Dissertations / Theses: 'Formulator'

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Martins, Queila de Castro. "Processamento mental da concordância verbal em estruturas do português brasileiro: investigação de possível interferência em sentenças com elemento movido sintaticamente." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4189.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Muitos trabalhos têm buscado compreender como se dá o processamento da concordância entre sujeito e verbo e investigar fatores que possam influenciar a produção correta da concordância, gerando os chamados erros de concordância verbal. Franck et al (2010) realizaram pesquisa na língua francesa e encontraram interferência devido a elemento movido sintaticamente na produção da concordância verbal. Se faz necessário investigar se o fenômeno envolvendo movimento é o mesmo em sentenças do português brasileiro. Sendo assim, nosso objetivo foi investigar uma possível interferência de cópia de número plural entre sujeito e verbo (em relação de concordância) de elemento movido sintaticamente em construção de árvore sintática do PB, observando a origem do erro e tentando mostrar se há autonomia do formulador sintático. Ao propormos o diálogo entre Teoria Linguística e Psicolinguística utilizando o Programa Minimalista, versão mais atual do Gerativismo de Chomsky, a fim de observar a derivação sintática e o processamento das sentenças, acreditamos que o estudo de formulação sintática e um olhar por meio de um modelo de processamento, que abarquem tanto a formulação como a produção, esclareceriam a nós pontos importantes sobre o funcionamento da concordância verbal. A nossa hipótese é a de que um erro de concordância verbal não ocorra devido ao formulador sintático em estruturas de PB, buscaremos respostas para isso no modelo MIMC (Modelo Integrado Misto da Computação On-Line) (Corrêa & Augusto, 2007). No entanto, por outro lado, se um erro de concordância ocorre, tentaremos encontrar uma outra explicação que não proveniente da sintaxe, tal como, por exemplo, devido a aspecto de ordem morfofonológica e devido a tamanho da sentença, como colocado pelo modelo PMP (Modelo de Processamento Monitorado por parser (Rodrigues, 2006). À medida que realizamos dois experimentos com sentenças declarativa e interrogativa com o movimento do elemento DP e QU, os resultados mostram que o tamanho da sentença e fatores morfofonológicos podem produzir interferência devido ao tipo de elemento movido. Os resultados cedem terreno para assumir um formulador sintático autônomo e abre caminho para próximas investigações sobre o processamento da concordância verbal e possíveis interferências durante a sua produção Many studies have been searching to comprehend how the processing between subject and verb works and to investigate the factors that may influence the correct production of agreement, creating the so-called verbal agreement errors. Franck et al (2010), by doing preliminar research in French language, found interference, due to a syntactically moved element in the production of verbal agreement. So it is necessary to investigate if this phenomenon would behave in the same way in sentences in Brazilian Portuguese. Thus, our goal is to investigate a possible interference due to the copy of plural numbers left between subject and verb (in agree relation) through the movement of element in the construction of the syntactic tree in the sentences of BP, checking the origin of this mistakes and trying to show if there is autonomy in the syntax formulator. As we propose the dialogue between Linguistics Theory and Psycholinguistics using the Minimalist Program, a more recent version of Chomskys Generativism, in order to observe the syntactic derivation attached to a processing view, we believe that the study of syntactic formulation and a look through a model of processing, which embraces both formulation and production, will explain important issues about the function of verbal agreement. Our hypothesis is that a verbal agreement error does not occur due to syntactic formulator in structures of the BP, we will seek answers to this MIMC model (Modelo Integrado Misto da Computação On-Line) (Corrêa & Augusto, 2007). However, on the other hand, if an agreement error occurs, we will try to find another explanation that does not come from syntax, such as, for example, due to morphophonological order and due to the size of sentence, which is stated by the PMP model (Modelo de Processamento Monitorado Por Parser) (Rodrigues, 2006). As we carried two experiment in declarative and interrogative sentence with movement of DP and WH element, the results show that the size of sentence and morphophonological factors may produce interference due to the kind of moved element. The results give ground to assume an, autonomous syntax formulator and open the path to the next investigations about the processing of verbal agreement and possible interferences during its production

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2

Johnstone, Kelly Rose. "Organophosphate exposure in Australian agricultural workers : human exposure and risk assessment." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16345/1/Kelly_Johnstone_Thesis.pdf.

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Organophosphate (OP) pesticides, as a group, are the most widely used insecticides in Australia. Approximately 5 000 tonnes of active ingredient are used annually (Radcliffe, 2002). The OP pesticide group consists of around 30 identifiably distinct chemicals that are synthesised and added to approximately 700 products (Radcliffe, 2002). OP pesticides are used on fruit, vegetable, grain, pasture seed, ornamental, cotton, and viticultural crops, on livestock and domestic animals, as well as for building pest control. OP pesticides all act by inhibiting the nervous system enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and as such are termed anticholinesterase insecticides. The phosphorylation of AChE and the resultant accumulation of acetylcholine are responsible for the typical symptoms of acute poisoning with OP compounds. In addition to acute health effects, OP compound exposure can result in chronic, long-term neurological effects. The traditional method of health surveillance for OP pesticide exposure is blood cholinesterase analysis, which is actually biological effect monitoring. However, there are several drawbacks associated with the use of the blood cholinesterase test, including its invasive nature, the need for baseline levels and a substantial exposure to OP pesticide before a drop in cholinesterase activity can be detected. OP pesticides are metabolised fairly rapidly by the liver to form alkyl phosphates (DAPs). Approximately 70% of OP pesticides in use in Australia will metabolise into one or more of six common DAPs. During the last 30 years, scientists have developed a urine test that detects these six degradation products. However, unlike the blood cholinesterase test, there is currently no Biological Exposure Index (BEI) for the urine DAP metabolite test. Workers in the agricultural industry - particularly those involved with mixing, loading and application tasks - are at risk of exposure to OP pesticides. It is therefore important that these workers are able to assess their risk of health effects from exposure to OP pesticides. However, currently in Queensland, workplace health and safety legislation exempts the agricultural industry from hazardous substance legislation that incorporates the requirement to perform risk assessments and health surveillance (blood cholinesterase testing) for OP pesticide exposure. The specific aim of this research was to characterise OP pesticide exposure and to assess the feasibility of using urine DAP metabolite testing as a risk assessment tool for agricultural and related industry workers exposed to OP pesticides. An additional aim among farmers was to conduct an in-depth evaluation of their knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to handling OP pesticides and how they assess the risks associated with their use of OPs. A cross-sectional study design was used to assess exposure to OP pesticides and related issues among four groups: fruit and vegetable farmers, pilots and mixer/loaders, formulator plant staff and a control group. The study involved 51 farmers in the interviewer-administered questionnaire and 32 in urine sample provision. Eighteen pilots and mixer/loaders provided urine samples and 9 exposed formulation plant staff provided urine and blood samples. Community controls from Toowoomba Rotary clubs provided 44 urine samples and 11 non-exposed formulation plant staff provided blood and urine samples; all groups also provided responses to a self-administered questionnaire. Participant farmers were drawn from the main cropping areas in south-east Queensland - Laidley/Lowood, Gatton, and Stanthorpe. The farmer group was characterised by small owner-operators who often had primary responsibility for OP pesticide mixing and application. Farmers had good knowledge of pesticide-related safety practices; however, despite this knowledge, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was low. More than half of the farmers did not often wear a mask/respirator (56%), gloves (54%) or overalls (65%). Material Safety Data Sheets were never or rarely read and 88.2% of farmers never or rarely read OP pesticide labels before application. There were also problems with chemical suppliers providing farmers with MSDSs. The majority of farmers (90.2%) reported that they had never had any health surveillance performed and three-quarters had never read about or been shown how to perform a formal risk assessment. The main inhibitors to the use of PPE in the farmers' group included the uncomfortable and cumbersome nature of PPE, especially in hot weather conditions, and the fear of PPE use triggering neighbours' complaints to Government authorities. Factors associated with better PPE use included having positive attitudes and beliefs toward PPE use, higher knowledge scores and low risk perception. Farmers' use of OP pesticides was infrequent, of short duration and involved application via a boom on a tractor, a lower risk application method. Consequently, urine DAP metabolite levels in this group were generally low, with 36 out of 96 samples (37.5%) containing detectable levels. Detectable results ranged from 9.00-116.00 mol/mol creatinine. Formulators exposed to OP pesticides were found to have the highest urine DAP metabolite levels (detectable levels 13.20-550.00 mol/mol creatinine), followed by pilots and mixer/loaders (detectable levels 8.40-304.00 mol/mol creatinine) and then farmers. Despite this, pilots and mixer/loaders (particularly mixer/loaders) had the greatest number of samples containing detectable levels (94.4% of samples). The DAP metabolite most frequently detected across all groups was DMTP, which was the only metabolite found in control samples. Levels found in this study are similar to those reported in international research (Takamiya, 1994, Stephens et al., 1996, Simcox et al., 1999, Mills, 2001, Cocker et al., 2002). The observed DAP levels were not associated with a drop in cholinesterase activity among the formulation plant workers, as expected from the literature. Such exposure also is unlikely to be associated with acute health effects. In contrast, there is insufficient scientific knowledge to know whether levels recorded in this study and elsewhere may be associated with long-term, chronic health effects. Notably, DMTP levels also were observed among the presumably 'unexposed' comparison groups. Environmental background level exposures to OPs producing the DAP metabolite DMTP are therefore of potential significance and may be related, at least in part, to consumption of contaminated fruit and vegetables. There is also emerging evidence to suggest that exposure to DAP metabolites themselves through diet and other sources may contribute to the concentration of DAPs, including DMTP in urine, potentially complicating assessment of occupational exposures. Nevertheless, the urine DAP metabolite test was a useful, sensitive indicator of occupational OP pesticide exposure among agricultural workers and may be of use to the industry as part of the risk assessment process. Future research should aim to establish a BEI for the urine DAP test.

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3

Johnstone, Kelly Rose. "Organophosphate exposure in Australian agricultural workers : human exposure and risk assessment." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16345/.

