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Nofre, David. "The Politics of Early Programming Languages." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 51, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 379–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2021.51.3.379.
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There probably has never been such a controversial programming language as Algol. In the early 1960s the disciplinary success of the so-called Algol project in helping to forge the discipline of computer science was not matched by a significant adoption of the Algol language, in any of its three versions. This contrast is even more striking when considering the contemporary success of IBM’s Fortran, a language that, like Algol, was also conceived for scientific computation, but unlike Algol, initially only available for IBM computers. Through extensive archival research, this article shows how the relentless pursuit of a still better language that came to dominate the agenda of the Algol project brought to the fore the tension between the research-driven dimension of the project and the goal of developing a reliable programming language. Such a strong research-oriented agenda increased IBM’s doubts about a project that the firm already felt little urge to support. Yet IBM did not want to appear as obstructing the development of either Algol or Cobol, even if these “common languages” posed a clear risk to the firm’s marketing model. The US Department of Defense’s endorsement of Cobol and the rising popularity of Algol in Europe convinced IBM to push for the use of Fortran in Western Europe in order to protect the domestic market. IBM’s action in support of Fortran reminds us of the power imbalances that have shaped computer science.
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Cheng, H. H. "Extending C and FORTRAN for Design Automation." Journal of Mechanical Design 117, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826691.
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The CH programming language is designed to be a superset of C. CH bridges the gap between C and FORTRAN; it encompasses all the programming capabilities of FORTRAN 77 and consists of features of many other programming languages and software packages. Unlike other general-purpose programming languages, CH is designed to be especially suitable for applications in mechanical systems engineering. Because of our research interests, many programming features in CH have been implemented for design automation, although they are useful in other applications as well. In this paper we will describe these new programming features for design automation, as they are currently implemented in CH in comparison with C and FORTRAN 77.
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Foster, I. T., and K. M. Chandy. "FORTRAN M - A Language for Modular Parallel Programming." Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 26, no. 1 (April 1995): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jpdc.1995.1044.
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Raman, K. V. "Some Features of Java Language Illustrated through Examples from Chemistry." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 1, no. 2 (July 3, 2003): 22–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.2.5.
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Computer programming has been used effectively by theoretical chemists and organic chemists to solve various types of problem in chemistry. Initially the languages used for computations in chemistry were FORTRAN and BASIC. Later the Pascal language was used for solving problems in chemistry and physics. Recently the languages C and C++ and Java have been used to solve problems in chemistry. In this paper I will illustrate features of C, C++ choosing examples from chemistry. Computer programming has been used effectively by theoretical chemists and organic chemists to solve various types of problem in chemistry. Initially the languages used for computations in chemistry were FORTRAN and BASIC. Later the Pascal language was used for solving problems in chemistry and physics. Recently the languages C and C++ and Java have been used to solve problems in chemistry. In this paper I will illustrate features of C, C++ choosing examples from chemistry. Some examples presented in this these languages are Program to calculate reduced mass of homo diatomic or hetero diatomic Program to calculate the molecular weight of a tetra atomic system ABCD Program to calculate NMR frequencies of spin 1/2 nuclei only Program to calculate NMR and ESR frequencies The examples presented in Java 2 are Program to calculate unit cell dimension of a crystal Program to generate the chair form and boat form of cyclohexane. The examples presented in this monograph will help researchers in theoretical chemistry and organic chemistry to develop their own software.
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Schreiber, Robert. "High Performance Fortran, Version 2." Parallel Processing Letters 07, no. 04 (December 1997): 437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626497000425.
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This paper introduces the ideas that underly the data-parallel language High Performance Fortran (HPF) and the new ideas in version 2 of HPF. It first reviews HPF's key language elements. It discusses the meaning of data parallelism and the limitations of HPF version 1 as a data-parallel programming language. The second part of the paper is a review of the development of version 2 of HPF. The extended language, under development in 1996, includes a richer data mapping capability; an extension to the independent loop that allows reduction operations in the loop range; a means for directing the mapping of computation as well as data; and a way to specify concurrent execution of several parallel tasks on disjoint subsets of processors.
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Reina, Reina, and Josef Bernadi Gautama. "Perbandingan Bubble Sort dengan Insertion Sort pada Bahasa Pemrograman C dan Fortran." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v4i2.2553.
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Sorting is a basic algorithm studied by students of computer science major. Sorting algorithm is the basis of other algorithms such as searching algorithm, pattern matching algorithm. Bubble sort is a popular basic sorting algorithm due to its easiness to be implemented. Besides bubble sort, there is insertion sort. It is lesspopular than bubble sort because it has more difficult algorithm. This paper discusses about process time between insertion sort and bubble sort with two kinds of data. First is randomized data, and the second is data of descending list. Comparison of process time has been done in two kinds of programming language that is C programming language and FORTRAN programming language. The result shows that bubble sort needs more time than insertion sort does.
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Brush, Denise. "Should I throw out these old COBOL books?" Library Hi Tech News 31, no. 8 (September 30, 2014): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lhtn-07-2014-0060.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance to librarians about whether to keep or withdraw books on pre-Internet computer programming languages. Design/methodology/approach – For each of the programming languages considered, this article provides historical background and an assessment of current academic library collection needs. Findings – Many older languages (COBOL, FORTRAN, C, Lisp, Prolog, and Ada) are still in use and need reliable sources available for reference. Additionally, books about obsolete languages have educational value due to their influence on the development on newer languages such as C++ and Java. Practical applications – This information will be useful to academic librarians who want to make the best choices about keeping or withdrawing computer programming books. Originality/value – Most librarians responsible for managing computer science collections do not have a computer programming background, so they do not know which older languages are still important.
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Galassi, Giuseppe, and Richard V. Mattessich. "Some Clarification to the Evolution of the Electronic Spreadsheet." Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jeta-51114.
