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Métin, Frédéric. "La fortification géométrique de Jean Errard et l’école française de fortification (1550-1650)." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT4055.
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Au début du XVI e siècle, une nouvelle manière de fortifier est inventée en Italie, afin de protéger les villes de la puissance des canons. Le protestant lorrain Jean Errard (1554-1610), formé à cette manière italienne, devient le principal ingénieur militaire d’Henri IV, qui le charge de rédiger un ouvrage de synthèse sur ce sujet. Errard a déjà publié une Géométrie pratique, ainsi qu’une édition des Éléments d’Euclide, et son intervention en 1594 dans la controverse sur la quadrature du cercle proposée Scaliger met en lumière sa qualité de mathématicien reconnu par ses pairs. Sa Fortification reduicte en art et demonstrée, qui paraît en 1600, est le premier ouvrage français qui présente l’architecture militaire bastionnée en établissant ses principes sur une analyse des forces en présence et en s’appuyant sur la géométrie euclidienne pour justifier l’adéquation des tracés aux contraintes. Nous présentons le contexte de la formation d’Errard dans la seconde moitié du XVI e siècle, et nous décrivons son parcours d’ingénieur militaire et d’auteur d’ouvrages, en nous efforçant de préciser sa biographie. Notre analyse de sa Fortification met en évidence une méthode que nous qualifions de fortification géométrique. Nous cherchons ensuite à estimer la réception de l’ouvrage dans le milieu des ingénieurs et dans l’enseignement en France, d’une part par les maîtres privés, et d’autre part, par les professeurs des collèges jésuites. Nous dressons un état des écrits de la première moitié du XVII e siècle, pour montrer comment s'édifie, à partir de l’œuvre d'Errard, ce que nous pouvons nommer une école française de fortification<br>In the beginning of the 17th century, Italians engineers created a new manner of fortifying cities in order to make them able to resist the power of guns. Jean Errard (1554-1610), a protestant from Lorraine, was trained in this new manner, and he became the principal engineer of French King Henri IV, who commissioned him to write a book on that subject. Errard had already published a Practical Geometry and an edition of Euclid’s Elements. His involvement in the controversy about Scaliger’s quadrature of the circle sheds light on his high abilities in mathematics, as recognized by his peers. His Fortification reduicte en art et demonstrée ("Fortification reduced into art and demonstrated") published in 1600, is the first French book which explains the principles of military architecture by analyzing the forces involved and using Euclidean geometry to justify the reliability of the fortresses, according to the constraints. We study the context of the second half of the 16th century, when Errard was trained. We describe his career as a military engineer and as a writer, trying to clarify several points of his biography. Our analysis of his book on fortification reveals a special method that we call geometric fortification. We trace the reception of this geometric fortification amongst the engineers as well as the teachers in France. We consider both cases of private teachers and Jesuit colleges professors. We finally paint a picture of the writings in the first half of the 17th century, in order to show how what we call a French School of Fortification was edified upon Errard’s works
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Rocolle, Pierre. "2000 ans de fortification française." [Panazol] : Lavauzelle, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35059960m.
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Collie, Hannah, Mary C. Mrs Andreae, and William A. Clark. "Omega-3 Fortification of Marinara Sauce." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2021/presentations/59.
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Omega-3 Fortification of Marinara Sauce
Hannah Collie, Mary Andreae, MS, RD, LDN, W. Andrew Clark, PhD, RD, LDN, Department of Rehabilitative Science,
College of Clinical and Rehabilitative Health
East Tennessee State University,
Johnson City, Tennessee
In westernized culture, there is a deficit of healthy fats in the average person’s diet. This is evidenced by many different conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic inflammatory issues. The “Mediterranean Diet” has been shown as an ideal way to combat these health issues.The diet promotes fish as a protein source and a way to consume essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Due to location and trends, fish is less often a main component of the western diet.This study investigated ways to fortify a more commonly consumed food in western culture, marinara sauce, with flaxseed oil, walnut oil, and anchovies. These fortified marinara sauces were compared to a commercial sauce, Paul Newman’s Marinara for nutritional content. We hypothesize that adding omega-3 rich ingredients to a base marinara sauce recipe will significantly vary the fatty acid profile and increase the amount of omega-3 fatty acids as well as decrease the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio. Sauces were prepared and analyzed for nutrient content using proximate analysis methods. Preparation included cooking and freeze drying the variants. Nutrient content tests performed included: bomb calorimetry, Kjeldahl protein analysis, Soxhlet fat analysis, ash inorganic analysis, FRAP Assay for antioxidant content, and gas chromatography to characterize fatty acid composition. Each variant sauce had a fatty acid profile that was unique. Two of the three variants showed a better omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio than the (control) Paul Newman’s sauce. Samples with the highest to lowest omega-6 to omega-3 ratio were respectively, flaxseed oil, Paul Newman’s commercial sauce, walnut oil, and anchovy. From gas chromatography, omega three fatty acid composition as a percentage of total fatty acids were approximately in the flaxseed oil variant, 21% in the Paul Newman’s sauce, 30% in the walnut oil variant, and 81% in the anchovy variant. Two of three variant sauces, walnut and anchovy, when compared to the commercial Paul Newman's sauce, showed more favorable omega-3 fatty acid content and lower omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratios. Unexpectedly, the flaxseed oil variant had less omega three fatty acids and a higher omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio than the commercial sauce. In conclusion, simple additions of omega-3 ingredients to marinara sauce can decrease the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio in the diet.
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Yusufali, Riswan. "Appropriate technologies for double fortification of salt." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58752.pdf.
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Speight, Sarah. "Family, faith and fortification, Yorkshire 1066-1250." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11870/.
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This thesis is an examination of the tenure and charitable donations of a number of interconnected noble families in post-Conquest Yorkshire. It begins with an introduction to the region; a social and political area of midland and northern England as opposed to a 'county' limited by set boundaries. The types of evidence are explained, charters, chartularies and surviving buildings, before moving on to the historical background. The first chapter examines the feudal divisions of Yorkshire, the evolution of honours and the extent to which Saxon divisions affected later boundaries. The chief places or 'capita' are discussed and presented as a fusion of urban, religious and seigneurial elements. Attention is paid to features of earlier landscapes, such as iron-age hillforts, that were re-used in this period. A major part of the thesis is the role of the castle both as one element of local government and as an expression of artistic patronage, social connections and status. The functions of both fortified and non-fortified seigneurial residences are explored. The links between castle and church encompass three chapters concentrating upon a shared artistic and architectural heritage, the role of the chapel within the castle household, the relationship of castle and church at village level and the importance of noble patronage to the development and power of monasticism. The study concludes with an outline of the various mechanisms that bound the nobility of Yorkshire together and suggests that they controlled their estates through a system of mutual co-operation and strategic patronage. The castle was a major part of this system, but, it is argued, it could not function in isolation and therefore the modern definition of a 'castle' as a fortified residence is misleading. A reinterpretation of the term 'castle' is offered as a final thought.
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Dayal, Bhawana [Verfasser]. "Practical Application in Cheese Fortification / bhawana dayal." Hamburg : Anchor Academic Publishing, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1110124201/34.
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Johnson, Michelle E., Eileen M. Cress, Kailey Riddle, Kaitlyn Webb, and W. Andrew Clark. "Protein Fortification of a Typical Biscuit Recipe." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2505.
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Asutay-Effenberger, Neslihan. "Die Landmauer von Konstantinopel - İstanbul : historisch-topographische und baugeschichtliche Untersuchungen /." New York ; Berlin : W. de Gruyter, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41141661q.
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Hossain, Mohammad Enayet. "Iron Nanoparticles and Biopolymers for Plant Nutrient Fortification." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25910.
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Novel iron (Fe) cross-linked alginate (FCA) beads were used for aqueous phosphate removal. Batch experiments were conducted with the beads using three different concentrations of phosphate (5, 50 and 100 mg PO43--P/L) as well as environmentally relevant (eutrophic lakes) concentration of 100 ?g PO43--P/L. About 80-97% phosphate was removed within 3 h. for lower concentrations of phosphate. The maximum phosphate sorption capacity was found to be 78.7 mg PO43--P/g of beads. Phosphate removal was not affected because of the presence of Cl-, HCO3-, SO42-, NO3- and natural organic matter (NOM). FCA beads were also used with actual lake waters (11-69 ?g PO43--P/L) and 81-100% phosphate removal was observed in 24 h. The FCA beads having a point of zero charge (PZC) of 9.2 make it an ideal candidate for phosphate removal in eutrophic lakes.
Phosphate-laden spent iron cross-linked alginate (FCA) beads were used in hydroponics to evaluate the bioavailability of P and Fe using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) as a test plant. Phosphate-laden spent FCA beads were found to support the plants throughout the growth period. The bioavailability of P and Fe in the spent beads is promising considering the importance of phosphorus and iron in global nutrient security.
Experiments were also conducted with lettuce and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) to evaluate the availability of iron from nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI). In both plants, bare NZVI enhanced the uptake of Fe as well as other essential elements. The results indicate that biofortification of spinach and lettuce with Fe is possible. The enhanced uptake of iron and other elements by lettuce and spinach is likely to have implications on global nutrient security.
