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1
Kaukiainen, Ari. Social intelligence as a prerequisite of indirect aggression: Some manifestations and concomitants of covert forms of aggression. Turun Yliopisto, 2003.
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3
Bijutsukan, Tōkyō Kokuritsu Kindai. 1960-nendai no kōgei: Kōyōsuru atarashii zōkei = Forms in aggresseion : formative uprising of the 1960s. Tōkyō Kokuritsu Kindai Bijutsukan, 1987.
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4
Martins, Nicole, Sarah M. Coyne, and Jennifer Ruh Linder. Media and Relational Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0013.
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The majority of the existing research on media aggression has focused on media violence and its effects on physical aggression. However, more recently, scholars have focused their attention on other forms of aggression in the media, such as relational aggression, and its effects on viewer attitudes and behaviors. This chapter reviews the existing theory and research on the portrayal of relational aggression in the media; how exposure to such portrayals is related to subsequent aggressive behaviors across childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood; and potential moderators and mediators of effects. We conclude with specific recommendations for future research, particularly as it relates to theory building and public policy.
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Fite, Paula J., and Casey A. Pederson. Developmental Trajectories of Relational Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0004.
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This chapter reviews the literature pertaining to change in relational and other forms of nonphysical aggression across the lifespan. We attempt to summarize the state of the field by examining developmental trends, stabilities of behavior, and developmental trajectories of behavior. Note that given the strong conceptual overlap in relational, indirect, and social forms of aggression, we include studies that focus on any of these three forms of aggression. As the number of studies actually examining the developmental trajectories in these behaviors remains sparse, particularly when compared to what is known about physical aggression, we outline the limitations in the research and make suggestions for future directions of inquiry.
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Séguin, Jean R., and Richard E. Tremblay. Aggression and Antisocial Behavior. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0020.
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Aggressive and antisocial acts need to be prevented because (1) they cause serious problems to the individuals who are at the receiving end, (2) they lead to fear and escalation in the community, and (3) they often indicate that the offender has a history of mental health problems. Physical aggression and many other forms of antisocial behavior appear during the first few years after birth. Although most learn to regulate them by the time they enter the formal school system, a substantial minority of children do not. This lack of socialization on their part often has important consequences well into adulthood. This chapter will not only review studies of antisocial behaviors globally, but will focus on subtypes of conduct disorder. Indeed, although there may be commonalities between antisocial behaviors, these may not necessarily follow the same developmental course, share the same correlates, or develop jointly. Further, these may be manifested differently in boys and girls. It is only with a better understanding of these developmental factors that we may improve the effectiveness of prevention and corrective interventions.
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Bijutsukan, Tōkyō Kokuritsu Kindai, and Tōkyō Kokuritsu Kindai Bijutsukan. Kōgeikan., eds. 1960-nendai no kōgei: Kōyōsuru atarashii zōkei = Forms in aggression : formative uprising of the 1960s. Tōkyō Kokuritsu Kindai Bijutsukan, 1987.
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8
Ostrov, Jamie M., Sarah J. Blakely-McClure, Kristin J. Perry, and Kimberly E. Kamper-DeMarco. Definitions—The Form and Function of Relational Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0002.
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This chapter reviews the definitions of relational aggression and other subtypes of aggression that are often studied in the developmental sciences. Specifically, definitions of relational, physical, indirect, social, verbal, nonverbal, proactive, and reactive aggression are provided. The modes, forms, functions, and contexts of aggression are reviewed, with a focus on relational aggression. Attention is given to other related constructs such as assertion, rough and tumble play, and social dominance, which should be considered and ruled out when studying subtypes of aggression. A definition and important considerations for the study of relational bullying are provided, and a brief discussion of the contexts of online or electronic aggression is given. Future directions and unanswered questions are raised.
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Ostrov, Jamie M., and Sarah M. Coyne. The Future of Relational Aggression, and Final Remarks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0019.
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The rapid escalation of research on the development of relational aggression and related constructs has been truly remarkable. Our volume is designed to fill a void in the literature and focus on the development of relational aggression. We conclude this volume by first reviewing some of the key points and implications from the prior chapters. Next, we discuss five future directions for the field: (1) conducting long-term longitudinal studies and adopting a lifespan perspective, (2) striving for advances in methods and technology, (3) using advanced statistics to address collinearity and co-occurrence among aggression subtypes, (4) exploring the role of other forms of aggression, and (5) embracing replication. Finally, we provide some concluding thoughts.
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Leff, Stephen S., Tracy Evian Waasdorp, and Krista R. Mehari. An Updated Review of Existing Relational Aggression Programs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0018.
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This chapter reviews school-based programming for its impact on relational aggression, relational victimization, and/or relational bullying: specifically, 14 programs with publications between 2010–2016 that were reviewed across key areas, including: (1) mode of operation; (2) targeted population and age range; (3) implementation factors; (4) primary strategies employed; (5) materials available to conduct the program; and (6) their impact on relevant target outcomes. Review of these programs highlighted certain factors important for future research related to relational aggression and bullying prevention programming, such as employing strong designs using random assignment taking into account the complexity of relational aggression at the individual, classroom, and school level whenever possible, and examining the impact of programming on the forms of aggression separately. Generalizability and implementation integrity need to be considered when designing and implementing programming. The field of relational aggression and bullying prevention programming has grown substantially over the past decade, but much remains to be done.