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ABSTRACT As early as 1961 Mattessich suggested (in an article in The Accounting Review) to use budget simulation in form of a computerized spreadsheet. This was followed up by him in a mathematical model, outlined in his book Accounting and Analytical Methods (Mattessich 1964a) with a corresponding computer program (in FORTRAN IV on mainframe computers), including illustrations in a companion volume (Simulation of the Firm through a Budget Computer Program, Mattessich 1964b). Five years later (in 1969) Rene Pardo and Remy Landau co-presented “LANPAR” (LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random) at Random Corporation. This electronic spreadsheet type was also used on mainframe computers for budgeting at Bell Canada, AT&T, Bell operating companies, and General Motors. In 1978, Dan Bricklin and Robert Frankston introduced VisiCalc, the first commercialized spreadsheet program for personal desktop (Apple) computers. This program became the trailblazer for future developments of electronic spreadsheets.
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Piekarska, W., M. Kubiak, Z. Saternus, and K. Rek. "Computer Modelling of Thermomechanical Phenomena in Pipes Welded using a Laser Beam." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0156.
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Abstract This study concerns numerical modelling and computer simulation of thermomechanical phenomena accompanying spiral welding of pipes made of stainless steel X5CrNi18-10 using a laser beam. Based on Abaqus FEA software, 3D numerical analysis was performed. Power distribution of spirally moving heat source was implemented into additional DFLUX subroutine, written in Fortran programming language. Thermomechanical properties of steel changing with temperature were taken into account in the analysis. The efficiency of material melting by different welding sources as well as the influence of heat load on the shape of melted zone, deformation of welded pipe and residual stress were examined.
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Mattson, Timothy G. "The Efficiency of Linda for General Purpose Scientific Programming." Scientific Programming 3, no. 1 (1994): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/401086.
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Linda (Linda is a registered trademark of Scientific Computing Associates, Inc.) is a programming language for coordinating the execution and interaction of processes. When combined with a language for computation (such as C or Fortran), the resulting hybrid language can be used to write portable programs for parallel and distributed multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) computers. The Linda programming model is based on operations that read, write, and erase a virtual shared memory. It is easy to use, and lets the programmer code in a very expressive, uncoupled programming style. These benefits, however, are of little value unless Linda programs execute efficiently. The goal of this article is to demonstrate that Linda programs are efficient making Linda an effective general purpose tool for programming MIMD parallel computers. Two arguments for Linda's efficiency are given; the first is based on Linda's implementation and the second on a range of case studies spanning a complete set of parallel algorithm classes.
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Lee, Ang Wee, Nayef Mohamed Ghasem, and Mohamed Azlan Hussain. "Utilization of Mathematical Software Packages in Chemical Engineering Research." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50180.
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Using Fortran taken as the starting point, we are now on the sixth decade of high-level programming applications. Among the programming languages available, computer algebra systems (CAS) appear to be a good choice in chemical engineering can be applied easily. Until the emergence of CAS, the assistance from a specialized group for large-scale programming is justified. Nowadays, it is more effective for the modern chemical engineer to rely on his/her own programming ability for problem solving. In the present paper, the abilities of Polymath, Maple, Matlab, Mathcad, and Mathematica in handling differential equations are illustrated for differential-algebraic equations, large system of nonlinear differential equations, and partial differential equations. The programming of solutions with these CAS are presented, contrasted, and discussed in relation to chemical engineering problems. Keywords: Computer algebra systems (CAS),computer simulation,Mathcad, Mathematica,Mathlab and numerical methods.
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Watanobe, Yutaka, and Nikolay Mirenkov. "Algorithmic Transparency of Large-Scale *AIDA Programs." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 30, no. 09 (September 2020): 1263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194020500345.
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Programming in pictures is an approach where pictures and moving pictures are used as super-characters to represent the features of computational algorithms and data structures, as well as for explaining the models and application methods involved. *AIDA is a computer language that supports programming in pictures. This language and its environment have been developed and promoted as a testbed for various innovations in information technology (IT) research and implementation, including exploring the compactness of the programs and their adaptive software systems, and obtaining better understanding of information resources. In this paper, new features of the environment and methods of their implementation are presented. They are considered within a case study of a large-scale module of a nuclear safety analysis system to demonstrate that *AIDA language is appropriate for developing efficient codes of serious applications and for providing support, based on folding/unfolding techniques, enhancing the readability, maintainability and algorithmic transparency of programs. Features of this support and the code efficiency are presented through the results of a computational comparison with a FORTRAN equivalent.
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Hunt, John A. "Computer-aided parallel EELS techniques: acquisition, processing, & imaging." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 398–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100153968.
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The recent commercial introduction of the parallel detection electron energy-loss spectrometer has undoubtedly made electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) more viable as a technique for routine microanalysis. Additionally, the increased recording efficiency of parallel EELS (PEELS) warrants the use of more involved acquisition and processing techniques than was necessary, or even possible with serial EELS. This increased complexity places greater demands on the computer systems controlling data acquisition. Multichannel analyzers systems with small resources and limited programming facilities are not capable of exploiting the full capabilities of the PEELS spectrometer.Preliminary efforts of the author with the Gatan PEELS spectrometer were concentrated on development of a flexible acquisition system at National Institutes of Health. Hardware control is performed through machine-language drivers called from high-level languages (HLL) such as FORTRAN and C. The software drivers and hardware were designed to minimize processor involvement in the data collection process, resulting in the capability to collect data while processing continues within the parent HLL. This design simplifies the HLL program structure and minimizes data collection dead time.
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FRADET, PASCAL, and JULIEN MALLET. "Compilation of a specialized functional language for massively parallel computers." Journal of Functional Programming 10, no. 6 (November 2000): 561–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796800003816.
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We propose a parallel specialized language that ensures portable and cost-predictable implementations on parallel computers. The language is basically a first-order, recursion-less, strict functional language equipped with a collection of higher-order functions or skeletons. These skeletons apply on (nested) vectors and can be grouped into four classes: computation, reorganization, communication and mask skeletons. The compilation process is described as a series of transformations and analyses leading to SPMD-like functional programs which can be directly translated into real parallel code. The language restrictions enforce a programming discipline whose benefit is to allow a static, symbolic and accurate cost analysis. The parallel cost takes into account both load balancing and communications, and can be statically evaluated even when the actual size of vectors or the number of processors are unknown. It is used to automatically select the best data distribution among a set of standard distributions. Interestingly, this work can be seen as a cross-fertilization between techniques developed within the FORTRAN parallelization, skeleton and functional programming communities.
