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Morocz, Bazzani Francisco Andres. "Design requirements formulation : a framework and analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81614.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2013.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-68).<br>This thesis focuses on the early stages of the product development process, during which the set of design requirements is formulated. Given the proven importance of a comprehensive set of design requirements in the market acceptance of a product, we explore the formulation of design requirements and the potential sources of uncertainty that can arise during this early phase of the development process. This thesis seeks to answer two main questions: What events and conditions are likely to increase the project's uncertainty during the formulation of the design requirements? And, in what way can the effects of these events and conditions be avoided or mitigated? Using the information gathered through an extensive literature review, a descriptive framework was compiled. The information used was validated following two different paths: first, the evolution of the set of design requirements of several teams in a product design and development class was analyzed and, second, veterans of industry were interviewed about their experiences during the development process.<br>by Francisco Andres Morocz Bazzani.<br>S.M.
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Wheate, Nial. "Pharmaceutical Drug Design, Formulation, Testing, and Use." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22097.
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This compilation of my research has been organised into nine different sections based on the sub-themes on my research into medicines. Section one deals principally with my research and impact into the examination of the interactions of multinuclear platinum-based chemotherapy drugs with their cellular target, DNA. Section two covers the design and synthesis of new drugs including multinuclear platinum drugs and a new drug class of platinum drugs based on phenanthroline. Section three details my investigation of macrocycles as potential delivery vehicles for drugs; in particular, the delivery applications of a family of macrocycles called cucurbit[n]urils, but also includes my research with n-cyclodextrins, calix[n]arenes, and pillar[n]arenes. Section four expands on the cucurbit[n]uril research describing my work on designing and developing cucurbit[n]uril-based pharmaceutical dosage formulations. Section five contains my research into the application of various nanoparticles as delivery systems for platinum-based drugs, including: dendrimer-polymer nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles based on gold and iron oxide, carbon nanotubes, and DNA aptamers. Section six provides my published research on the clinical use of platinum drugs including an examination of the recommendations provided to clinicians and the extent to which platinum drugs continue to be used to treat human cancers. Section seven describes my research into the testing of pharmaceutical formulations and my published papers on the development of undergraduate classes for making and testing pharmaceutical formulations. Section eight is a collation of my published book chapters and review papers highlighting how these have made an impact in the area of medicines, and section nine provides details on my international patents for drug delivery inventions.
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Gabrielsson, Jon. "Multivariate methods in tablet formulation." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-268.
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Patel, A. M. "Rational formulation design of pharmaceutical and cosmetic actives." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1543215/.
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The skin is the outermost organ vital for human life. Its unique structure creates a formidable barrier, one that must be overcome for the delivery of pharmaceutical and cosmetic actives. Ibuprofen is often used for the short term management of musculoskeletal conditions and is applied topically for local delivery. Retinyl palmitate is a vitamin A derivative commonly included in cosmetics as an anti-ageing ingredient. Both model actives were formulated based on their physiochemical properties and solubility or miscibility with selected excipients. Clinically relevant or finite doses were used throughout to simulate point of use conditions. Ibuprofen was prepared in volatile formulations and after evaporation of alcohol only ibuprofen and the excipient remained on the skin. The in vitro permeation of ibuprofen using Franz diffusion cells was initially studied through silicone membranes and porcine skin. Neither of these model membranes were comparable to human skin. Permeation and mass balance studies using human skin were carried out for ibuprofen and the vehicle. This was to determine the vehicle fate and to establish its role during the permeation process. The use of human skin mounted in Franz diffusion cells was also used to determine the penetration of retinyl palmitate from single and binary vehicle formulations. Mass balance studies were primarily used to determine the penetration of both retinyl palmitate and the vehicle. Analysis was also performed for retinol, a metabolite of retinyl palmitate. Finally an in vivo study using confocal Raman spectroscopy was performed on human subjects. Volatile ibuprofen formulations were applied and the delivery of ibuprofen and vehicle to the stratum corneum was determined. A good relationship between in vitro and in vivo data was observed. Overall the formulation strategy adopted demonstrates that a rational selection of the vehicle can deliver enhanced efficacy of topical formulations.
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Chen, Ying. "Formulation of a Multi-Disciplinary Design Optimization of Containerships." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36069.
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To develop a computer tool that will give the best ship design using an optimization technique is one of the objects of the FIRST project. Choosing a containership design as a test case, the Design Optimization Tools (DOT) package is used as the optimization tool. The problem is tackled from the ship owner's point of view. The required freight rate is chosen as the objective function because the most important thing that concerns the ship owner is whether the ship will make a profit or not, and if so, how much profit it can make. DOT, as well as any other numerical optimization tool, only gives an approximation of the optimum design and uses numerical approximation during the optimization. It is very important for the users to formulate carefully the optimization problem so that it will give a stable and reasonable solution. Development of a geometric module and choosing suitable empirical formulas for performance evaluation are also major issues of the project.<br>Master of Science
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Lucas, Tamara J. H. "Formulation and solution of hierarchical decision support problems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17291.
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Curtis, Shane Keawe. "A Method for Exploring Optimization Formulation Space in Conceptual Design." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3213.
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Formulation space exploration is a new strategy for multiobjective optimization that facilitates both divergent searching and convergent optimization during the early stages of design. The formulation space is the union of all variable and design objective spaces identified by the designer as being valid and pragmatic problem formulations. By extending a computational search into the formulation space, the solution to an optimization problem is no longer predefined by any single problem formulation, as it is with traditional optimization methods. Instead, a designer is free to change, modify, and update design objectives, variables, and constraints and explore design alternatives without requiring a concrete understanding of the design problem a priori. To facilitate this process, a new vector/matrix-based definition for multiobjective optimization problems is introduced, which is dynamic in nature and easily modified. Additionally, a set of exploration metrics is developed to help guide designers while exploring the formulation space. Finally, several examples are presented to illustrate the use of this new, dynamic approach to multiobjective optimization.
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Fogaça, Mateus Paiva. "A new quadratic formulation for incremental timing-driven placement." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/164067.
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O tempo de propagação dos sinais nas interconexões é um fator dominante para atingir a frequência de operação desejada em circuitos nanoCMOS. Durante a síntese física, o posicionamento visa espalhar as células na área disponível enquanto otimiza uma função custo obedecendo aos requisitos do projeto. Portanto, o posicionamento é uma etapa chave na determinação do comprimento total dos fios e, consequentemente, na obtenção da frequência de operação desejada. Técnicas de posicionamento incremental visam melhorar a qualidade de uma dada solução. Neste trabalho, são propostas duas abordagens para o posicionamento incremental guiado à tempos de propagação através de suavização de caminhos e balanceamento de redes. Ao contrário dos trabalhos existentes na literatura, a formulação proposta inclui um modelo de atraso na função quadrática. Além disso, o posicionamento quadrático é aplicado incrementalmente através de uma operação, chamada de neutralização, que ajuda a manter as qualidades da solução inicial. Em ambas as técnicas, o comprimento quadrático de fios é ponderado pelo drive strength das células e a criticalidade dos pinos. Os resultados obtidos superam o estado-da-arte em média 9,4% e 7,6% com relação ao WNS e TNS, respectivamente.<br>The interconnection delay is a dominant factor for achieving timing closure in nanoCMOS circuits. During physical synthesis, placement aims to spread cells in the available area while optimizing an objective function w.r.t. the design constraints. Therefore, it is a key step to determine the total wirelength and hence to achieve timing closure. Incremental placement techniques aim to improve the quality of a given solution. Two quadratic approaches for incremental timing driven placement to mitigate late violations through path smoothing and net load balancing are proposed in this work. Unlike previous works, the proposed formulations include a delay model into the quadratic function. Quadratic placement is applied incrementally through an operation called neutralization which helps to keep the qualities of the initial placement solution. In both techniques, the quadratic wirelength is pondered by cell’s drive strengths and pin criticalities. The final results outperform the state-of-art by 9.4% and 7.6% on average for WNS and TNS, respectively.