In another experiment, an iron-regulating gene (LsHA2) in lettuce was investigated to gain insights into the strategy taken by plants for acquisition of Fe from a readily unavailable source, e.g., NZVI. The gene of interest was found to be regulated by the presence or absence of available iron in the solution. This research is likely to give us insights into the mechanism of plant nutrient fortification with nanoparticles.<br>National Science Foundation (NSF)<br>USDA-NIFA<br>North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute<br>North Dakota Department of Commerce
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Jones, Richard L. C. "The state of fortification in Lancastrian Normandy, 1417-50." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241297.
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Vigus, Robert T. "Fortification Renaissance: the Roman Origins of the Trace Italienne." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271911/.
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The Military Revolution thesis posited by Michael Roberts and expanded upon by Geoffrey Parker places the trace italienne style of fortification of the early modern period as something that is a novel creation, borne out of the minds of Renaissance geniuses. Research shows, however, that the key component of the trace italienne, the angled bastion, has its roots in Greek and Roman writing, and in extant constructions by Roman and Byzantine engineers. The angled bastion of the trace italienne was yet another aspect of the resurgent Greek and Roman culture characteristic of the Renaissance along with the traditions of medicine, mathematics, and science. The writings of the ancients were bolstered by physical examples located in important trading and pilgrimage routes. Furthermore, the geometric layout of the trace italienne stems from Ottoman fortifications that preceded it by at least two hundred years. The Renaissance geniuses combined ancient bastion designs with eastern geometry to match a burgeoning threat in the rising power of the siege cannon.
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Séramour, Michaël. "L’iconographie du silence : expression pariétale des systèmes fortifiés contemporains lorrains et alsaciens : 1871-1945." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ024L/document.
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Tampons séculaires entre la France et l'Allemagne, la Lorraine et l'Alsace comptent parmi les régions les plus densément fortifiées au monde. Les innombrables groupes fortifiés, forts, casemates et blockhaus éparpillés en rase campagne et s'enfonçant dans les entrailles du sol recèlent une multitude de traces iconographiques laissées par les troupes de forteresses ou les occupants de passage. Nous nous sommes fixés comme objectif d'inventorier ce patrimoine pariétal, de la peinture murale de grandes dimensions au discret graffiti. Notre travail a ensuite consisté à comprendre cette production composée d'œuvres d'art ou de simples traces, en tentant de la classer par ordre thématique et de la comptabiliser. Nous proposons également des grilles de lecture de cette iconographie pour tenter d'en dégager des règles comportementales nous permettant de mieux saisir l'univers mental, les systèmes de représentation ou les codes de sensibilités des occupants, combattants et militaires, de ces fortifications contemporaines<br>Secular plugs between France and Germany, Lorraine and Alsace consider among regions most densément strengthened to the world. The uncountable strengthened groups, the forts, the bunkers and the bunker scattered in the open countryside and sinking into the entrails(depths) of the ground conceal a multitude of iconographic tracks left by the troops of fortresses or the occupants of passage.We settled as objective to inventory these parietal heritage(holdings), of the mural of big dimensions in the discreet graffiti.Our work then consisted in understanding(including) this compound production of oeuvres of art or simple tracks, by trying to classify her(it) in order theme and to count(record) her(it). We also propose railings(bars) of reading of this iconography to try to loosen(to kick away) of it of behavioral rules allowing us to seize better the mental universe, the systems of representation or the codes of sensibilities of the occupants, the fighters and the servicemen, these fortifications
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Lawrence, Mark Andrew, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Folate fortification: A case study of public health policy-making." Deakin University. School of Health Sciences, 2002. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050915.115207.
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This thesis investigates the use of scientific evidence in the process of making public health policy. A case study located within a food regulation setting is used. The aim is to test theory against this case study. The outcome is a theoretical understanding of the use of scientific evidence in the policy-making process in a food regulation setting.
Food regulation can influence food composition and food labelling and thereby affect the population's dietary intake. Frequently there are contested values, beliefs, ideologies and interests among stakeholders regarding the use of food regulation as a policy instrument to effect public health outcomes. The protection of public health and safety, taking into account evidence based practice, is generally employed by food regulators as the priority objective during the policy-making process to adjudicate among the competing expectations of stakeholders. However, this policy objective has not been clearly defined and is vulnerable to interpretation and application.
The process by which folate fortification policy was made in Australia, in response to epidemiological evidence of a relationship between folate intake during the periconceptional period and reduced risk of neural tube defects, was analysed as a case study of the policy-making process. The folate fortification policy created a precedent for both food fortification and subsequently health claims policy in Australia. A social constructivist method was used to analyse the case study. The method involved deconstructing the food regulatory system into three levels; decision-making process; procedural; and political environment. Data aligned with each level of analysis was collected from 22 key informant interviews, documentary sources, field notes and surveys of both a random sample of the Australian population's knowledge of folate and use of folic acid-containing supplements (n = 5422), and the implementation of folate fortified food products into stores (n = 60).
The insights that emerged from each of the three levels of analysis were assessed iteratively to identify a pattern of interrelationships associated with the policy-making process within the food regulatory system. The identified pattern was interpreted against existing theory to gain a theoretical understanding of the public health policy-making process in this political setting. The central argument of this thesis extends Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith's Advocacy Coalition Framework theory to a food regulation setting. The argument is that within the contemporary political climates of neoliberalism and globalisation, a coalition between corporate interests and the values of scientists with a positivist-reductionist approach to public health research is privileged so as to invoke certain scientific evidence to, in turn, legitimise food regulation policy decisions. The theory will help to inform policy-makers about how and why the public health policy objective in a food regulation setting is interpreted and applied. This will contribute to improving policy practice intended to effect public health outcomes.
It is concluded that irrespective of the quantity and quality of the scientific evidence that is being made available, scientific evidence cannot be assumed to speak for itself Policy-making is an inherently political and value-laden process and the potential for politically motivated interpretation and application of otherwise value-neutral scientific evidence can undermine the investment in its generation. From this perspective, evidence based practice, far from liberating policy-making from political influence, can itself become part of the problem rather than the solution. Nevertheless, rational evidence based practice is an ideal to strive for and a series of recommendations is proposed to help make the use of evidence in current food regulation policy processes more transparent and democratic.
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Murray, Nicholas Adam Alexander. "The theory and practice of field fortification from 1877-1914." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670164.
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El, Rifai Khaled. "Les fortifications médiévales de Baalbeck (Liban)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H014.
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Situées sur la porte de la Syrie médiévale, les sanctuaires d'Héliopolis la fameuse colonie romaine furent, dès la conquête arabe en 14H/635, converties en citadelle. Dans une région ou le paysage castral est fortement imprégné par les fortifications byzantines et croisées, le complexe héliopolitain a été dès cette période et surtout entre la fin du XIème siècle et la fin du XIIIème siècle, le théâtre d'une transformation de son architecture. Un ensemble de réalisations militaires et civiles, seldjouqides, ayyoubides, mameloukes et ottomanes témoignent des travaux de mise en défense des sanctuaires antiques de Baalbeck, qui fut, durant les périodes médiévales, un point de défense avancée de Damas<br>Located on the gates of Medieval Syria, the sanctuaries of Heliopolis, one of the famous roman colonies were used as a citadel since the Arab conquest in 14H/635 A.D. Ever since that time and especially between the end of the 11th and the end of the 13th century, the heliopolitan complex was subject to the transformation of its architecture, in a region where the cadastral landscape is highly impregnated by Byzantine and Crusader fortifications. A number of military and civil structures from the Seljuq, Ayyubid, Mameluke, and Ottoman dynasties witness the defense works of the old sanctuaries of Baalbeck that was considered during the medieval periods an advanced defense point of Damascus
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Jeanneret, Lucie. "L’habitat fortifié et fossoyé dans le Vannetais et le Porhoët : étude de la structuration des pouvoirs et du peuplement au Moyen Âge (Xe-XIIIe siècles)." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20003/document.
