Journal articles: 'Formulation optimization'

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Bhattacharya, Sankha, and Bhupendra G. Prajapati. "FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF CELECOXIB NANOEMULGEL." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.19510.

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Objective: The main objective of this experiment was to prepare and optimized celecoxib nanoemulgel. This formulation can be used for acuterheumatoid arthritis patients.Methods: Celecoxib is a poorly water soluble drug. We prepared celecoxib nanoemulgel to improve intrinsic solubility of celecoxib and enhancedeeper permeation throughout the skin. After several screening, the combination of acetonitrile, triacetin, campul 908P was considered for oil phase;acconon MC8-2EP as surfactant, and capmul MCM C-10 as a co-surfactant accordingly. As per Box-Behnken surface design model, optimization wasdone for all the 13 formulations.Results: Based on pseudo ternary plot, it was found that 4:1 Smix ratio was optimum and possessed maximum drug solubility. Further, screeningshown, 0.25-0.75% carbopol-940 can be a stable candidate for hydrogel preparation. Prepared nanoemulsions and hydrogels were admixed to preparenanoemulgel. Based on overlay plot, EG14* formulation was consider as optimum one, and various evaluation parameters were performed along withother formulations. Using Franz diffusion cell, in-vitro diffusion studies was performed. Almost all the formulations produces good qualitative drugrelease profile. The EG14* shown 95.50% drug release after 12th hrs with standard Higuchi plot (R2 value 0.9989). The optimum viscosity was foundto be 521±0.81 mPas at 100 rpm. The appearance of the formulations was milky, yellowish white with expectable pH ranged from 5.8 to 6.7. Theoptimized formulation has good spreadability coefficient, good ex-vivo diffusion enhancement factor (3.03) as compare to marketed gel. Mostly, ourformulations have less skin irritation and higher anti-inflammatory activity (92.56% of inhibition of paw edema for EG14*).Conclusion: From the thermodynamic studies, it was confirmed that EG14* maintained excellent stability profile in various heating-cooling cycle,centrifugation, and freeze-thaw cycle condition. Hence, it can be conclude that, our formulation, can be consider for pilot scale up.

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Lu, Hongjia, Andrew Tyas, Matthew Gilbert, and Aleksey V. Pichugin. "On transmissible load formulations in topology optimization." Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 64, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-021-02932-0.

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AbstractTransmissible loads are external loads defined by their line of action, with actual points of load application chosen as part of the topology optimization process. Although for problems where the optimal structure is a funicular, transmissible loads can be viewed as surface loads, in other cases such loads are free to be applied to internal parts of the structure. There are two main transmissible load formulations described in the literature: a rigid bar (constrained displacement) formulation or, less commonly, a migrating load (equilibrium) formulation. Here, we employ a simple Mohr’s circle analysis to show that the rigid bar formulation will only produce correct structural forms in certain specific circumstances. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate (and explain) the incorrect topologies produced when the rigid bar formulation is applied in other situations. A new analytical solution is also presented for a uniformly loaded cantilever structure. Finally, we invoke duality principles to elucidate the source of the discrepancy between the two formulations, considering both discrete truss and continuum topology optimization formulations.

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Wu, Pao-Chu, Pi-Ju Tsai, Shin-Chen Lin, and Yaw-Bin Huang. "Formulation Optimization of Arecoline Patches." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/945168.

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The response surface methodology (RSM) including polynomial equations has been used to design an optimal patch formulation with appropriate adhesion and flux. The patch formulations were composed of different polymers, including Eudragit RS 100 (ERS), Eudragit RL 100 (ERL) and polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP), plasticizers (PEG 400), and drug. In addition, using terpenes as enhancers could increase the flux of the drug. Menthol showed the highest enhancement effect on the flux of arecoline.

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ANAND, P., B. V. N. SIVA PRASAD, and CH VENKATESWARLU. "MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF A PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION SYSTEM USING RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION NETWORK." International Journal of Neural Systems 19, no. 02 (April 2009): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065709001896.

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A Pharmaceutical formulation is composed of several formulation factors and process variables. Quantitative model based pharmaceutical formulation involves establishing mathematical relations between the formulation variables and the resulting responses, and optimizing the formulation conditions. In a formulation system involving several objectives, the desirable formulation conditions for one property may not always be desirable for other characteristics, thus leading to the problem of conflicting objectives. Therefore, efficient modeling and optimization techniques are needed to devise an optimal formulation system. In this work, a novel method based on radial basis function network (RBFN) is proposed for modeling and optimization of pharmaceutical formulations involving several objectives. This method has the advantage that it automatically configures the RBFN using a hierarchically self organizing learning algorithm while establishing the network parameters. This method is evaluated by using a trapidil formulation system as a test bed and compared with that of a response surface method (RSM) based on multiple regression. The simulation results demonstrate the better performance of the proposed RBFN method for modeling and optimization of pharmaceutical formulations over the regression based RSM technique.

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Tsai, Pi-Ju, Chi-Te Huang, Chen-Chou Lee, Chi-Lin Li, Yaw-Bin Huang, Yi-Hung Tsai, and Pao-Chu Wu. "Isotretinoin Oil-Based Capsule Formulation Optimization." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/856967.

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The purpose of this study was to develop and optimize an isotretinoin oil-based capsule with specific dissolution pattern. A three-factor-constrained mixture design was used to prepare the systemic model formulations. The independent factors were the components of oil-based capsule including beeswax (X1), hydrogenated coconut oil (X2), and soybean oil (X3). The drug release percentages at 10, 30, 60, and 90 min were selected as responses. The effect of formulation factors including that on responses was inspected by using response surface methodology (RSM). Multiple-response optimization was performed to search for the appropriate formulation with specific release pattern. It was found that the interaction effect of these formulation factors (X1X2,X1X3, andX2X3) showed more potential influence than that of the main factors (X1,X2, andX3). An optimal predicted formulation withY10 min,Y30 min,Y60 min, andY90 minrelease values of 12.3%, 36.7%, 73.6%, and 92.7% atX1,X2, andX3of 5.75, 15.37, and 78.88, respectively, was developed. The new formulation was prepared and performed by the dissolution test. The similarity factorf2was 54.8, indicating that the dissolution pattern of the new optimized formulation showed equivalence to the predicted profile.

