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1
Salisbury, Craig D. C. "Evaluation of the Swab Test On Premises for Detection of Antimicrobial Residues in Bovine and Porcine Kidneys." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 87, no. 5 (December 1, 2004): 1109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/87.5.1109.
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Abstract The effect of sample matrix on the sensitivity of the Swab Test On Premises (STOP) was evaluated for selected antimicrobials. Fluid was extracted from bovine and porcine kidneys, and fortified with known levels of drugs. Aqueous standards were also prepared at the same levels. An aliquot of the fortified fluid or water was pipeted onto a dry swab which was placed onto the surface of a STOP plate, and the plate was incubated as outlined in the test kit manual. Zones of bacterial growth inhibition were measured and recorded, and additional testing was performed with decreasing levels of drug until a minimum detectable level was determined. The effect of temperature on the sensitivity of the test was also evaluated by running samples in duplicate, one set at a nominal temperature of 28°C, and the second set at a nominal temperature of 32°C. Fortified bovine kidney fluid produced significantly larger zones than did porcine kidney fluid at both temperatures, but the mean zone sizes for fortified water were not significantly different from those of bovine or porcine kidney fluid at either temperature. For all 3 matrixes, than 32zones of inhibition were significantly larger at 28°C than 32°C.
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Mopper, Barry, and Carl J. Sciacchttano. "Capillary Zone Electrophoretic Determination of Histamine in Fish." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 4 (July 1, 1994): 881–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.4.881.
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Abstract Histamine, the principal causative agent in scombroid food poisoning, was analyzed in seafood by a new, rapid, and sensitive method using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with UV detection at 210 nm. Incurred histamine in methanolic fish extracts migrated within 4 min in a fused silica capillary filled with 0.02 M citrate buffer, pH 2.5, under an applied potential of 375 V/cm. The analytical response was linear from 0.5 to 100 ppm histamine (correlation coefficient, r = 0.999). The coefficients of variation for migration time and peak area response were <1 and <3%, respectively. Recovery of histamine in fortified fish composites was satisfactory. CZE was considered for alternative application in seafood speciation.
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Jassim, Nidaa Qassim, and Husain Khalaf Jarallah. "Performance Enhancement of R.C. Beams with Large Web Openings by Using Reactive Powder Composite: An Experimental Study." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.21030405.
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In this paper an experimental works conducted to study the behavior of R.C. beam with large web opening at different locations and fortified with reactive powder composite (RPC) at the extreme tension zone (bottom edge of opening) and/or extreme compression zone (Top edge of opening). The experimental study is investigate the behavior of twelve beams and study the ability of using normal strength concrete together with RPC in the same section to exploit the advantages of these two materials in optimal way. The main variables are RPC layers locations in tension zone and/or in compression zone and the locations of openings. The ultimate loads, load mid-span deflection behavior and strain for steel and concrete were discussed. The experimental results showed that the ultimate strength was decreased with increasing number of opening about 4% for beams with two openings located in shear zone and 21% for beams with three openings, thus indicating that the stiffness decreases accordingly. The using RPC layers effectively enhanced performance of hybrid beams when compared with using the normal strength concrete layers only. The using RPC layers in compression and tension zones increased the ultimate load about 47 % for beams with two opening located in shear zone, when using RPC in the tension zone and normal strength concrete in the compression zone the ultimate flexural load and ultimate deflection increase little compared with normal concrete.
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Kostomarov, V. M., and E. A. Tretyakov. "SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE OF EARLY MEDIEVAL GROUPS IN THE TRANS-URALS." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 4(47) (December 30, 2019): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2019-47-4-7.
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The article considers the settlement of Early Medieval population in the Trans-Urals (4th–9th centuries AD). The study is based on the data about the location of monuments attributed to the Bakal culture, which are re-corded on the territory of the Tobol-Ishim interfluve and its water system in the area of the modern forest-steppe belt. The relevance of the study is determined by the following points: presentation of new data on the monu-ments of the Bakal culture; analysis of the settlement system and landscape use in the specified period; identifica-tion of economic areas characteristic of the early medieval population. In this study, the authors used the methods and approaches of landscape and settlement archaeology. In addition to the spatial and morphological character-istics, the source database includes data on the Earth's digital model drawing on SRTM30 data. The analysed materials (81 monuments — 36 hillforts, 40 villages, 5 burial grounds) were collected in one geoinformation sys-tem; the authors proposed an improved classification of fortified villages, which provides the opportunity to char-acterise the economic structure of the Bakal groups in a new way. The hillforts comprise 27 terrace settlements located on the high bedrock coasts of rivers, as well as 9 floodplain fortified settlements situated on isolated hills. When identifying economic zones on the basis of constructed Thiessen (Voronoi) polygons, it was found that there was one or, less often, two fortified villages (hillforts) in the centre of one zone. Settlements were located not far from the centre (most often in a floodplain). The analysis of direct visibility from the settlements showed that direct visual watch was kept over the villages in the floodplain, with the visibility zones covering large flood-plain sectors, thereby providing fairly tight control of the territory. It was established that the burial grounds were located in the immediate vicinity of fortified villages. The analysis revealed a correlation between the location of the village and the economy of the Bakal population, where cattle, prevailing in quantity, played an important role. This is due to the presence of large fortified settlements located in floodplains, whose population kept livestock. The authors established a system of the settlement and space-related occupation of the Medieval population in the Trans-Urals, with hillforts being the main centres used to control the territory simultaneously performing the functions of political, trade and economic centres.
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Bo, Chen, and Gideon Shelach. "Fortified settlements and the settlement system in the Northern Zone of the Han Empire." Antiquity 88, no. 339 (March 2014): 222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00050328.
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How far are settlement patterns affected by imperial systems of administration and control? The prototype city state consisted perhaps only of the population centre and its surrounding hinterland, but large territorial states, and still more empires, required complex systems of government and defence. Historical sources tell of the Chinese imperial system of ‘commanderies’ or provinces, and ‘county seats’ or subordinate centres, but this may conceal a range of local variations and development histories that only detailed archaeological survey can reveal. In this study, devoted to the Northern Zone of the Han Empire close to its border with the troublesome Xiongnu, a four-fold hierarchy of walled settlements is presented which varies in its character, origins and development even within this single zone. Many of its special features can be attributed to the pressures and insecurities of the border setting, and are the direct result of Han imperial planning.
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Li, Ke. "Research on Dynamic Response of Subway Station Structure." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.925.
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Among more than three hundred cities in China, half of them are located in the earthquake zone where the seismic basic intensity is seven or even more than seven degrees, such as Beijing, Tianjin, Xi'an and other major cities which are located in the high-intensity earthquake zone of eight degrees. Since most areas of China are seismic fortified areas, the anti-seismic design of the underground structure and its safety evaluation have become the increasingly important issues that engineering designers are concerned about. In this paper, it studies and analyzes the dynamic response of the underground structure for a subway station under seismic loads, and preliminarily analyzes the law of its dynamic response, in the hope of benefiting the actual engineering constructions.
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Chudinov, S. "Improving the physical and mechanical properties of fortified soil for road construction in the forest zone." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 817 (May 27, 2020): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/817/1/012007.
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Halidu, Shafiu Kilishi, Olaoluwa Ayodeji Adebayo, Jude Chikezie, Azeez Olalekan Ibrahim, and Olushola Emmanuel Adedeji. "Ecology of Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus Patas) in Buffer Zone Ranges, Old Oyo National Park, Nigeria." Journal of Bioresource Management 8, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35691/jbm.1202.0178.
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The buffer zones of Nigerian protected areas are poorly managed. Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) was studied in fact owing to its dearth of information on its ecology and existence in South-West Nigeria National Park. Therefore, it was necessary to examine E. patas spatial distribution and population structure in the Old Oyo National Park buffer zone ranges, situated in South-West Nigeria and as well know its dietary uptake alongside delineating its various activities. Observations were positioned on direct census methods. A total of 60 individuals of E. patas (23 female, 21 male, and 16 young individuals) were sighted within the study period (March to July). The results showed that the highest number of sighted E. patas (18 individuals) was recorded in the month of March while the Marguba range had the highest percentage of sighted E. patas (31.7%). Thirteen plant species were identified as food matters of E. patas while the major activity observed by the majority of E. patas was found feeding on the identified food matters. The food matters consumed were plant parts which included the leaves, flowers, gum, enflamed spikes, and fruits. Actions to uphold and guard the remaining populace of E. patas in the Park and buffer zones should be adequately fortified.
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Wilkes, John. "THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF WAR: HOMELAND SECURITY IN THE SOUTH-WEST BALKANS (3RD–6TH C. A.D.)." Late Antique Archaeology 8, no. 2 (January 25, 2013): 733–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000024a.