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Domański, Tomasz, Wiesława Piekarska, Marcin Kubiak, Zbigniew Saternus, and Dorota Goszczyńska-Króliszewska. "Numerical simulations of progressive hardening by using ABAQUS FEA software." MATEC Web of Conferences 157 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815702007.
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The paper concerns numerical simulations of progressive hardening include phase transformations in solid state of steel. Abaqus FEA software is used for numerical analysis of temperature field and phase transformations. Numerical subroutines, written in fortran programming language are used in computer simulations where models of the distribution of movable heat source, kinetics of phase transformations in solid state as well as thermal and structural strain are implemented. Model for evaluation of fractions of phases and their kinetics is based on continuous heating diagram and continuous cooling diagram. The numerical analysis of thermal fields, phase fractions and strain associated progressive hardening of elements made of steel were done.
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Zinman, Gregory. "Nam June Paik's Etude 1 and the Indeterminate origins of Digital Media Art." October 164 (May 2018): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00321.
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This essay describes the discovery and significance of Etude 1 (1967), a previously unknown work by media artist Nam June Paik. Composed at Bell Labs and written in an early version of the computer-programming language FORTRAN, Etude 1 stands as one of the earliest works of digital art—though whether Etude 1 was intended to be a film, the “computer opera” that Paik mentions elsewhere in his writings, or some other kind of art work altogether. By exploring Etude 1's uncertain status, as well as more conceptual indeterminacies concerning the relationship between image and code, music and media, and the analog and the digital, this essay demonstrates how such indefinite artifacts allow for a rethinking of cinema's digital past, film's place in computational media, and the nature of the archive.
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Aini, S. S., Sahari B. Barkawi, Aidy Ali, A. A. Nuraini, A. A. Faieza, Tuan Hafandi Tuan Ismail, M. Shahril, et al. "Introducing Fatigue Contour Plot in LS-Pre Post LSDYNA Finite Element Crash Simulation Software." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.275.
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In this study, a computer program for calculating fatigue life of component is developed and introduced in LS-PrePost software. The program is written in Fortran programming language and the fatigue life equations used is taken from well-published literature. The materials covered are steel and aluminum. The developed program is able to read stress, strain and element values from d3plot and the keyword file. Having extracted the output from d3plot and keyword file, the fatigue life is then calculated and presented into a separate file called FATIGUE. The integration of output from FATIGUE will is displayed in LS-PrePost. Finally, the results of fatigue life contour are successfully displayed through LS-PrePost.
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Piekarska, W., M. Kubiak, and Z. Saternus. "Numerical Simulation of Deformations in T-Joint Welded by the Laser Beam." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0181.
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Abstract Numerical simulation of deformations in laser welded T-joint is carried out in this study. The analysis is performed using Abaqus FEA engineering software. Additional author’s numerical subroutines, written in FORTRAN programming language are used in computer simulations where models of the distribution of movable laser beam heat source, kinetics of phase transformations in solid state as well as thermal and structural strain are implemented. Thermomechanical properties of welded material changing with temperature are taken into account in the analysis. Presented results of numerical simulations performed for the laser beam welding of two perpendicularly arranged sheets include temperature distribution, kinetics of phase transformations in solid state, thermal and structural strain as well as estimated welding deformations.
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Chang, Feng, Weiqiang Wang, Yan Liu, and Yanpeng Qu. "A Fortran implementation of isogeometric analysis for thin plate problems with the penalty method." Engineering Computations 33, no. 7 (October 3, 2016): 2149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-10-2015-0306.
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Purpose As one of the earliest high-level programming languages, Fortran with easy accessibility and computational efficiency is widely used in the engineering field. The purpose of this paper is to present a Fortran implementation of isogeometric analysis (IGA) for thin plate problems. Design/methodology/approach IGA based on non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) offers exact geometries and is more accurate than finite element analysis (FEA). Unlike the basis functions in FEA, NURBS basis functions are non-interpolated. Hence, the penalty method is used to enforce boundary conditions. Findings Several thin plate examples based on the Kirchhoff-Love theory were illustrated to demonstrate the accuracy of the implementation in contrast with analytical solutions, and the efficiency was validated in comparison with another open method. Originality/value A Fortran implementation of NURBS-based IGA was developed to solve Kirchhoff-Love plate problems. It easily obtained high-continuity basis functions, which are necessary for Kirchhoff formulation. In comparison with theoretical solutions, the numerical examples demonstrated higher accuracy and faster convergence of the Fortran implementation. The Fortran implementation can well solve the time-consuming problem, and it was validated by the time-consumption comparison with the Matlab implementation. Due to the non-interpolation of NURBS, the penalty method was used to impose boundary conditions. A suggestion of the selection of penalty coefficients was given.
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Mačiūnas, Darius, Juozas Kauna, and Dmitrij Šešok. "OPTIMIZATION OF GRILLAGES USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS FOR INTEGRATING MATLAB AND FORTRAN ENVIRONMENTS / MATLAB IR FORTRAN APLINKŲ SUJUNGIMAS ROSTVERKAMS OPTIMIZUOTI GENETINIAIS ALGORITMAIS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 6, no. 4 (February 4, 2013): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2012.93.
