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Journal articles on the topic 'Formic acid synthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Liu, Ying, Yingxi Geng, Renyong Zhao, Huabao Zheng, and Wenqiao Yuan. "Effects of Formic and Levulinic Acids on Butyric Acid Synthesis by Clostridium tyrobutyricum in Xylose Media." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 6 (2019): 1803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13669.

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Abstract. Weak acids released during hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass are potential inhibitors of microorganism fermentation. In this study, the effects of formic and levulinic acids on butyric acid synthesis by were investigated. With the addition of 1.2 to 4.8 g L-1 of formic acid, increased lag time, decreased cell density, and lower butyric acid productivity were observed. Up to 15% and 56% reduction in peak cell density and butyric acid productivity, respectively, were caused by formic acid addition, whereas there was no significant difference in butyric acid yield between the control and formic acid treated groups (except for the 2.4 g formic acid L-1 treatment). Levulinic acid did not show any notable effects on within the investigated concentration range (0 to 4.8 g L-1). Overall, showed strong tolerance of both formic and levulinic acids, but neither of these acids could be metabolized by the microbe.HighlightsFormic acid had dosage-dependent inhibitory effects on C. tyrobutyricum.Levulinic acid had no effects on cell growth or butyrate synthesis.Neither formic acid nor levulinic acid was metabolized by C. tyrobutyricum.C. tyrobutyricum showed strong tolerance to formic acid and levulinic acid. Keywords: Butyric acid, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Formic acid, Levulinic acid, Lignocellulosic hydrolysate, Xylose.

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2

Höckendorf, Robert F., Chi-Kit Siu, Christian van der Linde, O. Petru Balaj, and Martin K. Beyer. "Selective Formic Acid Synthesis from Nanoscale Electrochemistry." Angewandte Chemie 122, no. 44 (September 21, 2010): 8433–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201004134.

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3

Höckendorf, Robert F., Chi-Kit Siu, Christian van der Linde, O. Petru Balaj, and Martin K. Beyer. "Selective Formic Acid Synthesis from Nanoscale Electrochemistry." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49, no. 44 (September 21, 2010): 8257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201004134.

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4

Wang, Ligeng, Jun Hu, Hualong Zhang, Qin Yu, and Chun Feng. "Green Synthesis of Haloformates from Olefins Using Formic Acid as Reactant, Protonic Acid, and Solvent." Synlett 29, no. 12 (June 7, 2018): 1611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610028.

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Bromoformates and iodoformates are successfully synthesized in high yields with regioselectivity and stereoselectivity by using ZnAl-BrO3 – layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and KX (X = Br, I) in the presence of formic acid (HCOOH). The protocol exploits the versatile function of formic acid as solvent, nucleophilic reagent, and acidic medium simultaneously, simplifying the reaction and separation of the products.

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5

Jiang, Kun, Han-Xuan Zhang, Shouzhong Zou, and Wen-Bin Cai. "Electrocatalysis of formic acid on palladium and platinum surfaces: from fundamental mechanisms to fuel cell applications." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 38 (2014): 20360–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp03151b.

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A brief overview is presented on recent progress in mechanistic studies of formic acid oxidation, synthesis of novel Pd- and Pt-based nanocatalysts and their practical applications in direct formic acid fuel cells.

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6

Lin, Hongyan, Ziling Zhou, Xiaopeng Ma, Qingqing Chen, Hongwei Han, Xiaoming Wang, Jinliang Qi, and Yonghua Yang. "One pot synthesis of aryl nitriles from aromatic aldehydes in a water environment." RSC Advances 11, no. 39 (2021): 24232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra03559b.

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In a formic acid–H₂O solution (60% : 40%), most aromatic aldehydes react efficiently with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium acetate to form nitriles, where formic acid acts as both catalyst and solvent.

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7

Perich, JW, PF Alewood, and RB Johns. "Synthesis of Casein-Related Peptides and Phosphopeptides. IX. A Modified Method for the Synthesis of Ser(P) Peptides by Using Ppoc-Ser(PO3bzl2)-OH." Australian Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 3 (1991): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9910377.