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Between the 3rd and 6th c. A.D., external threat and internal stress gave rise to a proliferation of fortifications in the south-west Balkans either side of the Adriatic-Aegean watershed, a region for centuries under the unified administration of Roman Macedonia. Recent studies have identified two phases in this process. The earlier was a centrally-directed programme of new military bases, urban and other fortifications based on the network of Roman roads. The second followed the division between East and West, when the region became an uncontrolled border zone, and many sought safety in fortified upland settlements within a network of tracks and paths that replaced the earlier roads.
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Daragan, Marina N., and Petr A. Gavrish. "On Manifestations of the Cult of Human Skulls in the Knÿshovskoe Settlement Dating from the Scythian Period." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 23, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 251–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341319.
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Abstract Human remains have been found in many settlements and fortified settlements of the Scythian period in the forest-steppe zone of the Ukraine. Yet there are substantial differences between the nature of the finds and the circumstances of their positioning in the various settlements concerned. At some sites whole skeletons or parts of skeletons have been found in pits and in habitation levels. At others mainly (and sometimes even exclusively) human skulls or their fragments have been found. A picture of this kind was recorded, in particular, at the fortified settlement of Knÿshovskoe. This article examines the places where human skulls and fragments of the latter were found in the context of cultic and domestic buildings within the Knÿshovskoe settlement. Research was focused specifically on the positions of clay altars and the link between the latter and the anthropological remains within the site. Within the investigated area of the settlement, occupying half a hectare, 110 separate fragments of human skulls were found – 52 altars and 211 pits linked to various structures. Using spatial analysis based on gis-technology, a firm link was established between the clay altars, human skulls and also the skulls or skeletons of dogs, examples of cultic figurines, distaffs and clay cones. The areas in which altars and skulls were concentrated made it possible to regard most of these as having functioned simultaneously in a shrine. Analysis of each specific archaeological find of altars and skulls made it possible to single out certain “archaeological situations” demonstrating clear differences in specific cultic practices, a key component of which was the sacrificing of human heads. The shrine was being used no earlier than the second or third quarter of the 4th century bc. Establishing the existence of cultic practices involving human sacrifice could provide a crucial step towards an understanding of phenomena, occurring in the forest-steppe zone in the second half and at the end of the 4th century bc, which eventually led to the complete disappearance of the culture of the Scythian period in the forest-steppe and steppe zones at the end of the 4th century bc.
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UJIKE, Isao, Kazunori KATO, Yoshimitsu KONISHI, and Masato NUMATA. "A Study on Crack Prevention at Service State of Reinforced Concrete Member Fortified Tension Zone by Reactive Powder Composite." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 54, no. 8 (2005): 855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.54.855.
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Dahlin, Bruce H. "The Barricade and Abandonment of Chunchucmil: Implications for Northern Maya Warfare." Latin American Antiquity 11, no. 3 (September 2000): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/972179.
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AbstractA long low mound of rubble incompletely surrounds part of the central zone at the Classic Period site of Chunchucmil, Yucatan, Mexico. This wall was hastily built from stone robbed from nearby buildings and roadbeds and it clearly served as a defensive barricade. All indications are that the barricade represents a one-time event whereupon the site was attacked, overrun, and abandoned. Re-analysis of other known fortified sites across Yucatan"s northern plains show some fundamental similarities. I suggest that all sites with barricades still standing suffered wars of annihilation rather than wars of conquest and subjugation by the victors. I suggest that the Chunchucmil distribution node was annihilated because its proximity to consumption centers in nuclear Mesoamerica reduced the competitiveness of other Yucatecan coastal trade sites that were located further away along the Gulf Coast maritime trade route.
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Silver, K., M. Silver, M. Törmä, J. Okkonen, and T. Okkonen. "APPLYING SATELLITE DATA SOURCES IN THE DOCUMENTATION AND LANDSCAPE MODELLING FOR GRAECO-ROMAN/BYZANTINE FORTIFIED SITES IN THE TŪR ABDIN AREA, EASTERN TURKEY." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W2 (August 17, 2017): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w2-251-2017.
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In 2015-2016 the Finnish-Swedish Archaeological Project in Mesopotamia (FSAPM) initiated a pilot study of an unexplored area in the Tūr Abdin region in Northern Mesopotamia (present-day Mardin Province in southeastern Turkey). FSAPM is reliant on satellite image data sources for prospecting, identifying, recording, and mapping largely unknown archaeological sites as well as studying their landscapes in the region. The purpose is to record and document sites in this endangered area for saving its cultural heritage. The sites in question consist of fortified architectural remains in an ancient border zone between the Graeco-Roman/Byzantine world and Parthia/Persia. The location of the archaeological sites in the terrain and the visible archaeological remains, as well as their dimensions and sizes were determined from the ortorectified satellite images, which also provided coordinates. In addition, field documentation was carried out <i>in situ</i> with photographs and notes. The applicability of various satellite data sources for the archaeological documentation of the project was evaluated. Satellite photographs from three 1968 CORONA missions, i.e. the declassified US government satellite photograph archives were acquired. Furthermore, satellite images included a recent GeoEye-1 Satellite Sensor Image from 2010 with a resolution of 0.5 m. Its applicability for prospecting archaeological sites, studying the terrain and producing landscape models in 3D was confirmed. The GeoEye-1 revealed the ruins of a fortified town and a fortress for their documentation and study. Landscape models for the area of these sites were constructed fusing GeoEye-1 with EU-DEM (European Digital Elevation Model data using SRTM and ASTER GDEM data) in order to understand their locations in the terrain.
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Demin Vladimir,, Mussin Ravil,, Demina Tatiana,, and Zhumabekova Aila,. "STUDY OF EDGE PROTECTING ANCHORS INFLUENCE ON SOIL HEAVING OF THE MINE WORKING." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 5, no. 443 (October 15, 2020): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.106.
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To achieve the objective with the claimed technical result, a method of fastening mine workings of predominantly rectangular cross-sectional shape with anchor bolts was used, while the applied task of reducing the heaving of soil rocks is to increase the efficiency of mine workings by ensuring that the mine workings. Ensuring the possibility of reliable and of good quality fortified rocks along the contour of making within the boundaries of the zone of possible collapse of rocks. The length of the soil anchors did not significantly affect the condition of the soil rocks. Consequently, that on the deformations and stresses both in the lateral and in the soils are not soil, but lateral anchors. The use of these technological developments will reduce the cost of conducting and maintaining workings by 7–10% with soil anchors (reducing maintenance costs by 7–10%) and will provide an economic effect of 10–15 thousand tenge per running meter of output.
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Peskova, A., and A. Kononovich. "Styli and book clasps from excavations at the Great Shepetovka Settlement." Archaeological News 31 (2021): 264–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2021-31-264-276.
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During excavations of the Od-Russian fortified settlement near the village of Gorodishche of the Shepe- tovka District of Khmelnitsk Oblast (Ukraine), a large collection of writing tools (styli) (20/24 items) was obtained, as well as parts of book clasps (4 items). Analysis of the find has shown that the majority of the styli found at the site belong to the commonly distributed general Russian types 3, 6, 7, and 11 (after the typology by A. F. Medvedev and B. B. Ovchinnikova) used during a wide range of the 11th–13th century. One stylus belongs to type 13 identified by special- ists as a south-western type; two styli are a simplified variant of type 8. The plan of the findspots suggests a connection of the considerable part of the finds with the summit of the Gorodishche hill, i. e. the zone of concentration of fragments of bells and hoards of silver ornaments, including the hoard containing pending lead seals
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Mattingly, D. J. "Farmers and Frontiers. Exploiting and Defending the Countryside of Roman Tripolitania." Libyan Studies 20 (January 1989): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026371890000666x.
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The past two decades have seen dramatic changes of perspective and an explosion of new information in the broad fields covered by this overview. Within the constraints of space allowed it is not possible to cover all aspects or to mention all relevant publications. References to pre-1969 work have been kept to a minimum, except where dramatic revision of older views is now necessary.The traditional picture of the Roman frontier in Tripolitania owes an incalculable debt to the pioneering work of Richard Goodchild. Much of his observation remains of the highest value (accessible particularly through the volume of collected articles (edited by Joyce Reynolds), Goodchild 1976), but in the 40 years since his initial work on the limes Tripolitanus (1949a/b; 1950a/b; Ward-Perkins and Goodchild 1949) the available body of data has increased greatly and the conceptual framework for interpreting it has changed considerably (the scale of the reappraisal may be judged by comparing Brogan and Smith 1957 and 1985). The most controversial aspects of Goodchild's work concern the date of the development of a frontier in Tripolitania and the interpretation of the fortified farms which are so characteristic of the zone: ‘…no traces of a pre-Severan limes have yet been found. In this respect it may be significant that the linear fossata which Baradez has proved to constitute the central feature of the Numidian limes, and which he tentatively dated to the Hadrianic period, have not yet been found in the area of modern Tripolitania … Apart from … the outer fortresses of Gheriat el-Garbia and Bu Ngem … the military works of the limes Tripolitanus seem to have consisted almost exclusively of fortified farmhouses occupied by Libyan limitanei.’ (Goodchild 1950 = 1976, 44).
