Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forms of materiality'

Textiled Becomings is a creative work with an accompanying exegesis. This project explores the ways in which cultural, social and environmental forces are intertwined in the creative process, and examines how the final products reflect specific material processes and embodied performative activities. My creative work entails the production of living textiles ‘from scratch’: growing cotton from seeds to make yarn, implanting the hand-spun yarn with barley seeds and weaving the seeded yarns together using my body as a loom. No tools are involved in this process. Some of the woven pieces take the shape of the space between the limbs of my body, while others take the shape of the space between my limbs and those of another person, which together form the loom. A selection of woven pieces will be hung in the gallery and irrigated to begin growing and perform their life cycle in the final exhibition. This accompanying exegesis contextualises the project and discusses particular issues pertaining to its development. The exegesis begins by discussing a range of theoretical frameworks and their contribution to the methodology that developed before examining my ability to correlate the material processes, then looking at the embodied experience of making the work, which culminates in the decision-making process involved in presenting the final exhibition. Throughout the exegesis, I argue for the interdisciplinary/transdisciplinary nature of practiceled research and creative practice. The Introduction establishes the context and importance of weaving and textile work. I outline the way in which the exegesis should be considered in relation to the creative work, emphasising that the two work together in tandem, and are much greater and more far-reaching than the sum of their parts.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Humanities
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text

The dissertation explores the roles of buildings in urban social life. Buildings, as both a methodological tool and a research site, are valuable for understanding society. As a method, buildings allow access to various urban contexts. As a research site, the material and the social are integrated, where buildings and society are shown in continual construction. The overarching case shows how a new building type is born in a society and what buildings do, as both materiality and meaning, to help bring about outcomes. The study follows a single building type through history and analytical levels in the city of Santiago, Chile where three empirical studies emerge. The first traces a process of late 19th century urbanization to show the entrance of new residential building types into a city and how the physical and social landscape is reshaped in the process, emphasizing how one urban form emerges and is defined. Intercontinental connections bring new architecture and new language, stabilizing the link between form and name in the city. The resulting spectrum of buildings within the type shows how the diversity of residents shapes material outcomes. As the new buildings become fixed in the urban landscape, so too do social categories. How buildings change definitions both between and within societies, as well as start to take on meanings, is explored. Once definitions and form are established, the following studies explore the roles of the buildings in contemporary urban life. Photos analysis is employed to examine uses of shared space (a patio) in a residential building where buildings are theorized as material structures that contribute to patterned activities. It addresses how the building creates opportunities for observed everyday uses of private collective space. Using published comparison cases demonstrates that practices appear to differ between buildings of the same type when income of residents differs. It is hypothesized that opportunity is created not by the existence of the space per se, but by its gated enclosure, which separates the public street from the private space. The building is understood as a bound that simultaneously fosters interaction and exclusion. In addition, activities in these spaces, over time, contribute to new cultural understandings of the building type, showing how use can generate meaning. The last empirical study examines the reuse of residential buildings for commercial purposes in one neighborhood. The goal is to illuminate roles buildings play in contemporary neighborhood transformations. Rather than understanding transformation through reuse itself, modes of material conversions are examined. The differences between older conversions and newer ones in the area highlight the role of visible characteristics in the newly reused buildings. The material maintenance of residential facades on new conversions locks in the visual of a residential neighborhood, where intended function is built into form, even under commercial reuse. This is valuable in line with a constructed narrative about the place that focuses on the past. The building type under investigation is further redefined as reused buildings take on visual and spatial similarities to housing models from a past era that were not involved in changes in the neighborhood, but appear as if they were. This study relies on participant observation and analysis of marketing materials, as well as other documentary sources.

A prevailing scholarly view holds that John Milton’s monism (his belief that matter and spirit are inseparable) is a reaction to seventeenth-century determinism. My thesis, however, posits that Milton’s monism in fact emerges from his exploration of literary form. Chapter one traces the classical roots of the philosophy and its compatibility with Genesis. It posits the comprehensiveness of monist philosophy and highlights the vitalist (or animate) implications of ancient monist theories for literary form. Spoken or written words, Democritus suggests, correspond to the material building blocks or “elements” of the universe: the construction of literary form is analogous to the creation of the cosmos. Indeed, Lucretius’ letter-atom analogy suggests that the process of creating literary form is essentially identical to the atomic method underlying the composition of other material forms in the universe. Greek atomist thought, the chapter proposes, finds a striking parallel in Jewish mystical beliefs about creation. It is with the letters of the divine name that the Lord was said to have created the universe. I argue that, for Milton, Aristotle is most influential in expressing a vitalist conception of literary form, for in his philosophy, soul generates voice, which manifests itself in writing. Milton acknowledges the association between words and atoms, between letters and primordial substance, and between voice, or breath, and spirit in his monist materialism; after all, in Genesis, God creates by utterance. Examining the relation of vitalism to Aristotelian poetics, I suggest the relevance of the concept to Milton’s hybrid literary forms. Then, analysing the material nature of voice in Milton’s works, I posit in chapter two that Milton’s polemical pamphlets underscore the sense of spirit in writing that we find in the poetry. That literary forms can be perceived to embody soul because they evoke voice is evident also from Milton’s Art of Logic (1672). I suggest in chapter three that Logic is saturated with materialism because the Aristotelian sources on which Milton’s Ramist logic is based express material monism. Milton’s Logic and Areopagitica (1644) provide further evidence of his thinking about the vital potential of literary form through the logical construction of texts, a continued interest, I argue, which ultimately engenders his mature monism. Milton use of dream narratives in Paradise Lost, I propose, suggests that reality varies materially by degrees. The parts that reality comprises become more distinct after the Fall, when Milton’s dream narratives, and his cosmology, changes. Before the Fall, the poet imagines that Earth orbits the sun, and that the sun orbits heaven at the centre of the cosmos, a formation, I explain, that has striking resemblance to modern knowledge of the solar system. With careful attention to the dreams of Paradise Lost, I have determined that monism, for Milton, encompasses the workings of intellect, and in the final chapter, I argue that this principle is central to understanding Paradise Regained. The Son’s method of survival in the wilderness becomes the means by which paradise (the spiritual reality) is regained. Understanding his own nature permits the Son of God physiologically to sustain himself through dreaming; the intellectual achievement alters the material nature of his body so that he is sustained by spiritual food. Monism is at the very heart of Paradise Regained. It is a monist methodology of literary form which enables the poet across his oeuvre truly to represent the nature of reality.

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The dynamics, the antagonisms and contradictions inside the capitalist mode of production impact the capitalist form of sociability due to the crisis arising from the capitalist economic laws, especially in concerning of the tendency of falling rate of profit law. From a rereading of the theory critic of value, the debate proposed in this dissertation seeks to discusse and meditate about the mediations in which, directly or indirectly, consciously or unconsciously, affect the legal form and political form that is embodied in the Modern State, providing important elements for further discussion of current marixist´s theories of regulation and derivation of political form and legal form.
A dinâmica, os antagonismos e as contradições do modo de produção do capital impactam a forma de sociabilidade capitalista pelas crises cíclicas e estruturais decorrentes das leis econômicas do capital, especialmente na lei da queda tendencial da taxa de lucro. A partir de uma releitura da teoria crítica do valor, o debate proposto na presente dissertação busca discutir e refletir sobre as mediações que, direta ou indiretamente, consciente ou inconscientemente, afetam à forma jurídica do Direito e a forma política que se materializa no Estado moderno, fornecendo elementos importantes para futuros debates das atuais teorias marxistas da regulação e da derivação da forma política e da forma jurídica.

The body of poetry and prose produced by Iain Sinclair between 1975 and 2002 represents a sustained engagement with the question of the role of art and literature in the representation and comprehension of the city. This thesis reads Sinclair's work as a political intervention in the relationship between literature, urban space, and history, and takes its theoretical stance from the body of critical approaches to the city first articulated in Walter Benjamin's Arcades Project. The thesis proceeds on a broadly temporal and geographical basis from the East End of the author's 1975 poetic work Lud Heat to the suburbs of the capital in 2002's London Orbital, and is split into three sections of two chapters each, entitled 'Form', 'Place', and 'Memory' respectively. This structure periodises the author's oeuvre, demonstrating the ways in which his work responds to a series of historically specific cultural and political constellations; the titles name the perennial themes and critical concerns of Sinclair's writing, and allow the investigation of the ways in which these are instantiated and elaborated in his texts. Sinclair's earliest work builds upon the formal innovations and ambition of modernist poetics. Through an analysis of his first major collection of poetry, Lud Heat (1975), and his first novel, White Chappell, Scarlet Tracings (1987), the first part of the thesis - 'Form' - argues that these texts constitute an interrogation of the institutions of literature in postwar Britain in the wake of what Peter Burger identifies as the failure of the historic avant-gardes. These opening two chapters contextualise Sinclair's work so as to reveal its anti-establishment, oppositional character; the second section of the thesis - 'Place' - moves on to examine how these concerns are expressed in relation to urban space. Chapter 3 turns to the figure of the flaneur in his second novel, Downriver(1991), and demonstrates how this work at once radically decentres this subjectivity and is conditioned by his limitations. Downriver marks a moment of political nihilism in Sinclair's work, neither able to bring to representation Fredric Jameson's aesthetic of 'cognitive mapping', nor the emancipatory potential of postmodernism. His later 'psychogeographic' writing articulates a response to this impasse: chapter 4 demonstrates the ways in which Sinclair's use of this term at once divests it of the utopian character of its Situationist origins and transforms it into a dissenting, heterogeneous, literary mode. The final two chapters - 'Memory' - investigate the political potentialities of the models of history expressed in Sinclair's work. Chapter 5 turns to the author's use of the Gothic in relation to Benjamin's 'messianic' notion of 'the what has been', and argues that whilst such strategies can be of great critical potential, they at once risk collusion with that which they attack. Chapter 6 then analyses 2002's London Orbital, and argues that this work's ironic, tentative nostalgia for both the author's anti-establishment past and for the utopian character of former socio-political projects represents an attempt to find a way beyond the political malaise that Sinclair's London corpus identifies.