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Les recherches menées ont pour but d’étudier les processus de mise en place des réseaux castraux ainsi que l’impact des résidences fortifiées sur la mise en place et la gestion des nouveaux territoires seigneuriaux émergents au Moyen Âge.L’inventaire réalisé des sites fortifiés et fossoyés des Xe-XIIIe siècles conservés dans les anciens comtés de Vannes et de Porhoët permet d’éclairer ces questions. L’investissement du pouvoir comtal puis ducal sur le littoral notamment montre ainsi les modalités d’affirmation des grands aristocratiques sur leur territoire. L’émergence de nouveaux lignages est manifeste dès le XIe siècle. En marge des possessions ducales, s’implantent alors des vicomtés majeures : celle de Porhoët au Xe siècle, puis celle de Rohan au XIIe siècle au plus tard. L’émergence de ces deux grandes entités entraînede nombreuses recompositions politiques durant trois siècles et c’est finalement tout le processus d’émergence d’une seigneurie qui peut être perçue au travers de la gestion des fortifications. L’inventaire révèle également la grande multiplicité des sites fossoyés, tant dans leur forme que dans leurs usages. Ceux-ci sont des résidences des lignages nobles qui se multiplient à partir du XIIe siècle et présentent des caractères architecturaux multiples qui sont détaillés ici. Ilsparticipent, à leur échelle, à la gestion et au maillage territorial mis en place par les seigneurs châtelains. La documentation écrite et archéologique, complétée par une analyse cartographique, révèle alors une période de gestation des réseaux, castraux et urbains, avant une stabilisation à partir de la fin du XIIIe siècle<br>This research aims to study the establishment process of castral networks and the impact of fortified residences on the establishment and management of new emerging feudal territories in the Middle Ages. The inventory of moated andfortified sites of the Xth to XIIIth centuries, preserved in the former counties of Vannes and Porhoët, sheds light on these questions. The involvement of the power of earls and dukes on the coast shows the affirmation of the great aristocratic manner on their territory. The emergence of new lineages is evident from the XIth century. On the sidelines of the ducalpossessions, then implanted major viscounties : the viscounty of Porhoët during the Xth century, and the viscounty of Rohan, in the XIIth century at the latest. The formation of these two great entities leads to many political realignmentsduring three centuries and it is finally the whole process of emergence of a lordship which can be perceived through the management of fortifications. The inventory also reveals the great multiplicity of moated sites in both their form and their uses. These are the residences of noble lineages that multiply from the XIIth century and have several architectural features, which are detailed here. They participate, to their scale, to management and territory network set up by the lords. Archives and archaeological documentation, completed by a mapping analysis, reveals a period of network gestation, both castraland urban, before a stabilization, starting in the late thirteenth century
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Huang, Zhongqing. "Ming dai hai fang de shui zhai yu you bing Zhe Min Yue yan hai dao yu fang wei de jian zhi yu jie ti /." Yilan Xian : Xue shu jiang zhu ji jin, 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/49401347.html.
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Tan, Jinhua Selia. "Kaiping Diaolou and its associated villages documenting the process of application to the world heritage list /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42183303.
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Avery, Julie Jane. "A record of the defense of Xiangyang's city wall, 1206-1207." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/343/.
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Weir, Ruth Roberta. "Cow's milk : a potential vehicle for vitamin D enrichment and fortification." Thesis, Ulster University, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.706464.
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Evidence of both low dietary intakes of vitamin D and poor vitamin D status are frequently reported within the literature, including that from nationally representative population surveys in the UK and Ireland. With this evidence in mind, it is clear that novel food-based strategies are required to help the UK population meet the recently revised recommended nutrient intakes (RNIs) for vitamin D. There is increasing evidence to support the efficacy of dairy fortification to increase vitamin D intakes. To-date, however, limited research has been conducted outside the US, Canada and Scandinavia, and pasteurised cows’ milk as a vehicle for such fortification is rarely considered in research studies, with ultra-high temperature milk and milk powder preferred. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to evaluate the potential o f cows’ milk to increase the dietary vitamin D intake and vitamin D status of consumers. An additional study was also incorporated to validate a vitamin D food frequency questionnaire, which is useful for assessing habitual intake rather than relying on 3-4 day food records. Following the development of a HPLC method to quantify vitamin D3 within milk, analysis of monthly milk samples collected from two processors in Northern Ireland over a 1-year period revealed higher vitamin D3 concentrations in whole milk than those currently listed in food composition tables. Although exposing dairy cattle (n 32) to supplemental UVB light for longer than 8-weeks may be required to significantly increase the vitamin D content of the milk naturally produced, results from a 24-week randomised controlled trial in healthy adults (n 52) demonstrated that vitamin D3 fortified milk (2pg/100g) was as effective as supplemental vitamin D3 at increasing vitamin D status. A dietary modelling scenario supported that fortification of cows’ milk with vitamin D (up to this level; 2gg/100g) could be an effective strategy to increase vitamin D intakes by approximately 2-fold across the population. Consequently, such fortification would also help a larger proportion of the population meet the new RNI, without an individual exceeding the tolerable upper limits, for vitamin D. Overall, this research has demonstrated the efficacy of fresh cows’ milk as a vehicle for either mandatory or voluntary vitamin D fortification (with or without additional dietary supplementation) to help consumers meet the revised requirements and tackle the problem of vitamin D deficiency at the population level.
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De, La Torre Pineda Monica. "Fortification of baked and fried tortilla chips with mechanically expelled soy flour." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1309.
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Bavarian, Mohammad. "Parallel repetition of multi-party and quantum games via anchoring and fortification." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113550.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mathematics, 2017.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 107-111).<br>Parallel repetition is a fundamental operation for amplifying the hardness inherent in multiplayer games. Through the efforts of many researchers in the past two decades (e.g. Feige, Kilian, Raz, Holentstein, Rao, Braverman, etc.), parallel repetition of two-player classical games has become relatively well-understood. On the other hand, games with entangled players (quantum games), crucial to the study of quantum non-locality and quantum cryptography, and multi-player games were poorly understood until recently. In this thesis, we resolve some of the major problems regarding the parallel repetition of quantum and multi-player games by establishing the first exponential-rate hardness amplification results for these games and hence extend the classes of games where exponential decay rates is known considerably. We consider two different methods for obtaining these hardness amplification results. For our first method, we draw from the recent work of Moshkovitz on parallel repetition of fortified games. We introduce an analytic reformulation of Moshkovitz's fortification framework. This reformulation allows us to expand the scope of the fortification method to new settings. In particular, we prove parallel repetition and fortification theorems for games with players sharing quantum entanglement, and games with more than two players in this new framework. An important component of our work is a variant of the fortification transformation, called ordered fortification, that preserves the entangled value of a game. For our second method, we introduce a class of games we call anchored. Anchoring is a simple transformation on games inspired in part by the transformation proposed in the pioneering work of Feige-Kilian. Unlike the Feige-Kilian transformation, our anchoring transformation is completeness preserving. We prove an exponential-decay parallel repetition theorem for anchored games that involve any number of entangled players. We also prove a threshold version of our parallel repetition theorem for anchored games.<br>by Mohammad Bavarian.<br>Ph. D.
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Cocaliadis, Caisson María Florencia. "A multilevel, developmentally controlled gene engineering strategy for tomato fortification and protection." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/90401.
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Plastids are the cellular organelles where many of the visual, health and flavor-related metabolites are produced and stored in the fruit, and therefore are valuable components for consumers and breeders. The more sugar and flavor the fruit has, the more appreciated is for the consumer and industry. Thus, one of the breeder's goals is to obtain new varieties with fruits improved in these aspects. Paradoxically, fruits with a high content in chloroplasts have been avoided by the breeders because it usually suffers of oxidative stress disorders; such yellow shoulder impairment and fruit cracking when the light intensity increases. For this reason breeding efforts has been focused mainly on avoiding fruit losses and organoleptic characteristics have been neglected.
This thesis aims to improve tomato fruit quality by engineering plants to produce fruits with enhanced fruit chloroplast functions and improved tolerance to oxidative stress, using cisgenic/ intragenic approaches. SlGLK1, SlGLK2 and SlAPRR2 transcription factors have been suggested to be involved in chloroplast development. Tomato MoneyMaker plants were engineered to express SlGLKs and SlAPRR2 either singly or in combination early in development. Those lines provide fruits which accumulate more sugars, carotenoids and specific volatiles than WT. The fruit chloroplast enhanced lines were characterized at the structural, metabolic, proteomics and transcriptomics. A novel additive effect in the chloroplast regulation network resulted when both transcription factors were coexpressed and a hypothesis for this effect is presented.
In addition, two tomato traditional varieties (Muchamiel and Pera) expressing tomato genes for BMW anthocyanin regulatory complex under the control of the light inducible promoter (PLI) were produced and characterized. Engineered tomato plants showed large accumulation of anthocyanin specifically in the fruit peel and in Type VI trichomes. Characterization of those tissues indicated specific alterations of the flavonoid pathway that were highly dependent on the light conditions. These tomato lines could be of high interest to protect the fruit chloroplast enhancement lines from eventual stresses involving ROS, and also to assess the effect on plant growth under high light stress and in plant-pest interaction studies.<br>Los plastidos son orgánulos celulares donde se producen y almacenan muchos de los metabolitos relacionados con atributos organolépticos y compuestos beneficiosos para la salud, por lo tanto se consideran componentes de alto valor añadido para consumidores y mejoradores vegetales. Cuanto mayor contenido en azúcares solubles y sabor presente el fruto más se valoran por los consumidores y la industria. Por lo tanto uno de los objetivos actuales de los mejoradores de tomate es mejorar el fruto en estos aspectos. Paradójicamente, se ha seleccionado en contra de frutos con alto contenido en cloroplastos porque este carácter, bajo alta intensidad lumínica, suele estar asociado a daños en el fruto por estrés oxidativo; como los hombros amarillos del tomate o el agrietado del fruto. Por este motivo los esfuerzos en mejora se han orientado principalmente a evitar pérdidas y consecuentemente la calidad organoléptica se ha visto reducida.
El objetivo de esta tesis es mejorar la calidad del fruto de tomate mediante el empleo de técnicas de ingeniería genética orientadas a incrementar los cloroplastos en fruto y mejorar la tolerancia al estrés oxidativo con una aproximación cis/ intragenica. Los factores de transcripción SlGLK1, SlGLK2 y SlAPRR2 han sido estudiados por influir en el desarrollo del cloroplasto. Plantas de tomate de variedad MoneyMaker fueron mejoradas genéticamente para expresar de forma individual o conjunta SlGLKs y SlAPRR2 en estadios tempranos de desarrollo. Estas líneas proveen frutos con mayor acumulo de azúcares, carotenos y volátiles que el control MoneyMaker. Las líneas potenciadas en desarrollo de cloroplastos se caracterizaron a nivel estructural, metabólico, proteómico y transcriptómico. Se descubrió un novedoso efecto aditivo en la regulación génica del cloroplasto cuando ambos factores de transcripción se expresan simultáneamente y se presentó una hipótesis para dicho efecto.
