ubicado en un mundo novedoso. Dicho juego se convierte en una excelente historia para ser leída y experimentada.
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Evgin, Alexander Aleksandrovich, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Solovev, and Vartan Andronikovich Padaryan. "Model and declarative specification language of binary data formats." Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 33, no. 6 (2021): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2021-33(6)-3.
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A number of tasks related to binary data formats include the tasks of parsing, generating and сonjoint code and data analysis. A key element for all of these tasks is a universal data format model. This paper proposes an approach to modeling binary data formats. The described model is expressive enough to specify the most common data formats. The distinctive feature of the model its flexibility in specifying field locations, as well as the ability to describe external fields, which do not resolve into detailed structure during parsing. Implemented infrastructure allows to create and modify a model using application programming interfaces. An algorithm is proposed for parsing binary data by a model, based on the concept of computability of fields. The paper also presents a domain-specific language for data format specification. The specified formats and potential applications of the model for programmatic analysis of formatted data are indicated.
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Miao, Yi Chan, Gang Zhao, and Guang Rong Yan. "Comparison and Evaluation of Lightweight Formats of 3D Models." Applied Mechanics and Materials 157-158 (February 2012): 1490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.157-158.1490.
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The 3D models created by the CAD software have different internal formats, which leads to the poor software compatibility. It takes much longer time while loading 3D models containing much more information by CATIA and so on. During the digital collaboration process of the product design, the quickly transmission of the 3D models is the indispensable part. However, the storage space occupied by 3D models of a large document, resulting in a longer transmission time, thereby will reduce the real-time performance of the collaborative process. A good solution in the industry is to use the lightweight format in product collaborative design. Nowadays there are a variety of lightweight formats. This paper focus on the comparisons of three lightweight formats(3D XML、JT、U3D) often used in the industry. Some experiments are given to evaluate the format effectiveness. In the end, the trend of lightweight formats is also predicted.
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Bancroft, David J. "Images and Formats." SMPTE Journal 110, no. 9 (September 2001): 579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/j17326.
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Francescutto, Simona. "Frage des Formats." Informationswissenschaft: Theorie, Methode und Praxis 7, no. 1 (June 22, 2022): 276–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.18755/iw.2022.15.
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Atkinson, Larry, and Steve Hankin. "Common Data Formats." Oceanography 8, no. 3 (1995): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1995.07.
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Lumley, Judith, and Jeanne Daly. "Formats and options." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 25, no. 3 (June 2001): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2001.tb00562.x.
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Wustman, Judith. "Electronic journal formats." Program 30, no. 4 (April 1996): 319–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb047235.
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Demas, Sam. "Mainstreaming electronic formats." Library Acquisitions: Practice & Theory 13, no. 3 (January 1989): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0364-6408(89)90024-0.
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Roscoe, Jane, and Gay Hawkins. "New Television Formats." Media International Australia 100, no. 1 (August 2001): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0110000103.
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