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The purpose of the paper is to present technology applied for the global optimization of grillage-type pile foundations (further grillages). The goal of optimization is to obtain the optimal layout of pile placement in the grillages. The problem can be categorized as a topology optimization problem. The objective function is comprised of maximum reactive force emerging in a pile. The reactive force is minimized during the procedure of optimization during which variables enclose the positions of piles beneath connecting beams. Reactive forces in all piles are computed utilizing an original algorithm implemented in the Fortran programming language. The algorithm is integrated into the MatLab environment where the optimization procedure is executed utilizing a genetic algorithm. The article also describes technology enabling the integration of MatLab and Fortran environments. The authors seek to evaluate the quality of a solution to the problem analyzing experimental results obtained applying the proposed technology. Santrauka Straipsnyje pateikiama sijynų tipo pamatų (toliau sijynų) globalaus optimizavimo technologija. Optimizavimo tikslas – nustatyti optimalų polių išdėstymą sijynuose. Šis uždavinys priskiriamas topologijos optimizavimo uždavinių grupei. Tikslo funkciją sudaro maksimali poliuje kylanti atraminė reakcijos jėga, kuri minimizuojama optimizavimo procese. Šio uždavinio projektavimo kintamieji - polių padėtys po jungiančiosiomis sijyno sijomis. Tiesioginis reakcijų poliuose skaičiavimo uždavinys sprendžiamas originaliu algoritmu, sukurtu Fortran programavimo kalba. Šis algoritmas juodosios dėžės principu jungiamas prie MatLab aplinkos, kurioje genetiniu algoritmu sprendžiamas optimizavimo uždavinys. Straipsnyje taip pat aprašyta technologija, kuri leidžia sujungti Matlab ir Fortran aplinkas, t. y. iš Matlab aplinkos iškviesti Fortran paprogramį. Analizuodami eksperimentinius duomenis autoriai bando įvertinti gaunamų sprendinių kokybę.
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Hopper, Douglas A. "ROSESIM: An Interactive Tool for Plant Growth Modeling." HortTechnology 6, no. 1 (January 1996): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.1.76.
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One should choose the simplest form of a model as a tool that adequately represents the processes and relationships of interest. ROSESIM was first developed in SLAM II and FORTRAN to run on a mainframe computer, where it had few users and it was cumbersome to learn and use. As use of models on a personal computer (PC) has become more popular for instruction and simulation, ROSESIM was translated first into the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) to run in the Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) language in the popular Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS). As graphical user interface (GUI) Windows applications have gained increased popularity, ROSESIM has been translated into C++ as object-oriented programming (OOP) to run inside Microsoft Windows 3.1. This makes ROSESIM for Windows readily available to virtually every PC user. Features of ROSESIM for Windows are listed and discussed.
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PHILLIPS, C., and R. PERROTT. "PROBLEMS WITH DATA PARALLELISM." Parallel Processing Letters 11, no. 01 (March 2001): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626401000440.
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The gradual evolution of language features and approaches used for the programming of distributed memory machines underwent substantial advances in the 1990s. One of the most promising and widely praised approaches was based on data parallelism and resulted in High Performance Fortran. This paper reports on an experiment using that approach based on a commercial distributed memory machine, available compilers and simple test programs. The results are disappointing and not encouraging. The variety of components involved and the lack of detailed knowledge available for the compilers compound the difficulties of obtaining results and doing comparisons. The results show great variation and question the premise that communication is the decisive factor in performance determination. The results are also a contribution towards the difficult tasks of predicating performance on a distributed memory computer.
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Farthing, I., G. Love, VD Scott, and CT Walker. "A new and versatile computer program for correcting EPMA data." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1658–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100132923.
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A new computer program has been developed to convert electron probe microanalysis data into accurate measurements of chemical composition. It is menu-based and designed to operate off-line using any IBM PC compatible computer. As shown in the flowchart, fig. 1, the architecture is modular and the programming language adopted is a compilable version of BASIC which possesses much of the processing speed associated with FORTRAN or C. Specimens containing up to fifteen elements, with 4 ≤ Z ≤ 96, can be handled and all the major x-ray lines (Kα, Kβ, Lα, L(β, Mα and Mβ) are available for analysis purposes.The procedure itself is based upon the classical ZAF approach in which corrections for atomic number (Z), x-ray absorption (A), characteristic fluorescence (Fl) and continuum fluorescence (F2) are treated independently. The factors dealing with fluorescence are essentially those of Reed (characteristic) and Springer (continuum) although both contain minor updates. However, the atomic number and absorption factors are the authors' own and the latter, developed from a quadrilateral representation of the x-ray distribution with depth in a solid, distinguishes this program from others.
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Verschaeren, Dennis, Annie Cuyt, and Brigitte Verdonk. "On the need for predictable floating-point arithmetic in the programming languages Fortran 90 and C/C++." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 32, no. 3 (March 1997): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/251634.251641.
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Ott, Jordan, Mike Pritchard, Natalie Best, Erik Linstead, Milan Curcic, and Pierre Baldi. "A Fortran-Keras Deep Learning Bridge for Scientific Computing." Scientific Programming 2020 (August 28, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8888811.
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Implementing artificial neural networks is commonly achieved via high-level programming languages such as Python and easy-to-use deep learning libraries such as Keras. These software libraries come preloaded with a variety of network architectures, provide autodifferentiation, and support GPUs for fast and efficient computation. As a result, a deep learning practitioner will favor training a neural network model in Python, where these tools are readily available. However, many large-scale scientific computation projects are written in Fortran, making it difficult to integrate with modern deep learning methods. To alleviate this problem, we introduce a software library, the Fortran-Keras Bridge (FKB). This two-way bridge connects environments where deep learning resources are plentiful with those where they are scarce. The paper describes several unique features offered by FKB, such as customizable layers, loss functions, and network ensembles. The paper concludes with a case study that applies FKB to address open questions about the robustness of an experimental approach to global climate simulation, in which subgrid physics are outsourced to deep neural network emulators. In this context, FKB enables a hyperparameter search of one hundred plus candidate models of subgrid cloud and radiation physics, initially implemented in Keras, to be transferred and used in Fortran. Such a process allows the model’s emergent behavior to be assessed, i.e., when fit imperfections are coupled to explicit planetary-scale fluid dynamics. The results reveal a previously unrecognized strong relationship between offline validation error and online performance, in which the choice of the optimizer proves unexpectedly critical. This in turn reveals many new neural network architectures that produce considerable improvements in climate model stability including some with reduced error, for an especially challenging training dataset.
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Asmaidi, Asmaidi, Darma Setiawan Putra, Muharratul Mina Risky, and Fitria Ulfa R. "Implementation of Sobel Method Based Edge Detection for Flower Image Segmentation." SinkrOn 3, no. 2 (March 16, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v3i2.10050.