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Liu, Guoqing, Juntao Chen, Ming Xiao, and Yang Yang. "Dynamic Response Simulation of Lining Structure for Tunnel Portal Section under Seismic Load." Shock and Vibration 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7851259.
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Portal section is the weak link of seismic fortification for tunnel structure. Assuming that seismic wave is the vertical incident elastic plane wave, the plane wave input method for the portal section was discussed in this paper; that is, the wave input problem can be converted to the problem of calculating equivalent nodal force at artificial boundaries. Based on different damage evolution processes of concrete under tension and compression conditions, the tension and compression damage variables were defined and solved, respectively. And then a simple elastic dynamic damaged constitutive model for concrete lining was built. According to the characteristics of dynamic interaction between the lining and rock, and based on the dynamic contact force algorithm, an analytical model for joint loading between the lining and rock was built. This model can simulate lining features such as bond, separation, and slip under seismic load. The dynamic response characteristics of lining structure for the portal section under seismic load were analyzed by taking example for an exit section of Dianzhong diversion project in strong earthquake area. The results show that the relative displacement magnitudes of the lining parts are related to the vibration direction of the seismic wave, and the peak displacements decrease gradually to the fixed values from the portal to the interior. The damage coefficients of the lining parts accumulate gradually over time, and the farther the lining is away from the portal, the less serious the seismic damage is. The separation and slip zone distributions of the lining are basically consistent with its severe seismic damage area, which are mainly at haunch, spandrel, and arch foot within a certain range of distance from the portal. The seismic fortified length and key fortified parts of tunnel structure for the portal section can be determined according to the calculation results.
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Chairkina, Nataliуa M., and Henny Piezonka. "THE ECOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF EARLY NEOLITHIC INNOVATIONS IN THE NORTH OF WESTERN SIBERIA." Ural Historical Journal 72, no. 3 (2021): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-3(72)-6-14.
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In the mid-7th — early 6th millennium BC at the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition, a number of innovations appeared in the lifeways of people in the West Siberian taiga, including the first appearance of pottery (the defining criterion for the onset of the Neolithic), the intensification of the subsistence economy with an increasing role of aquatic resources, and the transition to a less mobile lifestyle. These innovations were reflected in the construction of long-term open and few fortified settlements, including circular layouts and the construction of ritual mounds (kholmy). These improvements attest to significant changes in subsistence economy as well as worldviews of the hunter-fisher-gatherers of the taiga zone of West Siberia. The emergence of these innovations chronologically coincides with the most prominent global climatic cooling event of the Holocene, which took place around 6.2 thousand years cal BC (the so-called 8.2 ka BP event) and had a substantial impact on the ancient societies of Europe and Southwest Asia. To reconstruct the paleoclimate of northern West Siberia, the most informative source to date are peatbogs, which contain, as a rule, complete sedimentation sequences of all Holocene periods, allowing a greater degree of reliability in using scientific methods in paleogeographical reconstructions. This article reviews current evidence on features and age of the peat formation process and additional information on the Early Holocene paleoclimatic developments in northern West Siberia. The preliminary data indicate that favourable climatic conditions led to balanced and probably abundant environmental resources in the early Atlantic period. At the same time, the sparsely populated territory might have seen the arrival of new population groups into the region, which might have introduced or triggered a number of socio-economic innovations such as the construction of fortified settlements with complex layouts and the tradition of clay pottery manufacture.
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Petrushkina, Alexandra A., Ekaterina A. Pigarova, and Liudmila Y. Rozhinskaya. "The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Russian Federation." Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases 21, no. 3 (April 8, 2019): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/osteo10038.
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In this review, we discuss the main reasons for the vitamin D insufficiency in Russian Federation, as well as data on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among various population groups and regions, which confirm the widespread prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the country. The discussed data suggest that the current vitamin D insufficiency in Russian population (reduced levels of 25(OH)D occurs in 50 - 94% of general population) is due to both a low level of its endogenous synthesis and insufficient intake from food : the territory of the country is located in a zone of low insolation, and at the same time, the main natural sources of vitamin D (sea fish of fatty varieties) and fortified with vitamin D products are very limited in the diet of the population. Taking measures to improve the status of vitamin D and maintaining the optimal serum levels of 25(OH)D in children and adults, adequate vitamin D intake will improve the condition of the musculoskeletal system, as well as reduce the risk of development and improve the control of some chronic diseases.
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Crow, James. "FORTIFICATION AND THE LATE ROMAN EAST: FROM URBAN WALLS TO LONG WALLS." Late Antique Archaeology 8, no. 2 (January 25, 2013): 395–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000013a.
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Fortifications are major surviving structures from the late antique world. This article demonstrates the great range of defences constructed across the East Roman Empire, beginning with a case study of the walls of Antioch based on late 18th c. engravings and revealing the scale of a major imperial 5th c. project now largely lost. The survey then reviews evidence from Asia Minor, where there is more limited evidence for new defences. On the eastern frontier, the great fortress cities are well known, but attention is drawn to fortified settlements within the frontier zone in both Roman Mesopotamia and the Balkan provinces. In the Balkan regions, however, a more elaborate response to security was the construction of a number of internal barrier walls, including the Anastasian Wall in Thrace and the newly discovered Haemus Gates. The conclusion assesses the role of fortification in the late antique world and considers the importance of providing multivocal interpretations across the frontiers of the East Roman Empire, engaging both the rich archaeological and textual sources.
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Yousefpour Naghibi, H., H. Omidvar, and M. Farahmand Nikoo. "Investigating the effects of traveling speeds and post-weld heat treatment on mechanical properties of nano-Al2O3-fortified AA6061-T6 friction stir welds." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 232, no. 10 (June 9, 2016): 816–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420716650913.
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In this study, 6 mm thick AA6061-T6 plates were friction stir welded (FSWed) at different traveling speeds while Al2O3 nano-particles were incorporated between adjoining plates. The solution heat treatment was applied on samples for one hour at 540 ℃ and subsequently aged for 18 h at 180 ℃ to investigate the effect of post-weld heat treatment on mechanical properties of specimens. All joints were investigated macro- and micro-structurally. The microstructural characterization of the FSWed samples was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy techniques. Distribution of Al2O3 nano-particles in the stir zone was studied by SEM. The specimen FSWed at 40 mm/min exhibited the most homogeneous particles distribution. Tensile properties including ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and fracture surfaces were studied. Microhardness of specimens was also investigated. Surprisingly, all specimens exhibited inferior hardness compared to the as-received AA6061-T6 alloy. This phenomenon was attributed to the dissolution of precipitates during FSW process.
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Bukanova, Roza. "The role of building fortified lines and new cities in the formation of southeastern borders of Russia in the 17th – 18th centuries." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 182 (2019): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-182-160-168.
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The study of the process of state territory expansion and the formation of state borders is a relevant problem of historical science. We set a goal: to show how this process went on in the Southeast of Russia in the 17th – 18th centuries. In the context of the regionalization of domestic historical science, frontier theory is an important methodological tool. It allows applying theoreti-cal and concrete historical scientists’ solutions to the study of the southeastern frontier of Russia obtained as a result of studying other border territories, in particular the southern and Volga fron-tier. The main results of this study define the southeast frontier and sets its geographic parameters, covering mainly the territory of Bashkiria, which has been part of Russia since the middle of the 16th century. We substantiate the role of fortress cities and fortified lines in the formation of the southeast frontier zone. We show the process of state borders formation in this region. We draw conclusion that, regardless of the construction motives, the fortress cities became a political tool for securing new lands within the Russian state, and contributed to the gradual transformation of the frontier territory into an internal region (county, governorate).
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Mizinga, Kemmy M., Thomas J. Burnett, Sharon L. Brunelle, Michael A. Wallace, and Mark R. Coleman. "Determination of Narasin in Chicken Fat: A Bridging Study Comparing the Bioautographic Method (FSIS CLG Method R22) to a Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method (AOAC Method 2011.24)." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.15-0005.
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Abstract Lilly Method AM-AA-CA-R108-AB-755, which is substantially the same as U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) Chemistry Laboratory Guidebook (CLG) method R22, is the current regulatory method for determining narasin in cattle and chicken tissues and is based on bioautography, creating a zone of inhibition of bacterial growth, with the size of the zone correlating to the amount of narasin extracted from the tissue. AOAC Method 2011.24 is an LC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method for determining narasin content from bovine, swine, or chicken tissues. It has many advantages over the regulatory method, including higher throughput, less solvent use, no use of carbon tetrachloride, a wider method range, inclusion of swine tissues, and it is less labor intensive. In this study, AOAC Method 2011.24 was compared to FSIS CLG method R22 for the determination of narasin in chicken abdominal fat. Fortified chicken-fat samples ranging from 20 to 960 ng/g and incurred chicken-fat samples ranging from 40 to 480 ng/g were assayed by both methods in triplicate. Mean accuracies for the two methods were similar, 77–110% for CLG R22 and 84–96% for AOAC Method 2011.24, and the method results showed a linear correlation. The methods differed in precision, however, with the CLG R22 method yielding 2.6–34% RSD and AOAC Method 2011.24 yielding 0.15–6.4% RSD. It is recommended that AOAC Method 2011.24–granted AOAC Official MethodSM Final Action status—be adopted as the official U.S. regulatory method.