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Benzyl phosphate groups were found to be sensitive to acid conditions, and a stability study with dibenzyl isobutyl phosphate under various acid conditions is described. While extensive acidolytic debenzylation of the dibenzyl phosphorotriester occurred on treatment with either 4 M hydrogen chloride/ dioxan or 50% trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane, only minor benzyl loss occurred with the use of formic acid or 1 M hydrogen chloride/acetic acid. Minimization of benzyl phosphate loss during the synthesis of a Ser(PO3Bzl2)-containing tripeptide was effected by the use of 98% formic acid (or 1 M hydrogen chloride/acetic acid) for the cleavage of the Boc group from Boc -Ser(PO3Bzl2)- Leu-OBzl . In an alternative procedure, the protected 2-phenylisopropyloxycarbonyl derivative, Ppoc -Ser(PO3Bzl2)-OH was prepared by an efficient four-step procedure and was used in a solution-phase peptide synthesis for the high yielding preparation of Boc-Glu ( OBzl )-Ser(PO3Bzl2)- Leu-OBzl . The protected Ser(PO3Bzl2) tripeptide was deprotected by palladium- catalysed hydrogenolysis in formic acid and gave Glu -Ser(P)-Leu in near-quantitative yield.

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8

Takale, Nilesh, Neelakandan Kaliyaperumal, Gopalakrishnan Mannathusamy, and Rajarajan Govindasamy. "A Headspace Gas Chromatographic Method for Determination of Formic Acid Content in Isosulfan Blue and Various Drug Substances." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 37, no. 02 (April 28, 2021): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370209.

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The Pharmaceutical industry uses formic acid in the manufacturing of various drug substances or API. At the time of manufacturing of API formic acid is use as an oxidizing agent. Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. It also called methanoic acid.Formic acid present in API at high concentrations is very hazardous but in low concentrations is very beneficial. The developed and validated method was short, precise, cost effective and reproducible with FID detector and easy to use. The method is a selective and superficial analytical method for determination of formic acid in different drug substances. We report here the development and validation study of headspace gas chromatographic method to determine formic acid in different drug substances we are reported here. As per this method, the drug sample was dissolved in 0.1% (v/v) of concentrated sulfuric acid in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in a GC headspace vial and 0.1% (v/v) of concentrated sulfuric acid in isopropyl alcohol used as a diluent. A AB-Inowax capillary column (30 m x 0.32 mm I.D. and 0.5 µm film thickness) was used under gradient conditions with FID. The formic acid peak was well separated from all other solvents that are used in synthesis of particular drug substance. The LOD and LOQof the method for formic acid are 82 ppm and 249 ppm respectively. Formic acid are low toxic class-III solvent as per ICH guideline.

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9

Takale, Nilesh, Neelakandan Kaliyaperumal, Gopalakrishnan Mannathusamy, and Rajarajan Govindasamy. "A Headspace Gas Chromatographic Method for Determination of Formic acid Content in Isosulfan Blue and in Various Drugs." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005//ojc/370209.

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The Pharmaceutical industry uses formic acid in the manufacturing of various drug substances or API. At the time of manufacturing of API formic acid is use as an oxidizing agent. Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. It also called methanoic acid.Formic acid present in API at high concentrations is very hazardous but in low concentrations is very beneficial. The developed and validated method was short, precise, cost effective and reproducible with FID detector and easy to use. The method is a selective and superficial analytical method for determination of formic acid in different drug substances. We report here the development and validation study of headspace gas chromatographic method to determine formic acid in different drug substances we are reported here. As per this method, the drug sample was dissolved in 0.1% (v/v) of concentrated sulfuric acid in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in a GC headspace vial and 0.1% (v/v) of concentrated sulfuric acid in isopropyl alcohol used as a diluent. A AB-Inowax capillary column (30 m x 0.32 mm I.D. and 0.5 µm film thickness) was used under gradient conditions with FID. The formic acid peak was well separated from all other solvents that are used in synthesis of particular drug substance. The LOD and LOQof the method for formic acid are 82 ppm and 249 ppm respectively. Formic acid are low toxic class-III solvent as per ICH guideline.