Full text

Abstract:

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides, as a group, are the most widely used insecticides in Australia. Approximately 5 000 tonnes of active ingredient are used annually (Radcliffe, 2002). The OP pesticide group consists of around 30 identifiably distinct chemicals that are synthesised and added to approximately 700 products (Radcliffe, 2002). OP pesticides are used on fruit, vegetable, grain, pasture seed, ornamental, cotton, and viticultural crops, on livestock and domestic animals, as well as for building pest control. OP pesticides all act by inhibiting the nervous system enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and as such are termed anticholinesterase insecticides. The phosphorylation of AChE and the resultant accumulation of acetylcholine are responsible for the typical symptoms of acute poisoning with OP compounds. In addition to acute health effects, OP compound exposure can result in chronic, long-term neurological effects. The traditional method of health surveillance for OP pesticide exposure is blood cholinesterase analysis, which is actually biological effect monitoring. However, there are several drawbacks associated with the use of the blood cholinesterase test, including its invasive nature, the need for baseline levels and a substantial exposure to OP pesticide before a drop in cholinesterase activity can be detected. OP pesticides are metabolised fairly rapidly by the liver to form alkyl phosphates (DAPs). Approximately 70% of OP pesticides in use in Australia will metabolise into one or more of six common DAPs. During the last 30 years, scientists have developed a urine test that detects these six degradation products. However, unlike the blood cholinesterase test, there is currently no Biological Exposure Index (BEI) for the urine DAP metabolite test. Workers in the agricultural industry - particularly those involved with mixing, loading and application tasks - are at risk of exposure to OP pesticides. It is therefore important that these workers are able to assess their risk of health effects from exposure to OP pesticides. However, currently in Queensland, workplace health and safety legislation exempts the agricultural industry from hazardous substance legislation that incorporates the requirement to perform risk assessments and health surveillance (blood cholinesterase testing) for OP pesticide exposure. The specific aim of this research was to characterise OP pesticide exposure and to assess the feasibility of using urine DAP metabolite testing as a risk assessment tool for agricultural and related industry workers exposed to OP pesticides. An additional aim among farmers was to conduct an in-depth evaluation of their knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to handling OP pesticides and how they assess the risks associated with their use of OPs. A cross-sectional study design was used to assess exposure to OP pesticides and related issues among four groups: fruit and vegetable farmers, pilots and mixer/loaders, formulator plant staff and a control group. The study involved 51 farmers in the interviewer-administered questionnaire and 32 in urine sample provision. Eighteen pilots and mixer/loaders provided urine samples and 9 exposed formulation plant staff provided urine and blood samples. Community controls from Toowoomba Rotary clubs provided 44 urine samples and 11 non-exposed formulation plant staff provided blood and urine samples; all groups also provided responses to a self-administered questionnaire. Participant farmers were drawn from the main cropping areas in south-east Queensland - Laidley/Lowood, Gatton, and Stanthorpe. The farmer group was characterised by small owner-operators who often had primary responsibility for OP pesticide mixing and application. Farmers had good knowledge of pesticide-related safety practices; however, despite this knowledge, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was low. More than half of the farmers did not often wear a mask/respirator (56%), gloves (54%) or overalls (65%). Material Safety Data Sheets were never or rarely read and 88.2% of farmers never or rarely read OP pesticide labels before application. There were also problems with chemical suppliers providing farmers with MSDSs. The majority of farmers (90.2%) reported that they had never had any health surveillance performed and three-quarters had never read about or been shown how to perform a formal risk assessment. The main inhibitors to the use of PPE in the farmers' group included the uncomfortable and cumbersome nature of PPE, especially in hot weather conditions, and the fear of PPE use triggering neighbours' complaints to Government authorities. Factors associated with better PPE use included having positive attitudes and beliefs toward PPE use, higher knowledge scores and low risk perception. Farmers' use of OP pesticides was infrequent, of short duration and involved application via a boom on a tractor, a lower risk application method. Consequently, urine DAP metabolite levels in this group were generally low, with 36 out of 96 samples (37.5%) containing detectable levels. Detectable results ranged from 9.00-116.00 mol/mol creatinine. Formulators exposed to OP pesticides were found to have the highest urine DAP metabolite levels (detectable levels 13.20-550.00 mol/mol creatinine), followed by pilots and mixer/loaders (detectable levels 8.40-304.00 mol/mol creatinine) and then farmers. Despite this, pilots and mixer/loaders (particularly mixer/loaders) had the greatest number of samples containing detectable levels (94.4% of samples). The DAP metabolite most frequently detected across all groups was DMTP, which was the only metabolite found in control samples. Levels found in this study are similar to those reported in international research (Takamiya, 1994, Stephens et al., 1996, Simcox et al., 1999, Mills, 2001, Cocker et al., 2002). The observed DAP levels were not associated with a drop in cholinesterase activity among the formulation plant workers, as expected from the literature. Such exposure also is unlikely to be associated with acute health effects. In contrast, there is insufficient scientific knowledge to know whether levels recorded in this study and elsewhere may be associated with long-term, chronic health effects. Notably, DMTP levels also were observed among the presumably 'unexposed' comparison groups. Environmental background level exposures to OPs producing the DAP metabolite DMTP are therefore of potential significance and may be related, at least in part, to consumption of contaminated fruit and vegetables. There is also emerging evidence to suggest that exposure to DAP metabolites themselves through diet and other sources may contribute to the concentration of DAPs, including DMTP in urine, potentially complicating assessment of occupational exposures. Nevertheless, the urine DAP metabolite test was a useful, sensitive indicator of occupational OP pesticide exposure among agricultural workers and may be of use to the industry as part of the risk assessment process. Future research should aim to establish a BEI for the urine DAP test.

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4

Rodrigues, Mayara Maia [UNESP]. "Equilíbrio eletrolítico e condicionamento térmico precoce na criação de frangos de corte submetidos ao estresse térmico /Mayara Maia Rodrigues. -: Mayara Maia Rodrigues. -." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138400.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T16:51:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-04-24. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-05-17T16:54:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000863695.pdf: 2962016 bytes, checksum: e7765cdd7792e076f8961457482671f8 (MD5) In tropical climates, the heat is the major factor limiting the production of broiler chickens, and is responsible for inducing a high mortality, especially in the finishing phase. The electrolyte balance (EB) and early thermal conditioning (ETC) are two techniques to alleviate the negative effects of heat stress. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the possible interactions and the effects of dietary electrolyte balance and application of early thermal conditioning of the feed intake (kg), body weight (kg), feed conversion (kg), mortality (%), energy bio-economic conversion index (Mcal/kg), moisture faeces (%), carcass weight (kg), body cavity fat (g) and breast color (L*a *b*) in cuts of chicken chronic heat stress conditions. Thus, the electrolyte balance (EB = K+Na-Cl) was set to 300 mEq / kg and electrolyte ratio (ER = [(K+Cl)/Na]) 3: 1 by non-linear PPFR program. They were housed 640 male chicks a day old, distributed in a factorial arrangement 2x2 (with and without ETC and with and without EB) in a completely randomizeddesign in 32 boxes (8 replicates per treatment). The thermal conditioning was applied on the fifth day old birds for 24 hours at 36 °C and only half of the batch (320 birds). After this period, all the birds were transferred to boxes (20 birds/box), with the bed waste acerola. Chronic heat stress (6 hours at 32 °C) was applied to all the birds of 35 after 39 days of age, being electronically monitored temperature and humidity of the warehouse, in relation to the microclimate of the area / height of the birds. The results indicated that: a) there was no interaction between the two techniques, EB and ETC; b) diets with EB resulted in more expensive ration besides increasing the moisture of faeces, but there was lower mortality; c) ETC resulted in a pale staining in breast samples. Thus, it can be concluded that both the EB and ETC are not effective for minimizing the negative effects of chronic heat stress in broilers

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Rodrigues, Mayara Maia. "Equilíbrio eletrolítico e condicionamento térmico precoce na criação de frangos de corte submetidos ao estresse térmico /Mayara Maia Rodrigues. - Mayara Maia Rodrigues. -." Araçatuba, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138400.

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Orientador:Silvia Helena Venturoli Perri Co-orientador:Manoel Garcia Neto Banca:Antonio Carlos de Laurentiz Banca:Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano Resumo:Em países de clima tropical, o calor é um dos principais limitantes à produção de frangos de corte, sendo ainda responsável por induzir uma elevada mortalidade, especialmente na fase de terminação. O equilíbrio eletrolítico (EE) e o condicionamento térmico precoce (CTP) são duas técnicas que visam aliviar os efeitos negativos do estresse pelo calor. Assim, esse estudo teve como propósito avaliar as possíveis interações e os efeitos do equilíbrio eletrolítico na dieta e da aplicação do condicionamento térmico precoce sobre o consumo de ração (kg), peso vivo (kg), conversão alimentar (kg), mortalidade (%), índice de conversão bioeconômico energética (Mcal/kg), umidade de fezes (%), peso de carcaça (kg), gordura cavitária (g) e coloração de peito (L*a*b*) em frangos de cortes em condições de estresse térmico crônico. Para tanto, o balanço eletrolítico (BE = K+Na-Cl) foi ajustado em 300 mEq/kg e a relação eletrolítica (RE = [(K+Cl)/Na]) em 3:1 pelo programa PPFR não linear. Foram alojados 640 pintos machos de um dia de idade, distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 2x2 (com e sem CTP e com e sem o EE), num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em 32 boxes (8 repetições por tratamento). O condicionamento térmico foi realizado no quinto dia de idade das aves, por 24 horas a 36 °C, e somente na metade do lote (320 aves). Após este período, todas as aves foram transferidas para boxes (20 aves/box), tendo como cama resíduos de acerola. O estresse térmico crônico (6 horas a 32°C) foi aplicado em todas as aves do 35º ao 39º dias de idade, sendo monitorado eletronicamente a temperatura e a umidade do galpão, em relação ao microclima da região/altura das aves. Os resultados indicaram que: a) não houve interação entre as duas técnicas, EE e CTP; b) dietas com EE resultaram no encarecer da ração além de aumentarem a umidade das fezes, porém...(resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) Abstract:In tropical climates, the heat is the major factor limiting the production of broiler chickens, and is responsible for inducing a high mortality, especially in the finishing phase. The electrolyte balance (EB) and early thermal conditioning (ETC) are two techniques to alleviate the negative effects of heat stress. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the possible interactions and the effects of dietary electrolyte balance and application of early thermal conditioning of the feed intake (kg), body weight (kg), feed conversion (kg), mortality (%), energy bio-economic conversion index (Mcal/kg), moisture faeces (%), carcass weight (kg), body cavity fat (g) and breast color (L*a *b*) in cuts of chicken chronic heat stress conditions. Thus, the electrolyte balance (EB = K+Na-Cl) was set to 300 mEq / kg and electrolyte ratio (ER = [(K+Cl)/Na]) 3: 1 by non-linear PPFR program. They were housed 640 male chicks a day old, distributed in a factorial arrangement 2x2 (with and without ETC and with and without EB) in a completely randomizeddesign in 32 boxes (8 replicates per treatment). The thermal conditioning was applied on the fifth day old birds for 24 hours at 36 °C and only half of the batch (320 birds). After this period, all the birds were transferred to boxes (20 birds/box), with the bed waste acerola. Chronic heat stress (6 hours at 32 °C) was applied to all the birds of 35 after 39 days of age, being electronically monitored temperature and humidity of the warehouse, in relation to the microclimate of the area / height of the birds. The results indicated that: a) there was no interaction between the two techniques, EB and ETC; b) diets with EB resulted in more expensive ration besides increasing the moisture of faeces, but there was lower mortality; c) ETC resulted in a pale staining in breast samples. Thus, it can be concluded that both the EB and ETC are not effective for minimizing the negative effects of chronic heat stress in broilers Mestre

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Wills, Peter. "Novel biocidal formulation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/novel-biocidal-formulation(776ed624-6717-496f-9b31-ad2edce8e24b).html.