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The present work seeks to analyze the nature of democracy within a Pachukanian legal Marxist perspective and the materialist theory of the State of Joachim Hirsch. In Pachukan's legal view law becomes understood with legal subjectivity as its atom, and Hirsch within this Pachukanian view makes a derivation of the State as a social form that conforms to the legal form. The separation between the "public" and the "private", possible only with the advent of the legal form and the state political form allow the existence of democracy. However, democracy can exist in and only in capitalism, but it must not exist, it is not an imperative. The institutional arrangements, resulting from the relations of force from the class struggle, preserve or extinguish democracy. In addition, the valorization of value when it enters into a crisis of accumulation, its tendency law of the form of fall value of the rate of profit impels objective coercions on the classes that will determine a democratic capitalism, as in the case of Fordism, or a dissociation between capitalism and democracy, as in post-Fordism. With the intermediate concepts of the theory of French regulation that integrate the materialist theory of the State of Joachim Hirsch, the relations between the regime of accumulation and the mode of regulation determined by the contradictions and social antagonisms of capitalism determine the existence or not of democracy. To think of democracy in a materialistic bias is to exclude ideological analyzes of the emancipatory potential of democracy, which is nothing but a more totalitarian form of containing the class struggle and the valorization of value. Communism and democracy are antagonistic goals.
O presente trabalho busca analisar a natureza da democracia dentro de uma perspectiva marxista jurídica pachukaniana e da teoria materialista do Estado de Joachim Hirsch. Na visão jurídica pachukaniana o direito passa a ser compreendido com a subjetividade jurídica como seu átomo, e Hirsch dentro dessa visão pachukaniana faz uma derivação do Estado como forma social que se conforma com a forma jurídica. A separação entre o “público” e o “privado”, possível somente com o advento da forma jurídica e da forma política estatal permitem a existência da democracia. Entretanto, a democracia pode existir no capitalismo e somente nele, mas não deve existir, não é um imperativo. Os arranjos institucionais, decorrentes das relações de força provenientes da luta de classes, conservam ou extinguem a democracia. Ademais, a valorização do valor quando entra em crise de acumulação, sua lei tendencial da forma valor de queda da taxa de lucro impulsiona coerções objetivas sobre as classes que determinarão um capitalismo democrático, como no caso do fordismo, ou uma dissociação entre capitalismo e democracia, como no pós-fordismo. Com os conceitos intermediários da teoria da regulação francesa que integram a teoria materialista do Estado de Joachim Hirsch, as relações entre o regime de acumulação e o modo de regulação determinados pelas contradições e antagonismos sociais do capitalismo determinam a existência ou não da democracia. Pensar a democracia em um viés materialista é excluir as análises ideológicas sobre o potencial emancipatório da democracia, que nada mais é que uma forma totalitária mais amena de conter a luta de classes e a valorização do valor. Comunismo e democracia são objetivos antagônicos.

When Media Becomes Form investigates the arresting experiment of the popular music museum project as it has evolved over the last twenty years. It argues that despite the need for adjustment, popular music is not essentially incompatible with the museum but, in fact, provides a compelling example of how the contemporary museum is animated, and sometimes bested, by the demands of today’s pluralistic and media-rich society. The thesis is based on three central case studies—the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (Cleveland), the Experience Music Project (Seattle) and the British Music Experience (London)—and the research draws upon a series of in-depth interviews with curators, directors of education and media specialists, as well as archival research, site visits and exhibition critiques. It examines the collections, exhibitions, and audience relations of the purpose-built popular music museum and analyses how it declines certain conventions of materiality, space, and audience in order to align its provision with its subject. In terms of collections, it shows how the popular music museum, by finding value in mass produced objects, engages the social imaginary of a culture informed by celebrity and participation. In terms of exhibitions, it reveals how, by allowing a sense of co-ownership of the cultural narrative, the popular music museum produces an authentic ‘congregant space’. And, finally, in terms of visitation, it argues that the popular music museum, having recognized expertise within its audience and accepted that it cannot contain the visitor’s relationship to its subject within the space of the museum, embraces a notion of the extended visit that allows its audience to engage the museum from within the everyday.

Nella prima parte il contenuto della tesi consiste in una ricerca sulle tecnologie per la lavorazione del marmo oggi disponibili, le possibilità di progetto e resa formale raccontate attraverso una raccolta di sperimentazioni e casi studio di Raffaello Galiotto. Nella seconda parte viene esposto il progetto Alba, lampada da tavolo progettata dal tesista grazie alla collaborazione con Budri, iniziata durante il tirocinio. Grazie anche ad un racconto fotografico, viene riportato l'intero processo: dalle idee iniziali di disegno alla progettazione e scelta dei materiali, passando per la lavorazione, fino alla messa in produzione e realizzazione dei primi campioni in marmo.

L'obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato studiare le caratteristiche, le proprietà, le applicazioni con conseguenti vantaggi e svantaggi di un particolare tipo di smart materials: i materiali a memoria di forma. Il capitolo 1 tratterà delle leghe metalliche a memoria di forma, il successivo si concentrerà invece sui polimeri a memoria di forma. In ognuno di questi, relativamente al materiale affrontato, si presterà particolare attenzione agli “effetti” che contraddistinguono tali materiali da quelli più comuni, come l’effetto memoria di forma o la superelasticità. Successivamente, nei vari sottoparagrafi, l’attenzione si sposterà sulle tecniche di caratterizzazione, utili per capire le proprietà di una lega o di un polimero rispetto ad un altro, e sulle conseguenti classificazioni di entrambi. Per quanto riguarda i polimeri, si accenneranno certi parametri fondamentali di cui è necessario tener conto per conoscere bene il polimero considerato. La trattazione, in ambedue i casi, terminerà con un focus sulle applicazioni più diffuse e su quelle più interessanti di tali materiali, fornendo dettagli sulle tecnologie utilizzate e sugli stimoli dettati per eccitare i sistemi.

Questo lavoro di tesi nasce da un progetto di ricerca promosso nel 2001 dal Prof. Leonardo Seccia (Seconda Facoltà di Ingegneria, sede di Forlì, e C.I.R.A.M., Università di Bologna), dal Prof. Nicola Santopuoli (Facoltà di Architettura Valle Giulia, Sapienza Università di Roma), dal Prof. Ingo Muller e dal Dott. André Musolff (Technical University Berlin, Facultat III, Thermodynamics). Tale progetto ha avuto come obiettivo lo studio, la progettazione e la realizzazione di un dispositivo di ancoraggio in lega a memoria di forma per il restauro di affreschi e mosaici parietali, che presentino distacchi più o meno evidenti fra gli strati di intonaco di supporto, proponendosi come mezzo efficace per la salvaguardia strutturale di tali zone variamente ammalorate. In particolare, è stata programmata una serie di prove di laboratorio per caratterizzare in modo preciso il comportamento del materiale prescelto, al fine di realizzare un prototipo rispondente alle caratteristiche di progetto ed anche per implementare un modello numerico sufficientemente realistico. A questo proposito, è stato anche approfondito il problema della scelta del modello costitutivo più adeguato. Successivamente, i risultati ottenuti sono stati impiegati nella progettazione e realizzazione di nuovi dispositivi in lega a memoria di forma da impiegare nel campo dei beni culturali, fra cui sistemi reversibili per il ricongiungimento di parti fratturate e sistemi di movimentazione intelligenti sia per lastre di protezione di superfici affrescate, sia per finestre da inserire in contesti museali per il controllo del microclima.

This paper presents an investigation in how a jewelry artist understands the life and death, permanence and impermanence of human, objects, and other creatures, by communicating still life in the form of jewelry. I will bring up a fact that death and impermanence have been forgotten by my peers, and use still life and contemporary jewelry to discuss it. The paper mainly talks about: my opinion upon life and death in modern society, why and how did I related them with still life paintings, how did I make my jewelry based on still life, and discusst a dilemma I met: how will jewelry be when they are on and not on people’s body.

A diversi problemi piani sono stati variati i parametri micropolari quali la lunghezza caratteristica e il numero di accoppiamento e analizzata la variazione dello spostamento di un punto alterando questi. Sono state proposte altre problematiche in cui è stato osservato il cambiamento delle tensioni e degli spostamenti dell'intera struttura alterando il materiale, passando da Cauchy a Cosserat.

This study examines the functions of objects in a selection of British colonial travel accounts about Africa. The works discussed were published between 1863 and 1908 and include travelogues by John Hanning Speke, Verney Lovett Cameron, Henry Morton Stanley, Mary Henrietta Kingsley, Ewart Scott Grogan, Mary Hall and Constance Larymore. The author argues that objects are deeply involved in the construction of pre-modern and modern spheres that the travelling subject moves between. The objects in the travel accounts are studied in relation to a contextual background of Victorian commodity and object culture, epitomised by the 1851 Great Exhibition and the birth of the modern anthropological museum. The four analysis chapters investigate the roles of objects in ethnographical and geographical writing, in ideological discussions about the transformative powers of colonial trade, and in narratives about the arrival of the book in the colonial periphery. As the analysis shows, however, objects tend not to behave as they are expected to do. Instead of marking temporal differences, descriptions of objects are typically unstable and riddled with contradictions and foreground the ambivalence that characterises colonial literature.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1989.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-197).
This thesis is the beginning of a parallel study of dialectical materialism and built form, with the objective of understanding how our observation of, association with, and construction of the material world is conditioned by social practice and production. I am convinced that we must produce non-reductive and non-deterministic forms as part of the continuing process of transforming existing social and economic relations and structures. Therefore we need a non-reductive and non-deterministic critical working method, to understand the range of consequences of any particular form[al) phenomena in order to make informed selections in the production of new, transformed and intensified physical definitions for our use now. Within the condition of making an informed selection is the question of: informed by what? This thesis will focus on the groundwork for a continuing study of the dialectical exchanges between built use-form/territorial definitions and the dynamic social/economic relationships in a society. The work will consist of three topics: -- Dialectical Materialism; -Form; -- Production. The first two topics will examine and make explicit a general understanding of dialectical materialism and built form. The relationships between them as both independent and interdependent aspects of the material world, and of our associative and social relationships to the material world will be outlined. The explication of these two topics will rely on the critical readings of, and assemblage of selections from, the relevant works (written and built) both historic and contemporary. The third topic will focus on generative work. A transformational design study of an existing early 20th century housing project will be used to clarify a projective methodology.
by Brent Thoren Hinrichs.
M.Arch.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This research aims to investigate the formation and activities of political form in Latin America, taking for granted that their formation takes place in the capitalist system of states. We starts from the idea that there are specificities in such regional polity formation that prevents the automatic transfer of data collected in the classical theory of state, needing to think a theory to understand them (José Luis Fiori; Tilman Evers; Joachim Hirsch). For this, we evaluated the political and economic constructs, from three moments: 1) the invasion of the territory of the native peoples who had already consolidated specific social forms, and the consequent looting of the continent - primitive accumulation of capital; 2) the exploitation of wealth for the European center, where the state was already forming; 3) economic exploitation of the region with great economic cycles that influenced politics formation. With the analysis of original studies, historical data and legal texts, identifies the hypothesis that the derivation of the state (political form) and Law (legal form) in Latin America occurs from two main ways: 1) subordination of non-capitalist social forms; and, 2) the integration into the world market. To understand the development of political order in Latin American periphery, as well as citizenship and immediate need for the countries of the region through the theoretical framework depart Materialist Theory of the State which dates from the 1970s. Finally, it will be possible to understand the practical action of the Latin American State for a process of socialist transition, especially from the original theoretical effort of the region, that is, that takes Latin America as its object.
Esta investigación tiene como objetivo investigar la formación y el papel de la forma política en América Latina, dando por sentado que su formación se produce en el sistema capitalista de los Estados. Se inicia con la idea de que existen especificidades en tal formación política regional que impide la transferencia automática de datos, recolectados en la teoría clásica del Estado, tienen que pensar en una teoría que entiende (José Luis Fiori; Tilman Evers; Joachim Hirsch). Por lo tanto, ambos se evaluarán las construcciones políticas, como la económica, a partir de tres etapas: 1) la invasión del territorio de los pueblos originarios que ya tenían formas consolidadas específicas sociales, y el consiguiente saqueo del continente - la acumulación primitiva de capital; 2) la exploración de la riqueza para el centro de Europa, donde ya se ha formado el estado; 3) la explotación económica de la región con grandes ciclos económicos que influyen en la formación política. Con el análisis de los estudios originales, datos y textos jurídicos históricos, identifica la hipótesis de que la derivación de la (forma política) Estado y Derecho (forma jurídica) en América Latina toma de dos maneras principales: 1) la subordinación de las formas sociales no capitalistas; y, 2) la integración al mercado mundial. Para entender el desarrollo de la forma política en la periferia latinoamericana y la ciudadanía como un medio inmediato y necesario a los países de la región, el marco teórico se iniciará desde la teoría materialista del Estado que data de la década de 1970. Finalmente, será posible comprender la acción práctica del Estado latinoamericano para un proceso de transición socialista, especialmente desde el esfuerzo teórico original de la región, es decir, que toma como objeto a América Latina.
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a constituição e a atuação da forma política na América Latina, tendo como dado que sua formação se dá no sistema capitalista de Estados. Parte-se da ideia de que há especificidades em tal formação política regional que impede a automática transferência de dados colhidos na Teoria do Estado clássica, necessitando pensar uma teoria que as compreenda (José Luís Fiori; Tilman Evers; Joachim Hirsch). Para tanto, serão avaliadas tanto as construções políticas, quanto as econômicas, a partir de três momentos: 1) a invasão do território dos povos originários que já possuíam formas sociais específicas consolidadas, bem como a consequente pilhagem do continente - acumulação primitiva do capital; 2) a exploração de riquezas para o centro europeu, onde o Estado já se formava; 3) a exploração econômica da região com os grandes ciclos econômicos que influenciaram na formação política. Com a análise de estudos originais, dados e diplomas jurídicos históricos, identifica-se a hipótese de que a derivação do Estado (forma política) e do Direito (forma jurídica) na América Latina se dá a partir de dois meios principais: 1) a subordinação das formas sociais não-capitalistas; e, 2) a integração ao mercado mundial. Para compreender o desenvolvimento da forma política na periferia latino-americana, bem como a cidadania como meio imediato e necessário aos países da região, o referencial teórico partirá da Teoria Materialista do Estado que remonta desde os anos 1970. Por fim, será possível compreender a atuação prática do Estado Latino-Americano para um processo de transição socialista, em especial, a partir do esforço teórico original da região, isto é, que toma a América Latina como objeto.