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Edge detection is the first step to cover information in the image. The edges characterize the boundaries of objects and therefore edges are useful for the process of segmentation and identification in the image. The purpose of edge detection is to increase the appearance of the boundary line of the object in the image. The sobel method is a method that uses two kernels measuring 3x3 pixels for gradient calculations so that the estimate gradient is right in the middle of the window. Digital image processing aims to manipulate image data and analyze an image with the help of a computer. Matlab is made to facilitate the use of two collections of subroutines in the fortran library, linpack and eispack, in handling matrix computing, and develops into an interactive system as a programming language. Experimental results from the input image research, namely the flower image have different MSE values because each input image has a different pixel value
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Blum, M., P. Metcalf, S. C. Harrison, and D. C. Wiley. "A system for collection and on-line integration of X-ray diffraction data from a multiwire area detector." Journal of Applied Crystallography 20, no. 3 (June 1, 1987): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889887086783.
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A system for collecting and measuring X-ray diffraction data from protein crystals has been developed for a multiwire area detector. Computer programs run concurrently on two microcomputers, which collect and reduce detector data to integrated intensities. The self-contained system consists of an X-ray area detector, a rotation/oscillation camera, and two microcomputers connected by a high-speed Ethernet network. One microcomputer is dedicated to operation of the detector, control of the camera, and storage of the raw data. The second microcomputer automatically integrates the data as they are collected and allows the user to monitor the quality of data as they are processed. The integration programs are written in Fortran 77 and have been designed to be portable. Additional programs for crystal alignment, detector and camera control, and graphics are written in the C programming language. A description of the system, some characteristics of the detector, and the results of data collection are presented.
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Piekarska, W., M. Kubiak, Z. Saternus, S. Stano, and T. Domański. "Numerical Prediction Of Deformations In Laser Welded Sheets Made Of X5CrNi18-10 Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 1965–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0334.
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AbstractThe work concerns the numerical modelling of coupled thermal and mechanical phenomena occurring in the laser beam welding process. Commercial Abaqus FEA engineering software is adopted to numerical computations in order to perform a comprehensive analysis of thermo-mechanical phenomena. Created in Fortran programming language additional numerical subroutines are implemented into Abaqus solver, used to describe the power intensity distribution of the movable laser beam heat source. Temperature dependent thermomechanical properties of X5CrNi18-10 steel are adopted in the numerical analysis of stress and strain states. Mathematical and numerical models are verified on the basis of a comparison between selected results of computer simulations and experimental studies on butt-welded joints.Numerical simulations are presented for steel sheet with a thickness of 2 mm. Temperature distributions, the shape and size of melted zone as well as residual stress and deformations are presented for analyzed elements. Numerically determined deflections are compared with the measured deflection of welded joint.
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Jahanfar, S., and And H. Tavakoli-Anbaran. "Extracting fairly accurate proton range formulas for use in microdosimetry." Revista Mexicana de Física 65, no. 5 Sept-Oct (September 2, 2019): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.65.566.
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Radiation therapy is a promising treatment for cancer patients. The highest dose of radiation must deliver to tumor and the lowest to the healthy tissues. Since charged particles such as protons have high stopping-power at track-end, these particles can be used to treat tumors close to sensitive tissues. Formulas that commonly used for proton stopping-power in a soft tissue-equivalent material (T.E.) and each of its elements have respectively 48, and 12 constants. Due to the complexity of formulas, high number of constants, high occupancy of computer memory, and rounding error of computer, existing formulas reduces information processing speed. Because of the importance of proton therapy and its applications in dosimetry, microdosimetry, detectors, and computer simulations of these systems, it is necessary to use fast and accurate formulas for the stopping-power and range in the T.E., and its elements. We wrote a computer code in FORTRAN programming language, and used the fitting method and obtained simple and fairly accurate formulas for the proton range in these materials. Our range formula in T.E. have 6 constants, and in elements of T.E. include carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen have 4 and hydrogen have 8 constants. So our formulas greatly reduce the above mentioned errors.
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Magomedova, M. R., Z. A. Kurbanova, and B. A. Shangereeva. "COMPUTER SIMULATION OF DETERMINING SILTATION VOLUMES OF WATER RESERVOIR STORAGE ON THE AKSAY RIVER." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 46, no. 4 (January 2, 2020): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2019-46-4-102-112.
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Objectives. The development of a mathematical model for the increased turbidity zones of the Aksay river in order to determine the siltation volumes of the Aksay water reservoir storage.Method. The mathematical model is developed using the theory of probability and the theory of random process outliers. The model takes the normal distribution of the horizontal and vertical components of the instantaneous flow velocities into account, as well as the Rayleigh law of the distribution of their maxima. The proposed model is used to calculate the “turbidity tail” of the Aksay river.Result. Due to the multifactorial nature of the continuously associated processes of siltation and deposition of suspended and bottom sediments in the upper pounds of the Aksay reservoir storage hydrological system, a mathematical model of the reservoir accretion process is developed. This model provides the reliability of accretion forecasting with spatial and temporal correlation with the siltation process model, which is actually feasible on the basis of computer simulation.Conclusion. The developed model, which is based on a probabilistic approach and the theory of random process outliers, reflects the overall process of sediment transport in open channels. The development and execution of simulation programmes is carried out using the Microsoft Developer Studio (MDS) and the Fortran Power Station algorithmic language, which comprises not only a programming system, but also a set of tools for supporting large software projects integrated into MDS.
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Peng, Ronghua, Bo Han, Yajun Liu, and Xiangyun Hu. "EM3DANI: A Julia package for fully anisotropic 3D forward modeling of electromagnetic data." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): F49—F60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0489.1.