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Makin, Thomas. "A formulation for efficient adaptive metamodelling in engineering design." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619241.
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This thesis presents the research and development of robust metamodelling tools for engineering design. Metamodelling in engineering is typically used for reducing computational cost of highly expensive analyses or simulations. Metamodels have been shown to be effective in these problems where an approximation constructed from a limited set of true data points is used in support of optimisation. The inspiration for this work is drawn from the optimisation of aircraft wing structures, constructed using large numbers of rectangular stiffened panels. When optimising such structures to produce a minimum weight design, it is necessary to evaluate multiple design constraints such as buckling load, damage tolerance and repairability. The total computational cost for this aspect of the analysis can become considerable when a large number of evaluations is required and can creates a bottleneck in the optimisation workflow. In response to this industrial design problem, a specification is proposed for an efficient and adaptive metamodelling formulation. Following an extensive literature review the multilevel Radial Basis Function (mRBF) model is highlighted as a promising candidate for further investigation. The mRBF formulation is discussed in detail, and a comparative study is presented comparing mRBF to more established modelling techniques. mRBF is then put to work on a range of optimisation test problems, including an industrial scale multi-panel wing design scenario. Emphasis is placed on the adaptive acquisition of model data as the optimisation process progresses. Implementation details and software development processes are also presented in detail. The case is made for decoupled modelling workflows, and a RESTful web based mRBF modelling framework. Finally the performance of the proposed modelling scheme is compared to the original specification, and recommendations are made for further investigation.
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Dahabreh, Saleem Mokbel. "The Formulation of Design: The Case of the Islip Courthouse by Richard Meier." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04072006-133238/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.<br>Dr. Wineman, Jean, Committee Member ; Dr. Bafna, Sonit, Committee Member ; Dr. Economou, Thanos, Committee Member ; Dr. Zimring, Craig, Committee Member ; Dr. Peponis, John, Committee Chair.
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Daberkow, Debora Daniela. "A formulation of metamodel implementation processes for complex systems design." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12478.
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Pinto, Joao Fernandes de Abreu. "Formulation and tabletting of controlled release pellets produced by extrusion/spheronisation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310431.
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Li, Simon Hiu Pang. "A preliminary study of multifunctional team design, modeling and formulation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0015/MQ54112.pdf.
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Ugail, Hassan. "Parametric surface meshing for design optimisation using a PDE formulation." ISSG, Mississippi State University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/2688.
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yes<br>The problem of parametric surface meshing for the purpose of design optimisation using finite element analysis is considered. Here the surface mesh is generated as a solution of a suitably posed boundary value problem implemented on a 2D parameter space. A robust meshing scheme is presented where an initial mesh is manipulated, with the aid of the 2D parameter space, so as to obtain a suitable surface triangulation. This meshing scheme can then be used to create suitable finite element meshes with which accurate design optimisations can be carried out.
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Alegretti, Caio Graco Prates. "Analytical logical effort formulation for local sizing." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/97867.
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A indústria de microeletrônica tem recorrido cada vez mais à metodologia de projeto baseado em células para fazer frente à crescente complexidade dos projetos de circuitos integrados digitais, uma vez que circuitos baseados em células são projetados mais rápida e economicamente que circuitos full-custom. Entretanto, apesar do progresso ocorrido na área de Electronic Design Automation, circuitos digitais baseados em células apresentam desempenho inferior ao de circuitos full-custom. Assim, torna-se interessante encontrar maneiras de se fazer com que circuitos baseados em células tenham desempenho próximo ao de circuitos full-custom, sem que isso implique elevação significativa nos custos do projeto. Com tal objetivo em vista, esta tese apresenta contribuições para um fluxo automático de otimização local para circuitos digitais baseados em células. Por otimização local se entende a otimização do circuito em pequenas janelas de contexto, onde são feitas otimizações considerando o contexto global. Deste modo, a otimização local pode incluir a detecção e isolamento de regiões críticas do circuito e a geração de redes lógicas e de redes de transistores de diferentes topologias que são dimensionadas de acordo com as restrições de projeto em questão. Como as otimizações locais atuam em um contexto reduzido, várias soluções podem ser obtidas considerando as restrições locais, entre as quais se escolhe a mais adequada para substituir o subcircuito (região crítica) original. A contribuição específica desta tese é o desenvolvimento de um método de dimensionamento de subcircuitos capaz de obter soluções com área ativa mínima, respeitando a capacitância máxima de entrada, a carga a ser acionada, e a restrição de atraso imposta. O método é baseado em uma formulação de logical effort, e a principal contribuição é calcular analiticamente a derivada da área para obter área mínima, ao invés de fazer a derivada do atraso para obter o atraso mínimo, como é feito na formulação tradicional do logical effort. Simulações elétricas mostram que o modelo proposto é muito preciso para uma abordagem de primeira ordem, uma vez que apresenta erros médios de 1,48% para dissipação de potência, 2,28% para atraso de propagação e 6,5% para os tamanhos dos transistores.<br>Microelectronics industry has been relying more and more upon cell-based design methodology to face the growing complexity in the design of digital integrated circuits, since cell-based integrated circuits are designed in a faster and cheaper way than fullcustom circuits. Nevertheless, in spite of the advancements in the field of Electronic Design Automation, cell-based digital integrated circuits show inferior performance when compared with full-custom circuits. Therefore, it is desirable to find ways to bring the performance of cell-based circuits closer to that of full-custom circuits without compromising the design costs of the former circuits. Bearing this goal in mind, this thesis presents contributions towards an automatic flow of local optimization for cellbased digital circuits. By local optimization, it is meant circuit optimization within small context windows, in which optimizations are done taking into account the global context. This way, local optimization may include the detection and isolation of critical regions of the circuit and the generation of logic and transistor networks; these networks are sized according to the existing design constraints. Since local optimizations act in a reduced context, several solutions may be obtained considering local constraints, out of which the fittest solution is chosen to replace the original subcircuit (critical region). The specific contribution of this thesis is the development of a subcircuit sizing method capable of obtaining minimum active area solutions, taking into account the maximum input capacitance, the output load to be driven, and the imposed delay constraint. The method is based on the logical effort formulation, and the main contribution is to compute the area derivative to obtain minimum area, instead of making the delay derivative to obtain minimum delay, as it is done in the traditional logical effort formulation. Electrical simulations show that the proposed method is very precise for a first order approach, as it presents average errors of 1.48% in power dissipation, 2.28% in propagation delay, and 6.5% in transistor sizes.
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Mma, Stephanie Weiya. "Formulation of a parametric systems design framework for disaster response planning." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42919.
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The occurrence of devastating natural disasters in the past several years have prompted communities, responding organizations, and governments to seek ways to improve disaster preparedness capabilities locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally. A holistic approach to design used in the aerospace and industrial engineering fields enables efficient allocation of resources through applied parametric changes within a particular design to improve performance metrics to selected standards. In this research, this methodology is applied to disaster preparedness, using a community's time to restoration after a disaster as the response metric.