La foto-reticolazione mediante irraggiamento UV di polimeri semicristallini allo stato liquido (fuso o in soluzione) funzionalizzati con terminali metacrilici può essere un conveniente metodo di preparazione di materiali a memoria di forma anche attraverso l’utilizzo di moderne tecnologie di trasformazione come la stampa 4D (che unisce alla stampa 3D le proprietà di memoria di forma) e la foto-reticolazione in volo durante il processo di elettrofilatura. In questo lavoro di tesi sono stati utilizzati alcuni poli(ε-caprolattoni) e polietilenglicoli a diverso peso molecolare opportunamente funzionalizzati con terminali metacrilici per reazione di polimeri commerciali di-idrossiterminati con 2-isocianatoetil metacrilato. Questi materiali sono poi serviti per produrre lastrine reticolate mescolando i polimeri metacrilati fusi con un fotoiniziatore e irraggiando con luce UV. La caratterizzazione termica e meccanica ha permesso di individuare come potenziali materiali a memoria di forma solo quelli ottenuti dai polimeri a più alto peso molecolare (PCL 10 kDa e PEG 8 kDa) mentre partendo da pesi molecolari più bassi (2 kDa) si ottengono materiali foto-reticolati amorfi o con bassi gradi di cristallinità. Cicli termo-meccanici eseguiti sui primi due materiali mostrano un’ottima capacità di fissaggio della forma temporanea ma un recupero della forma permanente non completo almeno nel primo ciclo, probabilmente dovuto alla riorganizzazione delle catene molecolari nella direzione della deformazione. Questi materiali foto-reticolabili sono infine stati utilizzati in alcune prime prove di stampa 4D, utilizzando una stampante 3D del tipo DLP, e di elettrofilatura cercando di ottenere la foto-reticolazione del materiale direttamente in volo. Nell’elaborato vengono descritte le condizioni sperimentali, i risultati e i problemi incontrati nell’utilizzo di entrambe queste due tecniche di trasformazione.

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This study suggests a discussion of contemporary architecture and its correlation with the lightweight construction systems within a specific approach resulting from materiality and tectonics that have a catalytic role of technological and architectural construction. For architecture, materiality is manifested in its concrete and formal physical expression and contributes to the outcome of the spatiality of the resulting building. The form is a result of the qualification material and performance while matter. Is training conceptive and inventive architect explore the geometry or not shape's geometry. The constructive constraints of the architectural object are reflections of a tectonic able to solve and lead to the technological qualities that limit the performance of building systems must meet. The verification of the segments considered in this study through analysis of works characteristics of these settings will allow verification of the role of technology and development of lightweight construction systems in the settings of contemporary architecture and consequently their relationship to material innovations that these architectures can be realized.
Este estudo propõe a discussão da arquitetura contemporânea e sua correlação com os sistemas construtivos leves dentro de uma abordagem específica, decorrente das novas materialidades e da tectônica, que exercem um papel catalisador das transformações tecnológicas e construtivas arquitetônicas. Para a arquitetura, a materialidade manifestada na sua concretude é expressão física e formal, e contribui para o resultado das espacialidades resultantes do edifício. A forma é resultado da qualificação material e de seu desempenho enquanto matéria. A exploração geométrica ou não geométrica da forma é capacitação conceptiva e inventiva do arquiteto. As condicionantes construtivas do objeto arquitetônico são reflexões de uma tectônica capaz de resolver e levar ao limite as qualidades tecnológicas que o desempenho dos sistemas construtivos deve atender. A verificação dos seguimentos considerados neste estudo por meio de análises de obras características dessas configurações irá permitir a verificação do papel da tecnologia e do desenvolvimento dos sistemas construtivos leves nas configurações da arquitetura contemporânea e, consequentemente, sua relação com as inovações materiais para que essas arquiteturas possam ser realizadas.

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Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa
This research is dedicated to the work of the philosopher, historian and German economist Alfred Sohn-Rethel and the contributions that his theory has to offer for the analyses of law. The analysis of the commodity form made by Marx is the starting point for criticism of the theory of knowledge by the author which shows how humans can have a pure knowledge, separated from the empirical level, which Kant refers to when he says of the existence of a priori categories of knowledge. The emergence of conceptual thinking, of formal logic, is the main discussion of his work and base from which to take elements to the analysis of that social phenomenon which we call law.
Esta pesquisa é dedicada à obra do filósofo, historiador e economista alemão Alfred Sohn-Rethel e às contribuições que sua teoria tem a oferecer para a análise do direito. A análise da forma mercadoria efetuada por Marx é o ponto de partida para a crítica da teoria do conhecimento feita pelo autor, que revela como é possível os humanos terem um conhecimento puro , desvinculado do nível empírico, ao qual se refere Kant quando afirma a existência de categorias a priori do conhecimento. O surgimento do pensamento conceitual, da lógica formal, é o debate principal de sua obra e base a partir da qual se retira elementos para a análise daquele fenômeno social ao qual chamamos de direito.

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A materializa??o do Projeto ?tico-Pol?tico do Servi?o Social no processo de forma??o, nos cursos de gradua??o em Servi?o Social no estado do Rio Grande do Sul ? a quest?o central da presente tese que teve como objetivo analisar se os cursos de Servi?o Social garantem a materializa??o do Projeto ?tico-Pol?tico no processo de forma??o profissional, na perspectiva de contribuir para a qualifica??o da forma??o profissional e para o fortalecimento do referido projeto. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa do tipo qualitativa, complementada com dados quantitativos, caracterizada como um estudo de caso explorat?rio e descritivo, baseada no m?todo dial?tico-cr?tico. Buscou-se desvendar aproxima??es e distanciamentos entre o que est? previsto nas atuais diretrizes curriculares e o que se materializa no processo de forma??o, com vistas a contribuir na cria??o de estrat?gias para aproxima??o e supera??o das poss?veis lacunas existentes. Para defini??o da amostra, optou-se por uma amostragem n?o probabil?stica, por tipicidade. Desta forma constitu?ram-se sete distintas naturezas institucionais. Como sujeitos de pesquisa teve-se uma representa?ao docente e discente, bem como os Projetos Pol?tico-Pedag?gicos de cada uma das sete institui??es de ensino superior. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, que teve como instrumento um formul?rio com quest?es abertas e fechadas e para a pesquisa documental utilizou-se um roteiro norteador. A an?lise dos dados caracteriza-se pela t?cnica an?lise de conte?do de Bardin. Os resultados dessa an?lise demonstram que a forma??o profissional n?o capacita para materializa??o do Projeto ?tico-Pol?tico profissional. Nesse sentido, sinaliza-se para a necessidade de ampliar o debate sobre a dire??o social que est? se constituindo no processo de forma??o profissional, resgatando o paradigma da luta de classes, com vistas a fortalecer a resist?ncia contra uma forma??o mercantilizada que fragiliza o projeto profissional. Aponta-se tamb?m para a necessidade de se avan?ar em a??es investigativas sobre a tem?tica, com vistas a criar canais de reflex?o, estudo e an?lise sobre o Projeto Pol?tico do Servi?o Social e a implica??o do processo de forma??o para sua materializa??o.

Like Art, Architecture has the potential to impact people. Art is often considered the process of consciously arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. Architecture can also be described similarly. However, the key difference between Art and Architecture is that while Art is pure personal expression, Architecture carries with it a certain accountability towards its immediate context and inhabitants. While a painting begins and ends on a canvas, Architecture cannot stop at a whim; it must transform from imagination to tangible reality. This process brings with it, a set of constraints imposed by structural, climatic, socio-economic aspects, construction methodologies and material properties, amongst others. These constraints call for fine-tuning of the design. The sophistication and elegance used to handle these constraints differentiate a "building" that poses as a mere visual sculpture in isolation, from "architecture" that evolves as a response to its context and people. Matthew Frederick (2007) says, "being genuinely creative requires something different from conventional, authoritarian control; a loose velvet tether". The "velvet tether" possibly represents the constraints that need to be navigated through, during the realization of the project. The central focus of this thesis is to explore how to address some of those constraints, through the design of a school campus for students of music and dance. The program includes practice, rehearsal and classroom spaces for music and dance, administrative spaces and a library. Themes explored as part of the design development process include architectural form, materiality and detailing.
Master of Architecture