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Eddy, J. Mark, Betsy J. Feldman, and Charles R. Martinez. Short- and Long-term Impacts of a Coercion Theory–Based Intervention on Aggression on the School Playground. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.21.
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Aggression between students at school is a common problem, particularly within the context of the school playground. Key mechanisms in coercion theory, including positive and negative reinforcement for aggression and peer deviancy training, can operate with abandon on school playgrounds without adult supervision, monitoring, and appropriate intervention. The Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers (LIFT) multimodal preventive intervention, designed to address aggression on the playground, is described. The short-term and intermediate follow-up findings from a randomized controlled trial of LIFT on aggression on the playground as well as other forms of child antisocial behavior are overviewed. Long-term follow-up findings on the relations between playground aggression and antisocial behaviors during mid-adolescence and emerging adulthood are then reported. It is argued that to be effective, coercion theory–based prevention programs like LIFT need to continue across elementary school and into secondary school, rather than be delivered at only one point in time.
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Turn That Down!: A Hysterical History of Rock, Roll, Pop, Soul, Punk, Funk, Rap, Grunge, Motown, Metal, Disco, Techno & Other Forms of Musical Aggression Over the Ages. Emmis Books, 2005.
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13
Carrasco, Davíd. Sacrifice/Human Sacrifice in Religious Traditions. Edited by Michael Jerryson, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Margo Kitts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.013.0011.
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This chapter presents a survey of several contemporary, major definitions of sacrifice as forms of symbolic and performative violence. A modest discussion of patterns in the sacrifices of animals and their symbols in various traditions is reported. The chapter then turns to an interpretation of the more troubling topic of actual human sacrifices in various cultures. The role of emotion and aggression in sacrifice appears in a number of Greek rituals and cultural expressions. Human sacrifice has been practiced in Mesoamerica for over 1500 years. It has increased, and the amount of territory controlled in Mesoamerica has increasingly expounded, assuring a tremendous growth in tributary payments to the capital and its royal families. The Mesoamerican religious traditions did not only seek substitutes for human “debt payments” or sublimate in rituals their aggressive drives toward humans in ways that eliminated human sacrifice, as many other peoples did.
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Anderson, Amanda. The Tragic and the Ordinary. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755821.003.0004.
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Through a discussion of the moral realism of George Eliot in relation to British psychoanalysis of the twentieth century, and the work of D. W. Winnicott in particular, this chapter demonstrates that there develops within the history of psychoanalysis a framework by which healthy moral development within ordinary conditions is described and avowed. The general forms of psychoanalysis within literary studies to date have been oriented toward the structural, drive-based models of Freud and Klein, which promote an understanding of power and aggression as primary and ineluctable. Through a comparison of the development of the conceptions of the ordinary and traumatic in Winnicott, and the opposition between the tragic and the ordinary in Eliot, this chapter develops a conception of psychological health and moral aspiration amidst precarious conditions, including contingent environmental forces of aggression, rupture, and trauma.
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Zimmer-Gembeck, Melanie J., Amanda L. Duffy, Samantha Ferguson, and Alex A. Gardner. Relational Aggression in Dating and Romantic Relationships. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0016.
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Romantic relational aggression (RRA) is aimed at harming a romantic partner’s relationships with others. In this chapter, we discuss 15 RRA studies that show a high prevalence of RRA in surveys of adolescents, young adults, and married partners, and a gender difference (favoring females) in studies with large sample sizes. There is evidence of personal and social antecedents (e.g., parents and peers) of RRA, as well as poorer psychosocial outcomes from RRA. Researchers are identifying a developmental pathway from late childhood or adolescent general relational aggression to RRA, which seems to also involve attributions for and beliefs about aggressive and other hostile behavior, physiological and emotional reactions, and alcohol use. We present key future research directions, including the integration of RRA research with that from related fields, clarification regarding the conceptualization and measurement of RRA, and the development and evaluation of intervention programs aimed at reducing this form of aggression.
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Casas, Juan F., and Alicia A. Bower. Developmental Manifestations of Relational Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on a review of the pertinent literature examining the developmental manifestations of engagement in relational aggression across the life course, from infancy to old age. Throughout the chapter, special attention is paid to the normative developmental changes taking place in the various domains of development that are believed to underlie the significant alterations taking place in the expression of relational aggression. While the primary emphasis is on changes in relational aggression in the peer group, a review of important differences across contexts (e.g., school, work, etc.) and close relationships (siblings, friendships, romantic relationships, etc.) are also discussed, as are important technological advances that have helped shape the form of these behaviors at different points in development.
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Cronin, Bruce. Security Regimes: Collective Security and Security Communities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.296.
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The twentieth century was marked by the proliferation of security regimes, and collective security in particular. Under a collective security arrangement, all states at either a regional or global level agree to resolve their disputes peacefully, collectively oppose acts of aggression, and actively defend those who are victims of such aggression. It is based on the premise that security is indivisible, that is, each state’s security is intricately tied to the security of others, and no nation can be completely secure so long as the territory, independence, and populations of other states are seriously threatened. However, over the past several decades, ethnic conflicts, civil wars, guerrilla insurgencies, and other forms of internal violence have dramatically increased, even as large-scale interstate wars have declined. In addition to these sources of instability and conflict, political repression and extreme human rights abuses by governments against their populations (particularly genocide and ethnic cleansing) often generate massive refugee flows, illegal arms trafficking, and the rise of paramilitary guerrilla armies, all of which could disrupt neighboring states and regional stability. Thus, the concept of security adopted by international and regional regimes over the past few decades has expanded from the threat and use of force for deterrence and enforcement to include nation- and state-building, peacekeeping, and peace-making.