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Singh, Bhupinder, Sonia Pahuja, Rishi Kapil, and Naveen Ahuja. "Formulation development of oral controlled release tablets of hydralazine: Optimization of drug release and bioadhesive characteristics." Acta Pharmaceutica 59, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10007-009-0005-z.

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Formulation development of oral controlled release tablets of hydralazine: Optimization of drug release and bioadhesive characteristicsThe current study involves development of oral bioadhesive hydrophilic matrices of hydralazine hydrochloride, and optimization of theirin vitrodrug release profile andex vivobioadhesion against porcine gastric mucosa. A 32central composite design was employed to systematically optimize the drug delivery formulations containing two polymers,viz., carbomer and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. Response surface plots were drawn and optimum formulations were selected by brute force searches. Validation of the formulation optimization study indicated a very high degree of prognostic ability. The study successfully undertook the development of an optimized once-a-day formulation of hydralazine with excellent bioadhesive and controlled release characteristics.

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Kumar, Sandeep, Manju Nagpal, Kalpana Nagpal, and Gitika Arora Dhingra. "Sustained Release Solid Dispersions of Pentoxyfylline: Formulation and Optimization." Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management 2, no. 1 (May 5, 2014): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jptrm.2014.21002.

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Kraisit, Pakorn, and Narong Sarisuta. "Optimization of Diclofenac Sodium-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Using the Box-Behnken Design." Key Engineering Materials 901 (October 8, 2021): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.901.137.

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This study aimed to prepare diclofenac sodium (DCF)–loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) (DCF-loaded NLCs) for optimizing the NLCs by using the Box-Behnken design. A hot emulsification method using an ultrasonic probe was employed to prepare DCF-loaded NLCs. The active ingredient, solid lipid, oil, and emulsifier were DCF, glyceryl monostearate (GMS) (X1), oleic acid (X2), and polysorbate 80 (X3), respectively. The DCF-loaded NLCs had particle sizes of 69.29–187.3 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) was in the range of 0.216–0.516, indicating a relatively narrow size distribution. The zeta potential of all formulations revealed the negative charge and ranged between -26.0 and -42.13 mV. The percentage encapsulation efficiency (%EE) was 92.71%–104.21%. The responses of all model formulations were created and the optimized formulation was selected by Design-Expert® software. The optimal formulation was composed of 2 g GMS, 0.926 g oleic acid, and 2.724 g polysorbate 80. The particle size and PDI experimental values with the optimal formulation did not differ from those predicted and were within the 95% CI. Therefore, the Box-Behnken design could be efficient in formulating and optimizing DCF-loaded NLCs.

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Kumar, Niwash. "Preparation, Evaluation & Optimization of Nanoparticles Composed of Pyridostigmine." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1422–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38902.

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Abstract: The purpose of this study was to prepare Pyridostigmine nanoparticles for control release of Pyridostigmine to improve the oral bioavailability, enhance the solubility and dissolution rate by decreasing particle size of drug. Infrared spectroscopic studies confirmed that there was no interaction between drug and polymers. The controlled release Pyridostigmine nanoparticles were prepared by Solvent evaporation by using Ethyl cellulose, Chitosan & HPMC K100 at different ratios. The production yield of the formulated controlled release nanoparticles (F1 to F16) in the range of 76.11 % to 83.58 %. The drug content of the formulated controlled release nanoparticles (F1 to F16) in the range of 82.56 %to 98.20%. The Theoretical loading of the formulated controlled release nanoparticles (F1- F16) in the range of 24.43 % to 64.24%. The entrapment efficiency increased with increasing the concentration of polymers and the formulations containing chitosan nanoparticles F6 (1:2) showed better entrapment (90.94%) among all formulation. The solubility of selected formulation (F6) in 0.2 M Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 increased when compared to pure drug. Particle size distribution was determined by Malvern zeta size, the size range for produced nanoparticles in the range of 200 nm to 400 nm. The Polydispersity index of selected nanoparticle formulation (F6) was indicated a narrow range and a homogeneous size distribution of particles. The in vitro dissolution study was carried out in 0. 2N PBS for 2 hours and phosphate buffer pH 6.8 for 10 hours. The formulations shows controlled release of drug up to 12 hrs and all formulations showed more than 75% of drug release. The release kinetics showed that the formulations were complies with Zero order kinetics followed by diffusion controlled mechanism. The best formulation F6 was evaluated by infrared spectroscopy, particle size, Polydispersity index & zeta potential and Scanning Electron microscopy. Best formulation of nanoparticles shown the extent of drug release was found to be F6 (96.93%) in 12 hrs. SEM studies confirmed the morphology of the nanoparticle formulation. Keywords: Polydispersity index, Zeta potential, Scanning Electron microscopy, Pyridostigmine

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Darwish, Manal K. M., Amal S. M. Abu El-Enin, and Kamilia H. A. Mohammed. "Formulation, optimization, and evaluation of raft-forming formulations containing Nizatidine." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 45, no. 4 (February 7, 2019): 651–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2019.1569033.

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Neela, Swapna, Mayuri Konda, Parijatha Bandigari, Krishna Mohan Chinnala, and Balamallesh Kompelly. "Formulation, Development and Optimization of Ciclopirox Emulgel." YMER Digital 21, no. 02 (February 5, 2022): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.02/17.

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The present study was to formulate emulgel using Ciclopirox as drug of choice. Polymers like sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, carbopol 974P and xanthan gum were used as gelling agent in various proportions. Liquid paraffin was used as oil phase and a combination of Span 80 and Tween 80 were used as emulsifying agent. Both oil and aqueous phase were independently warmed to 75oC. At that point the aqueous phase was added to the oil phase with constant mixing until cooled to room temperature. The gel bases were prepared by scattering diverse concentrations of polymers in refined water. The obtained emulsion was mixed with the gel with gentle stirring to obtain the emulgel. Various formulations were prepared by changing the gelling agent and their concentration. The prepared emulgels were evaluated for physical appearance, pH, spreadability co-efficient, physical stability, drug content and in-vitro drug release. All the formulations were physically stable with the pH values within the range and have shown good spreadability coefficient. In-vitro diffusion studies were carried out using pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. Formulation F6 was found to be the optimized formulation and it has shown best results with zero order release kinetics and diffusion mechanism.

