Academic literature on the topic 'Formulae, prescriptions, receipts'

SPACE ANALYSIS OF THE MAGISTRAIS PHARMACIES OF BELÉM, PARÁANÁLISIS ESPACIAL DE LAS FARMACIAS MAGISTERIAL DE BELÉM, PARÁO Brasil tem o maior mercado mundial de Farmácias de Magistrais (FMs). Neste trabalho analisou-se a distribuição espacial e a concentração das principais FMs, que são estabelecimentos que apresentam condições de manipular medicamentos de qualquer espécie, sob receita médica. Os dados primários utilizados referem-se à localização das FMs do centro de Belém coletados através do site do Conselho Regional de Farmácia do Estado do Pará (CRF-Pa), Catálogo analógico e digital On line, Tele lista. Para o mapeamento e análise de concentração das FMs utilizou-se Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) QGis 2.14. Observa-se que a empresa “A Fórmula” corresponde a 18%, do total de estabelecimentos magistrais. O bairro de São Brás possui o maior número de estabelecimentos de FMs o que corresponde a 20% do total deste setor farmacêutico. Revela-se que a periferia de Belém não possui estabelecimentos magistrais, como Jurunas, Condor, Curió Utinga, Universitário, dentre outros. A mancha de Muito Alta concentração de FMs tem 6,15 km² e um perímetro de 11.229,81 metros. Nota-se que há uma sobreposição e áreas de influências das FMs no centro de Belém, evidenciando a extrema concorrência, principalmente nos bairros centrais em razão do perfil socioeconômico mais elevado. Portanto, existe um enorme campo a ser explorado, mas deve-se desenvolver uma análise para identificar os bairros com bom potencial de consumo através de estudo de geomarketing. Palavras-chave: Farmácia de Manipulação; SIG; Geoprocessamento; Concentrações Espaciais.ABSTRACTBrazil has the largest world market for Magistrais Pharmacies (FMs). This work analyzed the spatial distribution and concentration of the main FMs, which are establishments that are able to handle drugs of any kind, under medical prescription. The primary data used refer to the location of the FMs of the center of Belém collected through the website of the Regional Council of Pharmacy of the State of Pará (CRF-Pa), Analog and digital catalog On line, Tele list. For the mapping and analysis of concentration of the FMs, Geographic Information System (GIS) QGis 2.14 was used. It is observed that the company "The Formula" corresponds to 18% of the total number of magisterial establishments. The district of São Brás has the largest number of FM establishments which corresponds to 20% of the total of this pharmaceutical sector. It is revealed that the periphery of Belém does not have master establishments, such as Jurunas, Condor, Curió Utinga, University, among others. The spot of Very high concentration of FMs has 6,15 km ² and a perimeter of 11,229.81 meters. It is noted that there is an overlap and influence areas of the FMs in downtown Belém, evidencing extreme competition and cannibalism, mainly in the central neighborhoods due to the socioeconomic profile. Therefore, there is a huge field to be explored, but an analysis should be developed to identify neighborhoods with good potential for consumption through a geomarketing study.Keywords: Manipulation Pharmacy; SIG; Geoprocessing; Space Concentrations.RESUMENBrasil tiene el mayor mercado mundial de Farmacias de Magistrais (FMs). En este trabajo se analizó la distribución espacial y la concentración de las principales FMs, que son establecimientos que presentan condiciones de manipular medicamentos de cualquier especie, bajo prescripción médica. Los datos primarios utilizados se refieren a la ubicación de las FM del centro de Belém recogidos a través del sitio del Consejo Regional de Farmacia del Estado de Pará (CRF-Pa), Catálogo analógico y digital en línea, Tele lista. Para el mapeo y análisis de concentración de las FMs se utilizó Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) QGis 2.14. Se observa que la empresa "La Fórmula" corresponde al 18%, del total de establecimientos magistrales. El barrio de São Brás posee el mayor número de establecimientos de FMs que corresponde al 20% del total de este sector farmacéutico. Se revela que la periferia de Belén no posee establecimientos magistrales, como Jurunas, Condor, Curió Utinga, Universitario, entre otros. La mancha de muy alta concentración de FMs tiene 6,15 km² y un perímetro de 11.229,81 metros. Se observa que hay una superposición y áreas de influencias de las FM en el centro de Belém, evidenciando la extrema competencia y canibalismo, principalmente en los barrios centrales en razón del perfil socioeconómico. Por lo tanto, existe un enorme campo a ser explorado, pero se debe desarrollar un análisis para identificar los barrios con buen potencial de consumo a través del estudio de geomarketing.Palabras clave: Farmacia de Manipulación; SIG; Geoprocesamiento; Concentraciones Espaciales.