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Forward modeling is vital for 3D inversion and interpretation of electromagnetic (EM) data in anisotropic media, which is one of the major challenges in the field of EM geophysics. However, there are few freely available 3D codes that are capable of modeling EM responses in fully anisotropic media. In addition, most existing 3D EM codes are written in low-level languages (LLs) such as C and Fortran, making them difficult to read, maintain, and extend. Taking advantage of recent progress in computer technology and numerical methods, we have developed an open-source package for forward modeling of frequency-domain EM fields in a fully 3D anisotropic earth (EM3DANI) using the Julia language, a relatively young, high-level programming language with a focus on high performance. Based on a mimetic finite-volume discretization of the governing equations, the modeling algorithm is expressed in an abstract form in terms of matrices/vectors and thus can be easily implemented by using any high-level language commonly used for numerical computing. Existing libraries written in LLs can be easily integrated into a Julia code without the so-called two-language problem; thus, we have exploited several mature third-party packages to deal with computationally intensive parts of the forward modeling, which guarantees high stability and efficiency. We have elaborated the structure of the package, paying special attention to code usability, readability, and extendability, while striving to retain versatility and high performance. The effectiveness of the code is demonstrated through two 1D synthetic examples for magnetotelluric and controlled-source EM (CSEM) problems, respectively. High accuracy and efficiency can be achieved for both 1D examples. Furthermore, we have developed a 3D example mimicking a marine CSEM survey scenario for hydrocarbon exploration. The simulation results indicate that the effect of the anisotropy on forward responses is significant and can be comparable to that of the target reservoir.
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Beguelin, Adam, Jack J. Dongarra, George Al Geist, Robert Manchek, and Keith Moore. "HeNCE: A Heterogeneous Network Computing Environment." Scientific Programming 3, no. 1 (1994): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/368727.
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Network computing seeks to utilize the aggregate resources of many networked computers to solve a single problem. In so doing it is often possible to obtain supercomputer performance from an inexpensive local area network. The drawback is that network computing is complicated and error prone when done by hand, especially if the computers have different operating systems and data formats and are thus heterogeneous. The heterogeneous network computing environment (HeNCE) is an integrated graphical environment for creating and running parallel programs over a heterogeneous collection of computers. It is built on a lower level package called parallel virtual machine (PVM). The HeNCE philosophy of parallel programming is to have the programmer graphically specify the parallelism of a computation and to automate, as much as possible, the tasks of writing, compiling, executing, debugging, and tracing the network computation. Key to HeNCE is a graphical language based on directed graphs that describe the parallelism and data dependencies of an application. Nodes in the graphs represent conventional Fortran or C subroutines and the arcs represent data and control flow. This article describes the present state of HeNCE, its capabilities, limitations, and areas of future research.
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Kobayashi, Kent D. "DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SIMULATION MODELS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1176e—1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1176e.
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A simulation model consists of equations that represent the important relationships between components in a system, e.g., a plant or plant part. One of the purposes of simulation models is to simulate plant growth or plant growth processes to help further our understanding of plant growth and development. Simulation models are mechanistic or process based models that account for the physiological processes occurring in the system.Model development involves several steps. We define the problem and defuse the system, its entities, their attributes, and important relationships. A conceptual model is often expressed visually in a relational diagram showing the components and their relationships. This diagram is formally expressed as a simulation model through the use of equations repenting the relationships in the system. We often make assumptions regarding the components and their relationships to simply the model or because of a lack of knowledge. Simulation models are generally written using a simulation language such as CSMP or STELLA® or with a programming language such as FORTRAN or BASIC. The model is verified through checking the appropriateness of the relationships and the integrity of the computer program. The model is then validated through seeing bow well it simulates the behavior of the system. Simulation models provide additional insights by enabling us to ask “What if” questions by changing of the conditions of the model and seeing the resulting changes in plant growth.
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Hacıefendioğlu, Kemal, Gökhan Demir, and Ahmet Can Altunışık. "Blast-induced ground motion effect on dynamic response of a cylindrical vertical water tank with piled raft foundation." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 6, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2020.03.003.
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This paper studies to estimate the dynamic behavior of a demineralized water tank with a piled raft foundation system considering soil-pile-structure-fluid interaction to shock-ground motion. A three-dimensional finite element model of a coupled system is constituted in ANSYS software. Interaction between pile and soil is represented with the frictional contact element. The frictionless contact elements are utilized to model between the water and tank shell to allow for displacement of the free surface adjacent to the tank wall. Shell elements are used for the tank body and its vault. The dynamic analyses of the tank including soil-pile-structure-fluid interaction are presented by using shock response spectra. Ground shock acceleration time histories, generated by using a developed computer program based on Fortran programming language, produce shock response spectra. The effects of the different charge weights and distances from the charge center are examined in the analyses. Also, the effect of the water fill level in the tank and the number of piles is also investigated. The results of the research are presented with the directional displacements and equivalent stresses. It seen from the analyses that the dynamic responses of the tank increase with the charge weight, while decreasing with the charge center distance. Moreover, the water fill level and the number of piles extremely affect the displacement and stress values of the coupled interaction system.
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Abed, Basim Sh. "Finite Element Modeling Of Saint-Venant Equations For Shatt-Al Hilla." Journal of Techniques 2, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51173/jt.v2i1.156.
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Shatt Al-Hilla was considered one of the important branches of Euphrates River that supplies irrigation water to millions of dunams of planted areas. It is important to control the velocity and water level along the river to maintain the required level for easily diverting water to the branches located along the river. So, in this research, a numerical model was developed to simulate the gradually varied unsteady flow in Shatt AL-Hilla. The present study aims to solve the continuity and momentum (Saint-Venant) equations numerically to predict the hydraulic characteristics in the river using Galerkin finite element method. A computer program was designed and built using the programming language FORTRAN-77. Fifty kilometers was considered starting from downstream of Hindiyah Barrage towards Hilla City. The gathered field measurements along different periods were used for the purpose of calibration and verification of the model. The results show that the suitable Manning roughness was 0.023. A comparison with field observations was conducted to identify the validity of the numerical solution of the flow equations. The obtained results indicate the feasibility of the numerical techniques using a weighting factor of 0.667 and a time increment of 6 hr. High accuracy and good agreement were achieved, and minimum Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.029 was gained for the obtained results compared with the corresponding field observations.
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Jaafar, Abdullah, Mohd Khairi Mohd Said, Nur Aira Abdul Rahman, Salzali Mohd, Mohamad Rabaie Shari, Nolida Yussop, Syirrazie Che Soh, et al. "Development of a Gamma-Ray Process Tomography System for Hydrodynamic Characterisation of Multiphase Reactors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 83 (July 2011): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.83.41.