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Sameer Shafi and Shendarkar G R. "Optimization And Evaluation Of Polyherbal Topical Cream." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4522.

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Herbal plants and their combination report therapeutic as a well synergistic effect that has been recognized in medicine. So, taking into account this factor, the polyherbal topical cream formulation was prepared by using plant extracts to improve patient compliance, enhance antimicrobial spectrum and enhance aesthetic properties. The study focused on the topical polyherbal cream formulation for delivery of the active constituents present in plants to improve skin diseases. The plant extracts of Ocimum sanctum (OS), Rubia cordifolia (RC), Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) were utilized for the preparation of cream. The formulated cream was subjected to different evaluation parameters and the results depicted that the spreadability of the formulation was low (17.80 ± 1.10g. cm/sec) and that indicates trouble-free spreading, free from grittiness. In rheological properties all the cream formulations also exhibited the same non-Newtonian behaviour. Polyherbal topical cream showed potential antimicrobial activity against all selected microorganisms. Polyherbal topical cream (PHC-5) was ideal in terms of viscosity than other formulations and showed good drug release. Thus, the formulated polyherbal cream was found to be stable in terms of all physicochemical properties.

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Reis, Suelen Da Silva, Valdemir Da Silva Quintanilha Junior, Gabriella Da Silva Boto, Thalita Martins Da Silva, Elizabeth Valverde Macedo, Carlos Augusto de Freitas Peregrino, Samanta Cardozo Mourão, and Emeli Moura De Araújo. "Use of Box–Behnken design for optimization of compounded medication: acyclovir capsules report." Drug Analytical Research 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2527-2616.113283.

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Campus compounding pharmacies play an important role in public health. Herpes simplex is one of the most common viral diseases in humans, which generates a great demand for acyclovir capsules in compounding pharmacy. It is well known that the formulation's components influence the effectiveness of the drug. The objective of this study is to show the applicability of Box-Behnken design in optimization of a compounded formulation and to evaluate the effect of excipients on dissolution and drug content in acyclovir 200 mg capsules produced at UFF´s University Pharmacy (FAU). The formulations were prepared and evaluated for average weight test, uniformity of dosage units and in vitro dissolution, while meeting pharmacopoeial specifications. A statistical analysis showed that sodium starch glycolate, Aerosil®, influences drug content and dissolution results. Magnesium stearate shows no influence on the dissolution at different concentrations but influences the assay results. A numerical optimization was applied to adjust the formulation variables based on the foresaid responses, accomplishing the best formulation that will be prepared and dispensed at FAU upon medical prescription.

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V., Rajalakshmi S., and Vinaya O. G. "FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT, EVALUATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF MEDICATED LIP ROUGE CONTAINING NIOSOMAL ACYCLOVIR FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT HERPES LABIALIS." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 9, no. 6 (November 8, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2017v9i6.19349.

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Objective: Aim of the study was to formulate, evaluate and optimize medicated Lip rouge containing acyclovir encapsulated inside a novel vesicular carrier, niosome so that the formulation can improve its membrane penetration. Formulating as a cosmetic Lip rouge formulation will also improve patient compliance in the treatment of herpes labialis.Methods: Acyclovir niosomes were prepared by thin film hydration method. Niosomes were evaluated and were optimized by considering the entrapment efficiency and in vitro release profile. The optimized niosomes were incorporated into lipstick, lip balm and lip rouge for selecting the best lip formulation. Based on the in vitro release profile, ease of application and properties of prepared formulations lip rouge was selected and further evaluations were carried out.Results: Among the six formulations of niosomes NF2 has showed 88.49 % entrapment efficiency and 86.97% cumulative drug release in 8 h. The formulation was optimized considering both entrapment efficiency and in vitro release. The optimized formulation of niosomes was incorporated into Lipstick, lip balm and lip rouge. The evaluation results of lipstick, lip balm and lip rouge for in vitro release suggested lip rouge as the best formulation. The percentage cumulative release of drug from optimized lip rouge at the end of 8 h was 84.77%. The percentage cumulative drug release in ex vivo studies for 8 h was 60.88 %.Conclusion: The results suggested that prepared lip rouge containing acyclovir niosomes can effectively deliver the drug than the marketed acyclovir cream and successful therapy of Recurrent Herpes labialis can be achieved.

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Talya, Shashishekara S., J. N. Rajadas, and A. Chattopadhyay. "Multidisciplinary design optimization of film-cooled gas turbine blades." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 5, no. 2 (1999): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1024123x99001015.

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Design optimization of a gas turbine blade geometry for effective film cooling toreduce the blade temperature has been done using a multiobjective optimization formulation. Three optimization formulations have been used. In the first, the average blade temperature is chosen as the objective function to be minimized. An upper bound constraint has been imposed on the maximum blade temperature. In the second, the maximum blade temperature is chosen as the objective function to be minimized with an upper bound constraint on the average blade temperature. In the third formulation, the blade average and maximum temperatures are chosen as objective functions. Shape optimization is performed using geometric parameters associated with film cooling and blade external shape. A quasi-three-dimensional Navier–Stokes solver for turbomachinery flows is used to solve for the flow field external to the blade with appropriate modifications to incorporate the effect of film cooling. The heat transfer analysis for temperature distribution within the blade is performed by solving the heat diffusion equation using the finite element method. The multiobjective Kreisselmeier–Steinhauser function approach has been used in conjunction with an approximate analysis technique for optimization. The results obtained using both formulations are compared with reference geometry. All three formulations yield significant reductions in blade temperature with the multiobjective formulation yielding largest reduction in blade temperature.