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The specificity of the legal phenomenon is a lasting debate in the field of legal philosophy. In his materialist theory of law, Pashukanis found the specificity of law in the realm of social relations. The legal form, Pashukanis argues, is the form of a specific social relation: it developed directly out of the exchange of commodities in the capitalist market place. Thus, the legal form is an inherently bourgeois phenomenon. In a society in which social relations appear as an endless chain of legal relations, the legal subject is a fundamental element, as it is a necessary abstraction for the grasping of law as a concrete totality. Kelsen gives precedence to the legal norm as the element able to make a relation into a legal relation, as he conceives law as a coercive order: this, for Kelsen, is the specificity of the legal phenomenon. With a legal science that disregards the historical determinations of its object, Kelsen – the most notable among neo-Kantian legal philosophers – has reached the complete split between “is” and “ought”, separating normativity from reality, and thus law from social life. Insofar as Kelsen’s pure theory of law represents the most complete theoretical expression of an autonomised modern law, apprehended by its superficial movement, the dialogue with the Marxist critique of law by Pachukanis is a prolific field of reflections on the complexity and the contradictions of the legal phenomenon. This dissertation is an attempt to revive the theoretical contribution by Pashukanis by following his critique of Kelsen's legal science. To do this, we are going to use mainly Pashukanis’ and Kelsen’s main work, respectively: The general theory of law and Marxism, 1924; and Pure the of law, in its second German edition, 1960. Also, the criticisms directed to one another, regarding the core of their legal theories, will constitute a primary source for this research.
A questão da especificidade do fenômeno jurídico é um lugar persistente nos debates jusfilosóficos. Pachukanis, em sua teoria materialista do direito, logrou encontrá-la na arena das relações sociais, considerando o direito como relação social específica vinculada à sociabilidade capitalista: a relação de troca mercantil sendo aquela relação que se expressa, especificamente, sob a forma jurídica. Assim, em uma sociedade que se apresenta como um cadeia de relações jurídicas, o sujeito de direito figura como elemento fundamental, sendo uma mediação imprescindível para a apreensão do direito como totalidade concreta. Em Kelsen há a primazia da norma como elemento capaz de dotar de juridicidade uma relação, na medida em que este concebe o direito como ordenamento coercitivo externo, residindo aí a sua especificidade. Com uma ciência do direito que despreza as determinações históricas do seu objeto, Kelsen – o mais notável entre os filósofos do direito neokantianos – chegou à completa cisão entre ser e dever-ser, apartando normatividade e realidade, e assim direito e vida social. Na medida em que a teoria pura do direito kelseniana representa a mais acabada expressão teórica do direito moderno autonomizado e apreendido a partir do seu movimento superficial, o diálogo com a crítica marxista do direito de Pachukanis se mostra um campo profícuo de reflexões acerca da complexidade e das contradições do fenômeno jurídico. Nesta dissertação, pretende-se a retomada da contribuição teórica de Pachukanis guiada pela crítica deste ao pensamento jurídico de Kelsen. Isto será feito, sobretudo, a partir da obra principal de cada autor: Teoria geral do direito e marxismo, de 1924; e Teoria pura do direito, em sua segunda edição alemã, de 1960. As críticas reciprocamente direcionadas entre Kelsen e Pachukanis, atinentes ao cerne de suas teorias, também constituirão uma fonte primária desta pesquisa.

The subject of the study - the problems of establishing size and form of child‘s mainte-nance. A child‘s right to maintenance is inalienable natural right, so parents‘s duty to maintain their children must be regarded as very important one. The purpose of this study is to reveal ac-tual problems of implementation of a child‘s right to maintainance setting the right size and form of maintenance and securing the problems of such a rendering of maintenance through ana-lysing doctrine, rules of interpretation formed by courts and acts of law. Author analyses the re-gulation of legal relations of the child‘s maintenance in Republic of Lithuania, states of Europe-an Union and qualifies the problems arising in practice of courts. The first chapter analyses the concetion of the child, the importance of the child‘s right to maintenance. The second chapter analyses the establishment of size and form of child‘s main-tenance, the replacement of the size and form of maintenance: overlooks the systems of establis-hment of size, analyses the criterions determining the size and form of maintenence, rules of in-terpretation and application formed by courts and arising problems. The third chapter analyses the importance of implementation of public interest in the process of establishing the child‘s maintenance, the role of the state establishing the maintenance, the size of the maintenance which is provided by the state, order and conditions. The main conceptions of the study – maintenance... [to full text]

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A presente tese investiga a necessidade de ressignificação da identidade profissional dos docentes da Educação Profissional Técnica de Nível Médio - Forma Integrada no IFSul – Campus Pelotas, possibilitada pelo Decreto Nº 5154/04, bem como as possibilidades e potencialidades da construção de um organismo coletivo na perspectiva gramsciana que possibilite tal ressignificação, no sentido de que os professores venham a constituir-se como intelectuais orgânicos vinculados a classe que vive do trabalho. A relevância dessa pesquisa está atrelada ao fato de a integração de que trata o referido decreto ser considerada uma base para a travessia em direção ao ensino médio politécnico e a superação da dualidade estrutura, que se faz presente no sistema educacional brasileiro desde a época do Brasil Colônia e que tem por função trabalhar em prol da manutenção da estratificação social à medida que oferece educações distintas: uma para a elite com o intuito de formar dirigentes e outra para a classe trabalhadora com o propósito de formar dirigidos, de forma mais contundente no nível médio de ensino. Educação profissional constitui-se como arena de disputa ideológica que historicamente encontra-se a serviço da classe hegemônica, mas que pode assumir-se como contra-hegemônica corroborando para a superação do modelo civilizatório o qual está imbricado com os pressupostos da concepção de Educação Ambiental Transformadora, visto que essa desempenha papel complexo, não se limitando ao compromisso apenas com as mudanças ambientais, mas também com as questões sociais, na busca permanente de um novo modelo civilizatório. Neste sentido o papel do professor torna-se tanto mais importante, quanto mais ele possa contribuir para elevar o nível cultural da população, chegar a uma representação coerente da realidade, atingir maior grau de politização, para que realize a sua passagem, como classe, do senso comum a uma concepção de vida superior. Dentro desta perspectiva definiu-se como tese que a integração do ensino técnico ao médio, está, entre outros fatores, condicionada à permanente ressignificação da identidade profissional dos docentes, processo indispensável para que eles se constituam como intelectuais orgânicos vinculados à classe que vive do trabalho, tendo sua concretude possibilitada por meio de um “organismo coletivo”. Para tanto se acredita na constituição de um organismo coletivo no chão da escola sustentado por princípios éticos, determinados no interior da coletividade e assumidos por cada um de seus componentes singulares, viabilizando a constituição da vontade coletiva nacional-popular do qual os professores possam sentir-se parte precisa ser compreendida como elaboração de uma vontade e pensamento coletivos, obtidos através do esforço individual concreto, oportunizando a emergência da unidade necessária para alcançar o objetivo. A estratégia investigativa aconteceu em dois momentos. O primeiro momento com a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com um membro da diretoria de ensino, os supervisores pedagógicos, os coordenadores dos cursos técnicos integrados do IFSul – Campus Pelotas e os coordenadores das três subáreas que compõem a área da formação geral. O segundo momento teve como foco de análise os professores dos cursos de CVI e DIN, ambos pertencentes à Coordenadoria da Área de Design, os quais participaram de um grupo focal. Após a caminhada realizada nesta pesquisa torna-se possível afirmar que a construção do organismo coletivo no chão da escola é possível e contempla uma potencialidade significativa para a necessária ressignificação da identidade docente dos professores.
This thesis investigates the need to redefine the significance of the professional identity of teachers from the Vocational Technical Secondary Education - Integrated Form at IFSul - Campus Pelotas, made possible by Decree No. 5154/04, as well as the possibilities and potential for building a collective organism in the Gramscian perspective that enables such redefinition, in the sense that the teachers are constituted as organic intellectuals belonging to the working class. This research relevance is related to the fact that integration, according to the referred decree, is considered a basis for the crossing towards to secondary polytechnic education and the overcoming of duality structure, which is present in the Brazilian educational system since the time of colonial Brazil, and which has te function to work for the maintenance of social stratification, while offers distinct educations: one for the elite in order to train leaders, and another for the working class for the purpose of forming followers, more decisively in secondary level teaching. Vocational education is constituted as an arena of ideological struggle, which historically lies in the service of the hegemonic class, but it can be assumed as counter-hegemonic, corroborating to overcome the civilizational model which is imbricated with the assumptions of the Transformative Environmental Education, since this plays a complex role, not limited only to the commitment to environmental changes, but also with social issues, in constant search of a new civilization model. In this sense the teacher's role becomes even more important, they can help more to raise the cultural level of the population, reaching a coherent representation of reality, achieving a greater degree of politicization, which conducts their passage, as a class, from the common sense to a higher conception of life. Within this perspective it was defined as thesis that the integration of technical education to secondary education, is among other factors, conditional to the permanent redefinition of the professional identity of teachers, essential process so that they are constituted as organic intellectuals belonging to the working class, having their concreteness made possible through a "collective organism". For that we believe in the constitution of a collective body on the school's floor sustained by ethical principles, determined within the collectivity and assumed by each one of its individual components, enabling the establishment of the national-popular collective will, from which teachers may feel part of, and it needs to be comprehended as elaboration of a collective will and thought, obtained through concrete individual effort, providing the emergency of the necessary opportunity to achieve the goal. The investigative strategy happened in two moments. The first moment with semi-structured interviews with a member of the direction, pedagogical supervisors, coordinators of integrated technical courses at IFSul - Campus Pelotas and the coordinators of the three sub-areas that comprise the area of general education. The second moment had analysis focus on teachers from CVI and DIN courses, both belonging to the Coordinationg Body of Design Area, who participated in a focus group. After the progress made in this research, it becomes possible to say that the construction of the collective body on the school's floor is possible and offers a significant potential for the necessary redefinition of the professional identity of teachers.

La presente tesi affronta il problema delle vibrazioni libere di strutture aventi forma arbitraria e realizzate in materiale composito. In particolare, l’analisi viene condotta attraverso l’utilizzo di una tecnica numerica finalizzata alla risoluzione del sistema di equazioni in forma integrale descriventi l’equilibrio dinamico. In altri termini, viene sviluppata la formulazione debole del problema in parola, relativamente ai casi di piastre e membrane. Il principio variazionale di Hamilton, utilizzato per ottenere le equazioni di equilibrio, viene applicato introducendo un’ipotesi sul modello cinematico: gli spostamenti generalizzati, dunque, sono espressi in funzione di quantità nodali e interpolati per mezzo di polinomi di alto grado. Il sistema così ottenuto viene risolto, all’interno di ciascun elemento, attraverso la tecnica numerica di Quadratura Integrale Generalizzata (GIQ). L’obiettivo, pertanto, è quello di dimostrare la maggiore accuratezza della tecnica presentata rispetto a quanto disponibile nei software commerciali, valutando i parametri che incidono sulla convergenza, sulla stabilità e sull’accuratezza dei risultati. Tutte le applicazioni condotte prevedono il confronto fra differenti tecniche numeriche risolutive: in particolare, la tecnica del GIQ viene accostata alla tecnica della Quadratura Differenziale Generalizzata (GDQ) e al Metodo degli Elementi Finiti (FEM) analizzando, di volta in volta, i risultati ottenuti sulla base del costo computazionale richiesto e in relazione alle caratteristiche di accuratezza, stabilità e velocità di convergenza. Viene inoltre presentata la tecnica del mapping iso-geometrico, utilizzata per descrivere domini irregolari. Tale metodo, attraverso l'impiego delle curve NURBS, utilizzate per descrivere i contorni degli elementi, consente una più agevole fase di modellazione. A tal proposito vengono sottoposte ad analisi piastre e membrane fortemente irregolari e di forma arbitraria.