A review of the responses from Hurricane Katrina and the 2010 Haiti earthquake, among other prominent disasters, provides observations leading to some current capability benchmarking. A need for holistic assessment and planning exists for communities but the current response planning infrastructure lacks a standardized framework and standardized assessment metrics.
Within the humanitarian logistics community, several different metrics exist, enabling quantification and measurement of a particular area's vulnerability. These metrics, combined with design and planning methodologies from related fields, such as engineering product design, military response planning, and business process redesign, provide insight and a framework from which to begin developing a methodology to enable holistic disaster response planning.
The developed methodology was applied to the communities of Shelby County, TN and pre-Hurricane-Katrina Orleans Parish, LA. Available literature and reliable media sources provide information about the different values of system parameters within the decomposition of the community aspects and also about relationships among the parameters.
The community was modeled as a system dynamics model and was tested in the implementation of two, five, and ten year improvement plans for Preparedness, Response, and Development capabilities, and combinations of these capabilities. For Shelby County and for Orleans Parish, the Response improvement plan reduced restoration time the most. For the combined capabilities, Shelby County experienced the greatest reduction in restoration time with the implementation of Development&Response capability improvements, and for Orleans Parish it was the Preparedness&Response capability improvements.
Optimization of restoration time with community parameters was tested by using a Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. Fifty different optimized restoration times were generated using the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm and ranked using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution. The optimization results indicate that the greatest reduction in restoration time for a community is achieved with a particular combination of different parameter values instead of the maximization of each parameter.
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Kastner, Elisabeth. "Nanotechnology and microfluidics : formulation design and on-chip manufacture of nanoparticles." Thesis, Aston University, 2016. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/28849/.
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Nanoparticles offer an ideal platform for the delivery of small molecule drugs, subunit vaccines and genetic constructs. Besides the necessity of a homogenous size distribution, defined loading efficiencies and reasonable production and development costs, one of the major bottlenecks in translating nanoparticles into clinical application is the need for rapid, robust and reproducible development techniques. Within this thesis, microfluidic methods were investigated for the manufacturing, drug or protein loading and purification of pharmaceutically relevant nanoparticles. Initially, methods to prepare small liposomes were evaluated and compared to a microfluidics-directed nanoprecipitation method. To support the implementation of statistical process control, design of experiment models aided the process robustness and validation for the methods investigated and gave an initial overview of the size ranges obtainable in each method whilst evaluating advantages and disadvantages of each method. The lab-on-a-chip system resulted in a high-throughput vesicle manufacturing, enabling a rapid process and a high degree of process control. To further investigate this method, cationic low transition temperature lipids, cationic bola-amphiphiles with delocalized charge centers, neutral lipids and polymers were used in the microfluidics-directed nanoprecipitation method to formulate vesicles. Whereas the total flow rate (TFR) and the ratio of solvent to aqueous stream (flow rate ratio, FRR) was shown to be influential for controlling the vesicle size in high transition temperature lipids, the factor FRR was found the most influential factor controlling the size of vesicles consisting of low transition temperature lipids and polymer-based nanoparticles. The biological activity of the resulting constructs was confirmed by an invitro transfection of pDNA constructs using cationic nanoprecipitated vesicles. Design of experiments and multivariate data analysis revealed the mathematical relationship and significance of the factors TFR and FRR in the microfluidics process to the liposome size, polydispersity and transfection efficiency. Multivariate tools were used to cluster and predict specific in-vivo immune responses dependent on key liposome adjuvant characteristics upon delivery a tuberculosis antigen in a vaccine candidate. The addition of a low solubility model drug (propofol) in the nanoprecipitation method resulted in a significantly higher solubilisation of the drug within the liposomal bilayer, compared to the control method. The microfluidics method underwent scale-up work by increasing the channel diameter and parallelisation of the mixers in a planar way, resulting in an overall 40-fold increase in throughput. Furthermore, microfluidic tools were developed based on a microfluidics-directed tangential flow filtration, which allowed for a continuous manufacturing, purification and concentration of liposomal drug products.
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Lopez-Pedrosa, Jose Maria. "A design of experiment and inkjet printing approach to material formulation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15230.
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The overall aims of this thesis were the preparation, using inkjet printing and robotics, of libraries of multi-component formulations for the design of new materials (pigment based inks, polymer blends and lipoplexes) applied to inkjet printer, cell binding and cell transfection, respectively. This was followed by their screening and the assessment of their suitability for its design, looking at which main variables (factors) and settings (range) influenced the properties of the formulations. A key component of the preparation of these libraries, was the application of a design of experimental methods, which directed the preparation of the formulations and allowed the development of mathematical models for material prediction and optimisation, as follows: (1). Formulations of pigment based inks, which were prepared and analysed for determination of which components provided a suitable viscosity for good jet performance and printing quality. Model development showed that diethyleneglycol was the main mixture factor that controlled viscosity, while voltage and pulse width were the main process factors that provided an increase of drop velocity and spread on substrate. (2). Formulations of polymer blends were assessed for cell binding. The best blends were poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) and chitosan. Rheological analysis showed that blends containing 50 % w/w of chitosan gave the highest values of viscosity and shear thinning behaviour, showing their loss moduli(G”) greater than their storage moduli (G’). (3). Lipoplexes are combinations of DNA and cationic lipids that are used to transfect cells. Formulation libraries of cationic lipids were prepared, with model development, showing that the ratios of cationic lipid/DNA and co-lipid/cationic lipid were the most important factors, and were inversely proportional to transfection.
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Orr, Marc Stewart. "A Logic Formulation for the QCA Cell Arrangement Problem." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/438.
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Some people believe that IC densities are approaching the fundamental limits inherent to semiconductor technologies. One alternative to semiconductors is Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA); QCA is a nanotechnology that offers the potential to build denser IC's that switch at higher frequencies and run on lower power. QCA's most basic building block, the QCA cell, is inherently binary; digital circuits are implemented by arranging these QCA cells in pre-defined configurations on a two dimensional plane. This paper proposes a logic formulation that describes arranging QCA cells on a two dimensional plane; it is presented as a set of rules that can be implemented with basic Boolean variables and operators. This Boolean formulation is general and can be applied to any given specification. In addition, an optimization constraint is defined so that the logic formulation will only validate the most efficient QCA cell arrangements. The correctness of the logic formulation has been empirically verified by testing it with a SAT solver. The effectiveness of the minimization constraint in conjunction with the logic formulation has been tested with a Pseudo-Boolean ILP solver.
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Gomes, Charles. "Contribution de la planification expérimentale à la modélisation de phénomènes complexes en formulation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0735.