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Kim Bok Hwa. "Formulation Optimization of Melon Jam." Culinary Science & Hospitality Research 23, no. 5 (August 2017): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20878/cshr.2017.23.5.007.

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Kim Bok Hwa. "Formulation Optimization of Melon Jam." Culinary Science & Hospitality Research 23, no. 5 (August 2017): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20878/cshr.2017.23.5.007007007.

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Matias, Diogo, Luis Roque, Maria de Fátima Simões, Ana Diaz-Lanza, Patrícia Rijo, and Catarina P. Reis. "Plectranthus madagascariensis phytosomes: formulation optimization." Journal Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Research 12, no. 2 (December 2015): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19277/bbr.12.2.119.

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BROAD, LANCE R., and ANTONY M. FAYERMAN. "Optimization of a ham formulation." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 30, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb01388.x.

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Mohamed, Magdy I. "Optimization of chlorphenesin emulgel formulation." AAPS Journal 6, no. 3 (September 2004): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/aapsj060326.

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Beard, Christopher, and Athanasios Ziliaskopoulos. "System Optimal Signal Optimization Formulation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1978, no. 1 (January 2006): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198106197800114.

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Cramer, Evin J., J. E. Dennis, Jr., Paul D. Frank, Robert Michael Lewis, and Gregory R. Shubin. "Problem Formulation for Multidisciplinary Optimization." SIAM Journal on Optimization 4, no. 4 (November 1994): 754–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/0804044.

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Alekseychyk, Larysa, Cheng Su, Gerald W. Becker, Michael J. Treuheit, and Vladimir I. Razinkov. "High-Throughput Screening and Stability Optimization of Anti-Streptavidin IgG1 and IgG2 Formulations." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 19, no. 9 (July 14, 2014): 1290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057114542431.

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Selection of a suitable formulation that provides adequate product stability is an important aspect of the development of biopharmaceutical products. Stability of proteins includes not only resistance to chemical modifications but also conformational and colloidal stabilities. While chemical degradation of antibodies is relatively easy to detect and control, propensity for conformational changes and/or aggregation during manufacturing or long-term storage is difficult to predict. In many cases, the formulation factors that increase one type of stability may significantly decrease another type under the same or different conditions. Often compromise is necessary to minimize the adverse effects of an antibody formulation by careful optimization of multiple factors responsible for overall stability. In this study, high-throughput stress and characterization techniques were applied to 96 formulations of anti-streptavidin antibodies (an IgG1 and an IgG2) to choose optimal formulations. Stress and analytical methods applied in this study were 96-well plate based using an automated liquid handling system to prepare the different formulations and sample plates. Aggregation and clipping propensity were evaluated by temperature and mechanical stresses. Multivariate regression analysis of high-throughput data was performed to find statistically significant formulation factors that alter measured parameters such as monomer percentage or unfolding temperature. The results of the regression models were used to maximize the stabilities of antibodies under different formulations and to find the optimal formulation space for each molecule. Comparison of the IgG1 and IgG2 data indicated an overall greater stability of the IgG1 molecule under the conditions studied. The described method can easily be applied to both initial preformulation screening and late-stage formulation development of biopharmaceutical products.

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Bolourchian, Noushin, Naghmeh Hadidi, Seyed Foroutan, and Bijan Shafaghi. "Development and optimization of a sublingual tablet formulation for physostigmine salicylate." Acta Pharmaceutica 59, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10007-009-0028-5.

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Development and optimization of a sublingual tablet formulation for physostigmine salicylateThis study is aimed to design and optimize a sublingual tablet formulation of physostigmine salicylate, an effective drug in Alzheimer's disease and nerve gas poisoning, by means of the D-optimal experimental design methodology. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone, lactose, starch 1500 and sodium starch glycolate were used in the formulations as independent variables. Tablets were prepared by the direct compression method and evaluated for their physical properties (tablet hardness, disintegration time and friability), which were regarded as responses in a D-optimal design. Due to the significance of the special cubic model for data fitted, compared to other models, it was used to examine the obtained results. Response surface plots were plotted to study the tablet properties and the optimized overlay plot was generated based on the results and targets considered for the responses. After verification of the optimum checkpoint formulations, an optimized formulation was chosen due to its desirable physical properties and closely observed and predicted values. Drug assay, content uniformity of the dosage unit, drug dissolution and accelerated stability studies were done on the optimum formulation as further experiments. All the obtained results complied with the requirements of a sublingual tablet formulation.

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Rajadas, J. N., A. Chattopadhyay, N. Pagaldipti, and S. Zhang. "Shape optimization of turbine blades with the integration of aerodynamics and heat transfer." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 4, no. 1 (1998): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1024123x98000702.

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A multidisciplinary optimization procedure, with the integration of aerodynamic and heat transfer criteria, has been developed for the design of gas turbine blades. Two different optimization formulations have been used. In the first formulation, the maximum temperature in the blade section is chosen as the objective function to be minimized. An upper bound constraint is imposed on the blade average temperature and a lower bound constraint is imposed on the blade tangential force coefficient. In the second formulation, the blade average and maximum temperatures are chosen as objective functions. In both formulations, bounds are imposed on the velocity gradients at several points along the surface of the airfoil to eliminate leading edge velocity spikes which deteriorate aerodynamic performance. Shape optimization is performed using the blade external and coolant path geometric parameters as design variables. Aerodynamic analysis is performed using a panel code. Heat transfer analysis is performed using the finite element method. A gradient based procedure in conjunction with an approximate analysis technique is used for optimization. The results obtained using both optimization techniques are compared with a reference geometry. Both techniques yield significant improvements with the multiobjective formulation resulting in slightly superior design.

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Kumar, Kukkadapu Pavan, Katta Sunand, Nerella Mounika, Mohammed Abdul Samad, A. Madhu Babu, and Krishna Mohan Chinnala. "Formulation, Development, and Optimization of Anti- Hypertensive Nisoldipine Extended-Release Tablet Formulation." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND RESEARCH 5, no. 03 (July 1, 2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21477/ijapsr.5.3.1.