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In this modern age, society has become much more aware of the danger bacteria can have on people's health. Personal and household antimicrobial formulations are commonly used within the home to lower the levels of harmful bacteria such as E. Coli, Salmonella and Pseudomonas. The active which kills the bacteria within the formulation is described as a biocide. This research looks at the often neglected potential of cationic polyelectrolyte as a biocide, firstly within solution and secondly in creating an antimicrobial surface. The solution properties and antimicrobial activity for a range of commercially available cationic polyelectrolytes (polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) and biguanides) of differing molecular weights were investigated. All polyelectrolytes were observed to have some level of antimicrobial activity. The second phase of this research investigated polyelectrolyte/surfactant/water mixture of similar charge (cationic). Two QAC surfactants were investigated: Alkyl (C12 70%; C14 30%) dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (BAC) and Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDQ). At a critical concentration, these mixtures segregatively phase separate into a surfactant rich upper phase and polyelectrolyte rich lower phase. This phase separation phenomenon was investigated in respect of surfactant and polyelectrolyte type as well as polyelectrolyte molecular weight. Surfactant type was observed to be the dominant factor in determining the onset of phase separation and by mixing different ratios of surfactants the ability to tune this phase separation concentration was shown. Dilute solutions of these mixtures well below their respective phase separation concentration were then deposited onto glass substrates via a drop cast or inkjet printer method. The surfactant/polyelectrolyte film composites left after drop evaporation ranged from an amorphous film to nodular like structures. The ability to order/structure actives onto a surface could alter active adhesion and surface roughness properties of the film. This change in surface property could consequently affect antimicrobial performance.

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Pinto, Maria Jorge Pratas de Melo. "Biodiesel fuel formulation." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/9328.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Química O consumo de energia a nível mundial aumenta a cada dia, de forma inversa aos recursos fósseis que decrescem de dia para dia. O sector dos transportes é o maior consumidor deste recurso. Face ao actual cenário urge encontrar uma solução renovável e sustentável que permita não só, diminuir a nossa dependência de combustíveis fósseis mas fundamentalmente promover a sua substituição por energias de fontes renováveis. O biodiesel apresenta-se na vanguarda das alternativas aos combustiveis derivados do petróleo, para o sector dos transportes, sendo considerado uma importante opção a curto prazo, uma vez que o seu preço pode ser competitivo com o diesel convencional, e para a sua utilização o motor de combustão não necessita de alterações. O biodiesel é uma mistura líquida, não tóxica, biodegradável de ésteres de ácidos gordos, sem teor de enxofre ou compostos aromáticos, apresenta boa lubricidade, alto número de cetano, e origina emissões gasosas mais limpas. O presente trabalho contribui para um melhor conhecimento da dependência das propriedades termofisicas do biodiesel com a sua composição. A publicação de novos dados permitirá o desenvolvimento de modelos mais fiáveis na previsão do comportamento do biodiesel. As propriedades densidade e viscosidade são o espelho da composição do biodiesel, uma vez que dependem directamente da matéria prima que lhe deu origem, mais do que do processo de produção. Neste trabalho os dados medidos de densidade e viscosidade de biodiesel foram testados com vários modelos e inclusivamente foram propostos novos modelos ajustados para esta família de compostos. Os dados medidos abrangem uma ampla gama de temperaturas e no caso da densidade também foram medidos dados a alta pressão de biodiesel e de alguns ésteres metilico puros. Neste trabalho também são apresentados dados experimentais para o equilíbrio de fases sólido-liquído de biodiesel e equlibrio de fases líquidolíquido de alguns sistemas importantes para a produção de biodiesel. Ambos os tipos de equilíbrio foram descritos por modelos desenvolvidos no nosso laboratório. Uma importância especial é dado aqui a propriedades que dependem do perfil de ácidos gordos da matéria-prima além de densidade e viscosidade; o índice de iodo e temperature limite de filtrabalidade são aqui avaliados com base nas considerações das normas. Os ácidos gordos livres são um sub-produto de refinação de óleo alimentar, que são removidos na desodoração, no processo de purificação do óleo. A catálise enzimática é aqui abordada como alternativa para a conversão destes ácidos gordos livres em biodiesel. Estudou-se a capacidade da lipase da Candida antartica (Novozym 435) para promover a esterificação de ácidos gordos livres com metanol ou etanol, utilizando metodologia de superfície de resposta com planeamento experimental. Avaliou-se a influência de diversas variáveis no rendimento da reacção. World energy consumption rises every day and, inversely, fossil fuel resources are dwindling day by day. Transportation sector is the bigger consumer of oil. Faced with the actual scenario a renewable and sustenable alternative is needed, not just to decrease our dependence of petroleum but also to base our power in a renewable source. Biodiesel is at the forefront of the alternatives to petroleum based fuels in the transportation sector, being considered an important short-time option since its price can be competitive with conventional diesel and no motor changes are required. Biodiesel consists on a liquid blend of, non toxic, biodegradable fatty acid esters, with non sulfur and aromatic content, good lubricity, high cetane number, nontoxic character of their exhaust emissions and cleaner burning. Aiming at tuning biodiesel to optimize the fuel composition, the present work contributes for a better knowledge of de depencende of thermophysical properties of biodiesel on their compositon. New data is required to help in the development of reliable models to predict biodiesel behavior. Density and viscosity data are a mirror of biodiesel composition, as both depend on the raw material, more than the production process. New data of density and viscosity were measured and respective models were tested and compared, and new adjusted parameters proposed for this family of compounds. The measured data include a wide range of temperatures and in the case of density data were also measured at high pressure for biodiesel and some pure methyl esters. This work also reports experimental data for the solid-liquid-phase equilibria of biodiesel and, liquid-liquid equilibria of some important systems in biodiesel production. Both type of equilibria were described with models developed in our laboratory. A special importance is here given to properties that depend on fatty acid profile of raw material besides density and viscosity; the iodine value, and cold filter plugging point are here evaluated based on norm considerations. Free Fatty Acids (FFA) are a by-product in edible oil refining, that are removed in the deodorizing step on oil purification. Enzymatic catalysis is here studied as an alternative to convert this by-product into biodiesel. The ability of immobilized lipase from Candida antartica (Novozym 435) to catalize the esterification of FFA with methanol and ethanol were evaluated using response surface methodology with an experimental design. Influence of several variables were evaluated in the yield of reaction.

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El, fakhri Rehab M. Mohamed. "Cryomilling for formulation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49060/.

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The pharmaceutical industry has experienced an increase in the amount of development candidates with low aqueous solubility and accordingly poor bioavailability. In order for this problem to be solved, amorphisation is thought to be the most favourable solution. The amorphous state is higher in free energy thus higher in solubility when compared to the crystalline form. Milling and specially cryomilling is a very unique technique for providing of the crystalline to amorphous transformation since there are no heat or solvents involved. Phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid, individual and pair mixtures, are crystalline organic non medicinal compounds, which have been used for the first time as model compounds to investigate whether cryogenic milling can induce crystal to amorphous transformation and if the preparation of pair mixtures could affect the recrystallization rate of the subjected materials or not. The materials were cryomilled and analysed by DSC, XRPD, and FTIR. It was found that only terephthalic acid become amorphous after cryomilling, and even after the cryomilled sample been stored for three weeks DSC thermogram still detects recrystallization exothermic along with the XRPD pattern, which shows a very broad peaks indicative of particle size reduction. Pair mixtures were also studied and analysed by DSC and XRPD. Phthalic acid/isophthalic acid, isophthalic acid/terephthalic acid, phthalic acid/terephthalic acid were cryomilled together and mixed physically after been cryomilled separately. XRPD results show that unlike the cryomilled separately mixtures, phthalic acid/ isophthalic acid, isophthalic acid/terephthalic acid, terephthalic acid/phthalic acid cryomilled together samples produces a synergistic effect in which the Bragg peaks of both phthalic acid and isophthalic acid are suppressed. It appears that co cryomilling of these pair mixtures together resulted in the production of a new material that could potentially either be two-component single phase (nano-sized co-crystal), or a new polymorphic form of either phthalic acid, isophthalic acid or terephthalic acid. Single-component of aspirin (ASP), paracetamol (PCM) and caffeine (CAFF), along with multi-component systems of paracetamol/aspirin, paracetamol/caffeine and aspirin/caffeine were milled at room temperature and by a cryomill. The milled samples were analysed using DSC, XRPD and FTIR. It was noted that there are no clear indications of crystal to amorphous transformation in all three materials. When milling aspirin at room temperature a marked reduction in the melting point was observed. Generally, a reduction in the melting point is either attributed to particle size effects, polymorphism, impurities and decomposition. In this case, the decrease in the melting point was only noticed when aspirin was milled at room temperature, so it is possible that the heat generated during the milling process resulted in chemical decomposition of aspirin to salicylic acid. Anhydrous caffeine is acknowledged to have two polymorphic forms, Form II which is considered to be stable at room temperature until ~145 °C. Form I is stable from ~145 °C to its melting point ~ 236 °C. This polymorphic transformation was detected by DSC, XRPD and hot stage microscope and it was noticed only with the as received and the room temperature milled samples. Cryomilled caffeine data showed only the presence of Form I. On the other hand, for the cryomilled multi-component systems DSC and hot stage microscope images confirmed the eutectic formation with a composition of 45:55% w/w (PCM:ASP), 50:50% (ASP:CAFF) AND 50:50% (PCM:CAFF). The obtained data were compared with room temperature milled and the theoretical values resulted from Van Laar equation. Solid pharmaceuticals represent heterogeneous systems that typically consist of one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and a number of excipients. Multi-component systems from mixing aspirin, paracetamol and caffeine with different excipients, which included sucrose, lactose monohydrate, xylitol and trehalose dihydrate were prepared by the use of a cryomill and were analyesd by DSC and XRPD. It was found from the XRPD data that mixing both sucrose and lactose monohydrate respectively with ASP, PCM and CAFF would produce more of a synergistic effect than xylitol and trehalose dihydrate. Cryomilling caffeine/sucrose and caffeine/lactose resulted in a production of a new XRPD trace that cannot be described in terms of a linear combination of caffeine, sucrose and lactose monohydrate. A new material was therefore formed as a result of cryomilling which has not been reported before.

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Vanderlei, Marina Reghini. "Efeitos dos agrotóxicos Kraft®36EC e Score®250EC (e seus princípios ativos) em ecossistemas aquáticos: análises comparativas e ecossistêmicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-30052016-102950/.