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Dans certains domaines de la formulation, comme la cosmétique, les phénomènes étudiés peuvent être très chaotiques avec des zones de rupture ou de non linéarité. Dans ce cas, le formulateur doit se poser de nombreuses questions avant de proposer la stratégie expérimentale optimale qui doit être adaptée au mieux à son problème. Pour de tels phénomènes, des plans d'expériences classiques, tels que les réseaux de Scheffé ou les plans D-optimaux, se révèlent insuffisants car les points expérimentaux ne couvrent pas uniformément l'espace expérimental. En effet, il est intéressant dans ces cas d'étude d'explorer l'ensemble du domaine expérimental et de répartir uniformément les points dans l'espace. Pour cela, les plans uniformes ou Space-Filling Designs (SFD), fréquemment utilisés dans le cas de variables orthogonales, mais très peu dans le cas des variables de mélange, sont particulièrement intéressants. L'objectif de cette thèse est d’adapter des algorithmes de construction de plans uniformes dans le cas de plans de mélanges, de proposer des règles simples pour aider au choix de la nature et du nombre de points du plan d'expériences de mélange<br>In some domains of formulation, as cosmetics, the phenomena can be very chaotic with discontinuities or not linear zones. In the cosmetic field, the formulator has to propose the optimal experimental strategy which must be well adapted to the constraints imposed by the experimenters. For such phenomena, classical designs of experiments, such as Scheffé simplexes lattices or the D-optimal designs, are proving insufficient because the experimental points do not uniformly cover the experimental space. Indeed, it is essential in these studies to explore the whole experimental domain and to uniformly distribute points in the space. For that purpose, the Space-Filling Designs (SFD), frequently used in the case of orthogonal variables, but less in the case of the mixture variables, are particularly interesting. The objective of this thesis is to adapt the algorithms for construction of uniform designs in the case of mixture designs and to propose guidelines for the choice of the nature and the number of points of the experimental design
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Ong, Michael Lau Hui. "The aerosol performance and physico-chemical properties of co-milled dry powder formulations for high dose delivery." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16277.
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The overall aim of the thesis was to investigate the aerosol performance and physico-chemical properties of dry powder formulations produced by co-milling an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API- Beclomethasone Dipropionate - BDP) with an additive (Magnesium Stearate - MGST), using the jet mill apparatus, for high dose delivery. Co-milled formulations were produced at the set concentration of 1% w/w BDP, varying concentrations of MGST (0%-7.5% w/w), adding lactose as the final bulking agent. In general, 5% w/w MGST was found to be the optimal concentration for aerosol performance in terms of powder dispersibility% and emitted dose (ED%) from in-vitro aerosol performance analysis. The effect of BDP concentrations (from 1% w/w-40% w/w) co-milled at a fixed concentration of 5% w/w MGST, was investigated and a reduction in aerosol performance was observed with an increase in BDP% w/w concentration. High dose delivery (in mg of API) was achieved at a BDP concentration of < 20% w/w. In the final experiment, the effect of relative humidity (RH-between 50-75% RH) after short term storage (0, 1, 5, 15 days, respectively) on the aerosol performance and physico-chemical properties of the co-milled formulations (1% BDP/99% lactose and 1% BDP/5% MGST/94% lactose) was investigated. Generally, aerosol performance was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the co-milled formulation containing 5% w/w MGST, after storage at 75% RH for 15 days. This was likely due to the hydrophobicity of MGST which provided a barrier from moisture absorption on the surface of micronised particles. The results from this thesis demonstrated how high dose delivery (in mg) with improved powder stability can be achieved by co-milling of BDP with the additive material MGST.
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Bajaj, Manas. "Knowledge composition methodology for effective analysis problem formulation in simulation-based design." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26639.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.<br>Committee Co-Chair: Dr. Christiaan J. J. Paredis; Committee Co-Chair: Dr. Russell S. Peak; Committee Member: Dr. Charles Eastman; Committee Member: Dr. David McDowell; Committee Member: Dr. David Rosen; Committee Member: Dr. Steven J. Fenves. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Mirza, M. T. "Formulation of model catalysts for the hydrocracking of oils in an induction heated reactor." Thesis, Teesside University, 1989. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233590.
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Turner, Mark G. (Mark Graham). "Design and analysis of internal flowfields using a two stream function formulation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42214.
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Singh, Minerva. "Design of a system to support policy formulation for sustainable biofuel production." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:db054d43-6359-45cd-af82-a71abd2b288b.
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The increased demand for biofuels is expected to put additional strain on the available agricultural resources while at the same time causing environmental degradation. Hence, new energy policies need to be formulated and implemented in order to meet global energy needs while reducing the impact of biofuels farming and production. This research focuses on proving a decision support system which can aid the formulation of policies for the sustainable biofuel production. The system seeks to address policy formulation that requires reconciliation of the qualitative aspects of decision making (such as stakeholder’s viewpoints) with quantitative data, which often may be imprecise. To allow this, based on: Fuzzy logic and Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) in the form of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Using these concepts, three software functionalities, “Options vs. Fuzzy Criteria Matrix”, “Analytical Hierarchy Process” and “Fuzzy AHP” were developed. These were added within the framework of pre-existing base software, Compendium (developed by the Open University, UK). A number of case study based models have been investigated using the software. These models made use of data from the Philippines and India in order to pinpoint suitable land and crop options for these countries. The models based on AHP and Fuzzy AHP were very successful in identifying suitable crop options for India by capturing both the stakeholder viewpoints and quantitative data. The software functionalities are very effective in scenario planning and selection of policies that would be beneficial in achieving a desired future scenario. The models further revealed that the newly developed software correctly identified many of the important issues in a consistent manner.
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Schaffer, Andrei Serban. "On the adjoint formulation of design sensitivity analysis of multibody dynamics cs." Diss., University of Iowa, 2005. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/93.
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Numerical methods for design sensitivity analysis of multibody dynamics are presented. An analysis of the index-3 adjoint differential-algebraic equations is conducted and stability of the integration of the adjoint differential-algebraic equations in the backward direction is proven.
Stabilized index-1 formulations are presented and convergence of backward differentiation formulas is shown for the stabilized index-1 forms of the differential-algebraic equations of motion, the direct differentiation differential-algebraic equations, and the adjoint differential-algebraic equations for Cartesian non-centroidal multibody systems with Euler parameters. Convergence of backward differentiation formulas applied to these formulations is proven, by showing that the resulting differential-algebraic equations are uniform index-1.
A novel numerical algorithm is presented, the Piecewise Adjoint method, which formulates the coordinate partitioning underlying ordinary differential equations, resulting from the adjoint sensitivity analysis, as a multiple shooting boundary value problem. The columns of the fundamental matrix and the particular solution of the coordinate partitioning underlying ordinary differential equations are evaluated independently.
Numerical experiments with the Direct Differentiation method, the Adjoint method, and the Piecewise Adjoint method and efficiency analysis are presented for two multibody system models: a four bodies spatial slider-crank and a thirteen bodies High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle. Sequential and parallel numerical experiments validate the correctness of the implementation. The predictions of the number of floating-point operations are confirmed by the sequential results. The predicted speed-up of the parallel numerical experiments is shown for multibody systems with small degrees of freedom and potential speed-ups are discussed for larger problems on architectures with adequate numbers of processors.
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Isaacs, Nasreen. "Formulation and process optimisation of ethionamide 250 MGtablets using quality by design principles." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3979.
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The traditional approach of Quality by Testing (QbT) limits the assurance of product quality to in-process and post-production testing. To overcome these limitations, a more proactive and systematic means to product development and optimisation is required. Quality by Design (QbD) is an example of such an approach which focuses on understanding the product and its manufacturing process and emphasises that quality should be built into the product and not merely tested. The study aims to optimise ethionamide tablets, an immediate release oral solid dosage form using QbD.
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Vaze, Shilpa Arun. "Integrated formulation-solution-design scheme for nonlinear multidisciplinary systems using the MIXEDMODELS platform." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/407.
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Ma, Haiqiu. "The formulation, manufacture and evaluation of capsules containing freeze-dried aqueous extracts of Leonotis Leonorus or Mentha Longifolia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3777_1181559333.