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Kim, Hyoun K., Joann Wu Shortt, Stacey S. Tiberio, and Deborah M. Capaldi. Aggression and Coercive Behaviors in Early Adult Relationships. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.14.
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Aggression and coercive behaviors in the form of physical assaults, psychological aggression, and sexual coercion—often referred to as intimate partner violence (IPV)—are highly prevalent in couples during early adulthood (ages 18 through 29 years). Although such IPV has long been recognized as a major public health problem, the existing intervention programs have shown limited effects. Since the late 1990s researchers have sought to identify more nuanced developmental pathways and interactional processes of IPV in young couples in order to better inform prevention and intervention efforts. This chapter first discusses characteristics of IPV in early adulthood and then outlines key assumptions of the dynamic developmental systems model, an extension of coercion theory, as a framework for understanding the development of IPV. It then provides relevant empirical findings from the Oregon Youth Study–Couples Study. We also discuss clinical implications of the findings from our work.
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Holzer, Jacob, Robert Kohn, James Ellison, and Patricia Recupero, eds. Geriatric Forensic Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.001.0001.
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Geriatric Forensic Psychiatry: Principles and Practice is one of the first texts to provide a comprehensive review of important topics in the intersection of geriatric psychiatry, medicine, clinical neuroscience, forensic psychiatry, and law. It will speak to a broad audience among varied fields, including clinical and forensic psychiatry and mental health professionals, geriatricians and internists, attorneys and courts, regulators, and other professionals working with the older population. Topics addressed in this text, applied to the geriatric population, include clinical forensic evaluation, regulations and laws, civil commitment, different forms of capacity, guardianship, patient rights, medical-legal issues related to treatment, long term care and telemedicine, risk management, patient safety and error reduction, elder driving, sociopathy and aggression, offenders and the adjudication process, criminal evaluations, corrections, ethics, culture, cognitive impairment, substance abuse, trauma, older professionals, high risk behavior, and forensic mental health training and research. Understanding the relationship between clinical issues, laws and regulations, and managing risk and improving safety, will help to serve the growing older population.
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Eisenberg, Nancy, Tracy L. Spinrad, and Amanda S. Morris. Prosocial Development. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0013.
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In this chapter, we distinguish between different forms of empathy-related responding (i.e., empathy, sympathy, personal distress) and prosocial behavior. The capacity for empathy and sympathy emerges in the early years of life and generally increases with age across childhood. Individual differences in sympathy and prosocial behavior covary, and both tend to be fairly stable across time. Prosocial tendencies are related to prosocial moral reasoning, social competence, self-regulation, and low aggression/externalizing problems. Although individual differences in prosocial and empathic/sympathetic responding are partly due to heredity, environmental factors are also associated with such differences. Authoritative, supportive parenting involving modeling, reasoning, and practices that help children to understand others’ internal states has been associated with higher levels of prosocial behavior. Moreover, securely attached children tend to be prosocial. In addition, peers and siblings can encourage, reinforce, and model prosocial behavior. School interventions, as well as experience with volunteering, appear to affect the degree to which children are sympathetic and engage in prosocial behavior.
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Vaillancourt, Tracy, and Jaimie Arona Krems. An Evolutionary Psychological Perspective of Indirect Aggression in Girls and Women. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0008.
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Although the effects of sexual selection on male mating competition and intrasexual aggression have been studied extensively for well over a century, female mating competition and intrasexual aggression have only begun to receive serious attention in recent decades. Here, we focus on one aspect of sexually selected competition in girls and women—rival derogation, which takes the form of indirect aggression. We argue that this tactic of intrasexual competition both reduces a rival’s ability to compete for desirable mates and helps aggressors achieve and maintain their own high social status. We further argue that physical attractiveness initiates the pathway leading to high social status, which is preserved through the use of indirect aggression and is associated with increased dating and sexual behavior.
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Heins, Laura. An Aesthetics of Aggression: German Fascist vs. Classical Hollywood Melodrama. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037740.003.0002.
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This chapter attempts to delineate the generic and aesthetic differences between film melodrama in Third Reich and classical Hollywood cinema, and to a lesser extent, between German and Italian Fascist film. Hollywood cinema's greater emphasis on the communicative codes of mise-en-scène, dynamic editing, and camera movement was countered in Nazi cinema with a greater stress on bodily displays and a theatrical acting style that subordinated the intimacy of the face in close-up to the authority of the actor's voice and scripted dialogue. Subtle formal and narrative differences in the Nazi melodrama also encouraged a more aggressive form of voyeurism than was common in the Hollywood melodrama. Instead of the masochistic aesthetic of many Hollywood melodramas, therefore, the Nazi melodrama distinguished itself by its formally encoded appeals to spectatorial sadism and by the masculinity of its pathos.
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Howe, George W., and Laura Mlynarski. Coercion, Power, and Control in Interdependent Relationships. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.28.