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Com o advento da agricultura ampliou-se a produção alimentar e os bens de consumo, no entanto, os riscos ambientais também foram maximizados em função da adoção de técnicas produtivas baseadas no uso intensivo de insumos agrícolas. Esta problemática é mundial, embora mais evidenciada nos países em desenvolvimento e que tem, na produção agrícola, a base de sua economia. O Brasil enquadra-se nesta situação e desde 2009 é considerado o maior consumidor de agrotóxicos do mundo, criando um cenário de risco ambiental e de saúde humana. Os efeitos ambientais, base deste estudo, estão relacionados não somente à perda de espécies não-alvo, uma vez que os agrotóxicos não são seletivos, mas também as alterações em nível ecossistêmico, a qual se relaciona com as perdas das funções e dos serviços gerados pelos sistemas naturais. Adiciona-se a esta complexidade, a forma de ação de cada agrotóxico, a distribuição dos mesmos nos diferentes compartimentos (ar, solo e água), o período de permanência de cada um, as relações sinérgicas decorrentes das interações entre diferentes produtos, a formação de subprodutos no processo de degradação, entre outros fatores, como as diferenças existentes entre o ingrediente ativo e a formulação comercial, na qual existem os chamados ingredientes inertes em sua composição, os quais podem ser muito mais tóxicos para espécies e ecossistemas. Considerando esta abordagem, a presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida com base na realidade de um local de referência, o município de Bom Repouso (MG/BR), no qual a intensificação da produção de morango e batata tem trazido uma série de riscos sociais e ambientais. Semelhante a outras regiões produtivas do país, o uso de agrotóxicos é recorrente, amplo e irrestrito, com destaque para as formulações comerciais Kraft®36EC e Score®250EC, as quais, juntamente com seus respectivos ingredientes ativos (abamectina e difenoconazol), foram avaliadas por meio de testes de toxicidade com espécies de diferentes níveis tróficos representativas de um ecossistema aquático, gerando informações que foram avaliadas em nível de espécie e de ecossistema, simulando o cenário de aplicação dos produtos no local de referência. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir sobre as diferenças de sensibilidade das espécies e quais seriam as mais indicadas para se avaliar os efeitos tóxicos de ambos os agrotóxicos; os efeitos diferenciados entre a formulação comercial e os ingredientes ativos; bem como as respostas em termos de espécies e de ecossistemas, demonstrando a necessidade de que ambas as análises sejam consideradas na avaliação de risco ecológico. With the advent of agriculture, food production and consumer goods has expanded, however, environmental risks were also maximized due to the adoption of production techniques based on intensive use of agricultural inputs. This worldwide problem is more evident in developing countries which have agricultural production as the basis of its economy. Brazil is into this situation and since 2009 it is considered the largest consumer of the world\'s pesticides, creating a scenario of environmental risk and human health. The environmental effects from this study are related not only to loss of non-targeted species, since pesticides are nonselective, but also changes in the ecosystem level, which relates to the loss of functions and services generated by natural systems. Add to this complexity, the mode of action of each pesticide, their distribution in the different compartments (air, soil and water), the period of stay of each, the synergistic relationships resulting from interactions between different products, the formation of by-products in the process of degradation, among other factors, such as differences between the active ingredient and the commercial formulation in which there are so-called ingredients inert in the composition, which may be more toxic to species and ecosystems. Considering this approach, this research was developed based on the reality of a reference site, the municipality of Bom Repouso (MG/BR), in which the intensification of production of strawberry and potato has brought a series of social and environmental risks. Similar to other productive regions of the country, the use of pesticides is recurrent, widespread and unrestrained, highlighting the commercial formulations Kraft®36EC and Score®250EC, which, along with their active ingredients (abamectin and difenoconazole) have been evaluated by toxicity tests with representative species of different trophic levels of an aquatic ecosystem, generating information that have been evaluated at the species level and ecosystem, simulating the application scenario of the products on the reference location. The results showed differences on the sensitivity of species and what are the most appropriate to evaluate the toxic effects of both pesticides; the differential effects between the commercial formulation and the active ingredients; as well as the responses in terms of species and ecosystems, demonstrating the need for both to be considered in ecological risk assessment.

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Kahlon, Sandeep. "Formulation in psychology : a review of child formulation use and an exploration of formulation experiences of clients with depression." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49311/.

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Formulation has been established as a core competency in Clinical Psychology training. There is a small but growing evidence base demonstrating the benefits of its use from the perspective of clinicians. However, there are few empirical studies investigating formulation use with children and adolescents. In addition, there is little known about the client's experience of cognitive-behavioural theraphy (CBT) formulation. This thesis explores formulation in Psychological Therapy. The first paper reviews the use of formulation within the child and adolescent literature. The key components within a formulation, key factors of formulation which should be explored with children and the clinical utility of formulation are described and discussed based on the extant literature. The research highlights the need to consider developmental milestones, collaboration with families and to consider the child's wider system when formulating. Formulation appeared to be a trans-theoretical concept, occuring throughout the assessment-intervention continuum. However, more empirical research is needed to understand these findings further. The second chapter is an interpretative phenomenological analysis exploring CBT formulation with clients who have depression. Themes were identified highlighting how formulations were developed, that formulations were difficult to receive, although, after some time participants reported many positive feelings and reactions towards their formulation. It seemed that sharing initial difficult feelings with their clinician was difficult. Although several benefits of formulation were established such as, making a new sense of oneself, better control and perspective over feelings and thoughts. Research limitations and suggestions for future research are made. The final paper provides a reflective account on the challenges of working from a scientist and clinician perspective during the research process. The challenge of maintaining a balance between the two perspectives is discussed within the context of generating a research idea, recruitment, interviewing and writing up the empirical paper.

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BARDOT, ISABELLE. "Contributions au developpement de methodologies en formulation. Applications a la formulation sensorielle." Massy, ENSIA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EIAA0032.

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L'objet de ces travaux est de proposer de nouvelles strategies basees sur des techniques mathematiques, informatiques et automatiques pour formuler efficacement un produit alimentaire a partir de criteres sensoriels. Apres la presentation des principales donnees bibliographiques sur l'optimisation et la formulation, les performances de differentes methodes sont comparees a l'aide d'un support methodologique informatise, base sur le melange de couleurs. Parmi les methodes directes, le simplex modifie est simple et rapide. Parmi les methodes indirectes, les reseaux de neurones permettent d'obtenir les meilleurs modeles de representation compares aux modeles lineaires classiquement utilises. Une approche innovante est proposee: la technique guidee par la sujet. Elle est basee sur la description sensorielle du produit par le sujet afin d'accelerer la recherche de la formule optimale. Les methodes les plus efficaces sont utilisees pour formuler des produits liquides varies. Apres une premiere etude sur des melanges simples, les methodes directes et indirectes sont mises en uvre pour formuler des melanges aromatiques plus complexes. Enfin, la technique guidee par le sujet est utilisee dans un cadre industriel pour mettre au point un produit nouveau qui plaise au consommateur. L'originalite de certaines des methodes est l'interactivite entre la reponse du sujet et la conception du nouvel echantillon. Un automate de formulation sensorielle (a. F. S. ) est concu et fabrique pour faciliter la realisation de cette boucle fermee

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Salonen, Antti. "Formulation of Maintenance Strategies." Licentiate thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4836.

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In industry, there is a constant demand for increased productivity in order to stay competitive. Still, Swedish industry has an average utilization of about 60% in its production systems. One important factor for increasing the equipment utilization is effective maintenance of production assets.Within process industry a strategic view on maintenance activities is common and most companies regard maintenance as a profit centre. Meanwhile, the discrete units manufacturing industry still in many cases view maintenance as a cost driver. However, with the spread of Toyota-inspired production concepts, the manufacturing industry is beginning to view maintenance as a strategic asset. Still, though, many companies have no formulated maintenance strategy.The main purpose of the research, presented in this thesis, has been to develop a work-process for formulation of effective maintenance strategies for enterprises in the manufacturing industry.Through one descriptive and two prescriptive case studies a work-process for formulation of maintenance strategies has been developed. The descriptive study revealed some of the differences between companies with and without maintenance strategies. It also showed how some companies view the strategic contributions of maintenance. The first prescriptive study showed how stakeholder involvement may contribute to the identification of relevant performance measures for the maintenance activities. Stakeholder involvement also contributes to the organizational acceptance of the maintenance strategy. Last, the second prescriptive case study led to the development of a work-process for formulation of maintenance strategies. The work-process was tested and verified in three companies, handling different challenges for their maintenance activities. All three companies intend to use the formulated maintenance strategy as a road map for the development of their production maintenance.

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Burgess, Kristen. "The formulation of relationships." PDF viewer required Home page for entire collection, 2008. http://archives.udmercy.edu:8080/dspace/handle/10429/9.

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O'Neill, Catherine A. "Formulation of pharmaceutical gels." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317524.

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Steyn, H. J. "Advanced analytics strategy formulation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96091.

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Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite the high potential impact of advanced analytics on the performance of businesses around the world, its uptake and application in an integrated and strategically aligned manner has been limited. This problem is more pronounced with specific reference to optimization. Optimization methods lag behind other analytical methods such as data visualization and predictive models in terms of their level of adoption in organizations. This research suggests that part of the problem of limited application and integration lies in an overall inability of companies to develop and implement an effective advanced analytics strategy. The primary objective of this research is therefore to establish an approach for the development of an advanced analytics strategy for a company. Due to the absence of well described examples or published research on the subject it was necessary to generate insight and knowledge using a research approach that allowed for the development, testing, and improvement of a strategy over multiple cycles. Such a research approach presented itself in the form of action research. An initial advanced analytics strategy was developed for one of the subsidiary companies in a group of companies. The subsidiary company specializes in the importation, distribution, and marketing of industrial fasteners and has branches throughout South Africa. The strategy document was presented to the senior decision makers in the holding company for evaluation. The feedback from the evaluation was used to formulate changes to the initial strategy aimed at improving its alignment with the decision makers’ thinking on advanced analytics and increasing the probability of its implementation. The suggested changes from the first research cycle were used to define the second cycle strategy framework. The second cycle strategy framework included a strategy development process that consisted of three main steps: • Establishing business focus and relevance which included an assessment of the value creating potential of the business, identifying and prioritizing of value creating opportunities, and an assessment of key underlying decision processes, • Developing business relevant concept applications which included determining their potential value impact and creating a ranked pipeline of decision optimization applications. • Selecting concept applications and moving them into production. The strategy development process was informed by a number of different models, methods and frameworks. The most important model was a detailed valuation model of the company. The valuation model proved to be invaluable in identifying those aspects of the business where an improvement will result in the highest potential increase in shareholder value. The second cycle strategy framework will be used to develop an improved version of the advanced analytics strategy for the researched company. Moreover, the generic nature of the framework will allow for it to be used in the development of advanced analytics strategies for other companies. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ten spyte van die potensieel omvangryke impak van gevorderde analitiese tegnieke op die prestasie van besighede wˆereldwyd, is die toepassing en strategiese integrasie daarvan beperk. Hierdie probleem is nog meer sigbaar wanneer die aanwending van optimeringsmetodes oorweeg word. Die mate waarin optimeringsmetodes deur besighede aangewend word, is heelwat laer as ander analitiese metodes soos data visualisering en vooruitskattingsmodelle. Hierdie navorsing plaas ’n groot gedeelte van die probleem voor die deur van besighede se onvermo ¨e om effektiewe gevorderde analitiese strategie¨e te ontwikkel en te implementeer. Die primˆere doel van die navorsing is gevolglik om ’n benadering tot die ontwikkeling van ’n analitiese strategie vir ’n maatskappy voor te stel. In die lig van die afwesigheid van gepubliseerde voorbeelde of soortgelyke navorsing op hierdie onderwerp moes insig en kennis gevolglik bekom word deur die aanwending van ’n navorsingsbenadering wat die navorser in staat gestel het om ’n voorgestelde strategie te ontwikkel, te toets en te verbeter oor verskeie navorsingsiklusse. Die navorsingsbenadering wat gebruik is staan bekend as aksienavorsing. Die eerste gevorderde analitiese strategie is onwikkel vir een van die filiaalmaatskappye in ’n maatskappygroep. Die filiaalmaatskappy spesialiseer in die invoer, verspreiding, en bemarking van industri¨ele hegstukke en het takke regoor Suid Afrika. Die strategie dokument is voorgelˆe aan die senior besluitnemers van die houermaatskappy vir oorweging. Op grond van hul terugvoer is veranderings aan die strategie aangebring ten einde hul benadering tot gevorderde analitiese tegnieke te akkommodeer en om die waarskynlikheid van implementering daarvan te verhoog. Die voorgestelde veranderings is gebruik om ’n strategiese raamwerk vir die tweede navorsingsiklus te definieer. Hierdie raamwerk sluit ’n strategiese ontwikkelingsproses in wat bestaan uit drie hoofstappe: • Vestiging van besigheidsfokus en relevansie wat insluit ’n oorweging van die waardeskeppingsvermo ¨e van die maatskappy, identifisering en prioritisering van waardeskeppingsgeleenthede en die oorweging van die onderliggende besluitnemingsprosesse, • Ontwikkeling van besigheidsrelevante konsep oplossings wat insluit die bepaling van die potensi¨ele waarde impak en die skepping van ’n ranglys van besluitoptimeringsoplossings, en • Die verskuiwing van geselekteerde oplossings na ’n produksie omgewing. Die strategiese ontwikkelingsproses maak gebruik van verskeie modelle, metodes en raamwerke. Die belangrikste model was ’n gedetaileerde waardasiemodel van die maatskappy. Die waardasiemodel was instrumenteel in die idenfikasie van die aspekte van die maatskappy waar ’n verbetering die grootste bydrae kan maak tot die skepping van aandeelhouerswaarde. Die tweede siklus strategiese raamwerk sal aangewend word om ’n verbeterde analitiese strategie vir die nagevorsde maatskappy te ontwikkel. Die generiese aard van die raamwerk sal ’n gebruiker daarvan in staat stel om ’n gevorderde analitiese strategie vir ander maatskappye te ontwikkel.