Erik Beckmans roman Inlandsbanan (1967) har, tillsammans med hans hela författarskap, både kritiserats och hyllats som obegriplig, med en berättarstruktur som aktivt bryter mot ett konventionellt, episkt berättande och anammar en försvårande, gestaltande skriv- och läsakt. Derrida diskuterar i Of Grammatology (1967) funktionen hos den skrivna texten som betecknande det betecknande, det vill säga betecknande det talade språket som betecknar den refererade betydelsen, och hur relationerna dessa sinsemellan förskjutits. På ett liknande sätt har Inlandsbanans textfunktion förskjutits från en episk berättartradition till en icke-muntlig, materialistisk struktur. Med hjälp av en inomkompositionell, intermedial begreppsapparat, och en hypotes kring ett musikaliserat berättande, där gestaltande former tar sig runt den muntliga språktraditionen inom litteraturen, ses Inlandsbanan här i ett nytt ljus och en del av dess påstådda obegriplighet redes ut. Allt detta sker integrerat i en diskussion av en intermedial metod för analys, som hela tiden har sitt stöd i Erik Beckmans roman. Slutligen manifesteras en diskussion i form av en analys av romanen med uppsatsens teoretiska diskussioner som grund. Detta fungerar både som inblick i ett i mångt och mycket förbisett författarskap, och i en terminologi för att hantera skarpt avvikande texter inom litteraturvetenskapen.

Este es un documento con texto e imágenes, que produce cierto impulso eléctrico variable sobre algunos lectores. Redactado por un artista en el marco de un programa de doctorado de una Facultad de Bellas Artes. En el texto se habla, probablemente de forma distorsionada y torpe, de lo que otros escribieron o hicieron. Un paquete de información filtrada, condensada, desgranada, orientada e introducida con cierta libertad a través de la mirada sobre el trabajo de ocho artistas, esto es también una forma de proyectar y performatizar mi propia práctica artística. Una cadena de citas, referencias e ideas impulsadas por la necesidad de dilucidar y dar forma a la intuición de que el progreso técnico y el conocimiento científico en la entrada del siglo XXI, han logrado colonizar al propio lenguaje artístico, delimitando su campo de acción y subyugándolo a esa fuerza discursivo-material que lo invade todo, incluyendo, el momento de encuentro entre tú y las partículas que mantienen de forma estable los distintos soportes donde se expresan estas palabras escritas.
This is a document with texts and images which produces a kind of variabl electric impulse for some readers. It is written down by an artist in the PHD context of a Fine Arts University. The text deals about the work that others have already written and made, in a distort and clumsy way. A packet of filtered data which has been condensed, guided and introduced by a certain degree of freedom through the eight-artist works. This is also a way of projecting and performing my own artistic praxis. A chain of quotes and ideas which have been impulsed by the need for explaining and giving shape to the intuition that the technical progress and the scientific knowledge (at the beginning of the 21st century) have been colonized by the own artistic language; drawing its action área and subjugating it to a discursive material power which involves everything, including the meeting moment between you and the particles which maintain stable shapes of the different supports where these written words are pronounced.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O presente estudo, fundamentado na pedagogia histórico-crítica e na psicologia histórico-cultural, tem como objeto a análise das relações entre a prática de ensino na educação infantil e a dinâmica a partir da qual se dá a gênese do desenvolvimento do caráter da “criança difícil”, tal como proposto por Vigotski (1997). Diante disso, traçamos o objetivo geral de analisar os mecanismos interpessoais e interpsíquicos presentes na dinâmica de formação das características recorrentes na conduta do aluno, apontadas como inadequadas do ponto de vista do professor, e suas relações com a organização do ensino na educação infantil. Nossas hipóteses iniciais previam a expressão da controvérsia filosófica entre essência e existência na forma como a equipe escolar explica a causa do comportamento das crianças, pois algumas das ações do aluno que o professor considera inadequadas são manifestações características do período do desenvolvimento infantil no qual esse aluno se encontra e a organização do ensino pode gerar condutas do professor que contribuem para acirrar aspectos das crises típicas dos períodos de transição, influenciando a dinâmica de constituição do caráter desse aluno. Pautando-nos no método materialista histórico-dialético, adotamos o estudo de caso como procedimento metodológico e obtivemos os dados por meio da participação na rotina da escola em situações pontuais durante cinco meses, aplicação de questionário aos professores para a definição do caso e pela realização de observação direta em sala de aula com registros videográficos durante 10 dias. Para análise, tomando como unidade mínima a intencionalidade dos atos humanos, abordamos a dimensão filosófica do problema investigado relacionando os dados referentes às concepções expressas por professores, gestores e familiares nas situações observadas com os aspectos filosóficos do processo de instituição da intencionalidade que sustenta a relação entre educação escolar e sociedade. Para análise dos registros filmográficos selecionamos situações em que nosso sujeito de pesquisa encontrava-se envolvido em um conflito com qualquer adulto e delimitamo-las como “episódio de interação conflitiva”. Marcamos o início do episódio a partir dos fatos que desencadearam o conflito, identificando quais atos levaram ao seu princípio e quais atos foram manifestos como reação aos primeiros. Identificamos 23 episódios de interação conflitiva, os quais foram analisados por meio da identificação da unidade dialética conteúdo-forma, presentes na intencionalidade dos atos manifestos na situação conflitiva. Os dados mostram indícios da controvérsia filosófica entre essência e existência no discurso dos familiares e equipe escolar, como interiorização da controvérsia na consciência individual. As observações das condições de ensino explicitam que há na rotina da escola alguns fatores intervenientes em relação à ocorrência de interações conflitivas, tais como a necessidade de que as professoras realizem atividades não condizentes com o acompanhamento pedagógico das crianças em momentos destinados para esse fim, escassez de promoção da atividade-guia da faixa etária, entre outras. No que concerne ao aluno, os dados revelam manifestações que podem ser associadas aos sintomas da crise dos três anos, com conteúdo predominantemente negativista. A análise dos episódios de interação conflitiva revela um predomínio de atos destinados a desencadear reações dos adultos, sob a forma de comportamentos inadequados para o contexto por parte do aluno. Quanto aos adultos, notamos a prevalência de atos direcionados a conter verbalmente o aluno, sob forma de expressões imperativas e autoritárias, o que, de acordo com a literatura, não condiz a práticas adequadas de interação com a criança na referida situação social de desenvolvimento. Tais fatos corroboram nossas hipóteses iniciais de que a intervenção dos professores tem sido realizada de um modo que leva ao acirramento tanto das características associadas à crise dos 3 anos quanto das formas de conduta que definem a “criança difícil”. Concluímos que a conduta do professor é um fator interveniente na dinâmica de formação das regularidades do comportamento infantil e afirmamos que os pressupostos da psicologia histórico-cultural e da pedagogia histórico-crítica fornecem subsídios para uma reorganização da prática pedagógica que conduza à superação de manifestações de condutas regulares de professores e de alunos que se caracterizam como empecilhos ao pleno desenvolvimento.
The present study, based on historical-critical pedagogy and historical-cultural psychology, has as its object the analysis of the relationship between the practice of teaching in early childhood education and the dynamics that provoke the genesis of the development of the character of the "difficult child", as proposed by Vigotski (1997). In view of this, we have outlined the general objective of analyzing the interpersonal and interpsychic mechanisms present in the development dynamics of the recurrent characteristics in the student 's conduct, pointed out as inadequate by the perspective of the teacher, and their relations with the organization of teaching in early childhood education. Our initial hypotheses predicted the expression of the philosophical controversy between essence and existence in the way the school staff explains the cause of the children's behavior, since some of the student's actions that the teacher considers inappropriate are characteristic manifestations of the child's developmental period and the organization of the teaching can generate conducts in the teacher that contribute to intensify aspects of the typical crises of the transition periods, influencing the dynamics of constitution of the character of this student. Based on the historical-dialectical materialist method, we adopted the case study as a methodological procedure and obtained the data through the participation in the routine of the school in specific situations during five months, applying a questionnaire to the teachers for the definition of the case and observing directly the classroom, with video recordings for 10 days. For analysis, taking as a minimal unit the intentionality of human acts, we approach the philosophical dimension of the investigated problem, relating the data referring to the conceptions expressed by teachers, managers and relatives in the situations observed with the philosophical aspects of the process of institutionalization of the intentionality that sustains the relation between school education and society. For analysis of the film recordings we select situations in which our subject of research was involved in a conflict with any adult and delimited such situations as "episode of conflictual interaction". We mark the beginning of the episode from the facts that triggered the conflict, identifying which acts led to its beginning and which acts were manifested as a reaction to the former. We identified 23 episodes of conflictual interaction, which were analyzed through of the identification of the content-form dialectical unit, present in the manifest acts in the conflict situation. The data show evidence of the philosophical controversy between essence and existence in the discourse of family and school team, as interiorization of the controversy in the individual consciousness. The observations of the teaching conditions show that there are in the routine of the school some intervening factors in relation to the occurrence of conflicting interactions, such as the need for the teachers to carry out activities that are not appropriate to the pedagogical accompaniment of the children in moments destined for this purpose, lack of promotion of guide-activity of the age group, among others. With regard to the student, the data reveal manifestations that can be associated with the symptoms of the crisis of the three years, with predominantly negativist content. The analysis of the conflicting interaction episodes reveals a predominance of acts destined to trigger reactions in the adults, in the form of decontextualized behaviors on the part of the student. As for adults, we noticed the prevalence of acts verbally directed to student control, in the form of imperative and authoritarian expressions, which, according to the literature, does not conform to adequate practices of interaction with the child in said social development situation. Such facts corroborate our initial hypotheses that the intervention of teachers has caused the intensification of the characteristics associated with the crisis of the three years and of the forms of conduct that define the "difficult child". We conclude that the conduct of the teacher is an intervening factor in the dynamics of the formation of regularities of child behavior and we affirm that the assumptions of historical-cultural psychology and historical-critical pedagogy provide subsidies for a reorganization of pedagogical practice that leads to the overcoming of regular conducts of teachers and students that are characterized as obstacles to full development.
CAPES: 1585859

This dissertation argues that the British philosopher, novelist and social critic William Godwin (1756-1836) used literary depictions and discussions of book-reading to negotiate public debates about the nature of the human mind. It takes an intellectual-historical approach to Godwin's representation of communications media, using this to illuminate the wider cultural significance of book-reading in Romantic-period Britain. I ultimately claim that for Godwin, the book-object became a literary presence and a conceptual tool by which he expressed and defended his belief in the reality and necessity of intellectual perfectibility. My first three chapters set the groundwork for this argument by exploring Godwin's treatment of 'The Matter of the Reader' (Chapter One), 'The Ethics of Novel-Reading' (Chapter Two), and 'The Discipline of Reading' (Chapter Three). As Godwin engaged with debates about materialism, literary form and education, he negotiated inherited ambivalence about the nature of the human mind and the conditions necessary for its vitality. Godwin's writing about reading exposes a fundamental tension that runs throughout his corpus: he consistently invested confidence in the mind and idealised its operation, yet was simultaneously preoccupied by theorising major threats to its development. My final two chapters argue that Godwin's writing about the book as a material medium provided an ongoing response to this tension. I show that his comparative evaluations of 'Social Media' (Chapter Four) and his literary rendering of books in terms of 'Bodies and Monuments' (Chapter Five) were contributions to debates about the powers of truth, death, and cultural memory. I conclude that Godwin used the book-object as a gesture of faith in the necessary perfection of human minds. This dissertation remaps Godwin's contribution to British culture by drawing attention to the crucial role book-reading played in his philosophy, fiction, essays and correspondence. In doing so, it highlights a rich vein of enquiry opened up by the growing 'interdiscipline' of media history: the cultural figuration of books and reading.