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Rifaai, Rehab Ahmed, Nashwa Fathy El-Tahawy, and Entesar Ali Saber. "Immunohistochemical study on the effect of soft diet and omega 3-fortified soft diet on neurogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone." Egyptian Journal of Histology 34, no. 3 (September 2011): 528–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ehx.0000399683.51243.c2.
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Iwaki, Kyoko. "Japanese Theatre after Fukushima: Okada Toshiki's Current Location." New Theatre Quarterly 31, no. 1 (January 30, 2015): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x1500007x.
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Due to the lingering aftermath of a nuclear catastrophe being mostly out of sight, the peripheral victims of the Fukushima disaster were no longer able to discern the boundary between the here of the safety zone and the there of the afflicted area. What ensued after this geographical unification was psychological unity in which the harmony-conscious ethics of the Japanese were excessively fortified, formulating what is often called the code of wa (harmonious integration), which implicitly coerced all to speak from hisaisha no tachiba (the standpoint of the afflicted people). Kyoko Iwaki, a doctoral student at Goldsmiths, University of London, after fourteen years as a theatre journalist in Japan, provides in this article a socio-psychological analysis on how the code of wa materialized as the unwritten law after the catastrophe, and argues how in Current Location (Genzaichi), playwright-director Okada Toshiki grapples with this code by developing a post-Fukushima aesthetic. By pertinently using the apparatus of ‘fiction’ as a guise for relieving the audience of the code, Okada develops a theatre language that voices discord in content, yet accord in form, permitting the characters to speak both from the here and the there.
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Isaenkov, Aleksandr, Ivan Sakhno, and Svetlana Sakhno. "DEVELOPMENT OF A MODIFIED SELF-EXTENDING MIXTURE FOR INCREASING STABILITY OF ROCKS." JOURNAL of Donetsk mining institute, no. 2 (2020): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/1999-981x-2020-2-40-48.
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Purpose. Search and analysis of rational forms of bottom rock strengthening at their block-discrete structure in the conditions of intensive raising in underground mine roadways. Method. The research methods used are a comprehensive approach, which includes: laboratory research on structural models, computer processing, analysis and interpretation of the results. Results. The urgency of the direction of increasing the stability of the rocks in bottom of the mine roadways by their local directional strengthening is indicated. The method of structural modelling conducted a series of studies on the installation, which was designed and assembled for the research. The influence of different schemes of strengthening block rocks in bottom of the mine roadways on the rock raising, vertical and horizontal convergence is determined. By comparing the areas of displaced rocks, calculated using a graphical editor, a conclusion was made about the effectiveness of each of the comparative hardening schemes. As a result, the scheme of hardening is determined, which allows restraining as much as possible the displacement of rocks into the roadway cavity. Scientific novelty. As a result of research it was found that when creating a bottom of the mine roadways, which is maintained in the conditions of repeated violation of its equilibrium state, a fortified zone in the form of a straight prism with the triangle of its base facing the bottom of the roadways, the volume of rocks extruded less than for the no-action model. The given form of the strengthened zone is the most effective. Practical meaning. A new method of local strengthening of bottom rocks, which can be represented by a block inhomogeneous medium, has been developed.
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Dubovtseva, Ekaterina Nikolaevna, Lubov Lvovna Kosinskaya, and Henny Piezonka. "Analysis of the material culture and new radiocarbon dating of the Early Neolithic site of Amnya I." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201982210.
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The ancient fortified settlement of Amnya I is a unique Early Neolithic site in the northern taiga zone of Western Siberia (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, the Amnya river). It is located on a promontory and has three lines of defense and ten dwelling depressions. The structures of the excavated dwellings are very similar, though the artifact assemblage appears rather heterogeneous. We carried out a technical and technological analysis of ceramics, which showed no correlation between the texture, on the one hand, and the morphology and ornamentation of pots on the other one. Planiographic analysis of ceramics showed that vessels with comb and incising patterns are found in different dwellings, although there are objects in which both groups lie together. Various categories of stone implements (bladelets and polished arrowheads) also appear on different parts of the settlement. Most likely, the observed differences in the artefact complexes of objects are associated with the stages of the functioning of the settlement. The absolute chronology does not yet clarify the sequence of erection and existence of objects. New AMS date is probably vulnerable to a significant reservoir effect. The abundance of unsolved issues of absolute and relative chronology makes the resumption of research on this unique site urgent.
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Pascu, Marioara, and Ileana Pătru-Stupariu. "The Assessment of the Authenticity and Conservation Status of Cultural Landscapes in Southern Transylvania (Romania)." Geographies 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geographies1010002.
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The vernacular architectural style is on the verge of disappearing in Transylvania because of the depopulation of the Saxon villages of German origin as a result of massive migration to Germany. The nomination of Hărman cultural property on the UNESCO list is part of an international legal framework, and the Convention on the Vernacular Architectural Heritage protects this architectonic style because it represents the expression of a community’s culture, as well as its relations with the territory and cultural diversity. The proposed area includes a 63.47 ha perimeter of the historic centre of Hărman, consisting of a compact group of 260 houses and the entire fortified Evangelical Church. A buffer zone of 290.09 ha is included alongside this area. Thus, we propose that Hărman be nominated for the Cultural Evolutive Landscape Category under cultural criteria ii, iii, and v. The assessment of the authenticity and conservation status of Hărman cultural property was carried out by applying the following criteria: form and design, materials and substances, use and functions, and location and positioning, which apply to the tangible features of the landscape. Furthermore, the evaluation of intangible heritage was achieved by applying the following criteria: traditions, techniques and management system, language and other forms of intangible heritage, spirit, and feelings.
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Zimina, Oksana Yu, Oleg S. Sizov, and Svetlana I. Tsembalyuk. "SETTLEMENT STRATEGIES AT THE TURN OF THE BRONZE AND IRON AGES: NATURAL AND PALEOECONOMIC FACTORS (FOREST-STEPPE–SUBTAIGA ZONES IN THE TOBOL RIVER VALLEY)." Ural Historical Journal 72, no. 3 (2021): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-3(72)-50-60.
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The article describes the settlement specifics of the Itkul and Baitovo cultures population in the Tobol River region in the 8th–6th centuries BC. The settlements of the Itkul culture are confined to the areas of large drainage lakes and lake systems, they are located on sandy ridges and uplands and not obviously associated with watercourses. The majority of settlements are situated in the subtaiga zone in the interfluve of the Tura and Pyshma Rivers. There are fewer settlements in the forest-steppe area, they are located in ribbon-like forests. The Baitovo сulture sites, on the contrary, are clearly confined to the main rivers and their tributaries, they form a clearly expressed frame of settlements along the Iset and Tobol Rivers, a certain distance is maintained between many of them. These conclusions are substantiated by the vertical distribution of the sites, their confinement to water bodies, and detailed geomorphological characteristics of cultural and chronological groups of artifacts of the cultures under consideration. Summing up, main differences in the settlement systems of the Itkul and Baitovo collectives are: confinement of the Itkul culture settlements to the subtaiga zone, and the Baitovo ones — to the forest-steppe; gravitation of the Itkul settlements towards the areas of large flowing lakes and lake systems, the Baitovo settlements towards the river system; a high degree of concentration, a close interposition of weakly fortified settlements of the Itkul culture in places of their localization and the presence of a frame of equidistant and, apparently, interconnected settlements of the Baitovo culture. The settlement specifics of the Itkul and Baitovo cultures populations brought about by their origins and economic activities, as well as the natural and climatic dynamics reconstructed for the territory under consideration.
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Witbooi, Hildegard, Callistus Bvenura, Anna-Mari Reid, Namrita Lall, Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju, and Learnmore Kambizi. "The Potential Effect of Elevated Root Zone Temperature on the Concentration of Chlorogenic, Caffeic, and Ferulic acids and the Biological Activity of Some Pigmented Solanum tuberosum L. Cultivar Extracts." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 6971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156971.