Además se caracterizaron dos variedades tradicionales de tomate (Muchamiel and Pera) diseñadas para expresar genes pertenecientes al complejo de regulación de antocianinas BMW, bajo el control del promotor inducible por luz (PLI). Las plantas mejoradas genéticamente presentan una gran acumulación de antocianos, especialmente en piel de fruto y en tricomas tipo VI. Caracterización de estos tejidos indican alteraciones específicas en la ruta de flavonoides y una alta dependencia a condiciones de luz. Estas plantas podrían ser de gran interés para proteger frutos con altos niveles de cloroplastos frente al estrés oxidativo generado por ROS, para evaluar el efecto en el crecimiento de la planta bajo condiciones de alta luz y en futuros estudios de interacción planta-patógenos<br>Els plastidis són orgànuls cel¿lulars on es produeixen i emmagatzemen molts dels metabòlits relacionats amb atributs organolèptics i composts beneficiosos per a la salut, per tant es consideren components d'alt valor afegit per a consumidors i milloradors vegetals. Quant major contingut en sucres solubles i sabor presenta el fruït, més serà valorat per part dels consumidors i la industria. Paradoxalment, s'ha seleccionat en contra dels fruïts amb alt contingut en cloroplasts perquè aquest caràcter, davall alta intensitat lumínica, sol estar associat amb danys en el fruït per estrés oxidatiu; com muscles groguencs de la tomata o clevitjament del fruït. Per aquest motiu, l'esforç en millora s'ha orientat principalment a evitar pèrdues de manera que la qualitat organolèptica s'ha vist reduïda.
L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi es millorar la qualitat del fruït de tomata mitjançant l'ús de tècniques d'enginyeria genètica orientades a incrementar els cloroplasts al fruït i millorar la tolerància a l'estrès oxidatiu amb una aproximació cis/intragènica. Plantes de tomata de la varietat MoneyMaker foren millorades genèticament per expressar de manera individual o conjunta SlGLK1, SlGLK2 y SlAPRR2 als moments inicials del desenvolupament. Aquestes línies donen fruïts amb major acumulació de sucres, carotens i volàtils que el control MoneyMaker. Les línies potenciades amb el desenvolupament de cloroplasts es caracteritzaren a nivell estructural, metabòlic, proteòmic i transcriptòmic. Es va descobrir un nou efecte additiu en la regulació gènica del cloroplast quan ambdós factors de transcripció s'expressen de manera simultània i es va presentar una hipòtesi per a dit efecte.
A més, es van caracteritzar dos varietats tradicionals de tomata (Muchamiel i Pera) dissenyades per a expressar gens que pertanyen al complex de regulació d'antocians BMW, davall el control del promotor induïble per llum (PLI). Les plantes millorades genèticament presentaren una gran acumulació d'antocians, especialment a la pell del fruït i en tricomes de tipus VI. La caracterització d'aquest teixit indica alteracions específiques en la ruta dels flavonoides i una altra dependència a condicions de llum. Aquestes plantes podrien ser de gran interès per a protegir els fruïts d'alts nivells de cloroplasts front a l'estrès oxidatiu generat pels ROS, i per a avaluar l'efecte en el creixement de la planta davall condicions d'alta llum i en futurs estudis d'interacció planta-patògen.<br>Cocaliadis Caisson, MF. (2017). A multilevel, developmentally controlled gene engineering strategy for tomato fortification and protection [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90401<br>TESIS
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Bolin, Jakob, and Nico Palmroos. "Monte-Carlo Tree Search Used for Fortification in the Game of Risk." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297698.
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The strategy game Risk is a very popular boardgame, requiring little effort to learn but lots of skill to master.The aim of this project is to explore the fortification phase of thegame, where the player’s troops are moved between territories.Our method is based on adapting Monte Carlo tree search(MCTS) to Risk. To improve the troop movements, we proposetwo techniques, hierarchical search and progressive bias. Thesemethods, combined with other extensions of MCTS are thencompared against a baseline player of the game. Our results showthat hierarchical search improved the MCTS agent’s playingpower and the progressive bias have potential to improve theagent but needs further investigation.<br>Strategispelet Risk är ett väldigt populärt brädspel som är lätt att lära sig men svårt att bemästra. Syftet med detta projekt är att utforska spelets befästningsfas, där spelarens trupper flyttas mellan territorier. Vår metod är baserad på en anpassning av Monte Carlo trädsökning (MCTS) till Risk. För att förbättra trupprörelserna föreslår vi två tekniker, ”hierarchical search” och ”progressive bias”. Dessa metoder, i kombination med andra tillägg av MCTS, jämförs sedan mot en standard agent i spelet. Våra resultat visar att hierarchical search förbättrade MCTS agentens spelstyrka och att progressivce bias har möjlighet att förbättra agenten men kräver fortsatt utforskning.<br>Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2020, KTH, Stockholm
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Nsofor, Obianuju Nwamaka. "Yogurt fortification with predigested/germinated whole soybean powder for enhanced therapeutic benefits." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Nyarko, Kwame Agyarko. "Implications of the folic acid fortification mandate on infant and child health." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1492.
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Neural tube defects (NTD) are among the most common birth defects and the leading cause of infant mortality. NTDs occur when the neural tube fails to close during early fetal development. The two most common types of NTD are spina bifida and anencephaly. NTDs result in lifelong complications like musculoskeletal deformities and loss of strength. The etiology of NTDs is complex and involves still unclear environmental and genetic factors. However, one of the well-established risk factors of NTDs is folic acid deficiency. The prevalence of NTDs can be lowered by an adequate intake of folic acid in the periconceptual period. In 1996, the Food and Drug Administration mandated that 140 micrograms of folic acid be added to 100 grams of bleached grain products with the goal of reducing the prevalence of NTDs. In the years following this fortification mandate, studies have shown that blood folate levels have more than doubled on average, that there are demographic and socioeconomic disparities in blood folate gains and that NTD rates have declined. However, no studies after the mandate have examined changes in blood folate distribution and differences in NTD prevalence by a wide range of theoretically and biologically relevant risk factors after the mandate.
Using a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized women of reproductive age, I investigated the relationship between the fortification mandate and blood folate levels. I also examined changes in the range/spread of blood folate distribution after the mandate. Using data on US live births from 45 states and the District of Colombia, the second study examined whether (1) the disparities in blood folate changes translate into differences in NTD prevalence and (2) NTD risk factors moderate the association between the mandate and NTD prevalence,. The final study explored potential unintended impacts of the mandate on birth weight, low birth weight, very low birth weight, high birth weight, and physician-diagnosed developmental delay, asthma and allergies. For this study, I employed samples from the Natality files and the National Survey for Children's Health.
The cumulative results of my research suggested that the mandate was associated with increases in blood folate concentration, with greater increases in higher quantiles of the blood folate distribution and that the spread of blood folate distribution after the mandate widened. Additionally, the mandate was associated with a decrease in the prevalence of NTDs in the entire US population although the impact of the mandate was moderated by race/ethnicity, maternal educational attainment, acute illness during pregnancy and infant region of birth. Furthermore, the mandate was associated with other unintended infant and child health outcomes such as average birth weight increases in the population and increased risks of developmental delay among six year olds.
This research is the first of its kind to examine changes in the spread of blood folate distribution after the mandate and whether NTD risk factors moderate the association between the mandate and NTD prevalence. It is also the first study to explore potential impacts of the actual mandate (not prenatal folic acid supplementation) on other unintended infant and child health outcomes. The results add significantly to our understanding of the effects of the mandate and have important implications for health care providers, women of reproductive age and policy makers because of the potentially increased risk of developmental delay among children and the increasing disparity in blood folate concentrations after the mandate.
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Lin, Weikai. "Ming dai de jiang hai lian fang Chang Jiang jiang hai jiao hui shui yu fang wei de jian gou yu bei yu /." Yilan Xian Luodong Zhen : Ming shi yan jiu xiao zu, 2006. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/124057091.html.
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Jean-Pierre, Yvenel. "Le système de fortification à Saint-Domingue (1697-1804) : histoire, mémoire et patrimoine." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/31055.
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Au lendemain de la guerre de sept-ans (1756-1763), la métropole française a choisi de renforcer sa puissance militaire dans la Caraïbe pour faire face aux rivalités incessantes des Anglais. Alors, Saint-Domingue octroie une place importante dans la réorganisation du système de défense des Antilles françaises, d’abord par sa position stratégique qui permet de contrôler les principales routes commerciales ensuite par sa production de richesse économique. Ainsi, durant tout le XVIIIe jusqu’au XIXe siècle un nombre important de cartographes, d’ingénieurs et architectes militaires se sont envoyés à Saint-Domingue pour ériger un système de défense selon les règles de l’art militaire moderne. Devant les imprévues géographiques et climatiques les travaux sont adaptés aux contextes spécifiques de la colonie. Aussi, sur tout le long des côtes de Saint-Domingue, des ouvrages militaires sont disposés pour rendre l’île inexpugnable.