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10

Ahmed, Ajaz, Nazar Hussain, Monika Bhardwaj, Anuj Kumar Chhalodia, Amit Kumar, and Debaraj Mukherjee. "Palladium catalysed carbonylation of 2-iodoglycals for the synthesis of C-2 carboxylic acids and aldehydes taking formic acid as a carbonyl source." RSC Advances 9, no. 39 (2019): 22227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra03626a.

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Pd catalyzed carbonylative reaction of 2-iodo-glycals has been developed taking formic acid as a carbonyl source for the synthesis of 2-carboxylic acids of sugars by the hydroxycarbonylation strategy.

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11

Perich, JW, and RB Johns. "Synthesis of Casein-Related Peptides and Phosphopeptides. X. A Modified Method for the Synthesis of Ser(P)-Containing Peptides Through 4-Bromobenzyl Phosphate Protection." Australian Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 3 (1991): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9910389.

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The three 4-halobenzyl phosphoramidite reagents di (4-fluorobenzyl) N,N- diisopropylphosphor-amidite, di (4-chlorobenzyl) N,N- diisopropylphosphoramidite and di (4-bromobenzyl) N,N-diethylphosphoramidite were prepared and used for the efficient phosphite-triester phosphorylation of isobutyl alcohol. While all three 4-halobenzyl groups were cleaved at similar rates from the 4-halobenzyl phosphorotriesters by 4 M HCl/dioxan or 50% CF3CO2H/CH2Cl2, the 4-bromobenzyl group had greater stability than either the 4-fluorobenzyl or 4-chlorobenzyl groups in formic acid or 1 M HCl /acetic acid solutions. The protected 4-bromobenzyl derivative, Boc-Ser(PO3BrBzl2)-OH, was prepared by a novel one-step procedure which featured di-4-bromobenzyl N,N- diethylphosphoramidite as phosphitylating agent. This derivative was used for the synthesis of Boc-Glu ( OBzl )-Ser(PO3BrBzl2)- Leu-OBzl by the Boc mode of peptide synthesis with 98% formic acid being used for the cleavage of the Boc group. Palladium-catalysed hydrogenolysis of the protected Ser(PO3BrBzl2) tripeptide in formic acid gave zwitterionic Glu -Ser(P)-Leu in high overall yield.

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12

Otamiri, J. C., and A. Andersson. "Preparation of YBa2Cu3O6+x by a formic acid method." Journal of Materials Research 5, no. 7 (July 1990): 1388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1990.1388.

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Synthesis of YBa2Cu3O6+x from formic acid solutions of stoichiometric amounts of the initial materials has been investigated in the temperature range 750–950°C. The reaction is strongly influenced by the concentration of formic acid. Dilute solutions favor synthesis of purer samples under moderate conditions of temperature and sintering time. At lower temperature the same effect can be achieved if sintering time is longer, while at higher temperature, multiple grinding and heating at very short intervals are necessary to avoid formation of Y2BaCuO5. The observed effect of HCOOH concentration is explained by the different mechanisms involved in the decomposition of the formates obtained.

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13

Suo, Yange, and I.-Ming Hsing. "Synthesis of bimetallic PdAu nanoparticles for formic acid oxidation." Electrochimica Acta 56, no. 5 (February 2011): 2174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.12.037.

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14

Shin, Minguk, Jeongbae Seo, Yesol Baek, Taek Lee, Min Jang, and Chulhwan Park. "Novel and Efficient Synthesis of Phenethyl Formate via Enzymatic Esterification of Formic Acid." Biomolecules 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10010070.