The marketing of infant feeding products is almost impossible as the infant nutrition industry is highly regulated. Despite operating under strict regulations, the infant formula manufacturing companies still generate high revenues on an annual basis. The infant formula manufacturing industry operates under a value chain which can be broken down into six sequential steps. These steps are: (1) Translational science; (2) Product development; (3) Clinical research; (4) Product notification; (5) Reimbursement granting and (6) Product marketing. Medical nutrition companies aspire to understand product requirements of healthcare professionals and medical representatives. This is to enable direct investment to acquire market share without wasting resources. The medical nutrition industry currently makes use of medical representatives to execute product marketing. Manufacturing companies invest a lot of money into developing their products, employing and training medical representatives and trust that this will be enough to persuade healthcare professionals to recommend their products to parents. This study analyses the main contributing factors that enhance prescription of specialised infant formula by healthcare professionals. This study was conducted in a positivistic paradigm by making use of a quantitative approach. Healthcare professionals from Port Elizabeth, working with paediatric patients were included in this study. The healthcare professionals were chosen by a convenience sampling method and were then interviewed. The empirical interview results were substantiated with the interpretive findings which were in the form of verbatim statements extracted directly from the research questionnaire. Linkage between the dependable variable (prescription) and independent variables (manufacturing company; product composition; cost of product; medical representative and peers) were established and analysed. The research revealed that prescription behaviour is an important construct which can be measured in medical practices. Prescription behaviour is correlated with positive business and medical outcomes and manufacturing companies are able to exert influence over it through the identified variables. Of these variables, efficacy of vii a product, trusted manufacturing company and the medical representatives were found to have direct and significant effects. Healthcare professionals tend to prescribe a specialised infant formula if they have seen results and trust the outcome of the product. It is advisable for manufacturing companies to exert great effort before appointing a medical representative, to make sure that the right candidate represents the face of the company.

More than half of the women aged from 45-55 suffer from menopausal symptoms which can seriously affect the quality of life of the midlife women. The menopause transition has become a very active research area in healthy aging in the last several decades. In recent years, more and more women have turned to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to manage their menopausal symptoms. Among various Chinese medicine formulae, Er-Xian Decoction (EXD) is one of the most acceptable Chinese medicine formulae to relieve menopausal symptoms. Although EXD is popular in the management of menopausal symptoms, its effectiveness has not been evaluated by strictly designed clinical study. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the current evidence to assess the efficacy and safety of EXD as a basic formula for menopausal symptoms. A total of 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included for further analysis. The results of these studies suggested that EXD was more effective than the control interventions, which included various HRT and other Chinese herbal medicine. Seven of the studies compared EXD with HRT and the meta-analysis seemed to suggest that EXD as a basic formula was superior to hormone replacement therapy. However, the included studies were insufficient in methodological quality and had a high probability of bias. A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was then conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of EXD for menopausal symptoms. Of 557 recruited women, 108 subjects were eligible to participate in the study and 101 subjects finished the study. Comparisons between placebo and EXD groups were conducted by using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with baseline as covariate. EXD granules when compared with placebo significantly reduced the frequency and severity of hot flushes and night sweats. EXD compared with placebo significantly reduced the frequency of hot flushes (P=0.041) and the hot flush severity score (P=0.016). Superiority of EXD over placebo was also observed in greater improvement in total scores of MRS (P=0.028) and MENQOL questionnaires (P=0.021). There were no differences between EXD and placebo group in serum hormones and bone markers. There were no serious adverse events and the safety indices of whole blood counts, renal and liver functions were normal before and after the treatment. Both EXD and placebo were well tolerated. In summary, this Chinese herbal formula EXD was found to be superior to placebo in reducing hot flushes and improving menopausal symptoms in Hong Kong perimenopausal women. It was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events noted during the study period.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Chinese Medicine<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Philosophy