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Children must learn to navigate the complex world of social interdependence. This chapter discusses the central characteristics of interdependent interaction, reviewing recent research from social psychology. It then explores the repertoire of skill necessary for successful navigation of interdependence, and how rigid coercive aggression might impede success. It combines a dynamic systems framework with developmental and family research on social interaction in dyads and larger groups. In this view, elements of emotion, thought, and action assemble at each moment during real-time interaction, conditioning and being conditioned by the ongoing flow of that interaction. These elements come to form coordinated ensembles at the individual, dyad, and group level, and over time self-stabilize into coherent styles, including coercive aggression and prosocial orientations. The chapter then focuses on how these styles develop, and concludes with discussion of directions for future research and intervention.
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Collins, Graham, and Chris Bunch. Lymphoma. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0289.
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Lymphoma is a cancerous disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of lymphocytes. There are two broad categories: Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, with Hodgkin’s lymphoma defined by the presence of Reed–Sternberg cells on histological examination of affected tissue. Within the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, there are the much more common B-cell lymphomas and the uncommon T-cell lymphomas. Within the B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, there are clinically aggressive (high-grade) forms and much more indolent (low-grade) forms. This chapter addresses the causes, diagnosis, and management of Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
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Hollak, Carla E. M. Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0058.
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Cholesteryl ester storage disease is a very rare lysosomal storage disorder that may present in an attenuated form in adult patients. This clinical phenotype is clearly distinguished from the aggressive form of cholesteryl ester storage disease known as Wolman disease with rapidly progressive, often fatal disease within the first year of life. Most patients with an attenuated form present with “fatty liver” due to the accumulation of cholesterol esters and triglycerides. Most have splenomegaly as well. Enzyme replacement therapy has been recently developed. The natural course of very mild cases and the risk of developing liver failure are currently unknown.
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Amann, Diane Marie. Bill the Blogger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272654.003.0028.
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In a final twist on the preceding essays in this volume, ‘Bill the Blogger’ adapts the style of online publishing to review Professor Schabas’s own foray into this emergent form of public discourse. It locates blogging and other new-media developments within the frame of academic and international law teaching and scholarship. The principal focus is on his founding of the ‘PhD studies in human rights’. Its initial post concerned the Charles Taylor trial. Thereafter, Professor Schabas’s constructed content for describing law in action in the many areas of interest to him, including aggression, death penalty, culture, education, genocide, human rights, and international criminal law.
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Idris, Murad. Policing Humanity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658014.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the opposition between productive war and purposeless violence through Immanuel Kant’s and Sayyid Quṭb’s writings on peace. Kant criticizes colonialism, but he passively sanctions its historical structures, and his ambiguities about intervention and statehood open to imperial action. Kant’s discussions of Arabian Bedouins, political economy, and hospitality, and his construction of the globe through imagery drawn from Orientalism, reframe how his peace plan produces an unjust enemy. Meanwhile, Quṭb’s theorizations of empire and postcolonialism diagnose Euro-American empires as unjust enemies. In his neglected peace plan, he proposes reforming the legal order of states in the “Islamic world,” creating a federation, and policing the globe against imperial aggression. The shared sequence of state, law, and federation provides a grammar for determining who polices the globe and for diagnosing whose political form and legal order are wrong. The idea of universal peace anticipates a lawless enemy of peace.
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Salzborn, Samuel, ed. Antisemitismus seit 9/11. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845295855.
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In the last 20 years, there have been countless public discussions about anti-Semitism. At the same time, anti-Semitism has become increasingly aggressive and violent, with right-wing and Islamist groups in particular claiming responsibility for anti-Semitic violence. This book presents the key occurrences and discussions relating to this issue in a condensed form by providing an overview of the individual facets of anti-Semitism and by classifying them according to their development. The interplay between right-wing, left-wing and Islamist anti-Semitism plus that in the mainstream of society is a characteristic of anti-Semitism since 9/11.
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Coyne, Sarah M., Laura M. Padilla-Walker, and Emily Howard. Media Uses in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.003.
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This chapter reviews recent literature on uses, effects, and gratifications of media during emerging adulthood. The authors examine traditional media forms, including television, films, video games, music, and books, and also newer media, such as cell phones, social networking sites, and other Internet use, finding that emerging adults spend more time using media than they spend doing any other activity, with most time being spent on the Internet and listening to music. They also find that exposure to certain types of media content can influence both positive and negative outcomes in emerging adulthood, including aggressive and prosocial behavior, body image, sexual behavior, friendship quality, and academic achievement. The authors show that emerging adults use media to gratify certain needs, key among them entertainment, autonomy, identity, and intimacy needs. The authors discuss areas for future research involving media and emerging adulthood.
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Drislane, Frank W., Susan T. Herman, and Peter W. Kaplan. Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0021.
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The clinical presentation and encephalographic (EEG) findings of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) can be complicated, making diagnosis difficult. There are generalized (e.g., absence status) and focal (e.g., aphasic status, complex partial status) forms. Some patients are responsive but have cognitive or other neurologic deficits; others are less responsive or even comatose. Increasingly, the diagnosis of NCSE is considered in intensive care unit patients. Here, without clinical signs of seizures such as convulsions, EEG is critical in diagnosis, but there is uncertainty about which EEG patterns represent seizures and which clinical situations and EEG patterns warrant aggressive treatment. Antiseizure medications are tailored to the NCSE type and the clinical condition. Treatment is often easier for NCSE, and the outcome better, than for convulsive SE, but this is not always true for critically ill patients with NCSE in the ICU, for whom continuous EEG monitoring is often crucial for diagnosis and management.