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A drug molecule has to be water-soluble to be readily delivered to the cellular membrane. Many drugs are waterinsoluble, which creates numerous problems in the development of dosage forms. Controlled drug delivery formulation releases the drug with controlled kinetics for days and months, reducing the frequency of dosing, minimizing side effects, and improving patient compliance. Nisoldipine is a calcium channel antagonist that is indicated for the treatment of hypertension with very poor aqueous solubility. Thus, there is a need to improve the rate of drug release. Hence, the study was carried out to design, formulate and evaluate sustained-release tablet formulation of nisoldipine. Nisoldipine controlled release matrix tablets were prepared by roll compaction method. Preformulation studies have confirmed the purity and compatibility of drug with excipients used in the formulation. Pre-compression studies have confirmed the stability of formulation blends for compression. All the prepared formulations were evaluated for various physical and compression parameters such as bulk and tapped density, hardness, friability, and in vitro drug release studies. The results of drug release from prepared compressed nisoldipine extended-release tablets were found to be within the desired range.

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Saha, Tushar, Nusrat Ahmed, Ikramul Hasan, and Md Selim Reza. "Preparation, Characterization and Optimization of Mucoadhesive Domperidone Tablets by Box Behnken Design." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 19, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v19i1.47820.

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In pharmaceutical industry, statistically valid experimental design can be utilized to optimize data in order to provide an economic and effective formulation, which could overcome several product and process development problems. Domperidone is a BCS Class II drug and has wide range of use, but has very poor bioavailability when administered orally because of degradation in intestinal fluid. The present study was focused on formulation, evaluation and optimization of mucoadhesive tablets of domperidone using a four-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) so as to retain the prepared optimized formulation in gastric fluid for a prolong period of time in order to have better bioavailability and to get a sustained action. Physicochemical properties of the prepared formulations were determined according to the USP pharmacopeia official method and found satisfactory, except friability which was optimized to get the acceptable value. In-vitro dissolution study was performed for 8 hours for all the prepared formulations using USP II (paddle type) dissolution tester having 0.1N HCl (pH 1.2) as dissolution medium. Obtained data was further analyzed by means of quadratic response surface models so as to find out an optimize formulation in terms of desirable condition of dissolution rate after 1 hour, after 8 hours, total mucoadhesion time and tablet friability. Optimized formulation was further evaluated and it was found that, it was almost similar to the proposed optimized data. The formulation can provide a high degree of patient compliance, as sustained release formulation reduces the side effects and the cost of the formulation will be minimal as lesser amount of effort will be needed employing statistical model instead of conventional trial and error method. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 19(1): 65-76, 2020 (June)

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Pedersen, D. R., R. A. Brand, C. Cheng, and J. S. Arora. "Direct Comparison of Muscle Force Predictions Using Linear and Nonlinear Programming." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 109, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3138669.

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Estimating forces in muscles and joints during locomotion requires formulations consistent with available methods of solving the indeterminate problem. Direct comparisons of results between differing optimization methods proposed in the literature have been difficult owing to widely varying model formulations, algorithms, input data, and other factors. We present an application of a new optimization program which includes linear and nonlinear techniques allowing a variety of cost functions and greater flexibility in problem formulation. Unified solution methods such as the one demonstrated here, offer direct evaluations of such factors as optimization criteria and constraints. This unified method demonstrates that nonlinear formulations (of the sort reported) allow more synergistic activity and in contrast to linear formulations, allow antagonistic activity. Concurrence of EMG activity and predicted forces is better with nonlinear predictions than linear predictions. The prediction of synergistic and antagonistic activity expectedly leads to higher joint force predictions. Relaxation of the requirement that muscles resolve the entire intersegmental moment maintains muscle synergism in the nonlinear formulation while relieving muscle antagonism and reducing the predicted joint contact force. Such unified methods allow more possibilities for exploring new optimization formulations, and in comparing the solutions to previously reported formulations.

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Yang, Lei, Yao Guang Qi, Xu Hu Ren, Xin Fu Liu, Lan Lin Du, and Fen Na Zhang. "Design of New Environment-Friendly Friction Material and Optimization of the Ratio Method." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.90.

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Friction material in the future will be towards the low-noise, low wear debris, no poisoning and environment-friendly trends and direction. This paper describes the friction material formulation filtering and evaluation, and proposes design of the basic idea of friction material formulations. Then the article optimizes design of friction material formulations by means of golden section method and the gray correlation coefficients means. Experimental results show that the method gave by this paper is an effective way to study friction material formulation.

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Allam, Ahmed N., Ibrahim A. Komeil, and Ossama Y. Abdallah. "Curcumin phytosomal softgel formulation: Development, optimization and physicochemical characterization." Acta Pharmaceutica 65, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acph-2015-0029.

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Abstract Curcumin, a naturally occurring lipophilic molecule can exert multiple and diverse bioactivities. However, its limited aqueous solubility and extensive presystemic metabolism restrict its bioavailability. Curcumin phytosomes were prepared by a simple solvent evaporation method where free flowing powder was obtained in addition to a newly developed semisolid formulation to increase curcumin content in softgels. Phytosomal powder was characterized in terms of drug content and zeta potential. Thirteen different softgel formulations were developed using oils such as Miglyol 812, castor oil and oleic acid, a hydrophilic vehicle such as PEG 400 and bioactive surfactants such as Cremophor EL and KLS P 124. Selected formulations were characterized in terms of curcumin in vitro dissolution. TEM analysis revealed good stability and a spherical, self-closed structure of curcumin phytosomes in complex formulations. Stability studies of chosen formulations prepared using the hydrophilic vehicle revealed a stable curcumin dissolution pattern. In contrast, a dramatic decrease in curcumin dissolution was observed in case of phytosomes formulated in oily vehicles.

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Memiş, Emine, and İsmail Tontul. "Optimization of spreadable carob cream formulation with mixture design." Food and Health 7, no. 2 (2021): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/fh21009.