目的：通过对柴胡桂枝汤从古至今文献的整理，了解柴胡桂枝汤的应用规律，并对其方证应用做出归纳、总结。 方法：在充分收集资料的基础上，对各类相关文献进行整理、归类，分为方论类文献、医论类文献、本草类文献、临床观察类文献和医案类文献。根据不同文献特点提取相共不同信息。其中前三类文献以文义阐释和解读为主进行归纳总结；余下两类文献则以数据统计为主进行频次分析，从统计数据中提取疾病谱、典型指征等信息。 结果：一. 通过文献阐释方药含义，对柴胡桂枝汤病机、方义、适应证进行了初步归纳、总结；二．通过文献数据统计、分析，对柴胡桂枝汤疾病谱、适应证、适应体质作了详细归纳。 结论：一．柴胡桂枝汤病机：太少两感、营卫不和 适应证型：太少两枝轻证 偏虚证 二．从典型指征、患者体质状态和疾病谱对柴胡桂枝汤方证作如下 表述： （一） 1.王证（典型指征）：恶寒、肢节烦疼、发热、喜呕、腹痛、胸闷气短； 2.兼证（重要指征）：纳呆、神疲乏力、口干、口苦脇痛、往来寒热、汗出。 （二）适合体质：体虚、气郁之人 （三）疾病谱： 1.外感类疾病：如小儿外感热病、产后发热等 2.体痛类疾病：如坐骨神经痛、颈椎病等 3.心腹痛类疾病：冠心病、慢性胃炎、膜腺炎等。 4.神志相关类疾病：如更年期综合征、癫痫等。 關鍵詞：柴胡桂枝汤 方证研究 太少两戚 医案文献

 As the aging in reproductive system proceeds, females will eventually enter the period of menopause, during which a series of physiological changes occurs. The decline of estrogen level during menopausal transition is thought to associate with various menopausal symptoms. Although hormone replacement therapy can be adopted to deal with the estrogen-deficient state, side effects such as cancer risk cannot be overlooked. Alternatively, Erxian Decoction (EXD), a Chinese medicine formula for treating menopausal symptoms has been used clinically for more than 60 years without adverse effects reported. Some pharmacological properties of EXD have been reported in previous research, which are thought to be contributed by its multiple bioactive components. Thus in the present study, the pharmacological properties of EXD have been further evaluated. The drug compatibility of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula, EXD, was also demonstrated. At last, a novel approach for identification of bioactive components from Chinese medicine formula was introduced using EXD as study model. To evaluate the multiple pharmacological properties of EXD, proteins involved in steroidogenesis in ovaries of aged female rats were measured by immunoblotting analysis. On top of that, serum lipid profiles and the related proteins were determined by colorimetric assay and immunoblotting analysis respectively. Also, anti-osteoporotic properties and drug compatibility of EXD were evaluated by in vitro methods such as proliferation assay, osteoclast differentiation assay, ELISA assay or immunoblotting analysis. Lastly, a novel approach for identification of bioactive components in relation to the subsequent bioactivity from traditional Chinese medicinal formula was introduced using HPLC profiles. From the results, it was demonstrated that EXD can modulate steroidogenesis in aged female rat model at least through up-regulation of ovarian aromatase, protein kinase B and estrogen receptor beta at protein level. Besides, EXD also exerts antihyperlipidemic effects in aged female rats as reflected from the decreased serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels via regulation of HMG CoA reductase and LDL-receptor, the key proteins for cholesterol synthesis and LDL-cholesterol clearance. In vitro study has also demonstrated the anti-osteoporotic properties of EXD through stimulation of osteoblast proliferation and inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells. The later was proved to be mediated by down-regulation of NFATc1 proteins, a key protein for osteoclastogenesis. The roles of the drugs categories according to the drug compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine contributing to the optimal anti-osteoporotic properties of EXD were also elucidated. Since the diverse pharmacological properties of a Chinese medicinal formula are often the results of the effects of complex bioactive constituents in the extract, yet identification of the bioactive components has been a tedious task. Thus in the last part of the study, a novel approach for identification of bioactive component from Chinese medicinal formula has been developed. By comparing the HPLC profiles of EXD extracted by different decoction method in relation to their pharmacological properties, six bioactive chemicals were successfully identified which may contribute to the stimulatory effect of EXD on ovarian aromatase and hepatic catalase expression.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Chinese Medicine<br>Master<br>Master of Philosophy

To determine whether the three Siegesbeckia plants can all serve as the origins of HS, we compared their fingerprint chromatograms and inhibitory effects on inflammatory mediators. Chemical analyses showed that the three species have different profiles, although they have common peaks in their fingerprint chromatograms. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) of the common peaks demonstrated that all samples of the three species tend to be species-dependently grouped and separated. Ten components contributing to the species discrimination were identified, of which 8 are long-chain fatty acids/esters, and 2 are darutoside and hythiemoside A. Inhibitory effects of the three species on NO production and IL-6 secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages are different, with SG being the most and SP the least potent. These chemical and bioactivity assays support the notion that the three Siegesbeckia species cannot be equally used as the plant origins of HS.;This work provides a chemical and pharmacological basis for determining whether the three Siegesbeckia genus herbs SP, SO and SG can all serve as the origins of HS; and also provides pharmacological justifications for the clinical application of HS in treating inflammatory disorders.