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Dodds, Chris, Chandra M. Kumar, and Frédérique Servin. Neurosurgery in the elderly. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735571.003.0009.
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The increasing provision of neurosurgery to the elderly is reviewed in this chapter. The two major areas of practice and the forms of presentation are briefly discussed. Specific issues with the elderly neurosurgical patient are then considered, including the urgency of the surgery, surgery duration, extent of the planned procedure, and management of concurrent drug therapy. Details on the common risks with hyperventilation and hypothermia are noted, and the use of more recent anaesthetic agents, remifentanil and desflurane, is covered. Spinal surgery for decompression and stabilization for cervical, odontoid, and lumbar regions, as well as the common risks and complications are discussed. Both vertebrectomy and vertebroplasty are reviewed. Intracranial surgery, usually for decompression because of tumour or haematoma, is discussed, including the recent aggressive treatment of haemorrhagic stroke. An overview of the developing field of stem cell implantation and stereotactic ablative surgery completes the chapter.
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Trigg, Roger. Religious Freedom in a Secular Society. Edited by Phil Zuckerman and John R. Shook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.19.
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In the West, the distinction between the forms of secularism in France and the United States is instructive. The attitudes and legal approaches of both have their roots in the European Enlightenment, but their treatment of religion is significantly different due to their distinctive views on human reason. The first takes reason to be intrinsically liberating. Its watchword is human freedom and autonomy, but it takes these as given, just as it assumes a fundamental equality among all people. The second understands reason, freedom, and equality within a religious context. Freedom is God-given and must be respected as such, so freedom of religion must be recognized. Beyond these two positions, aggressive secularism regards all religious claims as beyond reason or even irrational and potentially dangerous. That kind of secularism can never achieve the neutrality to which aspires and always creates second-class citizens out of some religious believers.
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Orliac, Michel, and Catherine Orliac. Wooden Figurines of Easter Island. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.031.
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Easter Island is known for its giant, stereotyped stone statues, distributed along the coasts and originally visible from out at sea. Most are associated with cult monuments and the unique sanctuary where they were carved. More discreetly, the islanders’ houses were inhabited by a host of wooden figurines, in a variety of forms, carved in sacred types of wood: toromiro, makoi, driftwood. These depictions of men (moai tangata, moai kavakava), women (moai papa), animals, and real chimeras (moko, bird-man) were the subject of domestic cults and used in activities linked to protective or aggressive magic. Displayed during public ceremonies, they were associated with the insignia of power (ao, ua) and with dance accessories (rapa, tahonga). The production of figurines, introduced to the island by its first inhabitants a little less than 1,000 years ago, ceased with the disappearance of the priest-sculptors after 1863 and the conversion to Catholicism in 1868.
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Cui, Zhao, Neil Turner, and Ming-hui Zhao. Alport post-transplant antiglomerular basement membrane disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0075.
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Alport antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease is a rare example of disease caused by allo-sensitization after renal transplantation, first described in 1992. Because the recipient lacks a specific glomerular basement membrane (GBM) protein, they can become sensitized to the normal molecule present in the GBM of the donor kidney. The disease is restricted to the allograft. Interestingly severe disease arises from this only arises rarely, certainly less than 1 in 20, probably closer to 1 in 50. It characteristically causes late graft loss in a first transplant with accelerated tempo in later allografts, and in its most extreme form recurs within days. However, inexplicably some subsequent transplants do not provoke aggressive recurrence. Treatment of the most aggressive disease is difficult and in most cases has been ultimately unsuccessful. Lower levels of immune response, marked by linear binding of immunoglobulin-G to GBM without glomerular disease, are not uncommon in Alport patients after transplantation and should not lead to altered treatment. Immunoassays for anti-GBM antibodies can be misleading as in most cases the target of antibodies is the α5 chain of type IV collagen, rather than the α3 chain which is the target in spontaneous anti-GBM disease. Overall the outcome of transplantation in Alport syndrome is better than average. This complication is more likely in patients with partial or total gene deletion rather than point mutations, but no other predictive features have been identified.
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Clarke, Noel W. Metastatic disease in prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0068.
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Metastases are the predominant cause of morbidity and death from prostate cancer (CaP). The tendency for cells to migrate from the primary site, enter the vascular/lymphatic circulation, and implant/grow at secondary sites is the principal discriminator of aggressive form indolent disease. But this process is poorly understood. Cells enter the circulation in increasing number as the disease progresses, impinging on endothelial surfaces, particularly in red bone marrow where they bind and transmigrate, forming early cell colonies. This requires chemo-attractants and nutrients enabling cellular survival. Established metastases thrive independently, disrupting local tissue, as characterized by progressive replacement of red bone marrow and disruption of skeletal architecture. Bone disruption includes massive overstimulation of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, inducing synchronous over-production of abnormal bone and gross osteolysis.
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Zysow, Aron. Karrāmiyya. Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.29.
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The background for the emergence in the third/ninth century of the Karrāmiyya as an intellectually aggressive form of traditionism lies in the strongly Ḥanafī anti-Jahmī milieu of the Eastern Islamic world. Although they never played a major role in the history of Islamic theology comparable to that of their rivals the Mu`tazilīs, Ash`arites, and Māturīdīs, the Karrāmiyya did leave indelible traces in theological literature by virtue of their vigorous and elaborate defence of a number of controversial teachings. These include their definition of faith (īmān) exclusively in terms of a verbal profession, their assertion, likely under Stoic influence, that God is corporeal and stands in a spatial relation to his throne, and their analysis of divine action as necessarily involving a process within God that others saw as undermining God’s immutability and timelessness.