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Brown, Helen. "Formulation in Clinical Psychology." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502447.

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This thesis includes a literature review, empirical paper, and reflective paper, which explore different aspects of formulation within Clinical Psychology. Chapter one reviews literature to answer the question 'Why Formulate? Why not Formulate?' This review considers the idea that formulation is a defining skill within clinical psychology, before discussing the function, reliability and validity of formulating across differentsituations. Literature suggests that individual differences and client characteristics determine the focus of the formulation, as well as the amount ofinformation shared and how the information is delivered. The basis for not formulating was considered, although it seems to be a tenuous premise to suggest that some clinical psychologists do not formulate just because these' hypotheses are not shared with clients. There is a shortage of evidence to support the notion that formulation is unique to clinical psychology but it is without contention that the skills involved in formulating are integral to the profession. The review raises a number of important research questions, including reaching a better understanding of who does and does not use formulation in everyday practice, comparing the value of formulating and not formulating, and illuminating client's experiences ofreceiving formulations. There are a number ofvalidity considerations to be examined and there is also a shortage of empirical evidence regarding the use offormulation within integrative frameworks. These research questions suggest qualitative analyses in the first instance and it seems likely that in most cases the clients themselves will Chapter two reports the findings of an empirical paper, exploring clients' experience of formulation with the use ofa grounded theory approach to methodology. Views from clients and therapists were sought respectively and the emergent theories highlighted two subtly different models. A linear model was proposed to describe clients' views, detailing a journey of growth. This consisted ofthree core constructs: initial doubt, assimilation and empowerment. Each construct was understood on a continuum to represent the fluctuating nature of the process. A circular model was proposed to describe therapists' views of clients' experience of formulation. Connection with the process, self, and other was thought to result from interaction in the 'dance'. This enabled clients to view formulation as tangible, providing them with the opportunity to integrate the formulation. Integration was thought to continue throughout clients' lives, whereby understanding and connectivity contributed to a reflexive loop of development. Similarities and differences between the models are considered, as are limitations and ideas for future research. Clinical implications are made, and include the use ofthe models to offer guidance to training programmes on the areas on which to focus when teaching formulation. The role of the models in developing measures to assess clients' experiences, to ensure that therapists are focussing on the elements thought to be central to formulations, in addition to reassuring individuals new to the process of formulation is also considered. This study also draws attention to the presentation of a formulation, how it might be used, the audience who might have access to it, and the importance of not forcing a model on a client. Chapter three reports a reflective paper, which consists of therapeutic letters to therapists', clients' and myself. This chapter (and the letters contained within it) is XIII 1111111111'11111 ttl XIV Consideration is made ~fhowmy own training mirrors the models derived from the .........-=.:---.:~--------~.'.-,,-, .U1I I the impact that this research has had on my personal and professional development. empirical paper, alongside reflections on why the topic of formulation was chosen and experiences, interests, beliefs and social identity has shape~ this research. J therefore reflexive, enabling me to reflect upon ways in which my own values experiences, interests, beliefs and social identity has shape~ this research. Consideration is made ~fhowmy own training mirrors the models derived from the .........-=.:---.:~--------~.'.-,,-, .U1I I the impact that this research has had on my personal and professional development. empirical paper, alongside reflections on why the topic of formulation was chosen and the impact that this research has had on my personal and professional development.

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17

Iqbal, Mohammed. "Formulation of immunomodulatory agents." Thesis, Aston University, 1990. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12576/.

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Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography procedures were developed for the analysis of pyrimidine-based drugs bropirimine and its derivatives (2-N-acetyl- and 2-N-propanoyl-) and for pyrimethamine and its 2/4- substituted derivatives (2, N-propanoyl and 2,4-N, N-dipropanoyl-) and its 6- substituted (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and isopropyl- carboxylates) analogues. Stability studies indicated that these derivatives were not sufficiently labile to act as potential prodrugs. Solubility-pH profiles were constructed from which the dissociation constants were calculated. The physicochemical properties of these compounds were studied and attempts were made to increase the poor aqueous solubility of bropirimine (35g/mL) by prodrug synthesis, solvate formation (acetic acid, N, N-dimethylformamide and N-methylformamide) and the use of co-solvents and additives. The first two methods proved to be fruitless whereas the latter method resulted in an intravenous formulation incorporating 32mg/mL of bropirimine. An in-vitro method for the detection of precipitation was developed and the results suggested that by using low injection rates (< 0.24mL/min) and high mobile phase flow rates (> 500mL/hr) precipitation could be minimised. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that bropirimine debrominates in the presence of a number of additives commonly used in formulation work but the temperature at which this occurred were usually > 200oC. In-vitro work gave encouraging results for the possibility of rectal delivery of bropirimine but in-vivo work on rabbits showed considerable variations in the resulting plasma levels and pharmacokinetic parameters.

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Nyrell, Lina, Jimmie Björkman, and Lovisa Petersson. "Formulation Of Marketing Strategy In India : Application of the Global Strategy Formulation Model." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Management and Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-6201.

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AbstractAs a part of the strategic planning process a company has to formulate a marketing strategy before entering a new market. For global marketers, formulation of a global marketing strategy is of big importance since it contributes benefits, including raising the efficacy of new-products launches, cost reduction and improving product quality and market share performance. India is a fast growing subcontinent and it is predicted to be among the top five economies in the world by the year 2025. The driving force in the Indian economy is the growing number of people from the middle class, which currently consists of over 300 million Indians. They are consuming progressively more western brands and more and more foreign companies are establishing in the country.The purpose of this thesis is to get a better understanding of the Indian market in order to formulate a strategy for this market. The thesis aim to identify how a business to business company, with baby products aimed for the upper class segment, should formulate their marketing strategy. To be able to answer our research question we have conducted a number of qualitative interviews, including a focus group interview with potential Indian consumers. The result of our interviews, empirical data along with our collected theory shows that the Indian market is fragmented and diverse. This thesis tells us that a company offering exclusive products should focus on consumers living in urban areas of India. A company should considerate on important aspects when formulating a marketing strategy for the Indian market: Assessment and adjustment of core strategy (choice of competitive strategy), formulation of a global strategy (choice of competitive strategy, choice of segment, marketing in India, the purchase process, culture) and development of global marketing program (degree of standardization).

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Cai, Bing. "Ceramic Materials for Administration of Potent Drugs." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad materialvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-245031.

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This thesis aimed to investigate and document the potential of applying ceramics in two specific drug delivery applications: tamper-resistant opioid formulations and transdermal enhancement protrusions. Geopolymers were developed into the matrix for a tamper-resistant formulation, aiming to protect drug substances from non-medical abuse. The synthesis conditions and excipients composition of the geopolymer-based formulation were modified in this work to facilitate a stable and extended drug delivery. Results showed that 37ºC 100% humidity for 48 hours were applicable conditions to obtain geopolymer with suitable mechanical strength and porosity. Moreover, it was found that the integration of poly(methyl acrylate) into the geopolymer-based formulation could reduce the drug release at low pH and, meanwhile, maintain the mechanical strength. Therefore, the geopolymer-based drug formulations concluded from these studies were applied in oral and transdermal delivery systems. Evidence of the tamper-resistance of geopolymer-based oral and transdermal formulations was documented and compared to the corresponding commercial opioid formulations. The results provided experimental support for the positive effects of geopolymers as drug carriers for the tamper-resistance of oral and transdermal delivery systems. Self-setting bioceramics, calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate were fabricated into transdermal enhancement protrusions in this work for the first time. Results showed that, under mild conditions, both bioceramics could form pyramid-shaped needles in the micron size. The drug release from these needles could be controlled by the bulk surface area, porosity and degradation of the bioceramics. An in vitro insertion test showed that the bioceramic microneedles had enough mechanical strength to insert into skin. Further optimization on the geometry of needles and the substrate material was also performed. The higher aspect-ratio needles with a flexible and self-swellable substrate could release most of the drug content within 4 hours and could penetrate through the stratum corneum by manual insertion. This study explored the potential application of bioceramics in transdermal enhancement protrusions and showed promising indication of their future developments.

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Giardi, Chloé. "Synthèse de surfactifs à base de polyoxazoline : propriétés physicochimiques et formulation." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENCM0008/document.