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Gamma-ray computed tomography (CT) is a powerful non-invasive imaging technique for viewing an object in 2-D or 3-D cross-section images without the need to physically section it. The invention of CT technique revolutionised the field of medical diagnostic imaging because it provides more detailed and useful information than any previous non-invasive imaging technique. The method is increasingly used in industrial fields. This paper describes the development of a gamma-ray computed tomography system for imaging and visualising of industrial multiphase reactors. The theoretical aspects of CT scanner, the system configurations and the adopted algorithm for image reconstruction are discussed. Penetrating radiation from an isotopic gamma-ray source of Cs-137 and a bank of NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors in combination with a dedicated mechanical gantry set-up were used to construct the CT system. During scanning, the movement of the detector’s bank and rotation table is controlled by a LabView-based software. The software is also designed to control all associated nuclear electronics equipments and finally to acquire gamma-ray transmission data. The image reconstruction is performed by using Expectation-Maximisation (EM) and Alternating-Maximisation (AM) algorithms written in Visual-Fortran programming language. Several physical phantoms to simulate industrial multiphase process columns and reactors were scanned using this CT scanner. Some of the reconstructed images are presented in this paper.
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Zhang, Guang Yun, Peng Lan, and Nian Li Lu. "Development of Parameterized Modeling for Tower Crane." Advanced Materials Research 505 (April 2012): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.505.293.
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The development of parameterized modeling for ST8075 tower crane is based on finite element analysis software SAP84 and high-level programming language Fortran. According to the Saint-Venant principle, the special beam elements such as rotation joint and connection knots are specially reinforced if they don’t affect force analysis and deformation analysis of the whole structure. The tower crane is built into many small modules, which include balance arms, booms, tower body and so on. The developed program for the tower crane can realize the following functions: inputting the following parameters such as the tower body standard joint number, the boom combination type, working amplitude and hoisting weight, the computer can automatically generate hoisting points and get required crane with any tower body standard joints and booms’ combination type. According to inputted boom combination type and amplitude, the program will automatically judge the balance weight value applied to the balance arm, apply the balance weight, assure the variable-amplitude vehicle’s position, apply the hoisting load, apply the hanger weight and generate data files. It can calculate tower crane’s force state when the crane is working at various working case such as working state and storm case. After calculating the crane, inner forces can be checked and judged whether the beams meet the requirements of strength, stiffness and stability. It is easy to optimize the product design, reduce the crane’s potential risks and raise its safety assurance. It has important significance for research and development of new products.
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Chandra, U., G. Riccardi, J. Vagi, J. L. Dekeyser, and F. Hannedouche. "Aftran: Array Fortran programming language." Computer Physics Communications 57, no. 1-3 (December 1989): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(89)90225-7.
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McCarthy, J. J., and J. J. Frief. "EDS and WDS Automation: Past Development and Future Technology." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 556–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760001610x.
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Early Development Automation of electron probe analysis began to flourish in the early 1970s spurred on by advances in computer technology and the availability of operating systems and programming languages that the individual researcher could afford to dedicate to a single instrument. By the end of the decade, most researchers and vendors in the microanalysis field had adopted the PDP-11 minicomputer, and languages such as FOCAL, FORTRAN and BASIC that ran on these computers. A good summary of these early efforts was given by Hatfield. The first use of the energy dispersive detector on the electron probe in 1968 added the need to control the acquisition, display and processing of EDS spectra. As a result, the 70’s were also a time when much attention was focussed on development of software for on-line data reduction and analysis. These efforts produced a suite of programs to provide matrix corrections and spectral processing, and automation of WDS data collection. The culmination of these development efforts was first reported in 1977 with the analysis of a lunar whitlockite mineral by simultaneous EDS/WDS measurement. This analysis determined the concentration of 23 elements, 8 by EDS and took a total of 37 minutes for data collection and analysis. In this paper, the authors noted the complementary use of the EDS and WDS (WDS for trace elements and severe peak overlaps, EDS for other elements and rapid qualitative analysis) in their automated instrument, a convention that remains common on the electron probe even today. Toward the end of the decade the analytical accuracy and precision achieved by automated analysis of bulk samples approached the limits of the instrumentation, with the exception of analysis of light element concentrations.Two Decades of Improvements The explosive growth in digital electronics and microprocessors for data processing and control functions during the 80’s was rapidly applied to electron probe automation. Second and third generation automation systems included direct control of many microscope functions, beam position and imaging conditions. Motor positioning was more precise and far faster. As a result, the data collection and analysis of 23 elements reported in 1977 could be accomplished at least three times faster on a modern instrument.
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KLYUCHNIKOV, Anatoly T. "A Speed Observer for Sensorless Control of an Induction Motor." Elektrichestvo 2, no. 2 (2021): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2021-2-54-59.
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Half a century has passed since the time F. Blaschke received a patent for vector control of an induction motor with a speed sensor and a Hall sensor. Since that time, the transformation of generalized vectors in the Park—Gorev equations as projections on the axes in different coordinate frames aft, dq, and xy has been regarded to be a commonly accepted one. With this approach, five differential and four algebraic equations with cross-links have to be solved for studying the processes in an induction motor, which involves certain inconvenience of analyzing the processes in the machine. Eventually, many versions of high-quality electric motor control systems have been developed. Owing to the progress achieved in computer engineering, it has become possible to solve a fewer number of the Park—Gorev equations in complex form without decomposing the vectors into projections on the coordinate ases aft, dq, xy. At present, the majority of widely used programming languages (FORTRAN, C+, MathCAD, MatLAB, etc.) offer efficient tools for implementing the operations of summing and multiplying complex quantities. In the article, the Park-Gorev equations are solved without decomposing the vectors into their projections on the coordinate axes вб, dq, xy. In so doing, the induction motor complex speed observer uses only two voltage equations and two flux linkage equations. The rotor motion equation is not used to determine the speed. The obtained algorithms for solving by means of a complex speed observer made it possible to determine the currents, electromagnetic torque and motor’s moment of inertia. The proposed algorithms written in the б-в and x-y coordinate systems made it possible to determine the motor speed in its fast start-up process (0.2 s) with an error of less than 1%.