L’ensemble de ces ouvrages militaires et d’autres vestiges de cette époque représentent un témoignage et un héritage du passé colonial et esclavagiste qui aujourd’hui encore n’est que partiellement assumer et dans certains cas prédispose le refus avec traumas. Par conséquent, ils sont en état d’abandon et en sévère dégradation, mais d’autres sont à l’abri de destruction anthropique et naturelle et conservent encore leurs authenticités historiques. Ce travail, s’interroge sur la signification du système de fortification française dans l’histoire et la mémoire collective comme patrimoine en Haïti. Aussi, l’objectif principal de ce travail consiste à faire la reconstitution historique du système de fortification français et de projeter une approche de l’économie de la culture dans la gestion et la reconversion de ses sites; The fortification system in Saint-Domingue (1697-1804): History, Memory and Heritage
Abstract:
In the aftermath of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), the French metropolis chose to strengthen its military power in the Caribbean to face the incessant rivalries of the English. Thus, Saint-Domingue played an important role in the reorganization of the defense system of the French West Indies, firstly because of its strategic position which allowed it to control the main trade routes, and secondly because of its production of economic wealth. Thus, throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, a large number of cartographers, engineers and military architects were sent to Santo Domingo to build a defense system according to the rules of modern military art. Due to geographical and climatic contingencies, the works were adapted to the specific contexts of the colony. Also, all along the coasts of Santo Domingo, military works were set up to make the island impregnable.
All these military works and other vestiges of that time represent a testimony and a legacy of the colonial and slavery past that even today is only partially assumed and, in some cases, predisposes the refusal with traumas. Therefore, they are in a state of abandonment and in severe degradation, but others are safe from anthropic and natural destruction and still preserve their historical authenticity. This work questions the significance of the French fortification system in the history and collective memory as heritage in Haiti. Also, the main objective of this work is to make the historical reconstitution of the French fortification system and to project an approach of the economy of the culture in the management and the reconversion of its sites;
Titulo : O sistema de fortificação em Santo Domingo (1697-1804): História, Memória e Património
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No rescaldo da Guerra dos Sete Anos (1756-1763), a metrópole francesa optou por reforçar o seu poder militar nas Caraíbas para enfrentar as rivalidades incessantes dos ingleses. Saint-Domingue desempenhou assim um papel importante na reorganização do sistema de defesa das Antilhas Francesas, em primeiro lugar devido à sua posição estratégica, que lhe permitiu controlar as principais rotas comerciais, e em segundo lugar devido à sua produção de riqueza económica. Assim, ao longo dos séculos XVIII e XIX, um grande número de cartógrafos, engenheiros e arquitectos militares foram enviados a Santo Domingo para construir um sistema de defesa de acordo com as regras da arte militar moderna. Tendo em conta as condições geográficas e climáticas imprevistas, as obras foram adaptadas aos contextos específicos da colónia. Assim, ao longo de toda a costa de Santo Domingo, foram montadas obras militares para tornar a ilha inexpugnável.
Todas estas obras militares e outros vestígios deste período representam um testemunho e um legado do passado colonial e esclavagista que ainda hoje é apenas parcialmente assumido e, em alguns casos, predispõe a recusa com traumas. Consequentemente, encontram-se num estado de abandono e degradação grave, mas outros estão a salvo da destruição antrópica e natural e ainda preservam a sua autenticidade histórica. Este trabalho questiona o significado do sistema de fortificação francês na história e na memória colectiva como património no Haiti? Além disso, o principal objectivo deste trabalho é fazer a reconstituição histórica do sistema de fortificação francês e projectar uma abordagem da economia da cultura na gestão e na reconversão dos seus sítios.
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MacKenzie, Jill F. "The effect of iron fortification upon trace element metabolism in healthy term infants." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU552721.
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Iron fortification of commercial infant formulae is considered necessary to prevent iron deficiency and anaemia in infants receiving these formulae during late infancy. The current levels of iron fortification in formulae available in the U.K. may adversely affect the bioavailability of other minerals and trace elements present in the formula. The following study was designed to investigate whether the absorption of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, calcium, phosphate, magnesium or aluminium differed when infants were fed infant formula, either cows' milk based (CMF) or soy protein based (SMF), with or without iron fortification, 109molFe/1 or 10molFe/1 and 11molFe/1 or 53molFe/1 respectively. Twelve healthy infants were randomly allocated to receive either CMF (n&'61 6) or SMF (n&'61 6) from birth. After approximately four weeks they entered a double-blind cross-over study of the effects of iron fortification. This lasted a month during which each infant was allocated to receive one formula for the first two weeks then the other formula for the second two weeks. The formulae differed only in their level of iron fortification. After ten days on each formula, they participated in metabolic balance studies in which stable isotopes of iron, zinc and copper were given. Anthropometric measurements were obtained at fortnightly intervals throughout the study. Apparent absorption and maximum apparent retention of iron was significantly lower from the CMF without iron fortification than the CMF with iron fortification, as was expected, however there was no significant difference observed in fractional luminal disappearance. Maximum apparent retention and fractional luminal disappearance of zinc and copper from CMF did not appear to be related to iron fortification. Maximum apparent retention of aluminium was greater from the iron fortified CMF which also had a slightly higher aluminium concentration, 18.6mol/1 versus 16.8mol/1, which resulted in a marginally higher intake.
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Laillou, Arnaud. "Vitamins and minerals deficiencies - From epidemiology to food fortification strategy : Vietnam case study." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20041/document.
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Contexte: L'enrichissement des aliments est une stratégie efficace pour lutter contre les carences en micronutriments. Toutefois, il existe de nombreuses étapes critiques, tels que l'évaluation des besoins de la population, l'obtention de l'appui du gouvernement et de l'industrie, le choix du véhicule alimentaire, la sélection des bons micronutriments (s) et son dosage, et enfin le suivi. Objectif: Cette thèse évalue et de discute les défis de l'enrichissement des aliments au Vietnam. Méthodologie: Les méthodes suivantes ont été utilisées: une étude transversale, une enquête sur la consommation, une étude d'impact, une étude de stabilité, une étude coût-conséquences, deux revues de littérature, une étude de validation, et les leçons tirées de programmes d'enrichissement financés par GAIN. Résultats: Les carences en micronutriments chez les femmes et les enfants au Vietnam sont encore très répandues et se chevauchent souvent. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas de consensus sur le meilleur indicateur pour déterminer le statut en zinc, la prévalence du déficit en zinc semble être élevée par example. De nombreuses initiatives d'enrichissement ont montré que le soutien du gouvernement et de l'industrie est essentiel pour réussir. Le gouvernement vietnamien a reconnu la nécessité de lutter contre les carences en micronutriments. Les véhicules appropriés pour l'enrichissement des aliments au Vietnam sont les huiles végétales et le riz, ainsi que la sauce de poisson, la sauce soja, les bouillons cubes et les aliments de complément. Cependant, il y a des questions qui doivent être soigneusement étudiés, tels que le niveau de peroxyde dans l'huile, la présence d'inhibiteurs de l'absorption du fer, ou le risque de sédimentation dans les sauces. Lors de l'ajout de micronutriments aux aliments, des facteurs tels que les coûts, la qualité et la sécurité doivent être pris en considération. Enfin, l'enrichissement doit être soigneusement surveillés pour s'assurer de la qualité et de surveiller les effets sur la santé de la population. Conclusion: Avant que la fortification des aliments puisse être mise en œuvre et être efficace au Vietnam, une série de défis devront être surmontés<br>Background: Food fortification is an effective strategy to combat micronutrient deficiencies. However, there are many critical steps, such as assessing the population's needs, obtaining support from the government and industries, choosing the food vehicle, selecting the right micronutrient(s) and the dosage and finally monitoring. Objective: The overall objective of this thesis is to assess and discuss the challenges of food fortification in Vietnam. Methodology: The following methods were used: a cross-sectional study, a consumption survey, an impact study, a stability study, a cost-implication study, two literature reviews, a validation study, and lessons learned from GAIN funded fortification programs. Results: Micronutrient deficiencies in women and children in Vietnam are still widespread and often overlap. Although there is no consensus on which indicator is best to use to determine zinc status, zinc deficiency prevalence seems to be high. Numerous fortification initiatives have shown that the support from the government and the industry is essential in order to be successful. The Vietnamese government has recognized the need to fight micronutrient deficiencies. Suitable food vehicles for fortification in Vietnam are vegetable oil and rice, as well as fish sauce, soy sauce, wheat flour and possibly flavoring powders and complementary foods. However, there are issues that need to be carefully studied, such as the peroxide level in the oil, the presence of absorption inhibitors in the flour, or the risk of sedimentation in sauces. When adding micronutrients to foods, factors such as costs, quality and safety need to be considered. Finally, fortification needs to be carefully monitored to assure quality and to supervise the effect on the population's health. Conclusion: Before food fortification can be implemented and be effective in Vietnam, a series of challenges will need to be overcome
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Mouton, Daniel. "Mottes castrales en Provence : les origines de la fortification privée au Moyen âge /." Paris : Éd. de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb412319082.