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King, Robert A. Psychodynamic Perspectives on OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
A psychodynamic perspective attempts to understand the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) in terms of excessive, maladaptive efforts to cope with perceived dangers posed by aggressive or sexual impulses and in terms of distorted information processing and rigid cognitive styles that are intolerant of ambiguity. The psychodynamic perspective also sees OC phenomena against the backdrop of normal childhood development and the vicissitudes of conscience formation, as well as culturally defined notions of ordered boundaries/transgressions and cleanliness/pollution. This perspective provides valuable insights into the subjective experience of patients with these disorders. Similarly, although psychodynamic therapy in its classic form appears to be ineffective for the core symptoms of obsessions and compulsions, the psychodynamic approach can be very helpful in understanding what patients make of their symptoms and in forming a therapeutic alliance that facilitates more evidence-based approaches.
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John, Eileen. Coetzee and Eros. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805281.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
In Chapter 7, Eileen John uses Coetzee’s exploration of sexual desire to pose questions about the normative claims of moral philosophy. She argues that Coetzee’s fiction complicates Thomas Nagel’s conception of altruism by its insistence that desire must form part of any account of apparently moral motivation, of how we are moved by the suffering of others, and moved more broadly by the good. Coetzee responds in complex ways to Plato’s model of eros, granting its transformative power, while portraying it as too deeply interwoven with aggressive and self-absorbed drives to constitute an unequivocal path to the purely ‘good’ action. Coetzee’s treatment of the self relating to itself further engages with Nagel’s and Hannah Arendt’s ideas about the moral significance of solipsism. John argues that Coetzee’s fiction explores the limits of moral philosophy, and attunes readers to the elements of risk within moral life.
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Gordon, Robert S. C. Race. Edited by R. J. B. Bosworth. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199594788.013.0017.
Full textAbstract:
Whereas Hitler's Germany was centrally structured around a racial or racist ideology, a form of ‘Aryan’ anti-Semitism, Mussolini and the Italy of the ventennio were only marginally and latterly interested in questions of race, and then only for contingent or tactical reasons to do with Italy's political alignment with Nazi Germany. If the former was a ‘racial state’, the latter – even as it pursued, at times, an aggressive politics of race – was not. This article compares fascist Italy and Nazi Germany on questions of race in the light of such new insights and emphases, offering a snapshot of current thinking about the role of race in the ideology, historical reality, and ‘essential nature’ of fascism. It looks at the two regimes in parallel, in a sequence moving from origins, to legislation and action once in power, to the extremes of racial violence both reached in their final years.
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Davis, Devra, Margaret E. Sears, Anthony B. Miller, and Riina Bray. Microwave/Radiofrequency Radiation and Human Health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190490911.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
Radiation from wireless transmitting devices can cause or worsen acute and chronic health conditions. Outdated exposure limits for cell phones and other wireless devices emitting microwave radiation, a form of radiofrequency radiation, are based solely on avoiding an increase in temperature and do not accommodate increasing evidence of nonthermal effects on reproductive, neurologic, developmental and cardiac health, and cancer. In 2016, the U.S. National Toxicology Program reported significantly greater risks of brain (i.e. gliomas) and heart tumors in the largest rodent study ever conducted. Case-control studies found that regular and heavy cell phone users incurred increased risks of these tumors. Increasing trends of aggressive gliomas among young people have been reported. Chapter 10 provides an overview of microwave chemistry and in vitro, in vivo, epidemiologic, and clinical study findings. Guidance from international authorities addresses history taking, clinical management of relevant exposures, and promotion of safer technologic approaches and policies.
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Kwan, SanSan. Love Dances. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197514559.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Our current geopolitical moment is characterized by shockingly aggressive forms of xenophobia and racism. This alarming, though not new, predicament compels us to seek creative modes for resisting hatred and encouraging care across difference. Love Dances: Loss and Mourning in Intercultural Collaboration explores the possibilities for global interrelationality in the realm of dance. The book contends that performances of interculturalism in dance offer opportunities for practicing intersubjective connection. Body-to-body engagement in the studio and on the stage carries the potential to shape everyday encounters with difference in the world. Looking specifically at duets, Love Dances examines how pairs of dance artists from unique cultural and aesthetic backgrounds—from Asia, the Asian diaspora, and the West; trained in contemporary dance, hip-hop, flamenco, Thai classical dance, kabuki, and butoh—find ways to co-create, in spite of contention, histories of power, misunderstanding, and mistranslation. Love Dances explores the ethics and politics of intercultural collaboration, acknowledging the forces of dissension, prejudice, and violence present in any contact zone, but ultimately arguing that choreographic invention across difference can be an act of love in the face of loss and serve as a model for difficult, imaginative, compassionate global affiliation.
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Hans, Steiner, Daniels Whitney, Kelly Michael, and Stadler Christina. Comprehensive and Integrated Treatment of Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265458.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter maps evidence-based interventions on the biopsychosocial model of causation suggested by the current evidence. Medications and biological treatments are still second-line interventions, which should be considered only if there is insufficient progress with psychological and social-familial treatments. There is very little progress in the past decade in testing medication interventions. New findings from neuroscience suggest another subtype of disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs), which holds considerable promise to improve outcomes in this treatment category. Psychological treatments are best supported by the evidence, especially when delivered in manualized form with a high degree of treatment fidelity. Familial and community-based interventions are also well supported, especially in complex, severe and chronic cases. There is a dearth of intervention studies targeting the different phenotypes of antisocial and aggressive behavior and studies of integrated treatment However, many studies are now available that approach treatment from a medical evidence–based rather than criminological perspective.