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Without a doubt, potatoes play a vital food and nutrition security role in the world as more than a billion people consume this vegetable. Furthermore, the polyphenolic constituents of pigmented potato cultivars and their associated health benefits have been reported. However, the antioxidant, anticancer, and antimycobacterial activity of pigmented cultivars are scanty. Therefore, the present study explores the phenolic acids and biological activities of cv. Salad Blue (SB) and non-pigmented control (BP1) extracts. The antiproliferative activity of S. tuberosum L. against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) was investigated, as well as the ability to inhibit Mycobacterium smegmatis. Chlorogenic acid was the most prominent phenolic acid in both treatments as well as cultivars. In the current trial, 24 °C significantly increased chlorogenic acid in cv. SB and BP1. Ethanolic extracts of all the samples showed no activity at the highest test concentration of 1000 μg/mL (ciprofloxacin MIC of 0.325 μg/mL) against M. smegmatis. The antiproliferative activity of the tuber samples against HepG2 liver cells had IC50 values ranging between 267.7 ± 36.17 μg/mL and >400 μg/mL. Since the health benefits of these cultivars are highly valued, the present study provides useful information for future oncology studies, for human nutrition, as well as for how these underutilized cultivars can be fortified to improve their health benefits.
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Kaya, Tülin. "Understanding the Use of Byzantine Routes in Central Anatolia (ca. 7TH–9TH Centuries)." Studia Ceranea 9 (December 30, 2019): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.09.14.
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This paper mainly focuses on the impact of the change in the political equilibrium in the East caused by the effects of the Arab invasions on the main communication routes in Byzantine Central Anatolia. Beginning in the 640s and continuing for over 150 years, these incursions had an impact on the ways in which major routes in and through the new frontier zone were used, reflecting in part the fact that during this period the Taurus mountain range constituted the natural frontier between the Byzantines and the Arabs. The main communication routes in Central Anatolia, which lie on the northwest-southeast axis, were of importance in terms of the changing role of the main urban centres established along them, since Arab attacks were directed at both major and minor urban and fortified centres in Central Anatolia, as the Byzantine and Arab sources mention. Although the main centres such as Ancyra and Dorylaion were affected by the attacks, these and most other major cities continued to exist throughout the period in question. In this regard, the continued existence of such centres determined the ways in which the major routes of communication were used. A study of the changes in the role and functions of the cities in central Anatolia may thus help to understand the use of the main routes, based on the archaeological, i.e. building structures, ceramics, etc., and textual evidence, including that from narrative sources.
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Zhurbin, I. V. "Unfortified Settlements of the Cheptsa Culture (9th–13th Centuries): Ambiguity of Interpretation and Delimitation of Boundaries." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 49, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.1.085-093.
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Unfortified rural settlements have traditionally been detected by the presence of surface finds in tilled soil or of a cultural layer in test pits, by the conformity of the area to known landscape features, and by the absence of salient signs of defensive structures. The totality of these parameters is not always an unambiguous indicator of an unfortified settlement. Owing to intense tillage in the late 20th century, affecting many sites in Central Russia and the western Urals, their outward features have been obliterated, and erosion has resulted in a gradual displacement of habitation deposits from watersheds and slopes to negative landforms. Given these destructions and the resulting unreliability of traditional archaeological criteria, the most efficient way of revealing unfortified settlements, delineating their boundaries, and tentatively reconstructing their layouts, is to use multidisciplinary approach. This study focuses on medieval unfortified settlements in northern Udmurtia—Nizhnebogatyrskoye I, and Kushmanskoye II and III. Their outward features are virtually identical. They were explored using geophysical prospection, soil drilling, and archaeological excavations. On the basis of the results, types of settlement were reliably determined and boundaries of cultural layer were delimited. In all cases, preliminary interpretations were rejected. Kushmanskoye III is shown to be a fortified settlement, and Kushmanskoye II is likely to have been a medieval economic development zone without any structures. In the case of Nizhnebogatyrskoye I, its previously determined boundaries, deduced from the distribution area of finds and landscape features, were substantially corrected.
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ISLAM, Md M., Md A. AL MAMUN, and Md F. ALAM. "In vitro clonal propagation and evaluation of antibacterial activity of Benghal dayflower-Commelina benghalensis L." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 628–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb12310761.
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An efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of Commelina benghalensis was developed. Nodal segments were showed the superb explants in performance for shoot proliferation than other explants. On the other hand, BAP with auxin was better combination. The maximum (90.52) number of explants response and the highest (23.25) number of shoots per plant were obtained from nodal segments on MS medium fortified with 3.0 mg/l BAP+0.1 mg/l IBA. The highest shoot length (17.25 cm) was achieved on MS medium containing 3.0mg/l BAP+0.5mg/l IBA. In vitro proliferated shoots were transferred to full and half strength of MS media where 1.5 mg/l IBA on full strength of MS media was the best to fit for the maximum number (12.69) of roots formation per micro-shoot. Well rooted plantlets were transferred to soil and successfully acclimatized with 97% survival rate. Three extracts i.e. methanol, ethanol, Petroleum ether of C. benghalensis L and four concentrations of each extracts were used against five gram (+ve) and five gram (-ve) bacterial species for the screening of antibacterial activity. Ethanol extracts was the superior in performance. The susceptibility of tested pathogenic bacterial species was increasing compare with increasing of extracts concentration with few exceptions. The highest zone of inhibition was obtained against S. aureus (17.50 mm) and P. aeruginosa (17.44 mm) at 800 mg/l dose level of extracts. It was also noticed that Gram (+ve) bacterial species are more susceptible to Benghal dayflower crude extracts than Gram (-ve) bacterial species.
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Zvyagintsev, A. V., A. А. Lunev, R. S. Katsarskiy, and D. A. Shevchenko. "Strength of lime-strengthened ashand-slag materials study." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 18, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 330–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2021-18-3-330-341.
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Introduction. The article studies the strength of hardened ash-soil materials, with different ratios of pond ash, natural clay soil and lime in various proportions when adding a stabilizing additive “Sattelit”.Materials and methods. As part of the study, tests were carried out to determine the maximum density of dry soil and the optimal mixture of ash-soil materials (100% ash-and-slag mixture, 25% ash-and-slag and 75% loam and 50% ash-and-slag and 50% loam), and the subsequent determination of the ultimate strength for uniaxial compression at age seven, twenty-eight and ninety days. The samples were gaining strength in the normal hardening chamber. The samples are placed in a device for capillary water saturation of the samples.Results. As a result of the study, a regularity of the increase in the strength of the soil-ash mixtrues was revealed, depending on the amount of binder, the proportion of materials and the age of the mixture. It was also revealed that with an increase in the dosage of clay soil in the pond ash, the strength of the obtained soil-ash mixtrues sharply increases.Discussion and conclusion. The results of the studies carried out show the potential possibility of using zoological soil materials fortified with lime when installing an additional layer of the base of highways with capital or lightweight pavement on roads in the I-V road-climatic zone. However, additional research is required to determine the frost resistance and water resistance of zoological soil composites reinforced with lime.
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R., Sudha Bai, Remakanthan A., Hareesh Kumar H., and Aryakrishna U. K. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PHYTOCHEMICALS, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF TRICHOSANTHES CUCUMERINA (L.) VAR. CUCUMERINA UNDER IN VITRO CULTURE AND NATURAL CONDITIONS." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i1.22711.
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Objective: To compare the phytochemicals, antioxidative capacity and antibacterial profile of methanolic extracts of callus and naturally propagated plant species-Trichosanthes cucumerina (L.) var. cucumerina and to optimize an ideal protocol for in vitro callus and shoot induction.Methods: The sterilized seeds of Trichosanthes cucumerina (L.) var. cucumerina were inoculated in half Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium devoid of growth hormones to raise aseptic seedlings. Explants from aseptic seedlings used for callus induction in MS medium fortified with varying combinations of N6–Benzyl amino purine (BAP), 1-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2,4–Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). For in vitro soot induction, MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D, BAP and Kinetin-either alone or in combinations were employed. The callus harvested on 21st and 45th days were analyzed for a comparison of the influence of age of callus on the quantity of secondary metabolites. For a comparison with the naturally grown plant, all experiments were carried out with extracts from callus and wild plants. The antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts was evaluated by 2,2-Diphenyl-1 Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) analysis. The antibacterial activity of were screened by the agar diffusion method using pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and documented through measurement of the diameter of growth inhibition zone (IZ). Results: The results on in vitro culture indicated that MS medium with BAP (0.5 mg/l) and 2,4-D (1 mg/l) was ideal for callus induction. For shoot induction, supplementation of MS medium with BAP-0.5 mg/l, 2,4,D-1.0 mg/l and Kinetin-0.5 mg/l was found to be most favourable. Direct root induction from the callus was found to occur in medium fortified with BAP-0.5 mg/l, 2,4, D-0.5 mg/l and NAA-1.0 mg/l. The phytoconstituents quantified were alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols and terpenoids and their levels were higher in wild plant in comparison to callus. Naturally grown plant possesses higher free radical scavenging ability and ferric reducing power than callus. Results of antibacterial activity indicated that the Gram-positive strain (Staphylococcus aureus) was more sensitive than the Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The highest antibacterial activity recorded for naturally propagated plant extract against S. aureus (IZ = 13 mm) and was quite comparable with standard antibiotic cephatoxim (IZ = 20 mm) at 100mg concentration.Conclusion: Results concluded that this overexploited medicinal plant with lesser seed longevity could be successfully propagated by in vitro methods. The phytoconstituents with antioxidative and antibacterial potential were more abundant in naturally propagated plants than undifferentiated callus tissue. The extracts are potent antibacterial agents.