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Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Archéologie--Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. Titre de soutenance : La "Roca" de Niozelles et les mottes castrales du bassin de la Durance moyenne et ses abords.<br>Bibliogr. p. 131-140. Notes bibliogr. Index. Résumés en français, anglais, allemand et espagnol.
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Du, Juan. "Constructing the internet panoptic-fortification: a legal study on China's internet regulatory mechanism." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/530.
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With the development of the information network technologies and the popularisation of the Internet, Chinese society is experiencing a Triple Revolution. Regulating the Internet has become a priority in China. In this context, this study seeks a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of China's Internet regulatory mechanism. Through the systematical analysis on Internet law in China, supplemented by the case study on how the issue of the Occupy Movement in Hong Kong was regulated, this study argues that China has developed a hybrid Internet regulatory model, which values both external defense and internal control in pursuit of the goal of cybersecurity, and which combines hierarchical regulation with horizontal monitoring to address challenges brought by contemporary network society. The Internet panoptic-fortification model is developed to illuminate China's Internet regulatory mechanism. The Internet panoptic-fortification model is featured by the centralised control from the authorities and ISPs, the establishment of Chinese sovereign cyberspace with jurisdictional and technical supports, the implementation of the network real-name system and the Internet-surfing record backup system to regulate individual Internet users, and the tight ideological control. This conceptual model reflects important aspects of Michel Foucault's account of governmentality, incorporating both centralised power and diffuse micro-power. This study suggests that China's Internet law to some extent has become an instrument for the state to promote the social discipline in the sovereign cyberspace, and the Internet regulatory mechanism serves for the national security and social stability in a broader context.
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Hekmat, Sharareh. "Effects of Iron Fortification on Microbiological, Physical, Chemical, and Organoleptic Properties of Yogurt." DigitalCommons@USU, 1995. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5423.
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It has been shown that iron binds strongly to the proteins in milk, and our aim was to determine whether or not this binding was affected by lowering pH in the manufacture of yogurt. Iron-protein complexing was studied using two different techniques. 1) Skim milk was fortified with 10 mg iron/100 ml and the pH of the milk was adjusted to 6.7, 6.2, 5.8, 5.3, 4.5, and 4.0. The milk was fractionated by ultracentrifugation at 52,000 x g for 60 minutes. The pellets and serum were then analyzed for iron, calcium, and phosphorus content by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. SOS-PAGE gels were used to determine protein profiles in the pellets and serum. 2) Yogurt was made from milk fortified with FeCl3, iron complexed with casein, and iron complexed with whey proteins. Small samples of the yogurt were then freeze-dried on carbon coated grids and examined by transmission electron microscopy at 80 KV.
Affinity of iron for milk proteins was independent of pH. Iron fortification of milk did not cause loss of calcium or phosphorus from casein micelles. Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) showed that iron was bound to casein when yogurt was fortified with FeC13 or iron-casein complex. When fortified with iron-whey protein complex, the iron was distributed throughout the non-micellar portion of the yogurt.
To determine effects of iron on yogurt quality, low-fat (2%) and nonfat iron fortified yogurt was made with three sources of iron: FeCl3, iron complexed with casein, and iron complexed with whey protein, at three levels (10, 20, 40 mg/kg). Iron content and lipid oxidation were determined over one month of storage at 4°C.
Iron fortification had no effect on the rate of fermentation by the lactic cultures. There was no significant increase in oxidation levels between iron-fortified yogurt and unfortified yogurt (P > .05). No differences in the appearance, mouth feel, flavor, and overall quality ,between iron-fortified yogurt and unfortified yogurt were detected in consumer sensory analysis. Our study showed that high quality iron-fortified yogurt could be manufactured without added food safety risks.
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Nicolai, Caroline von. "Limites visibles et invisibles : dépôts laténiens en contexte de fortification en Europe tempérée." Paris, EPHE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EPHE4011.
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Un certain nombre de sites de hauteur fortifiés du deuxième âge du Fer en Europe centrale et occidentale ont livré des dépôts, enfouis intentionnellement en dessous la fortification, dans l’architecture de celle-ci, au sommet de la fortification, dans les fossés associés à la fortification, dans des fosses au pied de la fortification ou dans les environs immédiats de la fortification. Ces dépôts, qui datent pour la plupart de La Tène finale, se composent d’outils artisanaux et agricoles, de lingots de fer, d’ustensiles de cuisine, de parures, d’armes, d’éléments de char et de harnachement de cheval, de monnaies, de céramiques et de représentations figurées. Des sépultures à inhumation et à incinération, des ossements humains isolés, ainsi que des ossements animaux ont également été répertoriés. Une analyse contextuelle basée sur un corpus de 113 dépôts provenant de 61 sites fortifiés a permis de mettre en évidence des différences régionales significatives quant à la composition, la manipulation et la datation du mobilier. Cette étude a aussi montré qu’un nombre important de ces dépôts sont le résultat d’activités formalisées et répétitives. Elles témoignent ainsi de gestes rituels voire cultuels, qui ont été effectués aux limites des sites fortifiés afin de structurer l’espace et de renforcer la cohésion et l’identité de la communauté qui édifiait et utilisait les remparts. Les fortifications laténiennes constituent donc non seulement des constructions monumentales à caractère défensif, mais encore des limites invisibles et symboliques dont l’importance sociale est prééminente<br>Hoards and special deposits have been discovered on a number of Iron Age hillforts in western and central continental Europe, buried deliberately beneath or within fortification ramparts, in pits dug into the back of ramparts, in ditches or pits just behind the ramparts, or in close proximity to hillfort gateways and defences. These deposits, most of whom belong to the Late La Tène period, comprise tools, agricultural implements, currency bars, kitchen implements, personal ornaments, weapons, fittings of chariots, horse harnesses, coins, ceramic vessels and statuettes. Inhumation and cremation burials, as well as isolated human and animal skeletal remains have also been found. A careful analysis of the archaeological contexts of 113 deposits from 61 hillforts demonstrates that there are important regional differences in the composition, the treatment and the dating of the finds. The study also shows that many of these deposits result from formalised and repeated activities. They might therefore constitute documents of attest ritual or even religious behaviour, performed on the boundaries of fortified sites in order to give these places a certain structure and to strengthen the coherence and the identity of the community who built and used those boundaries. The fortifications of the La Tène period were thus not only used as monumental defensive works, but also acted as symbolic and invisible boundaries of great social relevance
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Rocolle, Pierre. "2000 ans de fortification française : du 4e siècle avant Jésus-Christ au mur de l'Atlantique /." [Panazol] : Lavauzelle, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb412587256.
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Abreu, Leticia Cristina. "Impacto da fortificação das farinhas com ferro no controle da anemia em gestantes: estudo em um serviço público de saúde do município de São Bernardo do Campo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-28082009-173919/.