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Gentry, Caron E. Jus ad Bellum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.249.
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Alex J. Bellamy's Just Wars: From Cicero to Iraq (2006), Michael Walzer's Just and Unjust Wars (1977), and Larry May's Aggression and Crimes Against Peace (2008) are three significant works on Just War thinking that offer unique perspectives on the different facets of jus ad bellum. Bellamy's book is a historical examination of the evolution of Just War thinking. Walzer's book is a classic and a crucial component of the Just War canon; this book brought Just War considerations back into political conversations. While classical Realism dominated the post-World War II political landscape for its own moral contemplations towards war and power, it was not able to speak to the anti-Vietnam agonism. Walzer purposefully set out to speak to these considerations in a frankly philosophical framework, one rooted in historical thought and examples. May has a unique voice within the Just War tradition— his starting point is a form of pacifism. Although this is somewhat controversial, it is not without precedence. One of the key pieces on nuclear weapons is the 1983 letter from the US Catholic Bishops that placed the Just War tradition within a pacifist framework. Similarly, May has set out to examine how this ancient tradition can fit the needs of the current international arena, particularly in light of humanitarian intervention.
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Stegenga, Jacob. Medical Nihilism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747048.001.0001.
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This book defends medical nihilism, which is the view that we should have little confidence in the effectiveness of medical interventions. If we consider the frequency of failed medical interventions, the extent of misleading evidence in medical research, the thin theoretical basis of many interventions, and the malleability of empirical methods in medicine, and if we employ our best inductive framework, then our confidence in the effectiveness of medical interventions ought to be low. Part I articulates theoretical and conceptual groundwork, which offers a defense of a hybrid theory of disease, which forms the basis of a novel account of effectiveness, and this is applied to pharmacological science and to issues such as medicalization. Part II critically examines details of medical research. Even the very best methods in medical research, such as randomized trials and meta-analyses, are malleable and suffer from various biases. Methods of measuring the effectiveness of medical interventions systematically overestimate benefits and underestimate harms. Part III summarizes the arguments for medical nihilism and what this position entails for medical research and practice. To evaluate medical nihilism with care, the argument is stated in formal terms. Medical nihilism suggests that medical research must be modified, that clinical practice should be less aggressive in its therapeutic approaches, and that regulatory standards should be enhanced.
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Raggi, Paolo, and Luis D’Marco. Imaging for detection of vascular disease in chronic kidney disease patients. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0116.
Full textAbstract:
The well-known severity of cardiovascular disease in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires an accurate risk stratification of these patients in several clinical situations. Imaging has been used successfully for such purpose in the general population and it has demonstrated excellent potential among CKD patients as well. Two main forms of arterial pathology develop in patients with CKD: atherosclerosis, with accumulation of inflammatory cells, lipids, fibrous tissue and calcium in the subintimal space, and arteriosclerosis. The latter is characterized by accumulation of deposits of hydroxyapatite and amorphous calcium crystals in the muscular media of the vessel wall, and is believed to be more closely associated with alterations of mineral metabolism than with traditional atherosclerosis risk factors. The result is the development of what appears to be premature arterial ageing, with loss of elastic properties, increased stiffness, and increased overall fragility of the arterial system. Despite intensifying research and increasing awareness of these issues, the underlying pathophysiology of the aggressive vasculopathy of CKD remains largely unknown. As a consequence, there are currently very limited pathways to prevent progression of vascular damage in CKD. The indications, strengths and weaknesses of several imaging modalities employed to evaluate vascular disease in CKD are described, focusing on coronary arterial circulation and the peripheral arteries, with the exclusion of the intracranial arteries.
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Wilburn, Josh. The Political Soul. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861867.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The Political Soul examines the relationship between Plato’s views on psychology and his political philosophy over the course of his career, focusing on his account of the spirited part of the tripartite soul, or thumos, and spirited motivation. It argues that spirit is the distinctively social or political part of the human soul for Plato: it is the source of the desires, emotions, and sensitivities that make it possible for people to form cooperative relationships with one another, interact politically, influence and absorb one another’s values through cultural modes and social processes, and protect their communities. Such emotions prominently include not only the aggressive or competitive qualities for which thumos is well-known, but also the feelings of attachment, love, friendship, and civic fellowship that bind families and communities together and make cities possible in the first place. Because spirit is the political part of the soul in this sense, moreover, two social and political challenges that occupy Plato throughout his career—namely, how to educate citizens properly in virtue and how to maintain unity and stability in political communities—cannot be addressed and resolved, on his view, without proper attention to the spirited aspects of human psychology.
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López-Sendón, José, and Esteban López de Sá. Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0045.