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Carob is used as a source of sugar in many product formulations due to its naturally high sugar content. In addition, carob naturally contains a high content of D-pinitol. D-pinitol is an important food ingredient since it regulates glucose metabolism in the body and can be used in the diets of Type 2 diabetic patients. In this study, spreadable cream was produced using carob powder instead of cocoa. Although there are various studies carried out for this purpose in the literature, the optimum formulation was determined for the first time in this study by using optimization methods. The results of the study showed that the formulation has a significant effect on sensorial properties. It was determined that all sensory parameters except consistency increased with increasing sugar syrup ratio. The formulation, which provides the highest overall acceptability (>7), was calculated as 29% carob flour, 32% sugar syrup and 24% fat. It was determined that L *, b * and DPPH radical scavenging activity values could not be statistically modelled. a * and total phenolic content of samples was increased by increment of carob flour in the formulation. As a result, the formulation that maximizes sensorial properties and total phenolic content was calculated as 25% carob flour, 39.3% sugar syrup and 20.7% fat.

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Kremer, Ulrich. "Optimal and Near–Optimal Solutions for Hard Compilation Problems." Parallel Processing Letters 07, no. 04 (December 1997): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626497000371.

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An optimizing compiler typically uses multiple program representations at different levels of program and performance abstractions in order to be able to perform transformations that – at least in the majority of cases – will lead to an overall improvement in program performance. The complexities of the program and performance abstractions used to formulate compiler optimization problems have to match the complexities of the high–level programming model and of the underlying target system. Scalable parallel systems typically have multi–level memory hierarchies and able to exploit coarse–grain and fine–grain parallelism. Most likely, future systems will have even deeper memory hierarchies and more granularities of parallelism. As a result, future compiler optimizations will have to use more and more complex, multi–level computation and performance models in order to keep up with the complexities of their future target systems. Most of the optimization problems encountered in highly optimizing compilers are already NP–hard, and there is little hope that most newly encountered optimization formulations will not be at least NP–hard as well. To face this "complexity crisis", new methods are needed to evaluate the benefits of a compiler optimization formulation. A crucial step in this evaluation process is to compute the optimal solution of the formulation. Using ad–hoc methods to compute optimal solutions to NP–complete problems may be prohibitively expensive. Recent improvements in mixed integer and 0–1 integer programming suggest that this technology may provide the key to efficient, optimal and near–optimal solutions to NP–complete compiler optimization problems. In fact, early results indicate that integer programming formulations may be efficient enough to be included in not only evaluation prototypes, but in production programming environments or even production compilers. This paper discusses the potential benefits of integer programming as a tool to deal with NP–complete compiler optimization formulations in compilers and programming environments.

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Gunda, Raghavendra K., A. Vijayalakshmi, and K. Masilamani. "FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF MOXIFLOXACIN HYDROCHLORIDE GASTRO RETENTIVE TABLETS." INDIAN DRUGS 58, no. 01 (April 30, 2021): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.58.01.12103.

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The objective of the current study was to develop gastro retentive formulation of moxifloxacin. HCl using various drug release modifiers and performing in vitro and in in vivo evaluations. Moxifloxacin is a novel synthetic fluoro quinolone antibacterial agent. Floating, muco adhesive tablets of moxifloxacin. HCl were prepared using variable amounts of HPMCK100M, Lannea coromandelica gum by direct compression technique and wet granulation technique, respectively. Formulations were developed, optimized and checked for pharmacopoeial tests. Results show that all the batches lie within the standard limits. Dissolution parameters of all formulations were sy=ubjected to kinetic fitting and various statistical parameters were determined. Formulation (FS5 ) containing 50 mg of HPMCK100M and 50 mg of LCG, is the best formulation showing similarity f2 =71.734, f1 = 4.271 with the marketed product (Avelox). It follows Higuchi's kinetics, non-fickian diffusion first order kinetics(n=0.717). In vivo studies were performed for the FS5 with 6 healthy rabbits and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined, compared with Avelox and it was found that FS5 produced similar results. Stability studies were performed for FS5 as per ICH guidelines. Results were found to be satisfactory. FS5 is expected to improve patient compliance by means of providing good clinical outcome

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Kirgina, Maria, Maxim Maylin, Emilia Ivanchina, and Elizaveta Sviridova. "Optimization of High-Octane Gasoline Production." Advanced Materials Research 880 (January 2014): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.880.121.

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The authors described a new approach to calculation of gasoline blending formulations taking into account the non-additivity of octane numbers and the composition of the raw materials with the use of the modeling system Compounding. Gasoline blending formulations developed for "Achinsk petroleum refinery" (Russia) meeting all environmental and technical standards. Applying the developed modeling system each refinery can choose necessary formulation of gasoline production taking into account composition and available flows. This will allow them to reduce the cost of gasoline and make the products more competitive.

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Verwer, Sicco, and Yingqian Zhang. "Learning Optimal Classification Trees Using a Binary Linear Program Formulation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 1625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011624.

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We provide a new formulation for the problem of learning the optimal classification tree of a given depth as a binary linear program. A limitation of previously proposed Mathematical Optimization formulations is that they create constraints and variables for every row in the training data. As a result, the running time of the existing Integer Linear programming (ILP) formulations increases dramatically with the size of data. In our new binary formulation, we aim to circumvent this problem by making the formulation size largely independent from the training data size. We show experimentally that our formulation achieves better performance than existing formulations on both small and large problem instances within shorter running time.

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Wei, Yangjie, Nicholas R. Larson, Siva K. Angalakurthi, and C. Russell Middaugh. "Improved Fluorescence Methods for High-Throughput Protein Formulation Screening." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 23, no. 6 (June 8, 2018): 516–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630318780620.

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The goal of protein formulation development is to identify optimal conditions for long-term storage. Certain commercial conditions (e.g., high protein concentration or turbid adjuvanted samples) impart additional challenges to biophysical characterization. Formulation screening studies for such conditions are usually performed using a simplified format in which the target protein is studied at a low concentration in a clear solution. The failure of study conditions to model the actual formulation environment may cause a loss of ability to identify the optimal condition for target proteins in their final commercial formulations. In this study, we utilized a steady-state/lifetime fluorescence-based, high-throughput platform to develop a general workflow for direct formulation optimization under analytically challenging but commercially relevant conditions. A high-concentration monoclonal antibody (mAb) and an Alhydrogel-adjuvanted antigen were investigated. A large discrepancy in screening results was observed for both proteins under these two different conditions (simplified and commercially relevant). This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a steady-state/lifetime fluorescence plate reader for direct optimization of challenging formulation conditions and highlights the importance of performing formulation optimization under commercially relevant conditions.