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The quality of teacher education is currently too questioned and discussed by researchers from Brazil and the world, in view of the importance that is attributed to education in this social scenario characterized by the expansion of globalization and the globalization of capital. In this discussion about the teacher qualification, the theme of the relationship between theory and practice has gained relevance, considering the formative potential of this binomial is coated, as well as by the dichotomous perspective with which the same has historically been conducted in curriculum settings and training practices. Taking this scenario as motivation, the investigation stems from the following question: What are the implications of the curricular and pedagogical organization of the course in pedagogy of UEFS in the process of appropriation of the relation theory and practice realized by the students of this course? While theoretical and epistemological orientation, this research is based on principles of historical- dialectic materialism. It is a qualitative research, whose l?cus is the course of pedagogy of the Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana/Bahia, and the subjects are 47 students attending the seventh or the eighth semester. The data derive from the application of a questionnaire and documentary analysis of pedagogical political project of course. The theoretical-conceptual framework includes a historical foray that explains the process of structuring the concepts of theory and practice in the history of knowledge, and some eployment of relations arising from these concepts in the configuration and interpretation of reality. Also includes a historical and critical- political analysis of the influence of the interests of the dominant social classes, based in the dominion and expansion of capital, of the Brazilian State, and how these interests have been reverberating in teacher education. Seeking to problematize the reality of our empirical field regarding the theme on screen, as well as trying to demarcate formative principles aligned to theoretical ballast that guides the research, were used as interlocutors, among others, the following authors: Adolfo Sanchez Vasquez, Dermeval Saviani, Luis Carlos de Freitas, Leda Sheibe, Selma Garrido Pimenta and Iria Brzezinski. The results allow to infer that the implications in question have an impact on the training politic and on the technical training of future teachers, understood as complementary dimensions. In the first dimension, taking as a higher ideal of training overcome capitalist mode of production, it was noted that the proposal of the course a countersignature emancipatory direction, but does not define explicitly which joins training history project, if one legitimating of the dictates of capital, or its opposite. It is understandable that such vagueness can be competing for its students to share, as the data show, a vision of the social function of school entered in the capital's landmarks, as well as a concept of relationship between theory and practice circumscribed preponderantly on training model constituted consisting of technical rationality and practical rationality, both hallmarks of teaching practice which does not enhance the ideological and political nuance of education, although noticed signs of a building movement of a vision based on the epistemology of praxis. Regarding the repercussions on the technical dimension, while meeting process to know how to do, the findings indicate a positive perception from the students about the knowledge studied for the expansion of their vision about the reality of the craft in which they will operate. However, their voices reveal, primarily, the existence of a dichotomy of the bargain theory and practice on the course, pointing to problems related to pedagogical work and teaching, and indicating the need for the course thinking, institutionalize and operationalize a collective and interdisciplinary work in such a way, enforcing what assumes its pedagogical political project, to promote effective appropriation of the relationship between theory and practice by students and therefore a better political and technical instrumentalization of these future professionals of basic education.
A qualidade da forma??o de professores ? atualmente muito questionada e discutida por pesquisadores do Brasil e do mundo, tendo em vista a import?ncia que ? atribu?da ? educa??o neste cen?rio social caracterizado pela expans?o da globaliza??o e mundializa??o do capital. Nesse debate sobre qualifica??o docente a tem?tica da rela??o teoria e pr?tica tem ganhado relev?ncia, haja vista o potencial formativo de que este bin?mio se reveste, bem como pela perspectiva dicot?mica com a qual o mesmo historicamente tem sido conduzido em configura??es curriculares e pr?ticas de forma??o. Tomando este cen?rio como motiva??o, a investiga??o decorre da seguinte quest?o: Quais as implica??es da organiza??o curricular e pedag?gica do curso de Pedagogia da UEFS no processo de apropria??o da rela??o teoria e pr?tica realizado pelos estudantes desse curso? Enquanto orienta??o te?rica e epistemol?gica, a pesquisa est? pautada em princ?pios do materialismo hist?rico-dial?tico. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, cujo l?cus ? o curso de Pedagogia da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana/Bahia, e os sujeitos s?o 47 estudantes cursando o s?timo ou o oitavo semestre. Os dados derivam da aplica??o de question?rio e de an?lise documental do Projeto Pol?tico-Pedag?gico do curso. O quadro te?rico-conceitual inclui uma incurs?o hist?rica que explicita o processo de estrutura??o dos conceitos de teoria e de pr?tica na hist?ria do conhecimento, e alguns desdobramentos das rela??es oriundas destes conceitos na configura??o e interpreta??o da realidade. Inclui, ainda, uma an?lise hist?rica e cr?tico-pol?tica da influ?ncia dos interesses das classes sociais dominantes, calcados no dom?nio e expans?o do capital, no direcionamento do Estado brasileiro, e de que forma estes interesses v?m se reverberando na forma??o docente. Buscando problematizar a realidade do nosso campo emp?rico no tocante ? tem?tica em tela, bem como tentando demarcar princ?pios formativos alinhados ao lastro te?rico que norteia a pesquisa, foram utilizados como interlocutores, dentre outros, os seguintes autores: Adolfo Sanches V?squez, Dermeval Saviani, Luis Carlos de Freitas, Leda Sheibe, Selma Garrido Pimenta e Iria Brzezinski. Os resultados permitem inferir que as implica??es em quest?o repercutem sobre a forma??o pol?tica e sobre a forma??o t?cnica dos futuros professores, entendidas como dimens?es que se complementam. Na primeira dimens?o, tomando como ideal maior de forma??o a supera??o do modo capitalista de produ??o, notou-se que a proposta do curso referenda um direcionamento emancipat?rio, mas n?o define explicitamente a qual projeto hist?rico de forma??o se filia, se ?quele legitimador dos ditames do capital, ou o seu contr?rio. Compreende-se que tal indefini??o pode estar concorrendo para que os seus estudantes compartilhem, como os dados revelam, de uma vis?o de fun??o social da escola inscrita nos marcos do capital, bem como de uma concep??o de rela??o teoria e pr?tica circunscrita preponderantemente no modelo de forma??o constitu?do pela racionalidade t?cnica e pela racionalidade pr?tica, ambos balizadores de um fazer docente que n?o real?a a nuance pol?tico-ideol?gica da educa??o, embora se perceba ind?cios de um movimento de constru??o de uma vis?o pautada na epistemologia da pr?xis. Quanto ?s repercuss?es sobre a dimens?o t?cnica, entendida como processo de conhecer para saber fazer, os achados indicam uma percep??o positiva dos estudantes sobre os conhecimentos estudados para a amplia??o de sua vis?o sobre a realidade do of?cio em que atuar?o. Contudo, suas vozes revelam, precipuamente, a exist?ncia de uma dicotomia no trato da teoria e da pr?tica no curso, apontando para problemas relacionados ao trabalho pedag?gico e docente, e indicando a necessidade de o curso pensar, institucionalizar e operacionalizar um trabalho coletivo e interdisciplinar, de maneira a, fazendo valer o que pressup?e o seu PPP, favorecer a uma efetiva apropria??o da rela??o teoria e pr?tica pelos estudantes e, por conseguinte, uma melhor instrumentaliza??o pol?tica e t?cnica desses futuros profissionais da educa??o b?sica.

I projektet Lesbisk Litteratur har jag undersökt lesbiskhet, materialitet, pyssel och grafisk form – som innehåll, metod och rumslig gestaltning. Syftet med projektet har varit att genom hand och tanke lära mig bokformgivning – omslag, inlaga och sättning, utforska tekniker och material genom grafisk form samt att läsa, lära och sätta mig in i ny kunskap om detta och praktiskt överföra det till ett fysiskt undersökande. Projektet har materialiserats i och tagit formen av en bok och flera bokomslag, ett bokförlag, ett mobilt kontor och utställningsyta, möbler och diverse bokparafernalier, till exempel ett girdle book belt och bokmärken.

L’aumento della richiesta energetica, dell’inquinamento ambientale e la diminuzione dei combustibili fossili hanno indotto lo sviluppo di nuove tecnologie per un utilizzo più funzionale dell’energia. L’immagazzinamento di energia termica (thermal energy storage – TES) in generale, e i materiali a cambiamento di fase (Phase Change Material - PCM) in particolare sono stati uno degli argomenti di maggiore interesse negli ultimi 20 anni. In questo studio, lo scopo del PCM sarà quello di limitare i picchi endotermici ed esotermici causati dalle due reazioni che provocano stress al catalizzatore e al reattore. In questa applicazione i PCM serviranno quindi da termo – regolatori, assorbendo o rilasciando calore, in modo da mantenere stabile la temperatura operativa di reazione favorendo il risparmio energetico. Essendo le temperature operative superiori ai 700 °C saranno utilizzati PCM inorganici, poiché in grado di lavorare in queste condizioni con contenuti entalpici elevati. Pur mostrando delle ottime qualità, i materiali inorganici sono, però, caratterizzati dall’alta corrosione e bassa conducibilità termica. Per superare tali ostacoli, in questo lavoro di tesi è stata prodotta la forma stabilizzata del PCM (in cui il materiale è contenuto all’interno di una struttura porosa) che ne permette l’applicazione sfruttandone al meglio le proprietà termiche. In questa forma, il pericolo di perdite del materiale sono limitate, le proprietà termiche migliorate ed il sistema può essere inserito nel reattore proponendo una nuova tecnologia di termo-regolazione che lavori a contatto diretto con i flussi di reazione. Al fine di voler utilizzare i PCMs come sistemi aventi il duplice compito di termoregolazione e catalisi di reazioni, è stata addizionata una fase attiva ai compositi in forma stabilizzata. Sono quindi state testate le capacità di termoregolazione e catalitiche dei sistemi prodotti all’interno dell’ambiente di reazione.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution, forms, and function(s) of iron amulets deposited in the late Iron Age gravefields of Lovö, with the goal of ascertaining how (and so far as possible why) these objects were utilized in rituals carried out during and after burials. Particular emphasis is given to re-interpreting the largest group of iron amulets, the iron amulet rings, in a more relational and practice-focused way than has heretofore been attempted. By framing burial analyses, questions of typology, and evidence of ritualized actions in comparison with what is known of other cult sites in Mälardalen specifically– and theorized about the cognitive landscape(s) of late Iron Age Scandinavia generally– a picture of iron amulets as inscribed objects made to act as catalytic, protective, and mediating agents is brought to light.