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<p>Leonotis leonorus and Mentha longifolia are two herbs commonly used in South Africa, mostly in oral liquid dosage forms. Several disadvantages are associated with these traditional dosage forms which can perhaps be remedied by using an appropriate oral solid dosage form, provided the actual plant material in the latter still resemble, as closely as possible, the traditionally used material and provide products of suitable pharmaceutical quality. The objectives of this study were to prepare and evaluate the pharmaceutical suitability of the freeze-dried aqueous extracts of Leonotis Leonorus and Mentha Longifolia as plant raw material for the capsule dosage of these two therapies and to formulate and manufacture capsules of Leonotis Leonorus and Mentha Longifolia aqueous extract that would contain amounts of the plant materials equivalent to that found in their traditional liquid dosage forms, and have immediate release characteristics and suitability stability.</p>
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Frits, Andrew P. "Formulation of an Integrated Robust Design and Tactics Optimization Process for Undersea Weapon Systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6827.
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In the current Navy environment of undersea weapons development, the engineering aspect of design is decoupled from the development of the tactics with which the weapon is employed. Tactics are developed by intelligence experts, warfighters, and wargamers, while torpedo design is handled by engineers and contractors. This dissertation examines methods by which the conceptual design process of undersea weapon systems, including both torpedo systems and mine counter-measure systems, can be improved. It is shown that by simultaneously designing the torpedo and the tactics with which undersea weapons are used, a more effective overall weapon system can be created.
In addition to integrating torpedo tactics with design, the thesis also looks at design methods to account for uncertainty. The uncertainty is attributable to multiple sources, including: lack of detailed analysis tools early in the design process, incomplete knowledge of the operational environments, and uncertainty in the performance of potential technologies. A robust design process is introduced to account for this uncertainty in the analysis and optimization of torpedo systems through the combination of Monte Carlo simulation with response surface methodology and metamodeling techniques. Additionally, various other methods that are appropriate to uncertainty analysis are discussed and analyzed.
The thesis also advances a new approach towards examining robustness and risk: the treatment of probability of success (POS) as an independent variable. Examining the cost and performance tradeoffs between high and low probability of success designs, the decision-maker can make better informed decisions as to what designs are most promising and determine the optimal balance of risk, cost, and performance.
Finally, the thesis examines the use of non-dimensionalization of parameters for torpedo design. The thesis shows that the use of non-dimensional torpedo parameters leads to increased knowledge about the scaleability of torpedo systems and increased performance of Designs of Experiments.
The integration of these ideas concerning tactics, robust design with uncertainty, and non-dimensionalization of torpedo parameters has lead to the development of a general, powerful technique by which torpedo and other undersea weapon systems can be fully optimized, thereby increasing performance and decreasing the total cost of future weapon systems.
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Johnson, Dione Nicole. "Project design of the multicultural education and training structured interview for cultural formulation." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2117.
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Campion, Russel John. "TRIuMPh : a multimedia design method for task requirement formulation, media integration, device combination, and practical implementation design issues." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267313.
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Fechter, Reinhard Heinrich. "Modelling and optimisation of flexible PVC compound formulation for mine cables." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/62772.
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The thermal stability, fire retardancy and basic mechanical properties, as a function of the mass fractions of the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compound ingredients, can be modelled using 2nd order Scheffé polynomials. The empirical models for each response variable can be determined using statistical experimental design. The particular models for each response variable, which are selected for predictive ability using k-fold cross validation, can be interpreted using statistical analysis of the model terms. The statistical analysis of the model terms can reveal the synergistic or antagonistic interactions between ingredients, some of which have not been reported in literature. The interaction terms in the models also mean that the effect of a certain ingredient is dependent on the mass fractions of the other ingredients. Sensitivity analysis can be used to examine the overall effect of a change in a particular formulation on the response variables. The empirical models can be used to minimise the cost of the PVC compound by varying the formulation. The optimum formulation is a function of the costs of the various ingredients and the limits which are placed on the response variables. To analyse the system as a whole, parametric analysis can be used. The number of different parametric analyses which can be done is very large and depends on the specific questions which need to be answered. Parametric analysis can be used to gain insight into the complex behaviour of the system with changing requirements, as a decision making tool in a commercial environment or to determine the completeness of the different measuring techniques used to describe the thermal stability and fire retardancy of the PVC compound. Statistical experimental design allows for the above methods to be used which leads to significant time and labour savings over attempting to reach the same conclusions using the traditional one-factor-at-a-time experiments with changes in the phr of an ingredient. It is recommended that the data generated for this investigation is analysed in more detail using the methods outlined for this investigation. This can be facilitated by making the analysis of the data (and therefore the data itself) more accessible through a usable interface. The data set itself can also be expanded to include new ingredients requiring very few additional experiments. If a PVC compound that contains none of the ingredients that were used in this investigation is of interest a new separate data set needs to be generated. This can be done by following the same procedure used in this investigation. In fact the method that is used in this investigation can be generalised to optimise the proportions of the ingredients of any mixture.<br>Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2017.<br>Chemical Engineering<br>MEng<br>Unrestricted
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Fauzee, Ayeshah Fateemah Beebee. "Establishing a formulation design space for a generic clobetasol 17- propionate cream using the principles of quality by design." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5868.
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The pharmaceutical industry is global, is highly regulated and is able to achieve reasonable product quality but at high cost with maximum effort. Numerous challenges face the pharmaceutical industry and include a shrinking research pipeline, less innovation, outsourcing, investments, increasing research and development costs, long approval times, growth of the generic industry, failure to understand or analyze manufacturing failure and wastage as high at fifty percent for some pharmaceutical products. An efficient and flexible pharmaceutical sector should be able to consistently produce high quality pharmaceutical products at a reduced cost with minimal waste. As a result, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other agencies such as the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) have embraced a “Quality by Design” (QbD) paradigm and this has become the “desired state” so as to shift manufacturing from being empirical to a science, engineering, and risk based approach. QbD is a systematic approach for the development of high quality pharmaceutical dosage forms that begins with predefined objectives based on the premise that quality must be built into and not tested into a product. QbD together with the establishment of a design space for dosage forms is a fairly new concept and there is limited published data on QbD concepts that report the entire process of identifying Critical Quality Attributes (CQA), design of a formulation and manufacturing process to meet product CQA, understanding the impact of material attributes and process parameters on product CQA, identification and controlling sources of variability in materials and processes that affect the CQA of a product and finally establishing, evaluating and testing a design space using both in vitro and in vivo approaches to assure that a product of consistent quality can always be produced. The objective of these studies was to implement a QbD approach to establish a design space for the development and manufacture of a safe, effective, stable generic formulation containing 0.05% w/w clobetasol 17-propionate (CP) that had similar in vitro and in vivo characteristics to an innovator product, Dermovate® (Sekpharma® Pty Ltd, Sandton, Gauteng, RSA). Such a product would pose a minimal risk of failure when treating severe skin disorders such as seborrhoeic dermatitis, extreme photodermatitis and/or severe psoriasis in HIV/AIDS patients in Southern Africa.
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Zhou, Xianjie. "Formulation of an interactive ruled-based design envelope for ensuring aftermarket vehicle dynamics compliance." Thesis, Clemson University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10246430.