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Niamat, Bushra, Muhammad Naveed, Zulfiqar Ahmad, Muhammad Yaseen, Allah Ditta, Adnan Mustafa, Munazza Rafique, Riffat Bibi, Nan Sun, and Minggang Xu. "Calcium-Enriched Animal Manure Alleviates the Adverse Effects of Salt Stress on Growth, Physiology and Nutrients Homeostasis of Zea mays L." Plants 8, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8110480.
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Soil salinity and sodicity are among the main problems for optimum crop production in areas where rainfall is not enough for leaching of salts out of the rooting zone. Application of organic and Ca-based amendments have the potential to increase crop yield and productivity under saline–alkaline soil environments. Based on this hypothesis, the present study was conducted to evaluate the potential of compost, Ca-based fertilizer industry waste (Ca-FW), and Ca-fortified compost (Ca-FC) to increase growth and yield of maize under saline–sodic soil conditions. Saline–sodic soil conditions with electrical conductivity (EC) levels (1.6, 5, and 10 dS m−1) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) = 15, were developed by spiking soil with a solution containing NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4, and CaCl2. Results showed that soil salinity and sodicity significantly reduced plant growth, yield, physiological, and nutrient uptake parameters. However, the application of Ca-FC caused a remarkable increase in the studied parameters of maize at EC levels of 1.6, 5, and 10 dS m−1 as compared to the control. In addition, Ca-FC caused the maximum decrease in Na+/K+ ratio in shoot up to 85.1%, 71.79%, and 70.37% at EC levels of 1.6, 5, and 10 dS m−1, respectively as compared to the control treatment. Moreover, nutrient uptake (NPK) was also significantly increased with the application of Ca-FC under normal as well as saline–sodic soil conditions. It is thus inferred that the application of Ca-FC could be an effective amendment to enhance growth, yield, physiology, and nutrient uptake in maize under saline–sodic soil conditions constituting the novelty of this work.
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Piña-Rey, Alba, Estefanía González-Fernández, María Fernández-González, Mª Nieves Lorenzo, and Fco Javier Rodríguez-Rajo. "Climate Change Impacts Assessment on Wine-Growing Bioclimatic Transition Areas." Agriculture 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120605.
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Viticultural climatic indices were assessed for the evaluation of the meteorological variations in the requirements of wine cultivars. The applied bioclimatic indices have been widely used to provide an initial evaluation of climate change impacts on grapevine and to delineate wine regions and suitable areas for planting around the world. The study was carried out over a period of 16 years (from 2000 to 2015) in five Designation of Origin areas in Northwestern Spain located in the Eurosiberian region, the transition zone between the Eurosiberian and the Mediterranean areas, and in the Mediterranean area. In addition, the high-resolution meteorological dataset “Spain02” was applied to the bioclimatic indices for the period 1950–2095. To further assess the performance of “Spain02”, Taylor diagrams were elaborated for the different bioclimatic indices. A significant trend to an increase of the Winkler, Huglin, Night Cold Index and GSS Indices was detected in the North-western Spain, whereas slight negative trends for BBLI and GSP Indices were observed. To analyze future projections 2061–2095, data from the high-resolution dynamically downscaled daily climate simulations from EURO-CORDEX project were used. To further assess the performance of Spain02, Taylor diagrams were elaborated for the different bioclimatic indices. A trend to an increase of the Winkler, Huglin, Night Cold Index and GSP Indices was detected in Northwestern Spain, whereas slight negative trends for BBLI and GSP Indices were observed. Our results showed that climatic conditions in the study region could variate for the crop in the future, more for Mediterranean than Eurosiberian bioclimatic area. Due to an advance in the phenological events or the vintage data, more alcohol-fortified wines and variations in the acidity level of wines could be expected in Northwestern Spain, these processes being most noticeable in the Mediterranean area. The projections for the BBLI and GSP Indices will induce a decrease in the pressure of the mildew attacks incidence in the areas located at the Eurosiberian region and the nearest transition zones. Projections showed if the trend of temperature increase continues, some cultural practice variations should be conducted in order to preserve the grape cultivation suitability in the studied area.
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Battese, George E., Hina Nazli, and Melinda Smale. "Factors influencing the productivity and efficiency of wheat farmers in Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 7, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-12-2013-0042.
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Purpose Scientists in Pakistan are currently developing biofortified wheat varieties to address widespread zinc deficiency, especially among women and children in poorer rural households. The purpose of this paper is to understand how the productivity and efficiency of small-scale and marginal wheat farmers can be improved so that their households may benefit from zinc-fortified varieties. Design/methodology/approach The authors estimate a stochastic frontier production function model with data from a survey of wheat farmers conducted in Punjab, Pakistan in 2011. Findings The productivities of the newer varieties of wheat were significantly greater than the older varieties, as expected. Farmers growing wheat in the rice-wheat and cotton-wheat zones tend to be more efficient than farmers from the mixed zone. Farmers who wait to adopt a leading variety are not less efficient than earlier adopters, but the longer the time until they switch varieties again, the more inefficient is their wheat production. Older farmers tend to be more technically inefficient than younger farmers, but the effect of education is not statistically significant. Wheat farmers with access to extension advice are more efficient. Farmers whose land suffered from severe salinity or severe toxicity are less productive and less efficient than others. Research limitations/implications The authors find no differences in technical inefficiency effects associated with growing the four most popular varieties, either grown alone or with other varieties – suggesting that no single leading variety should be targeted for biofortification. In contrast to some earlier studies, the authors find that small-scale farmers tend to be less technically efficient. This result underscores the need to specifically target this group in promotional programs, and also to complement these with reinforcement of agronomic recommendations. Originality/value This project is part of the HarvestPlus program to determine the appropriate variety or varieties to biofortify with zinc so that Pakistan’s population can have better health and well-being. Further, the results show that there it is desirable to undertake further studies to improve the productivity and efficiency of wheat farmers in the Punjab, Pakistan to increase the health and well-being of the population in general.
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Кorochkova, Olga N. "Information Achievements of Prehistory in the Panorama of Archaeological Cultures in the Urals and Western Siberia." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 2 (2021): 549–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.214.
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Our focus is the type of responses the population of the taiga zone of the Urals and Western Siberia gave to cognitive challenges, as well as dynamics and rhythms of information breakthroughs of the Stone-Early Iron Age. The existence of multi-directional migration corridors indicated formation of an extremely diverse anthropological, linguistic and cultural composition of the taiga pioneer population, thus creating natural communication barriers in the context of severe inter-group competition for resources. Against this background, in the Neolithic (7th–5th millenniums BC), a practice of building fortified settlements, hill-forts, and “sacrificial hills” became widespread — and that was not typical of hunters and fishermen. Erection of those complex and labor-consuming structures required mobilization of a significant number of people, as well as resources and expertise, and contributed to group consolidation in a new territory. It was that type of dramatic disruption that occurred at the turn of the 3rd and 2nd millenniums BC. Considerable changes in the way of life of the taiga population came as a direct result of the “metallurgical revolution”. The development of independent metallurgical centers in the Middle Urals traditional ideas about the inability of the population of the appropriating lifestyle to adopt transformative strategies. The northernmost regions became another watershed in the region. The turn of the Eras was marked by development in reindeer herding, which was accompanied by a series of discoveries in the fields of food production, transport development, communications, trade, and symbolic activities. Archaeological data directly indicate the formation of adequate responses and information breakthroughs to the cognitive challenges of the high latitudes of Eurasia, and explain the variety of forms of socio- ideological adaptations and evolutionary alternatives.
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V. G., Meenu Krishnan, Greeshma Murukan, Aswathy J. M., Bosco Lawarence, and Murugan K. "MICROBICIDAL POTENTIALITY OF PURIFIED ANTHOCYANIN FROM IN VITRO CULTURE OF CLERODENDRON INFORTUNATUM L. AGAINST SELECTED PATHOGENS." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i6.18649.