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Nous décrivons dans ce manuscrit la synthèse et l'étude de surfactifs à base de poly(2-méthyl-2-oxazoline) et de corps gras. Pour cela, deux voies de synthèse ont été réalisées. La première qui consiste à amorcer la polymérisation avec un alcool gras tosylé. La deuxième voie de synthèse a été réalisée en amorçant la polymérisation par un alcane iodé. Les surfactifs ainsi obtenus ont une chaîne grasse saturée ayant douze ou dix-huit atomes de carbone et des longueurs de chaînes polymères variables.Ces surfactifs sont examinés afin d'évaluer leur aptitude à la formulation. Ainsi, la valeur de leur concentration micellaire critique a été déterminée par tensiométrie et spectrofluorimétrie. Ensuite, l'évaluation de leurs pouvoirs mouillant et moussant, de leur HLB, de leur température de point de trouble… ont été déterminés afin de les comparer avec leurs homologues POE, les Brij®. Dans l'optique d'une application à la formulation, des tests d'évaluation de leur toxicité ont également été réalisés. Enfin, des préparations cosmétiques ont été formulées, à base de ces surfactifs et des Brij®. Parallèlement, une étude a été menée démontrant l'intérêt du carbonate de glycérol tosylé comme amorceur de la polymérisation de la 2-méthyl-2-oxazoline. Cet amorceur a permis de fonctionnaliser les polyoxazolines en extrémité de chaîne par des fonctions terminales (hydroxy)uréthane In this manuscript, we describe the synthesis and the study of surfactants based on poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and vegetable oil derivatives. Two ways for the synthesis are realized. The first path consists to initiate the polymerization with a tosylate fatty alcohol. The second synthetic route was realized by initiating the polymerization by an iodoalkane. The obtained surfactants have au saturated fatty chain with twelve or eighteen carbon atoms and various lengths of polymeric chain. This surfactants are reviewed to assess their suitability for the formulation. Thus, the value of their critical micelle concentration was determined by tensiometry and spectrofluorimetry. After, the evaluation of their wetting and foaming powers, their HLB, their cloud point temperature… was determinded in order to compare with their homologous POE, the Brij®. In the context of an application in the formulation, evaluation tests of toxicity were also made. Next, cosmetic preparations were realized, based on this surfactants and Brij®. In parallel, a study was conducted to demonstrate the tosylate gycerol carbonate interest as initiator in the 2-methyl-2-oxazoline polymerization. This initiator enable to fonctionalize the polyoxazoline in the chain end with (hydroxy)uréthane terminal function

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21

Berg, Lisa. "Optimization of a biostimulant formulation." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för bioteknologi (BIO), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215305.

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22

Sarkar, Supti. "Biophysical characterisation of plasmid formulation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446862/.

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DNA vaccination and gene therapy offer significant advantages in the treatment of many intractable diseases but many technical challenges must be overcome before the potential of these techniques are realised. A major challenge for non-viral vector particles is their physical instability in physiological conditions. The delivery vector investigated was a Lipid-Peptide-DNA (LPD) complex. The initial system was composed of lipofectin, peptide 6 and a 6.9 kb plasmid DNA. The aim of this work was to study parameters with a view of optimising the biophysical characteristics of the system, namely with regard to storage and transportation. The effects of ionic strength and pH on colloidal stability and structure of the gene delivery vector were investigated using dynamic and static light scattering. Results showed increased levels of aggregation at physiological concentrations (150mM NaCl), although a more stable system was observed in distilled water and at extreme sah conditions of IM. The rates of aggregation were found to be related to the zeta potential of the system and could be predicted using Monte Carlo simulations. Fractal dimension of complexes (where higher values correspond to more compact structures) showed values of 1.6 for 150 mM NaCl and 2.4 for IM NaCl. Lipids, peptides and plasmid DNA were investigated to see the effect of chemistry and physical structure on the aggregation properties of the system. Lipid studies assessing the release of fluorescent calcein from a variety of lipids, over a range of pH found Cl4 Unsaturated + DOPE had the greatest level of release when observed at pH 5.0. The effect of increasing plasmid DNA size (number of base pairs 5.7-72) was also investigated, larger plasmid sizes showed greater stability although further investigation is required to confirm this.

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23

Edmonson, Peter Thomas. "The formulation of chocolate crumb." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510442.

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24

Gabrielsson, Jon. "Multivariate methods in tablet formulation." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-268.

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25

李德利 and Deli Li. "Thermodynamic formulation for damaging materials." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31233764.

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26

AlShamari, Majed Aadi. "Task formulation in usability testing." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533712.

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Usability testing is widely used for measuring a system's usability, particularly in relation to websites. It consists of a number of variables such as tasks, number of users, usability measures and other elements. Each variable can influence the usability testing results either negatively or positively. This research investigates the impact of task design upon usability testing results and further examines the role of the number of users in such testing. In addition, usability measure correlations are also explored. In order to achieve these objectives, three experiments were conducted; the first examines the proposal that task design can seriously influence usability testing results. It explores the way in which three different types of task affect these results, the types being: structured, uncertain and problem-solving. Each type of task seems to reveal different types of associated problems. Subsequently, user numbers and usability measures are also examined. In light of the first experiment's results, the second experiment's objectives investigate how a mixed set of different task types can influence the usability testing results concluding again with an examination of user numbers and usability measures. The third and final experiment validates the results of the previous two experiments by examining the influence of task order on usability testing results. The first experiment designed to investigate the influence of task type on usability testing results, involves 5 tasks all performed by 20 users for each of 3 groups. The usability testing results differ significantly. Each type of task reveals certain types of problems, and each one performs differently. In this experiment, "five users" fail to achieve what was promised i. e. the identification of 85% of usability problems. This experiment raises questions and suggests a number of recommendations, such as that tasks should be mixed in usability testing in order to offer better results: these the objectives for the 2 "d experiment. The second experiment investigates the influence of a mixed set of different task types on usability testing results. The three types of tasks above form a set of tasks to be performed by a single user or by a group of users. The participant number is increased to 30 users, who performed 10 tasks. The results show that performing a mixed set of tasks by a group of users can offer better results. In this experiment, "five users" again fail to achieve satisfactory results. This experiment suggests that task order may influence usability testing results, a question addressed in the final experiment's design. In the third experiment; therefore, the tasks are ordered differently to previous experiment. However, this is shown to have no influence on the usability testing results, although does reveal some interesting effects on users behaviour during the performance of such tasks

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27

Feurer, Rainer. "Dynamic strategy formulation and implementation." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259991.

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28

Whelan, John Christopher. "Beyond factual to formulated silhouettes." Thesis, University of Hull, 2001. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8532.

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When sketching terrain, a view-dependent framework of silhouette-related cues is required. This framework is prominent in manual sketches and is especially important in small-scale depictions viewed obliquely from above. Occluding contours, namely the lines delineating depth discontinuities in the projected surface, are insufficient for forming this framework. The role which the occluding contour, or Factual Silhouette, plays in structuring the sketch becomes increasingly minimal as more of the terrain becomes visible, as the viewpoint is raised. The aim of this research is to extend the set of occluding contours to encompass situations that are perceived as causing an occlusion and would therefore be sketched in a similar manner. These locations, termed Formulated Silhouettes supplement the set of occluding contours and provide a successful structuring framework. The proposed method processes visible areas of terrain, which are turning away from view, to extract a classified, vector-based description for a given view of a Digital Elevation Model. Background approaches to silhouette rendering are reviewed and the specific contributions of this thesis are discussed. The method is tested using case studies composed of terrain of varying scale and character and two application studies demonstrate how silhouettes can be used to enhance existing terrain visualization techniques, both abstract and realistic. In addition, consultation with cartographic designers provides external verification of the research. The thesis concludes by noting how silhouette contours relate to perceived entities rather than actual occlusions.

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Mahmud, Ahmad. "Formulation of oral liquid medicines." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356950.

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30

Hardy, John George. "Dendrons for active ingredient formulation." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437583.

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31

Johnstone, Lucy Clare. "Psychological formulation : a radical perspective." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669686.

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32

Bulos, Remedios de dios. "Goal formulation in intelligence agents." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285077.

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The development of the research "Goal Formulation in Intelligent Agents" is anchored on the rationale that to be truly called "intelligent", an agent must not only be capable of knowing how to achieve its given goals; preferably, it must also have the capability to formulate its own goals. It must be able to detect its own goals, assess their feasibility, prioritize them, evaluate their validity as to whether they have to be acted upon, terminated, or suspended. This research has developed and implemented an intelligent system that is capable for formulating its own goals. Goal formulation refers to the intelligent behavior that an agent exhibits when reasoning about what goals to pursue and when to pursue them. It is an integrated reasoning mechanism that identifies the relevant goals that an agent needs to accomplish to affect the external world (Goal detection); constantly updates the qualitative and quantitative information attributed to the active goals as events unfold (Active goal status evaluation); assesses whether a goal is attainable through the application of the agent's own actions (Goal achievability assessment); and dynamically evaluates the relative merits of an agent's tasks, provides the agent with a sound basis to make a rational choice among a set of competing alternatives and then decides what to do next based on the choice made (Next action selection). In the development of the goal formulator, the types and structure of the required knowledge are identified; architectures for the various goal formulation components have been designed; and algorithms for the various goal formulation reasoning mechanisms (e.g. application of NPV economic decision criterion) have been developed and implemented in Prolog. To prove the applicability of the goal formulation concepts that this research had developed, the system was applied in the housekeeping domain. Simulations of some housekeeping cases are provided.

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33

Potyka, Ingrid. "Emulsion-formulation of microbial herbicides." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/618a10ab-a6e4-49c4-bf4c-1b3c343c4135.

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Development of microbial herbicides is constrained by unreliability in the field where conditions are often sub-optimal for infection. Crucially, sufficient moisture, often dew, is required to establish infection. Two model systems, Colletotrichum dematium (Pers. ex Fr. ) Grove on Chenopodium album L. and Mycocentrospora acerina (Hartig) Deighton on Viola arvensis Murr., have been investigated and formulation requirements for each system identified, principally to reduce the dew period necessary for infection. Effects of adjuvants (surfactants, stickers and humectants) on spore germination and appressorium formation were investigated in vitro. Few were toxic and then, principally, at high concentration. The surfactants Tween 40,60 and 80 were compatible with both pathogens. Similarly, the stickers acacia, ghatti, guar, karaya, locust bean and xanthan gums and low viscosity alginic acid were all non-toxic as was the humectant glycerol. Each pathogen reacted differently to the adjuvants and any potential microbial herbicide will need individual matching of adjuvants to give an effective formulation. A working formulation (rapeseed oil-in-water (1: 10 v/v) emulsion using 0.1 % v/v Tween 40 as the emulsifier) was found to reduce the dew period requirement of M. acerina from 36 to 18 hours. The formulation protected spores from desiccation for 24 hours after application, or for 16 hours following a sub-optimum dew period occurring immediately after application. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the applied spores, and the developing mycelium, were immersed in the oil deposit. Transmission electron microscopy of sections through formulation deposits on the leaf revealed that some inversion of the emulsion, to form a water-inoil deposit, had occurred, suggesting a mechanism of protection against desiccation. The oil phase infiltrated the cortical intercellular spaces only when the leaf was infected. This intercellular oil contained more water than that on the leaf surface. Emulsion-formulation applied to run-off with an 'air brush', consistently gave significantly better weed control under sub-optimal dew conditions than a formulation of surfactant only. When applied with a conventional hydraulic nozzle at 400 1 ha" the emulsion was only occasionally superior to the surfactant alone. Such interactions require further in-depth investigation. The importance of correct inoculum placement for maximum effectiveness, independent of formulation type, was highlighted. Unless all meristems are killed, survivors quickly grow, despite the death of neighbouring leaves and petioles, and the weed suffers merely a growth check. Formulation as emulsion improved diseasee stablishmenta nd diseasee xpressioni n the target weedo nly in somec ircumstancesF. urther researchin to spraya pplicationm ethodsa ndt heir interactions with formulation, host and environment is clearly necessary

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34

Ivol, Flavien. "Formulation d'électrolytes sécuritaires pour supercondensateurs." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4020.