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Current methods for the production of esters, including chemical synthesis and extraction from natural sources, are hindered by low yields and environmental pollution. The enzymatic synthesis of these compounds could help overcome these problems. In this study, phenethyl formate, a commercially valuable formate ester, was synthesized using commercial immobilized lipases. The effects of specific enzymes, enzyme concentration, formic acid:phenethyl alcohol molar ratio, temperature, and solvent were studied in order to optimize the synthesis conditions, which were identified as 15 g/L of Novozym 435 enzyme, a 1:5 formic acid:phenethyl alcohol molar ratio, a 40 °C reaction temperature, and 1,2-dichloroethane as the solvent. Under these conditions, phenethyl formate was obtained in a conversion yield of 95.92%. In addition, when 1,2-dichloroethane was replaced with toluene as the solvent, the enzyme could be recycled for at least 20 reactions with a steady conversion yield above 92%, testifying to the economic aspects of the process. The enzymatic synthesis of phenethyl formate using the proposed method is more environmentally friendly than methods currently employed in academic and laboratory settings. Moreover, the method has the potential to enhance the value-added properties of formic acid owing to its downstream use in the production of commercially essential esters.

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15

Zeng, Xu, Fang Ming Jin, Han Song Yao, and Min Cheng. "Study of Catalytic Reduction of Formic Acid to Methanol under Mild Hydrothermal Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3677.

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In this paper, catalytic reduction of formic acid to methanol with different catalyst under mild hydrothermal conditions was investigated. Formic acid was successfully converted into methanol using Al as reductant and Cu as a catalyst under mild hydrothermal conditions. The selectivity of conversion from formic acid to methanol was found to be as high as 30% at 300 °C for 9 h with formic acid 60 g∙L-1, filling rate 35% and 4.35 mmol Al and 12 mmol Cu. The addition of Al2O3was favorable for the synthesis of methanol. Comparing the yield of methanol with the same reaction condition for 3 h without the addition of Al2O3, the yield of methanol can be increased by near 100 per cent under the same condition with Al2O33 mmol. This process may provide a promising solution to provide methanol as fuel for transportation and mobile devices.

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16

Maleki, Behrooz, Davood Azarifar, Khodaverdian Moghaddam, Fatemeh Hojati, Mostafa Gholizadeh, and Hafezeh Salehabadi. "Synthesis and characterization of a series of 1,3,5-trisubstituted-2-pyrazolines derivatives using methanoic acid under thermal condition." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 74, no. 12 (2009): 1371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0912371m.

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An efficient and practical synthesis of 1,3,5-trisubstituted 2-pyrazoline structures was achieved through cyclization of phenylhydrazine with ?,? -unsaturated ketones (chalcones) using methanoic acid (formic acid) as catalyst under thermal condition.

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17

Islam, Md Tariqul, Jose A. Rosales, Ricardo Saenz-Arana, Shahrouz J. Ghadimi, and Juan C. Noveron. "Rapid synthesis of ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles supported on macroporous cellulose fibers for catalysis." Nanoscale Advances 1, no. 8 (2019): 2953–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9na00124g.

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18

Karthikeyan, Iyyanar, Dhanarajan Arunprasath, and Govindasamy Sekar. "An efficient synthesis of pyrido[1,2-a]indoles through aza-Nazarov type cyclization." Chemical Communications 51, no. 9 (2015): 1701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc08783f.

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Transition metal free Brønsted acid mediated synthesis of pyrido[1,2-a]indole scaffolds has been developed through aza-Nazarov type cyclization of readily available diaryl(2-pyridyl)methanol using formic acid for the synthesis of biologically and medicinally important pyrido[1,2-a]indole, indolo[1,2-a]quinoline and pyrimido[1,2-a]indole derivatives.

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19

Sönmez Çelebi, Mutlu, and Ayşe Nur Yılmaz. "PVF-PPy Composite as Support Material for Facile Synthesis of Pt@PVF-PPy Catalyst and Its Electrocatalytic Activity Towards Formic Acid Oxidation." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 21, no. 3 (July 31, 2018): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v21i3.502.

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Preparation and characterization of a Pt-based catalyst supported on poly(vinylferrocenium)-poly(pyyrole) conducting polymer composite (Pt@PVF-PPy) was described for electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid. Pt precursor was aqueous solution of K2PtCl4 and electrochemical and chemical reduction methods were compared for optimum catalyst performance. Other experimental parameters such as polymer film thickness and Pt loading were also optimized with respect to the formic acid oxidation peak current values. Scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry methods were used for physical and electrochemical characterization of the catalyst system. When compared with similar Pt-based conducting polymer supported catalyst systems, the Pt@PVF-PPy catalyst revealed superior performance for formic acid electrooxidation.