Full textAbstract:
Mechanical complications after an acute infarction include different forms of heart rupture, including free wall rupture, interventricular septal rupture, and papillary muscle rupture. Its incidence decreased dramatically with the widespread use of reperfusion therapies but may occur in 2–3% of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients, and mortality is very high if not properly diagnosed, as surgery is the only effective treatment. Echocardiography is the most important tool for diagnosis that should be suspected in patients with hypotension, heart failure, or recurrent chest pain. Awareness and well-established protocols are crucial for an early diagnosis. Modern imaging techniques permit a more reliable and direct identification of left ventricular free wall rupture, which is almost impossible to identify with conventional echocardiography. Mitral regurgitation, secondary to papillary muscle ischaemia or necrosis or left ventricular dilatation and remodelling, without papillary muscle rupture, is frequent after myocardial infarction and is considered as an independent risk factor for outcomes. Revascularization to control ischaemia and surgical repair should be considered in all patients with severe or symptomatic mitral regurgitation in the absence of severe left ventricular dysfunction. Other mechanical complications include true aneurysms and thrombus formation in the left ventricle. Again, these complications have decreased with the use of early reperfusion therapies and, for thrombus formation, with aggressive antithrombotic treatment. In a single large randomized trial (STICH), surgical remodelling of the left ventricle failed to demonstrate a significant improvement in outcomes, although it still may be an option in selected patients.
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López-Sendón, José, and Esteban López de Sá. Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0045_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Mechanical complications after an acute infarction include different forms of heart rupture, including free wall rupture, interventricular septal rupture, and papillary muscle rupture. Its incidence decreased dramatically with the widespread use of reperfusion therapies but may occur in 2–3% of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients, and mortality is very high if not properly diagnosed, as surgery is the only effective treatment. Echocardiography is the most important tool for diagnosis that should be suspected in patients with hypotension, heart failure, or recurrent chest pain. Awareness and well-established protocols are crucial for an early diagnosis. Modern imaging techniques permit a more reliable and direct identification of left ventricular free wall rupture, which is almost impossible to identify with conventional echocardiography. Mitral regurgitation, secondary to papillary muscle ischaemia or necrosis or left ventricular dilatation and remodelling, without papillary muscle rupture, is frequent after myocardial infarction and is considered as an independent risk factor for outcomes. Revascularization to control ischaemia and surgical repair should be considered in all patients with severe or symptomatic mitral regurgitation in the absence of severe left ventricular dysfunction. Other mechanical complications include true aneurysms and thrombus formation in the left ventricle. Again, these complications have decreased with the use of early reperfusion therapies and, for thrombus formation, with aggressive antithrombotic treatment. In a single large randomized trial (STICH), surgical remodelling of the left ventricle failed to demonstrate a significant improvement in outcomes, although it still may be an option in selected patients.
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López-Sendón, José, and Esteban López de Sá. Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0045_update_002.
Full textAbstract:
Mechanical complications after an acute infarction include different forms of heart rupture, including free wall rupture, interventricular septal rupture, and papillary muscle rupture. Its incidence decreased dramatically with the widespread use of reperfusion therapies but may occur in 2–3% of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients, and mortality is very high if not properly diagnosed, as surgery is the only effective treatment. Echocardiography is the most important tool for diagnosis that should be suspected in patients with hypotension, heart failure, or recurrent chest pain. Awareness and well-established protocols are crucial for an early diagnosis. Modern imaging techniques permit a more reliable and direct identification of left ventricular free wall rupture, which is almost impossible to identify with conventional echocardiography. Mitral regurgitation, secondary to papillary muscle ischaemia or necrosis or left ventricular dilatation and remodelling, without papillary muscle rupture, is frequent after myocardial infarction and is considered as an independent risk factor for outcomes. Revascularization to control ischaemia and surgical repair should be considered in all patients with severe or symptomatic mitral regurgitation in the absence of severe left ventricular dysfunction. Other mechanical complications include true aneurysms and thrombus formation in the left ventricle. Again, these complications have decreased with the use of early reperfusion therapies and, for thrombus formation, with aggressive antithrombotic treatment. In a single large randomized trial (STICH), surgical remodelling of the left ventricle failed to demonstrate a significant improvement in outcomes, although it still may be an option in selected patients.
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López-Sendón, José, and Esteban López de Sá. Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0045_update_003.
Full textAbstract:
Mechanical complications after an acute infarction involve different forms of heart rupture, including free wall rupture, interventricular septal rupture, and papillary muscle rupture. Its incidence decreased dramatically with the widespread use of reperfusion therapies occurring in <1% of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients, and mortality is very high if not properly diagnosed, as surgery is the only effective treatment (Ibanez et al, 2017). Echocardiography is the most important tool for diagnosis that should be suspected in patients with hypotension, heart failure, or recurrent chest pain. Awareness and well-established protocols are crucial for an early diagnosis. Modern imaging techniques permit a more reliable and direct identification of left ventricular free wall rupture, which is almost impossible to identify with conventional echocardiography. Mitral regurgitation, secondary to papillary muscle ischaemia or necrosis or left ventricular dilatation and remodelling, without papillary muscle rupture, is frequent after myocardial infarction and is considered as an independent risk factor for outcomes. Revascularization to control ischaemia and surgical repair should be considered in all patients with severe or symptomatic mitral regurgitation in the absence of severe left ventricular dysfunction. Other mechanical complications include true aneurysms and thrombus formation in the left ventricle. Again, these complications have decreased with the use of early reperfusion therapies and, for thrombus formation, with aggressive antithrombotic treatment. In a single large randomized trial (STICH), surgical remodelling of the left ventricle failed to demonstrate a significant improvement in outcomes, although it still may be an option in selected patients.