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Introdução - A anemia por deficiência de ferro é a desordem nutricional de maior prevalência tanto em países desenvolvidos como em países em desenvolvimento. Crianças pequenas e mulheres em idade fértil são grupos populacionais mais expostos a esta deficiência. Objetivo - Comparar o perfil de concentração de hemoglobina das gestantes atendidas em um serviço público de saúde de São Bernardo do Campo, no período anterior à implantação do programa de fortificação das farinhas de trigo e de milho com ferro e após pelo menos um ano de sua efetiva implantação. Métodos - Trata-se de um subprojeto do estudo Impacto da Fortificação das farinhas de trigo e de milho com ferro e ácido fólico, na concentração de hemoglobina de gestantes atendidas em serviços de saúde da rede pública. Este estudo utilizou dados secundários coletados de prontuário das gestantes freqüentadoras do Programa de Atendimento Pré-Natal do município de São Bernardo do Campo. A amostra foi constituída por dois grupos: GRUPO NÃO FORTIFICADO (NF) formado por gestantes que freqüentaram os serviços de pré-natal e tiveram o parto realizado antes de junho de 2004, e GRUPO FORTIFICADO (F) - formado por gestantes cuja data da última menstruação (DUM) foi posterior a junho de 2005. O diagnóstico de anemia foi efetuado pela [Hb] segundo critério único da OMS; e de acordo com modelos de evolução de Hb por idade gestacional de gestantes não anêmicas e não ferro deficientes e recebendo ferro suplementar durante todo o período gravídico. A severidade da anemia foi classificada segundo o nível de [Hb]: grave - abaixo de 7,0 g/dL; moderada - entre 7,0 g/dL e 10,0 g/dL; leve - níveis entre 10,0 g/dL e 11,0 g/dL. Resultados A classificação do estado nutricional apontou em ambos os grupos diminuição da desnutrição.e aumento do sobrepeso/obesidade. A prevalência de anemia foi de 14,3 por cento no Grupo NF e de 8,1 por cento no Grupo F sendo essa diferença estatisticamente significativa. A anemia severa esteve ausente entre as gestantes amostradas, a maior parte delas foi classificada como leve. Verificou-se que idade (<20 anos) e escolaridade (<8 anos) atuam na determinação da anemia de forma significativa. O modelo de evolução da [Hb] nos dois grupos é similar entre si: constância de valores no primeiro trimestre seguido da diminuição de valores até praticamente o final do processo gravídico quando há um pequeno aumento na [Hb]. De acordo com os valores de referência de Szarfarc a prevalência de anemia foi 26,8 por cento e 24,5 por cento nos grupos NF e F respectivamente e pelo referencial CDC 30,7 por cento e 26,3 por cento. Conclusões - O perfil de [Hb] das gestantes melhorou quando comparando os dois grupos, no entanto a diferença estatisticamente significativa deve ser avaliada com cautela, uma vez que outros fatores podem ter contribuído para este resultado. O estudo permitiu avaliar a evolução deste problema, bem como aperfeiçoar os programas de intervenção vigentes.<br>Introduction The iron deficiency anemia is the biggest nutrition disorder in developed and developing countries. Preschool kids and women in fertile age are the most exposed population group to this deficiency. Objective To compare the pregnant hemoglobin concentration profiles between the pregnant that have been attended during the period without iron fortification flour and with attended after one year of the iron fortification flour program has been begun. Methods Thats a subproject from The impact of iron and folic acid fortification in wheat and corn flours in pregnant hemoglobin concentration attended in health public services. This study has used secondary data collected through pregnant individual medical chart from Prenatal Attending Program from São Bernardo do Campo city. The sample was made by two groups: NO FORTIFICATED GROUP the pregnant who made up the group had attended the prenatal services and got birth before June 2004, effective flour fortification date all over the country, and FORTIFICATED GROUP the pregnant who made up the group were who had the date from the last menstrual period (LMP) after June 2005, at least one year of the effective of the iron fortification flour program has begun. The World Health Organization criteria was used for diagnosing anemia by hemoglobin ranges [Hb]<11,0g/dL. References, such as, the hemoglobin evolution model trough no anemic women and no iron deficiency women, and the proposal for pregnant individual who is receiving iron supplements were used for analyzing. By hemoglobin ranges the anemia severity was classified as severe under 7,0 g/dL; moderate from 7,0 g/dL to 10,0 g/dL; mild from 10,0 g/dL to 11,0 g/dL. Results The anemia prevalence was 14,3 per cent in No Fortificated Group and 8,1 per cent in Fortificated Group, this difference was statistically significant. The severe anemia was absent between the studied pregnant, and the most of them was classified as mild. The age (less 20 years old) and scholarity (less 8 years) were checked and it was able to see that the both significant act over the anemia determination. The nutritional state classification has shown in both groups malnutrition decrease (No Fortificated Group and Fortificated Group 25 per cent and 18,2 per cent respectively). The evolution of hemoglobin concentration model, in both groups, is similar: constant value on the first term followed by value decrease until the end of the pregnancy process when there is a little hemoglobin concentration increase. Adopting references values based on evolution of hemoglobin concentration , the anemia prevalence increased, however there is no statistically significant association difference between groups. Conclusions The pregnant hemoglobin concentration profiles in São Bernardo do Campo got better when the two groups were compared, however the statistically significant difference should be carefully evaluated, because others factors could contributed or this result. This study let us know about this problem progress, as well as to improve the intervention programs.
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Thompson, Leslie J. "On the Art of Fortification: A New Visitor's Center to Revitalize Fort Washington Park." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33364.
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During the 18th and 19th centuries, the evolution of artillery has commanded the evolution of military architecture. Fortifications physically depict a representation of the history of engineering and architectural principles; including strategic site placement, materiality, construction methodology, principles of weaponry, defense and design layout. Visiting any one of these enigmatic and monumental structures offers a walk into the past, a glimpse into the ideologies, cultures and sentiments of its conception. Fortifications, particularly American fortifications, lay silent waiting for visitors to unlock their contributions to the national and local historic fabric. Fort Washington is one such structure located within Fort Washington Park, Maryland perched above the Bank of the Potomac River where it long protected the Nation's Capital.
Through my research, I propose to answer the following questions: How did the evolution of artillery and its unique site influence the design layout of Fort Washington? How does one begin to revive and restore such an extraordinary site? How can the architecture of today spark the interest of visitors while encompassing the needs of local residents? My proposal for a new, multifunctional visitor center tries to embrace, respect and reflect the existing structures by inspiring wonder among tourists and attracting local residents while also allowing for their restoration and self-sustainment.<br>Master of Architecture
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Lambertus, John Daniel. "FORTIFICATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS AFTER OSTRACISM AND THE EFFECTS ON INFORMATION SHARING BEHAVIOR." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/925.
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A common form of partial ostracism, information exclusion, can be an everyday experience for some people. This study examined the role of information exclusion on subsequent information sharing behaviors. After being included or excluded on information in a previous task, participants had the opportunity to share information on a second task. When faced with the decision of how much information to share, it was framed in one of three ways: an opportunity to gain belonging and self-esteem, a chance to exercise control and meaningful existence, or no framing at all. Results indicated that participants that were in the loop shared more information than participants that were out of the loop. However, there was no difference for task framing on information sharing. The results of the study also indicated that in-the-loop participants reported stronger fortification of the inclusionary cluster (belonging and self esteem) and provocation cluster (control and meaningful existence) of fundamental needs than out-of-the-loop participants. On the other hand, there was no difference for task framing on the fortification of fundamental needs.
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Biemi, Flinle Danielle. "Effectiveness of Mandated Folic Acid and Iron Fortification of Wheat Flour on Anemia in Children of Ivory Coast." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/nutrition_theses/44.
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Purpose: Anemia in children is a major Public Health problem in developing countries such as Ivory Coast. The fortification of wheat flour with iron and folic acid has been mandated in this country in 2007. To date, there are no studies conducted to assess the effectiveness of these fortification efforts. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if mandated iron and folic acid fortification of wheat flour has reduced the prevalence of anemia in Ivory Coast children.
Methods: The study was conducted at the pediatric unit of the university hospital of Treichville, one of the 3 main hospitals of Abidjan, the largest city of Ivory Coast. The medical records of 467 children from 5 to 14 years old were analyzed. The period from January 1st 2004 to December 31st 2006 was considered as pre-fortification period and the period from January 1st 2008 to December 31st 2010 was regarded as the post-fortification period. Data for anemia, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, and MCV were compared between pre- and post-fortification periods.
Results: The results showed that there were no statistically significant difference in prevalence of anemia and mean hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells, and MCV between pre and post-fortification periods.
Conclusion: The double fortification of wheat flour with folic acid and iron had no significant impact on anemia in Ivorian children. This is perhaps due to the fact that wheat flour is not widely consumed as rice and rice products are more popular in Ivory Coast population. The Ivorian government perhaps should focus efforts on the fortification of these products.
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Baldauff, Regine L. "The Relationship Between Unmetabolized Folic Acid and Serum Folate Concentrations and Cancer Risk in Older US Adults." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/nutrition_theses/43.
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ABSTRACT
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNMETABOLIZED FOLIC ACID AND SERUM FOLATE CONCENTRATIONS AND CANCER RISK IN OLDER US ADULTS
by
Regine L. Baldauff
Importance Several studies have reported an increase in serum and unmetabolized folic acid levels since the implementation of folic acid fortification (January 1, 1998). However, the literature published during the post-folic acid fortification period is controversial with regards to the safety and potential risk for cancer in non-target populations.
Objective To study the association between unmetabolized folic acid and serum folate and cancer in older US adults.
Design, Setting, and Participants This is a cross sectional study using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Among 700 participants with identified unmetabolized folic acid, 147 cases were reported a history of having cancer from 1999-2002. Within the 7,981 subjects who had a recorded value for serum folate from 1999-2008; 1,459 reported a history of all cancer. Among the 4,007 women who had a recorded value for serum folate between 1999-2008; 288 reported a history of breast cancer.
Main Outcome Measures Associations of unmetabolized folic acid and serum folate with all cancer and breast cancer was evaluated using a multivariable logistic regression analysis controlling for demographic and dietary intakes.
Results Men and women without unmetabolized folic acid were 0.7 times less likely to develop cancer. Those over the age of sixty with the highest concentration of serum folate were 1.4 times more likely to have cancer than participants with lower serum folate concentrations. Women over the age of sixty with the highest concentration of serum folate were 1.8 times more likely to have breast cancer compared to women with lower serum folate concentrations.
Conclusions and Relevance The presence of unmetabolized folic acid and high serum folate concentrations were related to an increased prevalence of cancer. Further research is warranted to investigate the cause and effect relationship.
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Hassel, Sarrah. "Application of a Handheld Infrared Sensor for Monitoring the Distribution of Vitamins and Minerals in Fortified Corn-based Snacks." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250602087.
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OLIVEIRA, LUIZA NASCIMENTO DE. "FORTIFICATION PLANS OF RIO DE JANEIRO: MILITARY ARCHITECTURE AND DEFENSE OF THE EMPIRE (1700-1730)." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24113@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as plantas de fortificação para a cidade de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, de autoria do padre matemático Diogo Soares, no que diz respeito a sua utilização como um instrumento de governo da Monarquia Portuguesa para a cidade e para a defesa do Império. Para tal, criou-se metodologia de leitura das plantas de fortificação a partir do estudo dos tratados de arquitetura militar dos padres Soares e Luiz Gonzaga. Percebemos que as plantas de fortificação respondiam ao duplo desafio posto à Monarquia Portuguesa na pós-Restauração de manter a soberania do Reino e preservar as conquistas coloniais. Do mesmo modo, procuramos analisar a forma pela qual tais desenhos se constituíram em uma linguagem específica que fez parte do discurso político Setecentista para afirmar a soberania portuguesa.<br>This study aims to analyze plans fortification for Saint Sebastian of Rio de Janeiro city, performed by mathematical priest Diogo Soares, regarding its use as an instrument of the Portuguese Monarchy government to the city and to the defense of the Empire. To this end, a reading methodology was created for the plans fortification based on the study of the military architecture treaties of priests Soares and Luiz Gonzaga. We noticed that the fortification plans answered the double challenge to the Portuguese Monarchy after the Restoration: to maintain the sovereignty of the Kingdom and to preserve the colonial conquests. In the same way, we tried to analyze the manner in which such designs were used as a specific language that was part of the eighteenth-century political discourse to assert Portuguese sovereignty.