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20

Popovic, Ksenija, and Jelena Lovic. "Formic acid oxidation at platinum-bismuth catalysts." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 80, no. 10 (2015): 1217–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc150318044p.

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The field of heterogeneous catalysis, specifically catalysis on bimetallic surfaces, has seen many advances over the past few decades. Bimetallic catalysts, which often show electronic and chemical properties that are distinct from those of their parent metals, offer the opportunity to obtain new catalysts with enhanced selectivity, activity, and stability. The oxidation of formic acid is of permanent interest as a model reaction for the mechanistic understanding of the electrooxidation of small organic molecules and because of its technical relevance for fuel cell applications. Platinum is one of the most commonly used catalysts for this reaction, despite the fact that it shows a few significant disadvantages: high cost and extreme susceptibility to poisoning by CO. To solve this problem, several approaches have been used, but generally, they all consist in the modification of platinum with a second element. Especially, bismuth has received significant attention as Pt modifier. According to the results presented in this survey dealing with the effects influencing the formic acid oxidation it was found that two types of Pt-Bi bimetallic catalysts (bulk and low loading deposits on GC) showed superior catalytic activity in terms of the lower onset potential and oxidation current density, as well as exceptional stability compared to Pt. The findings in this report are important for the understanding of mechanism of formic acid electrooxidation on a bulk alloy and decorated surface, for the development of advanced anode catalysts for direct formic acid fuel cells, as well as for the synthesis of novel low-loading bimetallic catalysts. The use of bimetallic compounds as the anode catalysts is an effective solution to overcoming the problems of the formic acid oxidation current stability for long term applications. In the future, the tolerance of both CO poisoning and electrochemical leaching should be considered as the key factors in the development of electrocatalysts for the anodic reactions.

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21

Kang, F., Y. Leng, and T. Y. Zhang. "Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of formic acid-graphite intercalation compound." Carbon 35, no. 8 (1997): 1089–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(97)00065-1.

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22

Edwards, James F., and G. L. Schrader. "Methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid adsorption on methanol synthesis catalysts." Journal of Physical Chemistry 89, no. 5 (February 1985): 782–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100251a015.

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23

Wu, Dengfeng, Changqing Dai, Shaojie Li, and Daojian Cheng. "Shape-controlled Synthesis of PdCu Nanocrystals for Formic Acid Oxidation." Chemistry Letters 44, no. 8 (August 5, 2015): 1101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.150386.

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24

Dan, Ananya, and P. K. Sengupta. "Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline prepared in formic acid medium." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 91, no. 2 (2003): 991–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.13204.

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25

Barlocco, Ilaria, Sofia Capelli, Elisa Zanella, Xiaowei Chen, Juan J. Delgado, Alberto Roldan, Nikolaos Dimitratos, and Alberto Villa. "Synthesis of palladium-rhodium bimetallic nanoparticles for formic acid dehydrogenation." Journal of Energy Chemistry 52 (January 2021): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.04.031.

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26

Wu, Fengxia, Jianping Lai, Ling Zhang, Wenxin Niu, Baohua Lou, Rafael Luque, and Guobao Xu. "Hierarchical concave layered triangular PtCu alloy nanostructures: rational integration of dendritic nanostructures for efficient formic acid electrooxidation." Nanoscale 10, no. 19 (2018): 9369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr00385h.

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27

Sadeghi, Samira, Meghdad Karimi, Iman Radfar, Reza Ghahremani Gavinehroudi, Dariush Saberi, and Akbar Heydari. "Efficient strategy for interchangeable roles in a green and sustainable redox catalytic system: IL/PdII-decorated SBA-15 as a mesoporous nanocatalyst." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 15 (2021): 6682–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj05459c.