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Liu, Lili, Xiaopan Yang, Bhesh Bhandari, Yuanyuan Meng, and Sangeeta Prakash. "Optimization of the Formulation and Properties of 3D-Printed Complex Egg White Protein Objects." Foods 9, no. 2 (February 8, 2020): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9020164.

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The 3D printing of foods is an emerging technique for producing unique and complex food items. This study presents the optimization of a new formulation for 3D printing foods on the basis of a complex system, which contains egg white protein (EWP), gelatin, cornstarch, and sucrose. The effects of different formulations on the rheological properties and the microstructure of the printing system were investigated. The formulation was optimized through response surface methodology, and a central composite design was adopted. The optimum formulation of the 3D mixture printing system was made of gelatin (14.27 g), cornstarch (19.72 g), sucrose (8.02 g), and EWP (12.98 g) in 250 mL of total deionized water with a maximum sensory evaluation score of 34.47 ± 1.02 and a viscosity of 1.374 ± 0.015 Pa·s. Results showed that the viscosity of the formulation correlated with the sensory evaluation score. The rheological properties and tribological behavior of the optimum formulation significantly differed from those of other formulations. A viscosity of 1.374 Pa·s supported the timely flow out of the printing material from the nozzle assisting 3D printability. Thus, 3D printing based on the egg white protein mixture system is a promising method for producing complex-shaped food objects.

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Pierquin, A., S. Brisset, and T. Henneron. "Multidisciplinary Optimization Formulation for the Optimization of Multirate Systems." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 52, no. 3 (March 2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2015.2476501.

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Hari Hara Nadh, T. V., P. Sivaram Kumar, M. Venkata Ramana, and N. Rama Rao. "Formulation and Optimization of Zolmitriptan Orodispersible Tablets." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 3 (May 15, 2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i3.4703.

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Zolmitriptan is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonist reported for the acute migraine treatment, having poor water solubility leads to poor bioavailability. In the present study, attempt to improve the bioavailability of zolmitriptan with the help of PVP K-30 using the microwave irradiation method. The zolmitriptan and PVP K- 30 in 1:1 ratio was subjected to microwave irradiation for different times such as 60,80,100,120 seconds at 650 watts. Characterization of solid dispersion was done by drug content, XRD, FTIR, DSC. FTIR analysis demonstrated there are no compatibility issues. XRD studies prove that the solid dispersion was in amorphous form. DSC studies prove that solid dispersion was amorphous based on the intensity of peaks. The prepared dispersion was made into orodispersible tablets by direct compression. The optimization of these formulations was carried out by using 32 factorial designs on Design Expert 10.0 software. In order to examine the effect of independent variables Crospovidone (X1), croscarmellose sodium (X2), and combined effect of independent variables 32 factorial design was selected. In this design, two responses such as disintegration time and % drug release were evaluated, and experimental trials are performed for all 9 formulations. For all formulations, the precompression and post-compression parameters were studied. Based upon the model optimized formulation (C1 and C2) was obtained having the disintegration time (34.4±0.84 and 39.8±0.91) and %drug release (98.7±0.42 and 93.2±0.46) respectively. Keywords: Zolmitriptan, Solid dispersion, Microwave irradiation, Crospovidone, Croscarmellose sodium.

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Sheikh, Atiya, and Sandesh Asati. "Preparation, evaluation and optimization of solid lipid nanoparticles composed of pantoprazole." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i1.5154.

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Nanoparticles are a promising medication delivery method that can deliver drugs in a controlled and targeted manner. They're made to release the medicine in close proximity to the target tissue. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are a new type of submicron-sized lipid emulsion in which solid lipid replaces liquid lipid (oil). The goal of this study was to create solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing pantoprazole (a proton pump inhibitor) and improve the drug's entrapment efficiency in SLN. This was accomplished by integrating the medication into solvent-injection-prepared solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). During formulation development, the component concentrations were optimized, and then the particles were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, drug loading, percent drug entrapment, stability studies, and drug release behavior. There was no interaction between the medication and the excipients in FT-IR experiments. The improved formulation's percent EE, particle size, and drug content were found to be 91.88±1.38, 7.16±0.26µm and 97.20±1.46 respectively. F6 was shown to be the most promising formulation among all created formulations in this investigation. For 30 days, stability tests were conducted (F6) at refrigerated temperature (4.0±0.2°C), room temperature (25-28±2°C), and 45±1°C. The current project also aims to improve the formulation's pharmacological acceptability. Keywords: Solid lipid nanoparticles, Pantoprazole, Solvent-injection method, Entrapment efficiency

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Oh, Euichaul, Uijung Kim, Beom-Jin Lee, and Cheol Moon. "Multivariate Statistical Optimization of Tablet Formulations Incorporating High Doses of a Dry Herbal Extract." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11020079.

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The development of oral tablet formulation for herbal medicines has been restricted by large drug loadings and the poor physicochemical and mechanical properties of dry herbal extracts (DHEs). Herein, statistical experimental designs were applied to herbal tablet formulation development and optimization using Wuzi Yanzong dry extract (WYE). The tablet disintegration time and hardness were identified as the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the product. The tablet formulation was designed to achieve a high drug loading (50% or higher of WYE), shorter tablet disintegration time (less than 30 minutes), and suitable hardness (6.0 to 7.5 kp). A D-optimal mixture design was used to evaluate the effects of excipients on CQAs to minimize the risk compression failure and improve the tabletability in formulations containing WYE at 50% and 65% by weight. A partial least squares model was used to elucidate the multivariate relationships between a large number of formulation variables and product CQAs, and determine the maximum possible WYE loading. From overlaid plots of the effects of formulation variables on CQAs, it was found that a maximum WYE loading of 67% in tablet formulation satisfied the acceptance criteria of CQAs. In conclusion, this study shows that multivariate statistical tools are useful for developing tablet formulations containing high doses of herbal extracts and establishing control strategies that ensure product quality.