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Mitchell, Muriel. "Effect of whey protein fortification on selected quality characteristics of some formulated tomato-whey beverages /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487265143147454.
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Rice, Wendy Haws. "The Effect of Iron Fortification on the Chemical, Physical, and Sensory Properties of Mozzarella Cheese." DigitalCommons@USU, 1995. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5428.
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Mozzarella cheese was made from milk fortified with iron so that the cheese contained 25 and 50 ppm iron. Iron was added to the milk in three ways: (1) complexed to casein (ferric-casein), (2) complexed to whey protein (ferric-whey protein), and (3) ferric chloride (FeCl3·6H20) added directly to milk. Cheese quality was determined by chemical, physical, and sensory characteristics and compared with a control cheese.
Chemical oxidation, during 28 days storage, was determined by absorbance of malondialdehyde at 535 nm using the thiobarbituric acid assay (TBA). Physical properties were assessed by the Arnott test for melt, helical viscometer for stretch, and b* value for cook color. Sensory properties were tested by panelists trained to detect metallic and oxidized off-flavors and by large, untrained consumer panels. There were no significant differences in iron-fortified cheeses based on the method of adding iron to milk. There were no significant differences in TBA-measured oxidation caused by adding iron, method of adding iron, or by storage ( α=.05). Stretch was increased by addition of iron. Melt and cook color were not affected by iron fortification. The trained sensory panel scored metallic and oxidized off-flavors slightly higher in the iron-fortified cheeses than in the controls, although at a level that was slightly perceptible. When cooked on a pizza, the iron-fortified cheese was rated comparable to the control cheese by consumer panels. Based on the popularity of pizza and on these observations, it was concluded that iron-fortified Mozzarella cheese can be used as an appropriate food vehicle to supplement the diets of populations that are at risk for iron deficiency anemia (e.g., children and pregnant women).
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Destable, Philippe. "Les chantiers du roi : la fortification du "pré carré" sous le règne de Louis XIV." Lille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL30009.
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L'extension du royaume de France vers le Nord, dans la première moitié du règne personnel de Louis XIV, engendre un projet de fortification sans précédent. Nouveau système défensif, le "pré carré", voit ainsi le jour en trois phases de construction, de 1668 à 1713. Activité saisonnière par excellence, l'élévation des places fortes nécessite une série d'opérations successives : évaluation du site, conception du projet, piquetage, terrassement, maçonneries, charpentes, etc. Elle mobilise des milliers de travailleurs recrutés parmi les métiers urbains, les soldats et les paysans des alentours, souvent réquisitionnés par corvées. De grandes quantités de matériaux doivent être produites et acheminées sur place, l'outillage et les machines utilisées restant assez rudimentaires. Le recrutement de la main-d'œuvre et la logistique des matériaux s'appuient sur une véritable économie des travaux militaires. Ils contribuent à la fixation des règles qui entourent la conclusion et l'exécution des marchés publics, afin que les intérêts des entrepreneurs rejoignent les exigences du roi. L'organisation et l'encadrement des chantiers accélèrent le développement de l'appareil administratif de la couronne et provoquent la formation d'un corps d'ingénieurs spécialisés. La circulation de l'information permet un contrôle centralisé de la production et renforce l'autorité du souverain en diffusant l'image d'un roi défenseur et bâtisseur
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Loppe, Frédéric. "La terre crue dans la fortification en Lauragais : l'exemple de Castelnaudary (Aude) vers 1355-vers 1450." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX10050.
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Ce travail est une étude sur l'emploi de la terre crue dans la fortification durant la guerre de Cent Ans à Castelnaudray (Aude), principalement grâce aux 32 registres consulaires municipaux couvrant cette période (1359-1447). Après une présentation des sources, un historique de la ville, et une approche de sa fiscalité au bas Moyen Age, il tente d'identifier les diverses techniques utilisant ce matériau en Lauragais et Toulousain (terre massive, coffrée ou non, colombage-torchis, etc. ) afin de déterminer leurs rôle et place au sein de la fortification. Il aborde enfin la dimension socio-économique de ces modes constructifs, notamment par l'examen de l'origine géographique et des qualifications des personnes qui les mettent en oeuvre, ainsi que de leurs contrats et salaires. Le coût des ouvrages est quant à lui appréhendé grâce à l'examen de plusieurs prix-faits. Un glossaire, établi à partir des termes latins et occitans relevés dans les documents, complète l'ensemble.
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Mousties, Célia. "Caractérisation des aliments fortifiés en circuits réels de distribution : impact de la température et de l'oxygène sur les cinétiques de dégradation." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG037.
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Dans le monde, la malnutrition touche encore 200 millions d’enfants en âge préscolaire. La nutrition infantile est alors un enjeu majeur dans les pays du Sud. Pour cela, la fortification alimentaire est largement utilisée pour combattre les problèmes de santé publique liés aux carences en micronutriments. Cependant, tout au long de la chaîne de logistique, le transport, le stockage sur de longues périodes et les conditions de distribution peuvent affecter le profil nutritionnel de ces aliments fortifiés. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse était d’évaluer la qualité nutritionnelle d’aliments fortifiés afin d’identifier les déterminants (facteurs intrinsèques, facteurs environnementaux, emballage…) de la stabilité et de simuler le comportement de ces aliments dans le système de distribution via une approche cinétique.Pour cela, un panel de produits fortifiés comprenant des farines infantiles fortifiées (FI) et des aliments thérapeutiques prêts à l’emploi (ATPE) ont été collectés sur le terrain et étudiés, avec un focus sur le profil lipidique, les vitamines liposolubles (A, D et E), le statut oxydatif (indices de peroxyde et d’acide, composés secondaires d’oxydation) et les mycotoxines. Les résultats ont montré une qualité et une stabilité nutritionnelle moindre pour les FI que les ATPE. Une matrice modèle de type FI a, ensuite, été développée. Deux études cinétiques ont alors été menées pour évaluer la stabilité du complexe minéral et vitaminiques (CMV) et de la farine infantile modèle fortifiée ; pour cela, différentes températures et teneurs en oxygène du milieu environnant ont été testées. Les vitesses de dégradations et énergies d’activation des réactions de dégradations des vitamines ont été calculées. Intégrées dans un modèle mathématique prédictif, elles permettent d’estimer la rétention des vitamines dans les FI en fonction des températures des circuits de distribution et à terme en fonction des propriétés barrière aux gaz des matériaux d’emballage. Ce travail a pu souligné les problèmes de qualité et stabilité nutritionnelle des matrices fortifiées. Il est vraiment nécessaire de porter une attention particulière aux modalités de commercialisation des produits pour garantir les allégations nutritionnelles et pour favoriser une réelle efficacité biologique<br>In the world, malnutrition still affects 200 millions of preschool-age children. Infant nutrition is a major challenge in low income countries. Then, food fortification is widely used to address the public health problem of micronutrient deficiencies. However, along the supply chain, shipping, long term storage, and retailing conditions can affect the nutritional profile of fortified food. The objective of this thesis was to assess the nutritional quality of fortified food to identify the determinant (intrinsic factors, environmental factors, packaging) of the stability and to simulate the behaviour in the distribution system via a kinetic approach.A panel of fortified food including fortified infant flour (FI) and ready to use therapeutic food (RUTF) has been collected in the field and studied, with a focus on lipid profile, lipophilic vitamins (A, D and E), oxidative status (peroxide and acid index, secondary oxidation compounds) and mycotoxins. The results have shown a less quality and nutritional quality for the FI than the RUTF. Two studies were conducted, on the complex mineral and vitamins (CMV) and on the fortified infant flour model fortified with the CMV; distinct temperatures and oxygen contents of the environment were tested. The initial rate and activation energy of the degradation reactions of vitamins were calculated. In a mathematic model, they allow us to estimate the vitamin retention in FI according to the temperatures of the supply chains and, in a next step, according to the barrier properties to gas transfer of packaging materials. Our research has underlined the issues of quality and stability of fortified food. It is really necessary to pay attention to the parameters of distribution and commercialization of these products to guarantee the nutritional claims and favor a real biological efficiency
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Driver, Toby. "The hillforts of north Ceredigion : architecture, landscape approaches and cultural contexts." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683329.
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Simmons, Paul Walter. "Horizontality in Painting and the Role of the Handyman." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250547492.
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Underwood, Douglas Rautman Marcus Louis. "Writing on the wall late-third century urban defenses in south Languedoc /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5340.
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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on January 20, 2010). Thesis advisor: Dr. Marcus Rautman. Includes bibliographical references.