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Green synthesis of catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols using air as a green oxidant, and efficient and straightforward synthesis method for amine formation using formic acid as a green reductant.

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28

Mardini, Nour, and Yusuf Bicer. "Direct synthesis of formic acid as hydrogen carrier from CO2 for cleaner power generation through direct formic acid fuel cell." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46, no. 24 (April 2021): 13050–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.01.124.

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29

Gromov, Nikolay V., Tatiana B. Medvedeva, Yulia A. Rodikova, Dmitrii E. Babushkin, Valentina N. Panchenko, Maria N. Timofeeva, Elena G. Zhizhina, Oxana P. Taran, and Valentin N. Parmon. "One-pot synthesis of formic acid via hydrolysis–oxidation of potato starch in the presence of cesium salts of heteropoly acid catalysts." RSC Advances 10, no. 48 (2020): 28856–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra05501h.

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Li, Si-jia, Yun Ping, Jun-Min Yan, Hong-Li Wang, Ming Wu, and Qing Jiang. "Facile synthesis of AgAuPd/graphene with high performance for hydrogen generation from formic acid." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 28 (2015): 14535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta03111g.

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31

Enteshari, Maryam, and Sergio I. Martínez-Monteagudo. "One-Pot Synthesis of Lactose Derivatives from Whey Permeate." Foods 9, no. 6 (June 13, 2020): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9060784.

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The simultaneous production of lactulose (LAU), lactobionic acid (LBA), and organic acids from sweet and acid whey permeate (SWP and AWP) via catalytic synthesis (5% Ru/C) was studied in a continuous stirred-tank reactor. At selected conditions (60 °C, 60 bar, and 600 rpm), a maximum conversion of lactose (37 and 34%) was obtained after 90 min for SWP and AWP, respectively. The highest yield calculated with respect to the initial concentration of lactose for LAU was 22.98 ± 0.81 and 15.29 ± 0.81% after only 30 min for SWP, and AWP, respectively. For LBA, a maximum yield was found in SWP (5.23%) after 210 min, while about 2.2% was found in AWP. Six major organic acids (gluconic, pyruvic, lactic, formic, acetic, and citric acid) were quantified during the one-pot synthesis of lactose.

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32

Peng, Guowen, Lang Xu, Vassiliki-Alexandra Glezakou, and Manos Mavrikakis. "Mechanism of methanol synthesis on Ni(110)." Catalysis Science & Technology 11, no. 9 (2021): 3279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cy00107h.

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Planewave density functional theory (DFT-PW91) calculations are employed to study the methanol synthesis through CO₂ and CO hydrogenation, as well as the two side reactions: the water gas shift (WGS) reaction and the formic acid formation, on Ni(110).

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33

Blohm, Sascha, Thomas Heinze, and Haisong Qi. "Starch Formates: Synthesis and Modification." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 4882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164882.

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Starch can be efficiently converted into the corresponding formates homogeneously using N-formyl imidazole obtained by the reaction of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole and formic acid in dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent. Starch formates are soluble in polar aprotic solvents, not susceptible against hydrolysis, and not meltable. Thermoplastics could be generated by conversion of starch formates with long-chain fatty acids exemplified by the conversion with lauroyl chloride in N,N-dimethylacetamide, leading to mixed starch laurate formates. The mixed esters show melting temperatures mainly dependent on the amount of laurate ester moieties.

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34

Yang, Qian, Lijie Shi, Beibei Yu, Jun Xu, Cong Wei, Yawen Wang, and Hongyu Chen. "Correction: Facile synthesis of ultrathin Pt–Pd nanosheets for enhanced formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 22 (2020): 11460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta90113j.

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Correction for ‘Facile synthesis of ultrathin Pt–Pd nanosheets for enhanced formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction’ by Qian Yang et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 18846–18851, DOI: 10.1039/C9TA03945G.

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35

Ye, Wanyue, Wei Pei, Si Zhou, He Huang, Qian Li, Jijun Zhao, Rongwen Lu, Yuzhen Ge, and Shufen Zhang. "Controlling the synthesis of uniform electron-deficient Pd clusters for superior hydrogen production from formic acid." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 17 (2019): 10363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta02035g.