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D. V. R. N., Bhikshapathi, and Srinivas A. "Design, Optimization and Evaluation of Fast-Dissolving Oral Films of Ropinirole." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 3958–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2018.11.1.3.

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The main objective of this study was to develop fast dissolving oral films of ropinirole HCl to attain quick onset of action for the better management of Parkinson’s disease. Twenty-seven formulations (F1-F27) of ropinirole oral dissolving films by solvent-casting method using 33 response surface method by using HPMC E15, Maltodextrin PEG 4000 by using Design of experiment software. Formulations were evaluated for their physical characteristics, thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, disintegration time, drug content uniformity and drug release characteristics and found to be within the limits. Among the prepared formulations F4 showed minimum disintegration time 11 sec, maximum drug was released i.e. 99.68 ± 1.52% of drug within 10 min when compared to the other formulations and finalized as optimized formulation. FTIR data revealed that no interactions takes place between the drug and polymers used in the optimized formulation. The in vitro dissolution profiles of marketed product and optimized formulation was compared and found to be the drug released was 92.77 ± 1.52 after 50 min. Therefore, it can be a good alternative to conventional ropinirole for immediate action. In vitro evaluation of the ropinirole fast dissolving films confirmed their potential as an innovative dosage form to improve delivery and quick onset of action of ropinirole. The oral dissolving film is considered to be potentially useful for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease where quick onset of action is desired

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SINGH, SUKHBIR, SANDEEP ARORA, NEELAM ., and DHARNA ALLAWADI. "Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Sustained Release Microspheres using Taguchi Design." Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management 2, no. 1 (May 5, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jptrm.2014.21001.

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Shinde, Gajanan, Mitesh Patel, Manan Mehta, Rajesh Kesarla, and Ganesh Bangale. "Formulation, Optimization, and Characterization of Repaglinide Loaded Nanocrystal for Diabetes Therapy." Advances in Pharmaceutics 2015 (March 29, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/363061.

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The aim of the present investigation was to formulate and characterize nanocrystal formulation of Repaglinide for diabetes therapy. Formulation was done by high pressure homogenization. HPH pressure and cycles range were screened by preliminary batches (T1 and T2). 5, 8, and 10 cycles and 500 to 1500 bar pressure range had kept for further investigation. Taguchi design was used to optimize type of polymer, % polymer concentration, number of cycles, and HPH pressure for nanocrystal formulation. Formulations were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, and in vitro drug release. Optimized formulation (NC 3) showed particle size of 187 nm, zeta potential of −29.4 mv, and % drug release of 80.58% and it was used for further study. Data analysis proved significant effects of factors on responses. Polydispersity index (PDI) Analysis of optimized formulation were found to be 0.248. SEM showed nanocrystal aggregation of drug, may be due to water removal process. DSC showed slight change in crystallinity, may be due to the presence of PEG 4000. Stability study was carried out for 3 months. It indicated no significant change in particle size and zeta potential. However, further studies in higher animals and human being need to be performed before this formulation can be commercially exploited.

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Pukkala, Timo, and Jari Miina. "Tree-selection algorithms for optimizing thinning using a distance-dependent growth model." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-038.

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When a distance-dependent yield model is used in growth simulation and optimization, the stand is described by a plot on which the trees are described by species, DBH, height, age, coordinates, and other characteristics. Optimizing a distance-dependent model requires that the trees to be removed in a thinning treatment be specified individually and that a special algorithm be developed for this selection. This algorithm affects the formulation of the optimization problem. In this study, we compared four different problem formulations for optimizing a distance-dependent yield model: (1) Harvest percentages in different diameter classes were utilized together with a tree-selection algorithm proposed earlier; this algorithm removed trees on the basis of competitive status. The algorithm was fixed, i.e., it was not amenable to numerical optimization. (2) Minimum distances between remaining trees were used as decision variables. (3) Minimum distances were used with harvest percentages and the existing tree-selection algorithm. (4) The tree-selection algorithm was made dependent on two parameters, which were optimized together with harvest percentages in different diameter classes. Based on case optimizations in pure and mixed conifer stands, the fourth formulation was considered to be the best one from the standpoint of simplicity of optimization and in terms of the objective function value.

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Redkar, Mayuresh R., Priyajit S. Hasabe, Suraj T. Jadhav, Pankaj S. Mane, and Deepak J. Kare. "Review on Optimization base Emulgel Formulation." Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 9, no. 3 (2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2231-5713.2019.00038.2.

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Kechichian, Jean Albert. "Trajectory Optimization Using Eccentric Longitude Formulation." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 35, no. 3 (May 1998): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.3329.

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Asaeedi, Saeed, Farzad Didehvar, and Ali Mohades. "NLP Formulation for Polygon Optimization Problems." Mathematics 7, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7010024.

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In this paper, we generalize the problems of finding simple polygons with minimum area, maximum perimeter, and maximum number of vertices, so that they contain a given set of points and their angles are bounded by α + π where α ( 0 ≤ α ≤ π ) is a parameter. We also consider the maximum angle of each possible simple polygon crossing a given set of points, and derive an upper bound for the minimum of these angles. The correspondence between the problems of finding simple polygons with minimum area and maximum number of vertices is investigated from a theoretical perspective. We formulate these three generalized problems as nonlinear programming models, and then present a genetic algorithm to solve them. Finally, the computed solutions are evaluated on several datasets and the results are compared with those from the optimal approach.

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Dravnieks, Erik W., and John W. Chinneck. "Formulation assistance for global optimization problems." Computers & Operations Research 24, no. 12 (December 1997): 1151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0548(97)00026-9.

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Lyzwa, Wojciech, Michal Wierzbowski, and Blazej Olek. "MILP Formulation for Energy Mix Optimization." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 11, no. 5 (October 2015): 1166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2015.2470219.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Formulation optimization'

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