Esta dissertação propõe-se a analisar possíveis interfaces entre a Arquitetura e a Escultura, abordando suas produções realizadas a partir da segunda metade do século XX, período que se caracterizou pelo rompimento de inúmeros paradigmas teóricos e conceituais. Considerando essas manifestações a partir de suas naturezas tridimensionais, busca-se, segundo um enfoque transdisciplinar, apurar significados e novos parâmetros de análise compartilhados por ambas expressões, num processo recíproco de influências conceituais e práticas. A pesquisa divide-se em duas partes. Na primeira delas - Conceitos Tridimensionais - são estudados os fatos históricos e os conceitos filosóficos que influenciaram as concepções teóricas das produções da arquitetura e da escultura desse período. Nesta parte também são estudadas algumas transformações específicas dos universos dessas manifestações, consideradas determinantes para a constituição das obras posteriormente destacadas. Na segunda parte - Processos Tridimensionais - é realizada a leitura de algumas obras arquitetônicas e escultóricas fundamentadas sobre novas organizações produtivas estabelecidas no período estudado. Partindo do repertório transdisciplinar apresentado na primeira parte sobre os conceitos criativos de ambas as manifestações, são definidos parâmetros de análise que abrangem temas fundamentais das interfaces mencionadas. Os conceitos de Paisagem, Tempo, Estrutura, Matéria e Forma são estendidos em definições que conduzem a leitura de cada uma das obras selecionadas. Com isso, são estabelecidos novos conceitos cognitivos dessas construções, demonstrando como se influenciam mutuamente, compartilhando ou não suas intenções. Também é revelado o potencial advindo da proximidade entre Arquitetura e Escultura, oferecendo referenciais teóricos e práticos para que possam ser explorados em futuras produções. Sintetizando os procedimentos específicos destes atos tridimensionais e os conceitos filosóficos de leitura, busca-se demonstrar, a partir da densidade das obras escolhidas, atos singulares da existência humana.
This dissertation aims to analyze possible interfaces between Architecture and Sculpture, approaching their productions made from the second half of the twentieth century, a period that was characterized by disruption of numerous theoretical and conceptual paradigms. Considering these manifestations from their three-dimensional nature, according to a transdisciplinary approach, it seeks to establish new meanings and analysis parameters shared by both expressions, in a reciprocal process of conceptual and practical influences. The research is divided into two parts. The first part - Three-Dimensional Concepts - refers to the historical facts and philosophical concepts that have influenced the theoretical concepts of architectural and sculptural production of this period. In this part are also studied some transformations of the specific universes of these manifestations, which are considered crucial to the creation of the works later analyzed. In the second part - Three-Dimensional Processes - it is presented a reading of some architectural and sculptural works based on new productive organizations established in the studied period. From the transdisciplinary repertoire presented in the first part about the creative concepts of both manifestations analysis, parameters are defined to embrace fundamental themes of the mentioned interfaces. The concepts of Landscape, Time, Structure, Matter and Form are extended in definitions that lead to the reading of each of the selected works. Thus, new cognitive concepts of these constructions are established demonstrating how they influence each other, sharing their intentions or not. The potential arising from the proximity of these two expressions is also shown, offering theoretical and practical references so that they can be explored in future productions. Summarizing the specific procedures of these three-dimensional acts and the philosophical reading concepts, it is aimed to show, from the profundity of the chosen works, single acts of human existence.

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A presente disserta??o ? um estudo de caso. Com este, busco identificar e analisar formas de participa??o e sociabilidade de jovens integrantes de um gr?mio estudantil de uma grande cidade. Tenho como objetivo demonstrar quem s?o esses jovens que valorizam o ingresso em uma organiza??o pol?tica dentro do ambiente escolar e qual o significado que atribuem a essa participa??o. A pesquisa orienta-se pelas seguintes quest?es: quais ideias e valores fundamentais que constituem o discurso dos membros da dire??o do gr?mio sobre si mesmos? Que sentido atribuem ? participa??o no movimento estudantil e como se d? esta participa??o no cotidiano? Como classificam estudantes que n?o participam do gr?mio e que estrat?gias de aproxima??o s?o utilizadas? O trabalho de campo foi realizado no gr?mio estudantil da Escola Estadual de Ensino M?dio e T?cnico Parob?, localizado na cidade de Porto Alegre, no per?odo compreendido entre maio de 2009 e dezembro de 2010. Primeiramente, foram realizadas observa??es e entrevistas com os dirigentes do gr?mio e alguns frequentadores.Num segundo momento, foram realizadas entrevistas a partir de perguntas semiestruturadas com jovens que n?o participam da agremia??o. Abordo nesta pesquisa as rela??es entre a dire??o do gr?mio e os demais jovens da escola que caracterizo como frequentadores do GEPA, volunt?rios, chapas de oposi??o e n?o frequentadores. Concluo que a conviv?ncia nesse espa?o contribui para a aprendizagem de formas mais cooperativas de comportamento, desenvolvendo sentimentos de responsabilidade e compromisso. Apesar do empenho dos dirigentes dessa agremia??o em tentar romper com as imagens estereotipadas de jovens alienados e ego?stas, minha pesquisa demonstra que suas outras ocupa??es e obriga??es em muito dificultam a continuidade do engajamento no gr?mio estudantil e a participa??o fica subordinada ? vida profissional.

RAMOS, Jeannette Filomeno Pouchain. Projeto educativo e político-pedagógico da escola De ensino médio: tradições e contradições na gestão e na formação para o trabalho. 2009. 245f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2009.
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The Brazilian education, founded by the logic submission of the educational project from the Jesuits, and the influences from the French, English and Americans, passed on to be considered a national problem with the proclamation of the republic in 1980. The attempt to regulate and to consolidate the social function propaedeutics, which denies the work, the industrialization who demanded the instrumental education for work and the reestablishment of the democracy in the state which reorganized the flexible production and impose the formation of a new type of worker (KUENZER, 1998) presents contradictories movements. In agreement with transformation the scientific technical conception of organization adopted participative democratic mechanism. Recognizing the contradiction in keeping distinct types of logic and the tendency of the liberal logic over the social logic, the challenger of the work management is to reverse this premise. As an alternative to the educational middle class project, the polytechnic education proposes to overcome the dual structure and history by omni lateral formation (SAVIANI, 2003). The elementary and middle school should be guided by the work as an excellent base for education (PISTRAK, 2005). The school, known as the work product of man, should be linked to school life as a social transformation combined with school education with material production and to promote self and social emancipation. In context, the general objective is to analyze the experience of reorganizing the educational work in creation of the politic pedagogic project of middle school, identifying perspectives, limits, possibilities, and resistances. The specifics objectives are to examine the evolution of the educational project in the social politic and economic history of Brazil, highlighting the management of school work and the formation of the young for work; analyze fundamentals, intentions and practices which guide the politic pedagogic project and identify and analyze the limits, possibilities and ways of group resistances in the management project. We choose as a theoretical methodological referential the Critic Theory and the method with materialistic history base. As instruments of qualitative and quantitative data collection we applied questionnaires, semi-structures interviews and focal groups. Among hypothesis should public school follow the educational project of middle class or should it follow the lines of vocational extent, instrumental; to attend to middle class project of the popular sector? The hard format of school has accomplished changes in the lines of directions? The politic pedagogic project working at Liceu do Maracanaú establish four pillars which reorganize the work in the school bearing in mind the full formation of the young. This school thinks, conceives and evaluates opposition to the others schools; it breaks with the traditional format of the work organization. The multiples intelligences are understood as principles, the project of work is the means to transformation of popular knowledge to the scientific knowledge with practice and social application of ideas in development of competencies and abilities, as means an half-yearly organizational and the evaluation as the learning observation. Scientific initiation in middle level education attends the interests of the school, highlighting the talents, improving the indicators and presenting results. This project is contradictory because the fundamentals and practice pedagogic reassures the principles of the traditional format and the process of schooling. This way the study confirms that is possible reorganize the work and this is done by the politic pedagogic project (PPP). Faced with the new demands the schools find themselves in a cross road and their functionality is placed at doubt. As a result of this, we point out the crises of education, formation of young and the society. It is necessary to invest in the contradictions of the system and take possession of them to construct another, the opposite and reverse. It is up to the intellectuals and educators to do their job.
A educação brasileira, permeada pela lógica da submissão do projeto educativo dos jesuítas, das influências francesas, inglesas e dos Estados Unidos da América, passa a ser considerada como problema nacional com a Proclamação da República em 1890. As tentativas de regulamentação e consolidação da função social propedêutica, que nega o trabalho, a industrialização que demandou a educação instrumental para o trabalho e a redemocratização do Estado que reorganizou a produção em flexível e impõe a formação do novo tipo de trabalhador (KUENZER, 1998) apresentam movimentos contraditórios. Em consonância com estas transformações a concepção técnico-científica de organização adota mecanismos democráticos-participativos. Como alternativa ao projeto educativo burguês, a educação politécnica propõe superar a dualidade estrutural e histórica por meio da formação omnilateral (SAVIANI, 2003). A escola fundamental e média deve guiar-se pelo trabalho como base excelente da educação (PISTRAK, 2005), portanto, deve vincular a vida escolar com a transformação social combinando educação escolar com produção material e promover a auto-emancipação e a emancipação social. Neste contexto, o objetivo geral é analisar a experiência de reorganização do trabalho educativo na constituição do projeto político-pedagógico da escola de ensino médio, identificando perspectivas, limites, possibilidades e resistências. Os objetivos específicos são examinar a evolução do projeto educativo na história sociopolítica e econômica do Brasil, destacando a gestão do trabalho escolar e a formação do jovem para o trabalho; analisar os fundamentos, intencionalidades e práticas que norteiam o projeto político-pedagógico e identificar e analisar os limites, possibilidades e formas de resistência coletiva na gestão do projeto. Optamos como referencial teórico-metodológico pela Teoria Crítica e pelo método de base materialista-histórica. Como instrumento de coleta de dados quantitativos e qualitativos foram aplicados questionários, grupos focais e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Entre os questões levantadas destacamos se escola pública deve seguir o projeto educativo da burguesia – propedêutica – ou deve se pautar na dimensão profissionalizante, instrumental, por atender ao projeto burguês para o setor popular? A escola mineralizada tem conseguido ressignificar diretrizes? O projeto político-pedagógico (PPP) em curso no Liceu do Maracanaú estabelece quatro pilares que reorganizam o trabalho na escola tendo em vista a formação integral do jovem. Esta escola pensa concebe e avalia e na contramão da maioria das escolas, rompe com o formato tradicional de organização do trabalho. As inteligências múltiplas são compreendidas como princípio, os projetos de trabalho como meio para a transformação do saber popular para o saber científico com aplicação prática e social dos conteúdos no desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades, a organização semestral como meio e a avaliação como monitoramento da aprendizagem. A iniciação cientifica destaca os talentos, melhora os indicadores e apresenta resultados. Este projeto é contraditório, pois os fundamentos e a prática pedagógica reafirmam os princípios liberais e o processo de escolarização excludente. Deste modo, o estudo confirma que é possível reorganizar o trabalho e este se concretiza por intermédio do PPP. Diante destas novas demandas, as escolas se encontram numa encruzilhada e sua funcionalidade é colocada em dúvida. Como prognóstico, apontamos o aprofundamento da crise da educação, da formação do jovem e da sociedade. Urge investir nas contradições inerentes ao sistema, apropriar-se delas para construção do outro, do contrário. Cabe, portanto, aos intelectuais e educadores cumprirem com a sua tarefa.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Arquitetura (área de especialização em Cultura Arquitetónica)
O conceito de casa-pátio. Essência, caráter e forma, é um trabalho que pretende refletir sobre a casa-pátio enquanto objeto arquitetónico. A casa-pátio encontra-se presente na história da arquitectura desde que o Homem teve necessidade de construir abrigos para se proteger do exterior, o conceito do pátio está presente na história da urbanidade desde a Antiguidade Clássica e mantém-se atual até aos dias de hoje. Foram a versatilidade e a adaptabilidade do pátio, enquanto elemento de composição do espaço habitacional, que permitiram que este perdurasse no tempo. O principal objetivo é compreender como se desenvolveu a casa-pátio até à atualidade, de que forma e quais as razões que a tornam uma solução tipológica atual. Assim, de forma a entender a problemática em questão, começa-se por definir os conceitos de casa, de pátio e posteriormente de casa-pátio procurando clarificar a definição da tipologia. Segue-se a análise histórica em que se procura perceber a evolução da casa- pátio ao longo do tempo, o que permaneceu igual desde o início e aquilo que se foi adaptando ao longo do tempo e às culturas que a foram desenvolvendo. Posteriormente serão identificam-se os quatro temas que, se conclui, que definem o desenvolvimento da tipologia, sendo: a forma, o limite, a luz e a materialidade. Depois são exploradas cinco abordagens distintas, através da escolha de cinco casos exemplares, em que se analisam os temas mencionados. Em suma, procura-se estudar a problemática da casa-pátio, tentando identificar as características que a adequam à contemporaneidade, acrescentando mais uma análise para futura aplicação na prática da arquitectura.
The concept of patio house. Essence, character and form, it’s a work that aims to reflect about the patio house as an architectonic object. Patio house has been present in the history of architecture since men had the need to build shelters to protect himself from the exterior, the concept of patio is very present in the history of urbanity since Classical Antiquity and remains current until nowadays. It was patio’s versatility and adaptability, as an element of composition of the living space, which allowed it to last in time. The main goal is to comprehend how the patio house has developed until now, and in what way and what reasons that make it a typological solution today. Therefore, in order to understand the problematic in question, the work began by defining the concepts of house, patio and, posteriorly, patio house, looking to clarify the typology’s definition. Then the historic analysis is made, trying to understand the evolution of patio house through time, what remained the same since the beginning and what was adapted during time and cultures that had developed it. Later, the four themes that define the development of the typology are identified: form, limit, light and materiality. Then, five different approaches are explored, through the choice of five exemplary cases, in which the above themes are analyzed. In summary, it is sought to study the problematic of the patio house, trying to identify the characteristics that fits in contemporaneity, adding one more analysis for future application in the practice of architecture.