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<p> The objective of this research is to develop an integrated system engineering methodology for the customization design to maximize vehicle performance upgrade freedom while ensuring vehicle dynamics compliance.</p><p> A post-delivery modification framework, which is led by an aftermarket umbrella organization and involve various stakeholders has been established. The umbrella organization will be in charge of developing the design envelope and distribute to various aftermarket kit suppliers to generate specific products according to their brand essence.</p><p> A generic mathematical representation of a (proprietary) ESC system has been developed for virtual certification purposes. This approach is a cost-effective alternative to physical on-road testing and hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) simulations. Furthermore, based on the stability control model, the modification impacts on the vehicle dynamics and stability performance was assessed using the Taguchi design of experiment (DOE) method. DOE results provide three distinct ways for supporting aftermarket modifications. First, main effects help customizers to understand which modification bring benefits or risks. Second, a regression model of the lateral offset metrics helps suppliers to predict closed-loop performances with open-loop testing information which require much less time and cost. Finally, the pass/fail criteria regarding federally mandated ESC compliance (FMVSS 126) brought on the ‘Pass Region’ which consisted of feasible configurations such that customizers may configure their options within a safe zone. Each of these methods complements others for supporting the aftermarket modification.</p><p> In order to improve the computation efficiency, two lower fidelity models were developed: A linear model and a surrogate model. The linear model is derived from the high fidelity model with reduced degrees of freedom (DOF) and linearized parameters. Tire cornering stiffness is treated as constants for gentle maneuvers, and varying parameters for high-dynamic driving maneuver. The linear system is either a linear time-invariant (LTI) system or a linear parameter-varying (LPV) system depending on the application context. The PD yaw stability control algorithm, which is inherited from the high fidelity model, was simplified but retained with critical nonlinear features. A quadratic regression model that was dedicated for compliance metrics was developed as a surrogate model incorporated in an interactive rule-based design envelope. </p><p> An interactive design envelope has been created incorporating the rules established using computational efficient linear and surrogate models. The constraint satisfaction problem is described in the nonlinear programming context and solved using sequential quadratic programming. The quasiconvexity of the design space, which is the necessary condition for the proposed approach, is also investigated by inspecting the constraint functions. Finally, two case studies were developed to demonstrate the framework developed which was validated against the high fidelity co-simulation model.</p>
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Cooper, David L., Derek E. Murrell, David Roane, and Sam Harirforoosh. "Effects of Formulation Design on Niacin Therapeutics: Mechanism of Action, Metabolism, and Drug Delivery." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7166.
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Niacin is a highly effective, lipid regulating drug associated with a number of metabolically induced side effects such as prostaglandin (PG) mediated flushing and hepatic toxicity. In an attempt to reduce the development of these adverse effects, scientists have investigated differing methods of niacin delivery designed to control drug release and alter metabolism. However, despite successful formulation of various orally based capsule and tablet delivery systems, patient adherence to niacin therapy is still compromised by adverse events such as PG-induced flushing. While the primary advantage of orally dosed formulations is ease of use, alternative delivery options such as transdermal delivery or polymeric micro/nanoparticle encapsulation for oral administration have shown promise in niacin reformulation. However, the effectiveness of these alternative delivery options in reducing inimical effects of niacin and maintaining drug efficacy is still largely unknown and requires more in-depth investigation. In this paper, we present an overview of niacin applications, its metabolic pathways, and current drug delivery formulations. Focus is placed on oral immediate, sustained, and extended release niacin delivery as well as combined statin and/or prostaglandin antagonist niacin formulation. We also examine and discuss current findings involving transdermal niacin formulations and polymeric micro/nanoparticle encapsulated niacin delivery.
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Aksaray, Derya. "Formulation of control strategies for requirement definition of multi-agent surveillance systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53121.
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In a multi-agent system (MAS), the overall performance is greatly influenced by both the design and the control of the agents. The physical design determines the agent capabilities, and the control strategies drive the agents to pursue their objectives using the available capabilities. The objective of this thesis is to incorporate control strategies in the early conceptual design of an MAS. As such, this thesis proposes a methodology that mainly explores the interdependency between the design variables of the agents and the control strategies used by the agents. The output of the proposed methodology, i.e. the interdependency between the design variables and the control strategies, can be utilized in the requirement analysis as well as in the later design stages to optimize the overall system through some higher fidelity analyses.
In this thesis, the proposed methodology is applied to a persistent multi-UAV surveillance problem, whose objective is to increase the situational awareness of a base that receives some instantaneous monitoring information from a group of UAVs. Each UAV has a limited energy capacity and a limited communication range. Accordingly, the connectivity of the communication network becomes essential for the information flow from the UAVs to the base. In long-run missions, the UAVs need to return to the base for refueling with certain frequencies depending on their endurance. Whenever a UAV leaves the surveillance area, the remaining UAVs may need relocation to mitigate the impact of its absence. In the control part of this thesis, a set of energy-aware control strategies are developed for efficient multi-UAV surveillance operations. To this end, this thesis first proposes a decentralized strategy to recover the connectivity of the communication network. Second, it presents two return policies for UAVs to achieve energy-aware persistent surveillance. In the design part of this thesis, a design space exploration is performed to investigate the overall performance by varying a set of design variables and the candidate control strategies. Overall, it is shown that a control strategy used by an MAS affects the influence of the design variables on the mission performance. Furthermore, the proposed methodology identifies the preferable pairs of design variables and control strategies through low fidelity analysis in the early design stages.
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Scharl, Julien. "Formulation and implementation of a methodology for dynamic modeling and simulation in early aerospace design." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12973.
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Khalifeh, Ihssan. "Internship in pavement construction: analyzation of hot bituminous mixtures design, formulation, placement and quality control." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21945.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Civil<br>Este trabalho prático baseia-se em observações realizadas sobre a execução
de pavimentos rodoviários, a realizar por uma das empresas portuguesas
especializadas nesta área de construção. O trabalho inclui três fases essenciais
da indústria rodoviária, nomeadamente: design e produção de misturas
betuminosas a quente, aplicação de misturas (construção de pavimentos) e
controlo de qualidade. Cada fase é discutida em detalhe para fornecer o melhor
entendimento possível sobre este tópico de acordo com a inspeção do local.
Assim, permite dar uma boa compreensão sobre o trabalho, que estuda em
detalhes todos os aspectos relacionados com a fabricação de misturas
betuminosas a quente, bem como a sua aplicação em pavimentos rodoviários
de acordo com uma série de circunstâncias impostas pela situação prática da
obra, além de garantia de controle de qualidade.<br>This practical work is based on observations conducted over the execution of
road pavements, to be held by one of the specialized Portuguese companies in
this area of construction. The work includes three crucial phases of the road
industry, namely: hot bituminous mixtures design and production, mixture
application (pavement construction) and quality control. Each phase is discussed
in detail to provide the best possible understanding over this topic in accordance
with the site inspection.Thus, it aims to provide a good comprehension about the
work, which studies in detail every aspect related to the fabrication of hot
bituminous mixtures, as well as its application in road pavements according to a
number of circumstances imposed by the practical situation of the construction
site in addition to quality control assurance.
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Ghosh, Priyanka. "Formulation Optimization for Pore Lifetime Enhancement and Sustained Drug Delivery Across Microneedle Treated Skin." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pharmacy_etds/22.
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Microneedle (MN) enhanced drug delivery is a safe, effective and efficient enhancement method for delivery of drug molecules across the skin. The “poke (press) and patch” approach employs solid stainless steel MN to permeablize the skin prior to application of a regular drug patch over the treated area. It has been previously shown that MN can be used to deliver naltrexone (NTX) at a rate that provides plasma concentrations in the lower end of the therapeutic range in humans. The drug delivery potential of this technique is, however, limited by the re-sealing of the micropores in a 48-72h timeframe. The goal of the current research was to optimize the formulation for a 7 day MN enhanced delivery system for NTX either by adding a second active pharmacological moiety or by optimizing formulation characteristics alone. Three different formulation strategies were explored: formulation pH optimization with NTX; a codrug approach with NTX and a nonspecific cyclooxygenase inhibitor, diclofenac (DIC); and a topical/transdermal approach with NTX and an enzyme inhibitor of the cholesterol synthesis pathway, fluvastatin (FLU). The results indicated that formulation pH cannot be used to extend micropore lifetime, although formulation optimization leads to enhanced transport and thus drug delivery across MN treated skin. The codrug approach was successful in extending the micropore lifetime and further screening of codrug structures and formulation optimization helped in selection of a codrug candidate suitable for evaluation in animal pharmacokinetic studies. Local treatment with FLU helped to keep the micropores open and enabled delivery of NTX for an extended period. The pores re-sealed on removal of treatment within a 30-45 minute timeframe, indicating that infection/irritation should not be a major issue, as in the case of other topical chemical enhancers. Thus, overall it can be concluded that different formulation strategies can be utilized to extend micropore lifetime and enhance delivery of drug molecules across the skin.