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Objective: Clerodendron infortunatum L. is a widely used medicinal herb over centuries for curing many skin-borne disorders. The present study was designed to validate the tribal knowledge by evaluating antimicrobial potential of purified anthocyanin extracted from in vitro cell suspension culture.Methods: The explants were inoculated on murashige and skoog (MS) medium mixed with various combinations of 2, 4-D a+BAP for callus induction. Green compact callus was initiated within 30 d from the explants on MS medium fortified with benzylaminopurine (BAP) (2.0 mg/l)+2, 4-D (0.5 mg/l). Subsequently, anthocyanin was triggered from the compact callus by subculturing in the medium containing 2, 4-D and Kinetin. Cell suspension culture was also developed. Anthocyanin production was enhanced by elicitation using salicylic acid and others. Three chromatographic methods such as solid phase extraction by Sepharose C18 column, Oasis-MCX and Amberlite XAD 7+Sephadex LH 120 sorbents were used to purify the in vitro synthesized anthocyanin from the cell cultures. HPLC and molar absorptivity assay were carried to check the purity. Antimicrobial analysis was also carried using standard protocols to check minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum killing concentration (MKC).Results: The mean purity values obtained by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPLC) were 90.9%±1.9, 80.60%±2.3 for Oasis MCX, Amberlite XAD-7+Sephadex LH-20 column respectively. However, the purity by molar absorptivity was found to be less. HPLC chromatogram revealed 12 fractions of anthocyanin. Inhibition zone diameter, MIC and MKC values obtained for the purified anthocyanin revealed its antimicrobial potentiality but at different levels among the selected bacteria and fungi. C. albicans, S. aureus, P. aerugenosa showed significant values followed by MRSA, E. coli and A. flavus. The results are comparable with the synthetic antibiotics. However, E. faecalis was more resistance. Mode of action was confirmed from the results of intracellular potassium leakage and bacterial membrane integrity analysis.Conclusion: Thus, the study confirms the efficacy of anthocyanin as natural antimicrobial and suggests the possibility of employing it as drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by the pathogens.
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Jungjohann, Svenja, Ekene Onyeagba, Adeyemi Opeoluwa, Charles Nwachukwu, Michael Ojo, and Mduduzi Mbuya. "Methods and Outcomes of an Assessment of Foods Available to the Nigerian Population That Are Compliant with the Mandatory National Vitamin A Fortification Standards." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_054.
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Abstract Objectives The fortification program in the Nigeria can only be effective if the food brands consumed by most of the population comply with the vitamin A fortification standards. We conducted two market assessments designed to, (1) quantify the fortification quality (extent to which levels of fortification align with food standards) of key food brands, (2) establish the degree of food brand penetration into Nigerian markets, and (3) estimate the market share weighted availability of fortified oil, margarine, & sugar in Nigeria. Methods We visited 3500 retail outlets across zones in Nigeria to ascertain oil, margarine & sugar availability and volumes sold. In parallel, government regulators collected 10 samples from different batches of the main packaged food brands across 20 market hubs. The vitamin A content was quantified using HPLC, the average content by brand computed, and compared to the national fortification standards considering labs’ measurement uncertainties. The brand level results were weighted using the availability and market volume data to estimate fortified food coverage in the country and the proportion of the fortified food volume. Results We found 98% of margarine, 86% of oil and 85% of sugar available in Nigeria to be fortified with vitamin A. In comparison, 96%, 71% and 87% of all brands analyzed, respectively were fortified. The main 3 margarine brands (of 56) make up 90% of the margarine market and are fortified according to standard (min. 7.5 mg/kg). The main 3 oil brands (of 145) represent 75% of the oil market and are also fortified to standard (min. 6 mg/kg). The main 3 sugar brands (of 39) making up 70% of the sugar market are fortified but below the standard minimum (7.8 mg/kg). The main 3 main brands are available across all 6 geographic zones, except for the second and third sugar brands that are available in 4–5 zones. Conclusions Focus on fortification quality improvements should be directed mainly to sugar fortification. Data on brand availability and penetration permits (a) focused performance monitoring towards brands and producers reaching most consumers and geographic areas at greatest need, (b) extrapolation of brand fortification quality to estimate epidemiologic risk and benefit in the population that can be linked to one food or across multiple food vehicles providing the same micronutrients. Funding Sources Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Belorybkin, Gennadiy N., Tatiana V. Osipova, and Ariel S. Sobol. "Spatial Analysis of the Zolotarevka Fortified Settlement Structures." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 4, no. 34 (December 15, 2020): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2020.4.34.159.169.
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The article examines the structures of the Zolotarevka fortified settlement (a medieval fortress in the upper reaches of the Sura River, Penza region), both from the points of view of building technologies and of spatial analysis. The zones of residential buildings and zones of economic and industrial structures were identified. The buildings themselves were located chaotically along the territory of the fortified settlement but were tied to internal roads. The average size of residential buildings was 4×3 m, and the economic – 2×2 m. Usually the pockets for cooking were located next to the side and fenced with wattle. Among the features two long structures (barracks) with a rammed platform between them may be singled out. The study of these materials also made it possible to identify the traditions of Ancient Russia and Volga Bulgaria. Particular attention is paid by the authors to the defensive structures that were formed over the years from 10th to 13th centuries and retain a number of unique elements. First of all, these were trapping pits located in a checkerboard pattern on the floor side of the settlement as well as coating the ditch with clay and internal paths along the rampart. To summarize, these facts make the Zolotarevka fortified settlement a reference monument of the medieval history of Eastern Europe.
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Field, Julie S. "Land tenure, competition and ecology in Fijian prehistory." Antiquity 79, no. 305 (September 2005): 586–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00114528.
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How do prehistoric settlement patterns relate to competition for resources? The distribution of fortified and open sites provides one indication, but using an example from Fiji, the author shows that land holding recorded in historic times may also provide a fossil of earlier competition. Comparing the land parcels and the fortified sites with the ecological zones showed that it was the richer – but less reliable – lower parts of the Sigatoka valley that were most fought over, leaving a patchwork of small defended claims, while the upper areas supported larger, co-operative land units.
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Berlina, S. V., and O. Yu Zimina. "Housebuilding of the Itkul Culture population in the subtaiga — forest-steppe Trans-Urals." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3 (50) (August 28, 2020): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2020-50-3-5.
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This paper presents the results of the analysis of housebuilding tradition and graphical reconstruction of nine buildings from three stages of the eastern branch of the Itkul Culture (end of the 8th — 6th c. BC): Itkul (end of the 8th — first half of the 7th c. BC); Karagay-Aulsky (second half of the 7th c. BC); and Vak-Kurovsky (6th c. BC). The fortified settlements, whose buildings have been studied, are located in the valley of the Tobol River (subtaiga — northern forest-steppe zone, Western Siberia): Karagai Aul 1; Karagai Aul 4; Vak-Kur 2; and Sanatoriy Lesnye Gorki 1. By means of constrained reconstruction based on the analysis of planigraphy and stratigraphy of the excavation site, basic elements of the building frame, viz., the postholes marking the boundary and belonging to the building structure, were identified. Then the specifics of the building frame, techniques employed in construc-tion of walls and roof, and building materials were determined. In the final step of the reconstruction, a series of drawings of the buildings were created. As a result of the analysis of the building remains, a long-lasting house-building tradition of the western Itkul Culture population has been recorded — the use of a pile-dwelling structure built on the day surface. In terms of the shape, elongated sub-rectangular and polygonal-rounded dwellings have been identified. The wall framework consisted of two pillars joined by a beam at the top. These modules consti-tuted perimeter of the structure and were held together by a second row of joists. The framework of the walls and the ridge beam were fixed to each other by scaffold poles placed on the ridge beam at one end and on the wall joist at the other end. The space between the frame elements was filled with tilted timber logs, whole or split lengthwise, and the walls at the top would be insulated with bark and hay or have a soil filler. The roof of the buil-dings was mainly double-slope and a four-slope roof has been recorded only in one instance. The exit from the building was located in one of the walls, usually the short (face) wall. Annexes (lofts?) have been recorded for four buildings. The pile-dwelling structures of above-ground type have a broad range of territorial and chronological analogies; although in the Tobol River region at the turn of the Bronze to the Early Iron Age they appeared in a developed form. The origins of this phenomenon in the studied territory can be established by further research.
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Berlina, S. V., S. I. Tsembalyuk, and A. S. Yakimov. "Structural and technical characteristics of the fortification system of the Dikaya Yama hillfort of the Early Iron Age in the Middle Tobol River area." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3(54) (August 27, 2021): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-54-3-7.