Zainteresowanie dziełami młodości Honoriusza Balzaka sięga jeszcze lat trzydziestych dziewiętnastego wieku i często służyło nieprzychylnej krytyce pisarza do deprecjonowania również jego późniejszej twórczości. Prawdziwa krytyka balzakowska na ten temat zaczęła rozwijać się w okresie międzywojennym, między innymi za sprawą publikacji pracy Alberta Prioulta Balzac avant La Comédie humaine (1818-1829). Contribution à l’étude de la genèse de son œuvre. Najwybitniejsi badacze, pomimo pewnych rozbieżności odnośnie opinii na temat tego okresu, zgadzają się co do jego kapitalnego znaczenia dla późniejszej twórczości, wyrażonej głównie w Komedii ludzkiej. Niniejsza praca skupia się na okresie poprzedzającym rok 1829, czyli na okresie anonimowości Balzaka, zanim wydał i podpisał swoją pierwszą oficjalną powieść, Szuanie w roku 1829. Dekadę poprzedzającą to wydarzenie podzielić można na trzy etapy, w których w większym lub mniejszym stopniu zawierają się trzy elementy wymienione w tytule: filozofia, literatura i publicystyka. W tym okresie Balzak próbował się w praktycznie we wszystkich gatunkach literatury. Filozofii głównie poświęcona jest część pierwsza, w której omówiony zostaje stosunek Balzaka do francuskiego Racjonalizmu i spuścizny Oświecenia oraz jego późniejsza ewolucja. Pierwsza część omawia również wpływ klasycznej literatury na estetykę początkującego pisarza, który szuka swojej formy i nie wie jeszcze, że zasłynie z pisania powieści. Okres jego szkiców i prób to także moment, w którym stara się określić w obliczu nowych prądów literackich, które przyjmuje entuzjastycznie, a także Romantyzmu, który odbija się echem w formie i akcentach późniejszych powieści Balzaka z lat 1822-1825. Następnie opisane zostają doświadczenia Balzaka na rynku wydawniczym, w okresie, gdy publikuje literaturę zarobkową, albo kolportażową, omówione w niemal alegoryczny sposób w tekście pseudo-biograficznym dołączonym do wydania dzieł z młodości Balzaka z 1836 roku. W 1824 roku rozczarowany literaturą przyszły autor Komedii ludzkiej próbuje swoich sił w publicystyce i uczestniczy w zbiorowym autorstwie na wpół humorystycznych i na wpół poważnych Kodeksów, życzliwie przyjmowanych przez publiczność. Jest to również okres kryzysu moralnego młodego pisarza, w czasie którego krystalizują się u niego poglądy między innymi na temat władzy i roli pieniądza w społeczeństwie. W okresie 1824-1828 Balzak uczestniczy również w bardzo poważnie traktowanej przez cały świat literacki w Paryżu dyskusji na temat powieści historycznej i jej roli w obrazowaniu obyczajów narodowych i nowej wizji historii. Na temat powieści Balzak zastanawia się od początku swojej twórczości w odniesieniu do form klasycznych, takich jak formy teatralne i poetyckie. Stara się wykazać, iż drugorzędny gatunek, za jaki powieść uważano, jest w istocie jednym z najcenniejszych wynalazków nowoczesności, gdyż w niej zawierają się wszystkie inne formy, co ułatwia opis złożoności świata. Te przemyślenia okażą się zasadnicze dla jego estetyki powieści w późniejszych latach.
The interest on Balzac’s earliest works goes as far as the 1830s when it was often used in order to disparage even his later work by some critics. The serious critic on this subject begun to really develop in the interwar period, thanks to, amongst others, the publication of Albert Prioult’s Balzac avant La Comédie humaine (1818-1829). Contribution à l’étude de la genèse de son œuvre. Despite certain differences as to how to judge this early period, the most excellent critics agree on its capital role in later aesthetics, expressed mainly in La Comédie humaine. This study is focused above all on the pre 1829 period, when Balzac was still an anonymous author, before signing his first official novel, Les Chouans, in 1829. This decade can be divided into three subperiods, in which are comprised three elements mentioned in the title: philosophy, literature, journalism. During this decade, Balzac experimented practically with all literary genres. Young Balzac’s philosophy is discussed mainly in the first part, alongside his takes on French Rationalism and Enlightenment. The first part focuses also on the influence that French classicism had on Balzac’s aesthetics when the young author did not know that he would become famous for his novels. During his period of drafts and literary experimentation, Balzac positions himself with respect to new tendencies in literature, that he welcomes with enthusiasm, and Romanticism, noticable in his later novels from the 1822-1825 period. In the following part, Balzac’s experiences as an author of merchant literature are discussed. They will be mentioned in a quasi-biographical note attached to the 1836 edition of his early works. In 1824, Balzac, disappointed by his literary unsuccess, turns to journalism and also partakes in a collective authorship of several Codes, half satirical, half serious, very well received by the public. It is also the time where the young writer experiences a grave moral crisis during which his views on power and wealth continue to evolve. Between 1824 and 1828 Balzac participates in the debate on the historical novel and its role in the depiction of national customs and the expression of a new vision of history, a subject taken with great seriousness by the literary milieu in Paris at that time. In general, the novel, as a genre, is one of Balzac’s central interests during the whole decade before 1829. He demonstrates that this secondary genre, as it was considered, is one of the most essential discoveries of modern times, because it comprises all other forms, which facilitates the reflection on world’s complexities. Those considerations will be of major importance in Balzac’s later aesthetical thought.

Ce mémoire porte sur la question de la forme de la philosophie chez Walter Benjamin et sur ce qui fait l’unité de son geste philosophique. Cette question de l’unité, voire de la cohérence, a toujours posé problème, tant à cause de l’hétérogénéité des écrits de Benjamin que des tendances apparemment contradictoires qui les habitent. Prenant acte, dans un premier chapitre, des principales difficultés qui se sont posées à leur réception, tendant à en isoler, voire à opposer les tendances les unes aux autres, nous proposons de rassembler celles-ci en deux axes : celui opposant théologie et matérialisme historique et celui opposant image et concept. Contre les lectures unilatérales et parfois divergentes, nous proposons une interprétation qui réunit dialectiquement les polarités qui dans leurs tensions fondent l’unité de cette pensée. Par là, nous faisons nôtre la définition donnée par Benjamin de la forme de l’histoire philosophique : « qui fait procéder des extrêmes éloignés […] la totalité esquissée par la possibilité d’un agencement significatif du tout. » Dans un deuxième chapitre, nous proposons de résoudre ces polarités à l’intérieur d’une théorie matérialiste de la révélation, conçue dans les années 1930 comme historiographie matérialiste. Dans un troisième chapitre, nous tirons d’un commentaire des écrits dits théologiques du jeune Benjamin les éléments de son esthétique, tendant à la formulation d’une esthétique matérialiste. Enfin, la dialectique de Benjamin, d’où procède son geste philosophique, peut être lue comme le croisement incongru entre deux piliers de la théologie – révélation et interdit des images – qui ensemble entraînent irrésistiblement la théologie vers une conception hérétique du matérialisme historique.
This master’s thesis deals with the question of the form of philosophy in Walter Benjamin’s thought and, more specifically, the unity of his philosophical gesture. This unity, or coherence, has always posed a problem, not only as a consequence of the heterogeneity of his writings but also because of their apparently contradictory tendencies. Taking note of the main difficulties that arose within the initial reception of Benjamin’s writings, which have tended to separate and oppose these tendencies, the first chapter proposes to reassemble them along two axes : one opposing theology and historical materialism, the other opposing image and concept. Against unilateral readings, the present thesis defends an interpretation of Benjamin’s writings that dialectically reunites the polarities which, in their various tensions, in fact give unity to his thought. In this way, new light is shed on the definition of the form of philosophical history given by Benjamin: “out of remote extremes … emerges the totality of such oppositions – a totality that is marked out by the possibility of their meaningful juxtaposition”. In the second chapter, the polarities outlined in the first chapter are resolved within a materialist theory of revelation, conceived in the 1930s as a materialist historiography. On the basis of a commentary on the so-called theological writings of the young Benjamin, the third chapter presents the elements of his aesthetics, which tend towards a materialist formulation. Finally, Benjamin’s dialectic, and so the core his philosophical gesture, is interpreted as the surprising result of two theological mainstays — revelation and the prohibition of images — which, together, irresistibly lead theology towards a heretical version of historical materialism.