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Chapman, Barbara, Piyush Mehrotra, and Hans Zima. "Programming in Vienna Fortran." Scientific Programming 1, no. 1 (1992): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/258136.
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Exploiting the full performance potential of distributed memory machines requires a careful distribution of data across the processors. Vienna Fortran is a language extension of Fortran which provides the user with a wide range of facilities for such mapping of data structures. In contrast to current programming practice, programs in Vienna Fortran are written using global data references. Thus, the user has the advantages of a shared memory programming paradigm while explicitly controlling the data distribution. In this paper, we present the language features of Vienna Fortran for FORTRAN 77, together with examples illustrating the use of these features.
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Van Snyder, W. "Scientific Programming in Fortran." Scientific Programming 15, no. 1 (2007): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/930816.
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The Fortran programming language was designed by John Backus and his colleagues at IBM to reduce the cost of programming scientific applications. IBM delivered the first compiler for its model 704 in 1957. IBM's competitors soon offered incompatible versions. ANSI (ASA at the time) developed a standard, largely based on IBM's Fortran IV in 1966. Revisions of the standard were produced in 1977, 1990, 1995 and 2003. Development of a revision, scheduled for 2008, is under way. Unlike most other programming languages, Fortran is periodically revised to keep pace with developments in language and processor design, while revisions largely preserve compatibility with previous versions. Throughout, the focus on scientific programming, and especially on efficient generated programs, has been maintained.
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Einarsson, Bo, Richard J. Hanson, and Tim Hopkins. "Standardized mixed language programming for Fortran and C." ACM SIGPLAN Fortran Forum 28, no. 3 (December 4, 2009): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1667140.1667142.
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Szymanski, Boleslaw K. "Fortran Programming Language and Scientific Programming: 50 Years of Mutual Growth." Scientific Programming 15, no. 1 (2007): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/979872.
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Prins, Jan F., Siddhartha Chatterjee, and Martin Simons. "Irregular Computations in Fortran – Expression and Implementation Strategies." Scientific Programming 7, no. 3-4 (1999): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/607659.
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Modern dialects of Fortran enjoy wide use and good support on high‐performance computers as performance‐oriented programming languages. By providing the ability to express nested data parallelism, modern Fortran dialects enable irregular computations to be incorporated into existing applications with minimal rewriting and without sacrificing performance within the regular portions of the application. Since performance of nested data‐parallel computation is unpredictable and often poor using current compilers, we investigatethreadingandflattening, two source‐to‐source transformation techniques that can improve performance and performance stability. For experimental validation of these techniques, we explore nested data‐parallel implementations of the sparse matrix‐vector product and the Barnes–Hut n‐body algorithm by hand‐coding thread‐based (using OpenMP directives) and flattening‐based versions of these algorithms and evaluating their performance on an SGI Origin 2000 and an NEC SX‐4, two shared‐memory machines.
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Gould, William. "Mata Matters: Translating Fortran*." Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata 5, no. 3 (September 2005): 421–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0500500311.
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Mata is Stata's matrix language. In the Mata matters column, we show how Mata can be used interactively to solve problems and as a programming language to add new features to Stata. In this column, we demonstrate how Fortran programs can be translated and incorporated into Stata.
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Wang, Yong, Yuan Yuan Ding, and Lan Shi. "Application of Visual Basic and FORTRAN Mixed-Language Programming to Visualization Technology for Hydro-Meteorological Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 1352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.1352.
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Combining graphical user interface in Visual Basic (VB) and numerical computing capability in FORTRAN, the hydro-meteorological model of the plain river network region was developed. This paper discussed some key problems, such as calling FORTRAN DLL from VB, FORTRAN compiling executable file called by VB, and the visualization platform development with VB and FORTRAN. It solved the problems of data processing, data transmission, and calling hydrological model. Mixed-language programming technique is a very effective and useful way of building visualization platform.
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MacDonald, Tom. "C Versus Fortran-77 for Scientific Programming." Scientific Programming 1, no. 2 (1992): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/439510.
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The predominant programming language for numeric and scientific applications is Fortran-77 and supercomputers are primarily used to run large-scale numeric and scientific applications. Standard C* is not widely used for numerical and scientific programming, yet Standard C provides many desirable linguistic features not present in Fortran-77. Furthermore, the existence of a standard library and preprocessor eliminates the worst portability problems. A comparison of Standard C and Fortran-77 shows several key deficiencies in C that reduce its ability to adequately solve some numerical problems. Some of these problems have already been addressed by the C standard but others remain. Standard C with a few extensions and modifications could be suitable for all numerical applications and could become more popular in supercomputing environments.
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Blanco-Cuaresma, Sergi, and Emeline Bolmont. "What can the programming language Rust do for astrophysics?" Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 12, S325 (October 2016): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316013168.
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AbstractThe astrophysics community uses different tools for computational tasks such as complex systems simulations, radiative transfer calculations or big data. Programming languages like Fortran, C or C++ are commonly present in these tools and, generally, the language choice was made based on the need for performance. However, this comes at a cost: safety. For instance, a common source of error is the access to invalid memory regions, which produces random execution behaviors and affects the scientific interpretation of the results.In 2015, Mozilla Research released the first stable version of a new programming language named Rust. Many features make this new language attractive for the scientific community, it is open source and it guarantees memory safety while offering zero-cost abstraction.We explore the advantages and drawbacks of Rust for astrophysics by re-implementing the fundamental parts of Mercury-T, a Fortran code that simulates the dynamical and tidal evolution of multi-planet systems.
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Liao, Yuan Hui. "A Hybrid Programming with C++ and Fortran for Geostatistical Modeling in Reservoirs." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 1925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.1925.
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This is the first paper using C++ to develop an interface for the newly-published Multiple-point geostatistics (Snesim) in petroleum industry. The Snesim is programmed in Fortran language and is encapsulated to DLL(dyanamic link library) , and the integration of Fortran DLL and C++ is then programmed. The hybrid programming with C++ and Fortran both utilizes the merits of the friendly interface of C++ and the powerful computation ability of Fortran. The small software by this method is developed and put into use in reservoir geostatistical modeling and got much economical effects.