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L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer et d’optimiser un électrolyte organique performant et sécuritaire pour des supercondensateurs capacitifs. En effet, l’électrolyte aujourd’hui utilisé dans ces systèmes, présente des risques d’inflammabilité importants. Dans le cadre de cette thèse plusieurs solvants nitriles et dinitriles ont été utilisés pour la formulation d’électrolytes alternatifs pour les supercondensateurs. Ces solvants sont choisis pour leur grande stabilité thermique et faible volatilité. Par ailleurs, il a été proposé de remplacer le sel d’électrolyte de référence par des liquides ioniques aprotiques commerciaux ou issus de synthèses en laboratoire. En effet, la forte miscibilité et compatibilité des liquides ioniques avec les solvants choisis permet la formulation d’électrolyte fortement concentrés en ions favorisant ainsi le processus de stockage à la double-couche électrochimique. En outre, ces nouvelles formulations présentent un domaine liquide bien plus étendu que les formulations utilisant le sel de référence. Plus important encore, les travaux exposés dans ce manuscrit présentent une démarche expérimentale multiparamétrique s’appuyant parfois sur des modèles mathématiques et prédictifs pour aboutir à des formulations d’électrolytes optimisées The main objective of this PhD thesis is to design and optimize an efficient and safe organic electrolyte for capacitive supercapacitor applications. The benchmark electrolyte currently used in these particular systems presents a significant safety drawback, due to its high flammability. To overcome this issue, several nitrile and dinitrile solvents have been used to formulate alternative electrolytes for supercapacitors. These solvents were initially identified based on their relatively high thermal stability and low volatility. Furthermore, it was also proposed to substitute the reference molten salt with commercially available aprotic ionic liquids, or ones synthetized in the laboratory. The substitution was found to enhance the salt miscibility and compatibility when combined with selected organic solvents, allowing for the formulation of highly concentrated electrolytes with improved electric double-layer storage process. In addition, the ionic liquid-based electrolytes have a larger liquidus temperature range than that of the benchmark molten salt. More importantly, this work presents a clear strategy led by a multi-parametric experimental approach supported by theoretical calculations to optimize the formulation of safer electrolytes for supercapacitors

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35

Hildebrandsson, Victor. "The Hamiltonian formulation of geodesics." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Algebra och geometri, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-451816.

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36

Li, Deli. "Thermodynamic formulation for damaging materials /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1367173X.

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37

Economou, Vanita. "Improving the Canadian Air Quality Index (AQI) formulation: Research syntheses of index development and AQI formulation approaches, and analytical comparisons of AQI formulation options." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27839.

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There has been increasing evidence showing that current Canadian Air Quality Indices (AQIs) are not providing the public with accurate information on air quality conditions. In response, a process for improvement of Canadian AQIs was initiated in 2001 by Environment Canada and a broad multi-stakeholder community. This thesis work was conducted in an effort to aid this process and produce new knowledge in the area of AQI formulation and application. Two reviews were undertaken to identify the conceptual and measurement aspects of index development, and the current state of knowledge relating to AQI formulation. An analytical comparison of AQI formulation options was conducted using air pollution data from four urban centres in Ontario. The results suggest that there are a number of advantages associated with the health risk based formulation approach developed by Health Canada. Recommendations for Canadian AQI improvement are presented.

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38

Bournigault-Nuquet, Aurore. "Étude du lien entre le rendu visuel macroscopique et l'organisation microscopique d'un fond de teint." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLET029.

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Le fond de teint est un produit complet et complexe, dont la fonction principale est de sublimer la peau en masquant les imperfections et en amenant de la luminosité. Le savoir-faire formulatoire permet d'assembler une vingtaine d'ingrédients pour répondre à un cahier des charges exigeant. Certains défis persistent cependant, comme par exemple la stabilité de la couleur au cours du temps. L'objectif de cette thèse est de contrôler au mieux les effets optiques grâce à la compréhension des phénomènes physiques et physico-chimiques. Nous nous intéressons tout particulièrement à l'évolution temporelle de ces propriétés dans un fond de teint appliqué en film mince. Dans un premier temps, le rôle optique de chaque ingrédient est mis en évidence grâce à une démarche de déformulation. Par la suite, l’étude de l’organisation microscopique des systèmes déformulés permet d’observer et d’étudier une nouvelle forme d'instabilité : des craquelures apparaissent dans un film mince d'émulsion adhésive à l'évaporation de la phase interne. Grâce à la reformulation du fond de teint, l’évolution de cette organisation est reliée aux effets visuels macroscopiques. Ce travail a finalement mené à l’identification de solutions pour stabiliser les propriétés optiques du fond de teint dans le temps Make-up foundation is a complete and complex product. Its main function is to sublimate skin by masking imperfections and adding luminosity. Formulatory expertise enables to assemble some twenty ingredients to answer very strict specification. However, some challenges remain, like for instance the stability of color over time. The objective of this thesis is to better master optical effects thanks to comprehension of physical and physico-chemical phenomena. Temporal evolution of these properties is particularly investigated in a foundation thin film. As a first step, the optical role of each ingredient has been brought to light thanks to a deformulation approach. Thereafter, the study of microscopic organization of the deformulated systems has provided a description of a new kind of instability: cracks appear in an adhesive emulsion thin film during the evaporation of internal phase. Thanks to reformulation of the foundation, the evolution of this organization has been linked to macroscopic visual effects. This work has finally led to the identification of solutions to stabilize the optical properties of make-up foundation over time

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39

Marie, Jeremy. "Formulation de pâtes céramiques innovantes contenant des composés organiques biosourcés." Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0114.

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L’objectif de ce travail est de réaliser des suspensions aqueuses d’alumine, écoresponsables, dont le comportement rhéologique est adapté à la mise en forme par coulage en bande. En effet, les suspensions utilisées dans le procédé de coulage en bande sont classiquement composées d’une poudre céramique, d’un solvant, d’un dispersant, d’un liant et d’un plastifiant. Ces additifs sont généralement des polymères issus de la pétrochimie susceptibles de présenter des risques pour la santé de l’opérateur et/ou pour l’environnement (en particulier avec les solvants organiques). Ces travaux visent donc de substituer tous les additifs venant de la pétrochimie par des additifs écoresponsables, ne présentant aucun risque pour la santé de l’opérateur et pour l’environnement. Les travaux menés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont alors permis d’identifier des polymères naturels extraits de plantes comme des candidats prometteurs pour le remplacement des additifs organiques classiques. Puis, l’étude des interactions entre ces bio-polymères et l’alumine a mené au développement d’un protocole spécifique adapté à la formulation de suspensions d’alumine à base de ces bio-molécules. Ainsi, à l’aide de ce protocole, des suspensions aqueuses ont été réalisées avec ces additifs écoresponsables qui ont abouti à la réalisation de bandes crues facilement manipulables et ne présentant ni craquelures, ni bulles. Enfin, les densités après frittage obtenues sont proches des valeurs rencontrées dans la littérature The aim of this work is focused on the elaboration of new alumina suspensions with biopolymer additives and rheological properties adapted to the tape casting process. The suspensions used in the tape casting process are basically composed of a ceramic powder, a solvent, a dispersant, a binder and a plasticizer. These additives are usually polymers coming from the petrochemical sector which show risks for the operator health or the environment (in particular with organic solvents). Thus, natural polymers extracted from plants were identified as promising candidates in order to substitute the classical organic additives. Then, the study of the interactions between different organic additives with alumina led to a specific protocol for the formulation of aqueous alumina suspensions with these bio-polymers. Then, mechanical properties of the green and sintered tapes were evaluated in relation with the nature of bio-polymer additives. The obtained densities are close to the values reported in the litterature

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40

Bakry, Marc. "Fiabilité et optimisation des calculs obtenus par des formulations intégrales en propagation d'ondes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLY013/document.

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Dans cette thèse, on se propose de participer à la popularisation des méthodes de résolution de problèmes de propagation d'onde basées sur des formulations intégrales en fournissant des indicateurs d'erreur a posteriori utilisable dans le cadre d'algorithmes de raffinement autoadaptatif. Le développement de tels indicateurs est complexe du fait de la non-localité des normes associées aux espaces de Sobolev et des opérateurs entrant en jeu. Des indicateurs de la littérature sont étendus au cas de la propagation d'une onde acoustique. On étend les preuves de convergence quasi-optimale (de la littérature) des algorithmes autoadaptatifs associés dans ce cas. On propose alors une nouvelle approche par rapport à la littérature qui consiste à utiliser une technique de localisation des normes, non pas basée sur des inégalités inverses, mais sur l'utilisation d'un opérateur Λ de localisation bien choisi.On peut alors construire des indicateurs d'erreur a posteriori fiables, efficaces, locaux et asymptotiquement exacts par rapport à la norme de Galerkin de l'erreur. On donne ensuite une méthode pour la construction de tels indicateurs. Les applications numériques sur des géométries 2D et 3D confirment l'exactitude asymptotique ainsi que l'optimalité du guidage de l'algorithme autoadaptatif.On étend ensuite ces indicateurs au cas de la propagation d'une onde électromagnétique. Plus précisément, on s'intéresse au cas de l'EFIE. On propose des généralisations des indicateurs de la littérature. On effectue la preuve de convergence quasi-optimale dans le cas d'un indicateur basé sur une localisation de la norme du résidu. On utilise le principe du Λ pour obtenir le premier indicateur d'erreur fiable, efficace et local pour cette équation. On en propose une seconde forme qui est également, théoriquement asymptotiquement exacte The aim of this work is to participate to the popularization of methods for the resolution of wave propagation problems based on integral equations formulations by developping a posteriori error estimates in the context of autoadaptive mesh refinement strategies. The development of such estimates is difficult because of the non-locality of the norms associated to the Sobolev spaces and of the involved integral operators. Estimates from the literature are extended in the case of the propagation of an acoustic wave. The proofs of quasi-optimal convergence of the autoadaptive algorithms are established. We then introduce a new approach with respect to the literature which is based on a new norm-localization technique based on the use of a well-chosen Λ operator and not on inverse inequalities as it was the case previously.We then establish new a posteriori error estimates which are reliable, efficient, local and asymptotically exact with respect to the Galerkin norm of the error. We give a method for the construction of such estimates. Numerical applications on 2D and 3D geometries confirm the asymptotic exactness and the optimality of the autoadaptive algorithm.These estimates are extended in the case of the propagation of an electromagnetic wave. More precisely, we are interested in the EFIE. We suggest generalization of the estimates of the literature. A proof for quasi-optimal convergence is given for an estimate based on a localization of the norm of the residual. The principle of Λ is used to construct the first reliable, efficient, local error estimate for this equation. We give a second forme which is eventually theoretically asymptotically exact

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Passos, Luciana Dieguez Ferreira. "Avaliação físico-química, microbiológica e dos processos de produção da dieta enteral administrada em uma unidade hospitalar do sul do RS." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2013. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2712.