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Edussuriya, Priyantha S. "Impact of urban physical design attributes on urban air quality and microclimate : towards formulation of urban design guidelines for Mong Kok /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25798881.
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Nielsen, Eric John. "Aerodynamic Design Sensitivities on an Unstructured Mesh Using the Navier-Stokes Equations and a Discrete Adjoint Formulation." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29459.
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A discrete adjoint method is developed and demonstrated for aerodynamic design optimization on unstructured grids. The governing equations are the three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations coupled with a one-equation turbulence model. A discussion of the numerical implementation of the flow and adjoint equations is presented. Both compressible and incompressible solvers are differentiated, and the accuracy of the sensitivity derivatives is verified by comparing with gradients obtained using finite differences and a complex-variable approach.
Several simplifying approximations to the complete linearization of the residual are also presented. A first-order approximation to the dependent variables is implemented in the adjoint and design equations, and the effect of a "frozen" eddy viscosity and neglecting mesh sensitivity terms is also examined. The resulting derivatives from these approximations are all shown to be inaccurate and often of incorrect sign. However, a partially-converged adjoint solution is shown to be sufficient for computing accurate sensitivity derivatives, yielding a potentially large cost savings in the design process. The convergence rate of the adjoint solver is compared to that of the flow solver. For inviscid adjoint solutions, the cost is roughly one to four times that of a flow solution, whereas for turbulent computations, this ratio can reach as high as ten. Sample optimizations are performed for inviscid and turbulent transonic flows over an ONERA M6 wing, and drag reductions are demonstrated.<br>Ph. D.
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Yu, Hang. "Reliability-based design optimization of structures : methodologies and applications to vibration control." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769937.
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Deterministic design optimization is widely used to design products or systems. However, due to the inherent uncertainties involved in different model parameters or operation processes, deterministic design optimization without considering uncertainties may result in unreliable designs. In this case, it is necessary to develop and implement optimization under uncertainties. One way to deal with this problem is reliability-based robust design optimization (RBRDO), in which additional uncertainty analysis (UA, including both of reliability analysis and moment evaluations) is required. For most practical applications however, UA is realized by Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) combined with structural analyses that renders RBRDO computationally prohibitive. Therefore, this work focuses on development of efficient and robust methodologies for RBRDO in the context of MCS. We presented a polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) based MCS method for UA, in which the random response is approximated with the PCE. The efficiency is mainly improved by avoiding repeated structural analyses. Unfortunately, this method is not well suited for high dimensional problems, such as dynamic problems. To tackle this issue, we applied the convolution form to compute the dynamic response, in which the PCE is used to approximate the modal properties (i.e. to solve random eigenvalue problem) so that the dimension of uncertainties is reduced since only structural random parameters are considered in the PCE model. Moreover, to avoid the modal intermixing problem when using MCS to solve the random eigenvalue problem, we adopted the MAC factor to quantify the intermixing, and developed a univariable method to check which variable results in such a problem and thereafter to remove or reduce this issue. We proposed a sequential RBRDO to improve efficiency and to overcome the nonconvergence problem encountered in the framework of nested MCS based RBRDO. In this sequential RBRDO, we extended the conventional sequential strategy, which mainly aims to decouple the reliability analysis from the optimization procedure, to make the moment evaluations independent from the optimization procedure. Locally "first-torder" exponential approximation around the current design was utilized to construct the equivalently deterministic objective functions and probabilistic constraints. In order to efficiently calculate the coefficients, we developed the auxiliary distribution based reliability sensitivity analysis and the PCE based moment sensitivity analysis. We investigated and demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methods for UA as well as RBRDO by several numerical examples. At last, RBRDO was applied to design the tuned mass damper (TMD) in the context of passive vibration control, for both deterministic and uncertain structures. The associated optimal designs obtained by RBRDO cannot only reduce the variability of the response, but also control the amplitude by the prescribed threshold.
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Tang, Huiling. "Rheological Measurements and Core Flood Data Analysis in Support of Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Formulation Design." Thesis, Purdue University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10618534.
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<p> This research involved rheological measurements and the analysis of core flood test data in support of the design of a formulation for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) at the Pioneer Rock Hill reservoir, a site characterized by relatively low formation brine salinity and temperature. Extensive and systematic rheological measurements identified viscosity values and rheological behaviors of different polymers, surfactants and polymer-surfactant solutions over a range of concentrations, salinities, and temperatures relevant to the targeted field conditions. The results were used to support formulation design in combination with phase behavior studies and interfacial tension measurements, provide information relevant to in-tank mixing/pumping operations, and maximize sweep efficiency and mobility control in the core flood tests. Further rheological measurements were conducted on the primary surfactant, Petrostep<sup>® </sup> S13D, over a broad range of concentrations in both deionized water and two synthetic brines, up to neat solution. The results of these tests indicate that different structures (micellar solution, hexagonal liquid crystal, and lamellar liquid crystal) form at different concentrations, supporting SAXS observations performed by another research group. </p><p> In a separate effort, data obtained from core flood tests conducted in the Purdue EOR laboratory to evaluate and optimize formulations, were collected and organized. Five performance parameters: recovery factor in terms of %ROIP, oil saturation after chemical flood (S<sub>orc</sub>), maximum injection pressure during chemical flood, surfactant sorption, and total injectant cost, were selected to evaluate test efficiency, based on technical and economic feasibility. Performance analysis of the core flood data and comparison with data from the literature show average to very good performance of the Purdue core flood tests.</p><p>
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Cheboyina, Sreekhar. "Design and development of a novel freeze pelletization technique : formulation, characterization and evaluation of matrix pellets /." Full text available from ProQuest UM Digital Dissertations, 2006. http://0-proquest.umi.com.umiss.lib.olemiss.edu/pqdweb?index=0&did=1260798651&SrchMode=1&sid=4&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1193083907&clientId=22256.
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Imperiale, Vita. "Design and formulation of a bespoke self-healing agent for repair of multifunctional fibre reinforced polymers." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.582821.