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36

Embrechts, Heidemarie, Martin Kriesten, Matthias Ermer, Wolfgang Peukert, Martin Hartmann, and Monica Distaso. "In situ Raman and FTIR spectroscopic study on the formation of the isomers MIL-68(Al) and MIL-53(Al)." RSC Advances 10, no. 13 (2020): 7336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09968a.

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37

Sohilait, Hanoch J., Hardjono Sastrohamidjojo, Sabirin Matsjeh, and J. Stuart Grossert. "SYNTHESIS of 3.4-METHYLENEDIOXYPHENYL-2-PROPANONE from SAFROLE." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 1, no. 3 (June 5, 2010): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21941.

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The Synthesis of 3.4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone from safrole has been achieved through conversion of allyl group to secondary alcohol, followed by oxidation with pyridinium chlorochromate(PCC). The secondary alcohol has been achieved by two methods. The first method was formic acid adition reaction, followed by hydrolysis in aqueous ethanolic solution of potassium hydroxide. The second method was the oxymercuration-demercuration reaction of safrole. The addition reaction of safrole with formic acid yield safrylformate (34,70%). The hydrolysis of safrylformate with 3M KOH produced safrylalchohol (73,29%). The oxymercuration-demercuration reaction of safrole with Hg(OAc)2-NaBH4 gave (74,37%) of safrylalcohol. The oxidation of safryalcohol with PCC gave 3.4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone as a main target in 71,83%. The structure elucidations of these products were analyzed by FTIR , 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS. Keyword: 3.4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone; safrole

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Lee, Jin-Yeon, Da-Hee Kwak, Young-Woo Lee, Seul Lee, and Kyung-Won Park. "Synthesis of cubic PtPd alloy nanoparticles as anode electrocatalysts for methanol and formic acid oxidation reactions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 14 (2015): 8642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp00892a.

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Shi, Lei, Dong Sun, Yuxin Wang, Yisheng Tan, Jie Li, Shirun Yan, Ronggang Fan, and Noritatsu Tsubaki. "Formic acid-assisted synthesis of highly efficient Cu/ZnO catalysts: effect of HCOOH/Cu molar ratios." Catalysis Science & Technology 6, no. 13 (2016): 4777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cy02010g.

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Yadav, Dolly, Abhishek Kumar, Jae Young Kim, No-Joong Park, and Jin-Ook Baeg. "Interfacially synthesized 2D COF thin film photocatalyst: efficient photocatalyst for solar formic acid production from CO2 and fine chemical synthesis." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 15 (2021): 9573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta00802a.

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Easy fabrication of multi-functional, free standing, centimeter sized, thin film photocatalyst for sustainable solar fine chemical synthesis and photoreduction of CO₂ to formic acid under visible light.

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41

Haidukevich, V. A., S. K. Petkevich, E. G. Karankevich, P. V. Kurman, Z. I. Kuvaeva, V. I. Potkin, and V. A. Knizhnikov. "Synthesis of acylic derivatives of prolylleucylglycinamide." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 55, no. 4 (December 6, 2019): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2019-55-4-429-435.

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Tert-butyloxycarbonylprolylleucylglycinamide is obtained both by the interaction of tert-butyloxycarbonylprol ylleucylglycine ethyl ester with a methanolic ammonia solution and by the reaction of glycine amide with a mixed anhydride which was synthesized from tert-butyloxycarbonylprolylleucine and isobutylchloroformate. The removal of the tert-butyloxycarbonyl group by the action of formic acid or a dioxane solution of hydrogen chloride and treatment of the resulting salts with the corresponding base yielded a prolylleucylglycinamide, by the interaction of which with acetic, benzoic or 5-phenylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acids chlorides acyl derivatives of prolylleucylglycinamide are obtained.

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Gautam, Prashant, and Vivek Srivastava. "Active γ –Alumina -Supported Ru Nanoparticles for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction." Letters in Organic Chemistry 17, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570178617666191107112429.