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Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-03-23T21:17:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Avaliação físico-química, microbiológica e dos processos de produção da dieta enteral administrada em uma unidade hospitalar do sul do RS.pdf: 1716867 bytes, checksum: c9b3cdde6b403f24624a13fee3c44427 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-03-24T18:01:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Avaliação físico-química, microbiológica e dos processos de produção da dieta enteral administrada em uma unidade hospitalar do sul do RS.pdf: 1716867 bytes, checksum: c9b3cdde6b403f24624a13fee3c44427 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-03-24T18:03:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Avaliação físico-química, microbiológica e dos processos de produção da dieta enteral administrada em uma unidade hospitalar do sul do RS.pdf: 1716867 bytes, checksum: c9b3cdde6b403f24624a13fee3c44427 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-24T18:03:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Avaliação físico-química, microbiológica e dos processos de produção da dieta enteral administrada em uma unidade hospitalar do sul do RS.pdf: 1716867 bytes, checksum: c9b3cdde6b403f24624a13fee3c44427 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-01 Sem bolsa A Terapia Nutricional Enteral em pacientes hospitalizados exige comprometimento e capacitação de todos os envolvidos nesse processo. Além disso, as dietas enterais devem ser seguras quanto aos aspectos nutricionais e higiênico-sanitário, garantindo a recuperação dos pacientes e a qualidade do serviço prestado. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica de uma dieta enteral industrializada, assim como avaliar as Boas Práticas em Nutrição Enteral de uma unidade hospitalar do sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi selecionada a marca da dieta enteral industrializada mais prescrita aos pacientes adultos da Clínica Médica da unidade hospitalar. Essa marca foi analisada quanto a sua composição centesimal para comparação com as informações do rótulo, quanto a sua esterilidade comercial e quanto ao nível de contaminação microbiana quando manipulada e distribuída na unidade hospitalar. Os pontos amostrais da dieta manipulada foram analisados para mesófilos aeróbios, coliformes a 35°C e a 45°C, Escherichia coli, Estafilococos coagulase positiva, Salmonella sp., bolores e leveduras. A água proveniente da torneira e do filtro do lactário, utilizada para hidratação de pacientes em Nutrição Enteral e para o transporte das dietas, foi analisada quanto a sua potabilidade. A estrutura e os processos em Nutrição Enteral da Unidade Hospitalar também foram analisados quanto a sua adequação às Boas Práticas de Preparação e Administração em Nutrição Enteral, que seguiu a Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada nº 63/2000, da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Na análise laboratorial da composição centesimal, foi encontrado um déficit de 31,9% de lipídeos, que influenciou nos resultados de carboidratos e calorias. O teste de esterilidade comercial das dietas enterais revelou alterações físicas no produto e contagem de bolores e leveduras acima do permitido pela legislação específica. As amostras da dieta manipulada mostraram-se dentro dos limites recomendados pela legislação para a maioria micro-organismos analisados, exceto para mesófilos aeróbios, bolores e leveduras. A maioria das amostras de água analisadas era potável, exceto uma amostra da água utilizada para o transporte da dieta. O resultado da análise da adequação às Boas Práticas de Preparação em Nutrição Enteral e para as Boas Práticas de Administração em Nutrição Enteral foi de 59,5% e de 43,2%, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a real composição de nutrientes não esta de acordo com a informação nutricional do produto, o produto encontrou-se impróprio para consumo quando hermeticamente fechado e quando manipulado, e que a unidade hospitalar necessita de um maior controle de seus processos em Nutrição Enteral e de adequações às legislações vigentes. The Enteral Nutrition Therapy in hospitalized patients requires training and commitment of everyone involved in this process. In addition, enteral feeding should be held regarding the nutritional and hygienic- sanitary aspects, ensuring the recovery of patients and quality of service. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological quality of an enteral diet industrialized as well as evaluating the Enteral Nutrition Practice in a hospital in southern Rio Grande do Sul brand enteral feeding was selected industrialized most prescribed to adult patients of the Medical Clinic of the hospital. This mark was analyzed for its chemical composition for comparison with the label information, as their commercial sterility and the level of microbial contamination when handled and distributed at the hospital. The sampling points of manipulated diet were analyzed for aerobic mesophilic, coliform bacteria at 35°C and 45°C, Escherichia coli, coagulase positive staphylococci, Salmonella sp., Molds and yeasts. The water from the tap and filter lactary used for hydration of patients enteral and to transport the diets was analyzed for its potability. The structure and processes in Enteral Nutrition Unit of the Hospital were also analyzed for its suitability to Good Practice for Preparation and Administration Enteral Nutrition, which followed the Board Resolution No. 63/2000, the National Health Surveillance Agency. In laboratory analysis of the chemical composition, found a deficit of 31,9% lipids, which influence the results of carbohydrates and calories. Testing for commercial sterility of enteral diets showed physical changes in product and mold and yeast counts above those permitted by specific legislation. Samples of manipulated diet were within the limits recommended by the legislation for most micro -organisms analyzed except for mesophilic aerobic, yeasts and molds. Most of the water samples analyzed was drinking except a sample of the water used to transport the diet. The result of the analysis of compliance with Good Practice in Preparation for Enteral Nutrition and Good Management Practices in Enteral Nutrition was 59.5% and 43.2%, respectively. It was concluded that the actual nutrient composition is not according to the nutritional information on the product, the product was found unfit for consumption when tightly sealed and when manipulated, and that the hospital needs more control of its processes in Nutrition enteral and adaptations to existing laws.

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Gamaletsos, Argirios L. "Computer implementation of Arnott's formulaton of thermoacoustics using MATLAB." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA276356.

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Allievi, Alejandro. "On nonlinear free surface potential flow by a Bubnov-Galerkin formulation in space and a semi-lagrangian semi-implicit scheme in time." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/41452.

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The potential flow initial-boundary value problem describing fluid-structure interaction with fully nonlinear free surface boundary conditions has been studied using a mixed Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation. The boundary-value problem has been solved in the physical domain by means of a Bubnov-Galerkin formulation of the Laplace equation. The initialvalue problem related to the behavior of some of the moving boundaries has been discretized using various numerical techniques. Among these is a series of predictor-corrector methods. These methodologies proved to require considerable numerical smoothing to maintain stability of the numerical scheme. In turn, dissipation led to inaccuracies in the solution of the problem. In order to avoid this negative effect, a semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian two-time level iterative scheme that is almost free from smoothing has been developed. A Bubnov-Galerkin formulation of an elliptic system for the generation of boundary fitted curvilinear coordinates has been used. When solved iteratively, this method provides orthogonal meshes of very good characteristics for both symmetric and non-symmetric domains. Previous publications concluded that the present system was inadequate for non-symmetric regions leading to lack of convergence in the iterative process. Solutions described in this work show that this limitation has been overcome. Fluid responses to periodic excitation of surface-piercing and submerged bodies have been calculated. Both linear and nonlinear cases show agreement with published results. Very low total energy/work error has been obtained which demonstrates accuracy, good stability and convergence characteristics of the numerical scheme. The impulsive response of tanks of various shapes has also been simulated. Resulting natural frequencies show good agreement with available data. A slender body representation of the flow around a hull advancing with forward speed in otherwise calm water has also been simulated. Numerical calculations of a number of quantities of engineering interest are presented for different length Froude numbers. Results compare favorably with experimental data. Applied Science, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Graduate

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Mugridge, Karen, and n/a. "Teacher involvement in system policy formulation." University of Canberra. Professional & Community Education, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061020.145128.

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Policy formulation is a complex process involving many stakeholders. Teacher involvement in this process is vital if policies are to be successfully implemented at the classroom level. An understanding of the factors that affect teacher involvement in policymaking may assist in enhancing teacher involvement in future policy development. This study investigated teacher perceptions of their involvement in system po1icy formulation in relation to eight areas: the complex policy process, political / economic influences, teacher empowerment and morale, willingness, relationship with the governing body, opportunities, support / encouragement and implementation. Teachers from four primary schools and one high school were involved in the study. A questionnaire was completed by 68 respondents and a sub-sample of 8 participated in a semi-structured interview. The main findings of the study show that teachers are willing to become involved in the policy process, however, are inhibited by ineffective information flows (Kennedy: 1992) (Fullan:1994) (Waugh & Godfrey: 1995), lack of support (Short: 1994), knowledge (Gamoran:1994), and awareness of opportunities (Pajak:1992).

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Zolotariov, Eyal. "Modelling and optimisation of pharmaceutical formulations and processes." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/modelling-and-optimisation-of-pharmaceutical-formulations-and-processes(0bc4835e-7920-4bca-9f87-f816770704ac).html.

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BOYER, EMMANUELLE. "Gelules a contenu semi-solide ou liquide : formulation et remplissage." Strasbourg 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR15013.

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Chatrath, Meena. "The effect of wet granulation on the physico-mechanical characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose." Thesis, University of Bath, 1992. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306397.

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Podobiska, Zofia. "How are directives formulated in Swahili?" Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-91407.

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The present paper discusses the results of a survey conducted in order to receive an answer to the question posed in the title, i. e. how directives are formulated in Swahili in terms of the directness level of the utterance, considering the mutual relationship between the interactants. The data corpus on which I have based my study comes from 82 Swahili-speaking Tanzanian students.

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Lindqvist, Joakim. "Performance Comparisons of IP Problem Formulation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-189024.

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When solving optimization problems, the importance of speed can not be emphasized enough for many organizations. One company encountered a major performance difference when solving a problem with the same integer programming solver, in two different locations. The difference was shown not to be caused by the environment of the solver, but rather a reformulation of the problem. However, the reformulation did not improve the performance of an expanded version of the problem. By analyzing and comparing the two versions one might be able to find the properties of a problem which enables the reformulation to reduce the solving time. This in turn can be used to identify for which problems the reformulation should be applied to increase the speed at which they are solved.

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Rystedt, Alma. "Botulinum Toxin : Formulation, Concentration and Treatment." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Neurologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-181667.

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Botulinum toxin (BTX) is used in various fields of medicine, including the treatment of hyperhidrosis and cervical dystonia. Botox®, Dysport®, Xeomin® and NeuroBloc® are commercially available BTX products, which are formulated differently and their dosing units are unique. Dosage and concentration of the prepared solution for injection varies considerably among studies comparing the products. Improved guidelines on concentration and dosing when changing from one product to another are warranted. This would ensure the use of the lowest effective doses for good effect, minimal risk of antibody formation and side-effects as well as reduced costs. The aim of the present work was to find the most appropriate BTX concentration for each of the four products to achieve the highest sweat reducing effect and to investigate dose conversion ratios between Botox and Dysport in the treatment of cervical dystonia when the products are diluted to the same concentration, 100 U/ml. Paper I and II clearly confirm that it is crucial to consider the BTX concentration in a treatment regimen, especially when changing between different products. The optimal concentration to reduce sweating varies among the products and was found to be 25 U/ml for Botox and Xeomin, approximately 100 U/ml for Dysport and 50 U/ml for NeuroBloc. However, for NeuroBloc the optimal concentration might be even lower. In Paper III, which is a retrospective study using casebook notes from 75 patients with cervical dystonia, it was found that the most appropriate dose conversion ratio to use when switching from Botox to Dysport was 1:1.7. In Paper IV, Botox and Dysport were prospectively compared in a double-blind, randomized clinical trial in two different dose conversion ratios (1:3 and 1:1.7) when diluted to the same concentration (100 U/ml). No statistically significant difference was seen between Botox (1:3) and Dysport nor between Botox (1:1.7) and Dysport four weeks after treatment. Some of the secondary outcome observations, however, did indicate that the ratio 1:3 resulted in suboptimal efficacy of Botox but this must be further validated in a larger patient material.

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