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The aim of this investigation was to design a bespoke self-healing agent (SHA) formulation in order to achieve a fully autonomous healing functionality, which provides effective and timely in-situ repair of FRP composite laminates. The preliminary phase of the design process consisted of the identification of the SHA requirements, the choice of epoxy resins as the most suitable chemistry and, finally, the selection of the best candidate species, amongst the many commercially available. Numerous formulations were then generated by the combination of the above components. Therefore, an initial downselection process, with chemical and physical properties characterisation was necessary to consider only a limited number of formulations for mechanical properties characterization. A Mode I fracture toughness test was considered as a means of final selection, the adhesive function being one of the most important functional requirements. Finally, the recovery of residual compressive strength after impact (CAI) was used as a validation method, which was able to demonstrate and quantify the self-healing recovery within a FRP laminate. A very low viscosity epoxy based formulation with a slightly higher fracture toughness than the host composite matrix and good degree of reactivity was selected as having the best overall performance. Adhesion, as a function of time and temperature, was further assessed in this formulation. It was demonstrated that a certain degree of load bearing ability can be achieved after limited reaction extent with full recovery of load bearing ability after 6 hours at 25°C. An ageing assessment of SHA demonstrated that after seven days exposure to 60°C the formulation possessed excellent adhesive properties. The novel integration of a two-part SHA, with the components segregated within different hollow glass fibres for a fully autonomous process, required the development of a suitable manufacturing and design of the FRP laminate. The damaged and self-healed samples achieved 93% of the strength relative to the initial pristine configuration. Besides an increase in the failure load, self-healing generated a significant change in the stress-strain characteristics, which restored a degree of linearity up to failure, and a reduction in the differential strains (and hence increased buckling resistance). The bleeding of the SHA from storage in the HGF to effect healing can be implied from ultrasonic C-scan analysis, where images of self- healing samples possessed fragmented and less defined delamination contours compared to the image of damaged samples without SHA within hollow glass fibres. This investigation has demonstrated that a fully autonomous recovery of a significant proportion of compressive strength in a CFRP is possible via self-healing. For the first time it has been demonstrated that a bespoke multi-component SHA is able to bleed from embedded HGF, self-mix and react to allow recovery of up to 93% of compressive strength, notwithstanding the presence of remaining damage within the CFRP laminate
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Rumsey, John. "Tissue Engineered Myelination and the Stretch Reflex Arc Sensory Circuit: Defined Medium Formulation, Interface Design and Microfabrication." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3904.
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The overall focus of this research project was to develop an in vitro tissue-engineered system that accurately reproduced the physiology of the sensory elements of the stretch reflex arc as well as engineer the myelination of neurons in the systems. In order to achieve this goal we hypothesized that myelinating culture systems, intrafusal muscle fibers and the sensory circuit of the stretch reflex arc could be bioengineered using serum-free medium formulations, growth substrate interface design and microfabrication technology. The monosynaptic stretch reflex arc is formed by a direct synapse between motoneurons and sensory neurons and is one of the fundamental circuits involved in motor control. The circuit serves as a proprioceptive feedback system, relaying information about muscle length and stretch to the central nervous system (CNS). It is composed of four elements, which are split into two circuits. The efferent or motor circuit is composed of an [alpha]-motoneuron and the extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers it innervates, while the afferent or sensory circuit is composed of a Ia sensory neuron and a muscle spindle. Structurally, the two muscular units are aligned in parallel, which plays a critical role modulating the system's performance. Functionally, the circuit acts to maintain appropriate muscle length during activities as diverse as eye movement, respiration, locomotion, fine motor control and posture maintenance. Myelination of the axons of the neuronal system is a vertebrate adaptation that enables rapid conduction of action potentials without a commensurate increase in axon diameter. In vitro neuronal systems that reproduce these effects would provide a unique modality to study factors influencing sensory neuronal deficits, neuropathic pain, myelination and diseases associated with myelination. In this dissertation, results for defined in vitro culture conditions resulting in myelination of motoneurons by Schwann cells, pattern controlled myelination of sensory neurons, intrafusal fiber formation, patterned assembly of the mechanosensory complex and integration of the complex on bio-MEMS cantilever devices. Using these systems the stretch sensitive sodium channel BNaC1 and the structural protein PICK1 localized at the sensory neuron terminals associated with the intrafusal fibers was identified as well as the Ca2+ waves associated with sensory neuron electrical activity upon intrafusal fiber stretch on MEMS cantilevers. The knowledge gained through these multi-disciplinary approaches could lead to insights for spasticity inducing diseases like Parkinson's, demyelinating diseases and spinal cord injury repair. These engineered systems also have application in high-throughput drug discovery. Furthermore, the use of biomechanical systems could lead to improved fine motor control for tissue-engineered prosthetic devices.<br>Ph.D.<br>Department of Biomolecular Science<br>Sciences<br>Biomedical Sciences PhD
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Cyrus, Crystal Dawn. "Synthesis and Formulation of Novel Polymers for the Design of Extended Wear Contact Lens Materials and Surfaces." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1239637443.
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Phillips, Robert H. "The effect of denormalized schemas on ad-hoc query formulation: a human factors experiment in database design." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54262.
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The information systems literature is rich with studies of database organization and its impact on machine, programmer, and administrative efficiency. Little attention, however, has been paid to the impact of database organization on end-user interactions with computer systems. This research effort addressed this increasingly important issue by examining the effects of database organization on the ability of end-users to locate and extract desired information.
The study examined the impact of normalization levels of external relational database schema on end-user query success. It has been suggested in the literature that end-user query success might be improved by presenting external schema in lower level normal forms. This speculation is based on an analytical study of one particular class of query, queries involving join operations. The research presented here provides empirical support for this assertion. However, the implicit assumption that all other queries are neutral in their bias toward a particular level of normalization was found to be false. A class of queries requiring decomposition of prejoined relations was identified which strongly biases normalized relations. Thus, no particular normalization level was shown to dominate unless assumptions were made as to the class of query being formulated. Evidence from field research may be required to completely resolve the issue.
The study also examined the interaction effects between normalization levels and other key variables known to impact query success. Significant interactions with user skill and the complexity of the query being made were found. The level of normalization did not impact high skilled users making easy queries or low skilled users making difficult queries. The impact of these interactions, as well as the main effects of the related variables, on query syntax and logic errors holds important implications for database administrators as well as those involved with the development of database query languages.<br>Ph. D.
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Moreno, Navarro Pablo. "Multiphysics formulation and multiscale finite element discretizations of thermo-electro-magneto-mechanic coupling for smart materials design." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2525.
Full textAbstract:
Les algorithmes numériques basés sur la méthode des éléments finis seront spécialisés dans l’analyse, la conception et l’optimisation de capteurs et d’actionneurs (S-A), ainsi que dans leur application aux structures intelligentes. Les S-A basés sur des actifs tangibles peuvent coupler plusieurs domaines, tels que les domaines mécanique, électrique, magnétique et thermique. Ils sont utilisés dans de nombreuses applications, notamment dans les structures intelligentes, la surveillance des dommages ou l’aérodynamique. Malgré l’expérience considérable de ces études, les étapes abordées consistent d’abord à développer une formulation thermodynamiquement cohérente à l’échelle macro pour introduire des modèles de plasticité; deuxièmement, fournir les outils permettant de prendre en compte les hétérogénéités des modèles multi-échelles pour les matériaux intelligents. L’objectif principal est la mise au point d’un code informatique de recherche permettant de simuler et d’étudier les performances, non seulement des S-A eux-mêmes, mais également des structures intelligentes dans lesquelles ces S-A seront montés<br>Numerical algorithms based on the Finite Element Method will be specialized for Analysis, Design, and Optimization of Sensors and Actuators (S-A) and their Application to Smart Structures. The S-A based on tangible assets can couple several fields, such as mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and thermal. They are used in many applications, particularly in smart structures, damage monitoring, or aerodynamics. Despite the considerable experience in these studies, the steps addressed are first to develop a thermodynamically consistent formulation for macro-scale to introduce plasticity models; second, to provide the tools to take into account the heterogeneities of multi-scale models for smart materials. The main objective is the development of a research computer code to simulate and study the performance, not only of the S-A themselves but also of the smart structures in which these S-A will be mounted