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A series of alumina supported Ru nanoparticles (Ru γ -Al2O3-x (x=2-10 Ru wt%) was synthesized using the ethylene glycol reduction method. XRD, TEM, EDX, H2-chemisorption, XPS and H2-TPD analytical techniques were used to understand the physiochemical nature of alumina supported Ru nanoparticles. All the well-characterized Ru#Al2O3-x (x=2-10 Ru wt%) catalysts were used for high-pressure CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid synthesis. A clear correlation was recorded between the physiochemical properties of developed catalysts and the molar quantity of formic acid. Among all the developed catalysts, Ru#Al2O3-2 catalyst with or without ionic liquid reaction medium gave a good molar quantity of formic acid. Application of ionic liquid was also expanded, and ionic liquid medium appeared as a good solvent system as compared to the amine solvent system, which not only provides better solubility of reactants and catalysts but also found useful in the easy recovery of formic acid after the completion of the reaction. The catalyst recycled seven times with easy product isolation stem to make this system very useful and fulfill the requirement of sustainable chemistry.

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Zhang, Lei, Shengnan Yu, Jijie Zhang, and Jinlong Gong. "Porous single-crystalline AuPt@Pt bimetallic nanocrystals with high mass electrocatalytic activities." Chemical Science 7, no. 6 (2016): 3500–3505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc00083e.

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Li, Hao-Peng, Han-Jun Ai, Xinxin Qi, Jin-Bao Peng, and Xiao-Feng Wu. "Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of benzofuran-2(3H)-ones from 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohols using formic acid as the CO source." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 15, no. 6 (2017): 1343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob02782b.

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A palladium-catalyzed carbonylative intramolecular synthesis of benzofuran-2(3H)-ones from 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohols has been developed with formic acid as the CO source, various desired products were obtained in moderate to good yields.

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Singh, Amit Kumar, Saptak Rarotra, Viswanath Pasumarthi, Tapas Kumar Mandal, and Dipankar Bandyopadhyay. "Formic acid powered reusable autonomous ferrobots for efficient hydrogen generation under ambient conditions." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 19 (2018): 9209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta02205d.

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In this study, we report the synthesis of ferrobots, which utilize aqueous formic acid as fuel for pH sensing and efficient H₂ production at room temperature to power a fan integrated with a PEM fuel cell.

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Bao, Shixiong, Xuan Yang, Ming Luo, Shan Zhou, Xue Wang, Zhaoxiong Xie, and Younan Xia. "Shape-controlled synthesis of CO-free Pd nanocrystals with the use of formic acid as a reducing agent." Chemical Communications 52, no. 85 (2016): 12594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc07055h.

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This paper reports the use of formic acid as a reducing agent for the shape-controlled synthesis of Pd nanocrystals with no chemisorption of CO on the surface, as confirmed by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy.

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Lewis, David E., and Glen C. Gullickson. "Synthesis ofN-Benzhydrylamides from Nitriles by Ritter Reactions in Formic Acid." Synthesis, no. 5 (2003): 0681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-38069.

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Liu, Xinyue, Changqing Dai, Dengfeng Wu, Adrian Fisher, Zhiping Liu, and Daojian Cheng. "Facile Synthesis of PdAgCo Trimetallic Nanoparticles for Formic Acid Electrochemical Oxidation." Chemistry Letters 45, no. 7 (July 5, 2016): 732–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.160243.

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Wang, Qinchao, Yiqian Wang, Peizhi Guo, Qun Li, Ruixue Ding, Baoyan Wang, Hongliang Li, Jingquan Liu, and X. S. Zhao. "Formic Acid-Assisted Synthesis of Palladium Nanocrystals and Their Electrocatalytic Properties." Langmuir 30, no. 1 (January 3, 2014): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la404268j.

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Mazumder, Vismadeb, and Shouheng Sun. "Oleylamine-Mediated Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles for Catalytic Formic Acid Oxidation." Journal of the American Chemical Society 131, no. 13 (April 8, 2009): 4588–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9004915.

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