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The paper reports the results of the studies of the fortification system of the Early Iron Age Dikaya Yama hill-fort situated in the Middle Tobol River region of the Western Siberian forest-steppe zone. The hillfort was built by the population of the Sargatka Culture, and it is dated to the 3rd c. BC — 1st c. AD. The defence lines at the junc-tion of two adjacent fortified platforms have been studied. It has been determined that the earthwork of the first platform was built up from turfen blocks; the presence of traces of postholes suggests that the earthwork was reinforced with a wooden-frame wall — a wattle fence. The ditch between the platforms had a trapezoidal shape with the size of 3.2–4 m of the upper part and 1.2–1.6 m of the lower part. The soil from the ditch was placed into the mound of the rampart of the second platform. The mathematical analysis of the volume of earth making the mound of the rampart allowed establishing its height of 2.0 m. Analysis of the stratigraphy and planigraphy re-vealed the remains of a frame structure set on the rampart. The wattle fence on top of the rampart and the para-pet along it have been reconstructed. Moreover, there have been identified the remains of a frame-and-pillar structure installed into the body of the rampart, which was aimed to strengthen the mound and prevent untimely slipping. A graphic reconstruction of the appearance of the fortifications existed on the studied site has been cre-ated. Carcass fortifications of the wattle fence type, a wall constructed in “zaplot” technique, set on the rampart, have analogies in the Early Iron Age hillforts of the Tobol-Irtysh interfluve: Kolovskoe, Rafailovskoe, Ak-Tau, and Pavlinovo. There existed a tradition of mounting a palisade into a ditch-trench — such structures have been re-corded at the hillforts of Borovushka, Likhachevskoe, Bochanetskoe, Inberen 4 and Rozanovo, Mar'ino Ushchel'ye 4 and Malo-Kazakbaevskoe. The fortification system of the hillfort of Dikaya Yama, which, structurally, is represented by the earthwork ramparts on top of which there were mounted wooden walls in the technique of the wattle fence, is consistent with the traditional scheme of the fortifications of the Early Iron Age population. The question of simultaneous or sequential building of the platforms of the hillfort will be addressed in future work. However, the unified planning solution in organizing forms of the fortification structures implies, in our opinion, preliminary design of the whole settlement and its construction at one time.
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Degryse, Fien, Roslyn Baird, Rodrigo C. da Silva, Christopher B. Holzapfel, Claudinei Kappes, Monica Tysko, and Michael J. McLaughlin. "Sulfur Uptake from Fertilizer Fortified with Sulfate and Elemental S in Three Contrasting Climatic Zones." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071035.
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Field trials with labeled fertilizers can be used to provide information on fertilizer efficiency, residual value, and nutrient fate. We assessed the uptake from elemental S (ES) and sulfate S (SO4-S) in S-fortified monoammonium phosphate fertilizers by various crops at three sites in Argentina, Brazil, and Canada. The S sources were labeled with 34S, and the 34S abundance in the plant tissue was analyzed at an early stage and at maturity over two consecutive years. At the sites in Argentina and Canada, the recovery of ES in the crop was smaller than that of SO4-S in the first year, while the opposite was true in the second year. At the Brazilian site, the recovery of ES was similar to that of SO4-S in the first year, but higher in the second year. In the Argentina and Canada sites, the cumulative recovery of SO4-S was >65% and that of ES was 20−25%. In the Brazilian site, the cumulative recovery of SO4-S was 9% and that of ES 16%. The higher recovery of ES than of SO4-S in the Brazilian site was attributed to leaching of added SO4-S and relatively fast oxidation of ES due to the warm climate. These results suggest that ES may be more suitable than SO4-S as a fertilizer S source in warm humid climates, while inclusion of SO4-S in the fertilizer is recommended in colder climates as slow oxidation limits the initial availability of ES.
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Morlock, Gertrud E., Julia Heil, Valérie Bardot, Loïc Lenoir, César Cotte, and Michel Dubourdeaux. "Effect-Directed Profiling of 17 Different Fortified Plant Extracts by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Combined with Six Planar Assays and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051468.
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An effect-directed profiling method was developed to investigate 17 different fortified plant extracts for potential benefits. Six planar effect-directed assays were piezoelectrically sprayed on the samples separated side-by-side by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Multipotent compounds with antibacterial, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, AChE, tyrosinase and/or β-glucuronidase-inhibiting effects were detected in most fortified plant extracts. A comparatively high level of antimicrobial activity was observed for Eleutherococcus, hops, grape pomace, passiflora, rosemary and Eschscholzia. Except in red vine, black radish and horse tail, strong enzyme inhibiting compounds were also detected. Most plants with anti-α-glucosidase activity also inhibited β-glucosidase. Green tea, lemon balm and rosemary were identified as multipotent plants. Their multipotent compound zones were characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry to be catechins, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid and gallic acid. The results pointed to antibacterial and enzymatic effects that were not yet known for plants such as Eleutherococcus and for compounds such as cynaratriol and caffeine. The nontarget effect-directed profiling with multi-imaging is of high benefit for routine inspections, as it provides comprehensive information on the quality and safety of the plant extracts with respect to the global production chain. In this study, it not only confirmed what was expected, but also identified multipotent plants and compounds, and revealed new bioactivity effects.
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Borzunov, V. A. "ZOTINO III: AN EARLY IRON AGE METALLURGICAL CENTER IN THE TRANS-URALS." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, no. 3 (September 21, 2018): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.066-074.
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In 1974 and 1977, an archaeological expedition from the Ural State University excavated part (441 m2 ) of a fortifi ed Early Iron Age manufacturing site on the Bagaryak River near Zotino, in the forest zone of the Trans-Urals foothills. The site, measuring 80 m by 50–66 m (total area, 3800 m2 ), is located on a 40–43 m high cliff. Its northeastern inland side is protected by a low stone and earthen wall, preserved to the height of 0.75 m, and is delimited by a shallow outer drainage ditch. The single entrance is ~2 m wide. Under the wall, there is a thin layer of buried soil with fragments of the Itkul ceramics. Inside the wall, carbonaceous sandy loam, pieces of calx, and charred remains of wooden structures were found. Our reconstruction suggests that the original 2 m wide wall consisted of two rows of logs and a built-in square tower ~3.0 m by 2.6 m. The base of the walls and tower were strengthened with rubble, and its outer face was enforced with limestone slabs. Near the wall and along the northwestern edge of the site’s inner space, remains of three adobe platforms for processing copper and iron were identifi ed, two dug-in ovens, a utility pit and, apparently, remains of an adobe melting furnace. This is the easternmost and latest (400–100 BC) seasonal fortifi ed metallurgical center of Itkul—an autochthonous culture in the forest zone of the eastern Ural Mountains. In the forest-steppe east and south of it, on the lower reaches of the Sinara and Karabolka rivers, the westernmost fortresses built by the Gorokhovo herders (500–100 BC) are situated—the likely source of the Itkul fortifi cation tradition.
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Dhawi, Faten, Hossam S. El-Beltagi, Esmat Aly, and Ahmed M. Hamed. "Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities and Mineral Content of Buffalo Yoghurt Fortified with Fenugreek and Moringa oleifera Seed Flours." Foods 9, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091157.
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Recently, there is an increasing demand for functional yoghurts by consumer, especially those produced through the incorporation of food of plant origin or its bioactive components. The current research was devoted to formulating functional buffalo yoghurt through the addition of 0.1 and 0.2% of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed flour (F1 and F2) and Moringa oleifera seed flour (M1 and M2). The effects of fortification were evaluated on physicochemical, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AOA), the viability of yoghurt starter, and sensory acceptability of yoghurts during cold storage. Moringa oleifera seed flour had higher contents of TPC (140.12 mg GAE/g) and AOA (31.30%) as compared to fenugreek seed flour (47.4 mg GAE/g and 19.1%, respectively). Values of TPC and AOA significantly increased in fortified yoghurts, and M2 treatment had the highest values of TPC (31.61, 27.29, and 25.69 mg GAE/g) and AOA (89.32, 83.5, and 80.35%) at 1, 7, and 14 days of storage, respectively. M2 showed significantly higher antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp. and the zones of inhibition were 12.65, 13.14, 17.23 and 14.49 mm, respectively. On the other hand, control yoghurt showed the lowest antibacterial activity and the zones of inhibition were (4.12, 5.21, 8.55, and 8.39 mm against E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp., respectively). Incorporation of 0.1% and 0.2% of moringa seed flour (M1 and M2) led to a higher content of Ca, P, K, and Fe and lower content of Mg and Zn as compared to F1 and F2, respectively. Thus, it could be concluded that fenugreek and Moringa oleifera seed flour can be exploited in the preparation of functional novel yoghurt.
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Harrison, R. M., and N. Christie et al. "Excavations at Amorium: 1992 Interim Report." Anatolian Studies 43 (December 1993): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642972.
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August 1992 marked the sixth season of survey and excavation at the east Phrygian site of Amorium, located 170 km. south-west of Ankara. Excavation has so far sampled only a tiny part of what was in Roman and Byzantine times an extensive urban site, but results have consistently revealed that an exciting range of data can be drawn from this largely unexplored centre. Indeed, despite evident modern robbing for stone, the trenched areas have revealed that substantial zones may remain archaeologically intact.The ancient site of Amorium comprised two distinct fortified zones: a compact upper town, and a larger lower town, part of which is now overlain by the modern village of Hisarköy. A particular aim of the excavations so far carried out at Amorium has been to define the relationship between these two urban areas in the overall occupational sequence, with special interest placed on elucidating the transitional phase from the Early to Middle Byzantine period—a period in Amorium's long history which is fairly well documented by both Byzantine and Arab sources.