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1
Galassi, Giuseppe, and Richard V. Mattessich. "Some Clarification to the Evolution of the Electronic Spreadsheet." Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jeta-51114.
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ABSTRACT As early as 1961 Mattessich suggested (in an article in The Accounting Review) to use budget simulation in form of a computerized spreadsheet. This was followed up by him in a mathematical model, outlined in his book Accounting and Analytical Methods (Mattessich 1964a) with a corresponding computer program (in FORTRAN IV on mainframe computers), including illustrations in a companion volume (Simulation of the Firm through a Budget Computer Program, Mattessich 1964b). Five years later (in 1969) Rene Pardo and Remy Landau co-presented “LANPAR” (LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random) at Random Corporation. This electronic spreadsheet type was also used on mainframe computers for budgeting at Bell Canada, AT&T, Bell operating companies, and General Motors. In 1978, Dan Bricklin and Robert Frankston introduced VisiCalc, the first commercialized spreadsheet program for personal desktop (Apple) computers. This program became the trailblazer for future developments of electronic spreadsheets.
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Van Snyder, W. "Scientific Programming in Fortran." Scientific Programming 15, no. 1 (2007): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/930816.
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The Fortran programming language was designed by John Backus and his colleagues at IBM to reduce the cost of programming scientific applications. IBM delivered the first compiler for its model 704 in 1957. IBM's competitors soon offered incompatible versions. ANSI (ASA at the time) developed a standard, largely based on IBM's Fortran IV in 1966. Revisions of the standard were produced in 1977, 1990, 1995 and 2003. Development of a revision, scheduled for 2008, is under way. Unlike most other programming languages, Fortran is periodically revised to keep pace with developments in language and processor design, while revisions largely preserve compatibility with previous versions. Throughout, the focus on scientific programming, and especially on efficient generated programs, has been maintained.
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Foster, I. T., and K. M. Chandy. "FORTRAN M - A Language for Modular Parallel Programming." Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 26, no. 1 (April 1995): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jpdc.1995.1044.
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Cheng, H. H. "Extending C and FORTRAN for Design Automation." Journal of Mechanical Design 117, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826691.
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The CH programming language is designed to be a superset of C. CH bridges the gap between C and FORTRAN; it encompasses all the programming capabilities of FORTRAN 77 and consists of features of many other programming languages and software packages. Unlike other general-purpose programming languages, CH is designed to be especially suitable for applications in mechanical systems engineering. Because of our research interests, many programming features in CH have been implemented for design automation, although they are useful in other applications as well. In this paper we will describe these new programming features for design automation, as they are currently implemented in CH in comparison with C and FORTRAN 77.
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Nofre, David. "The Politics of Early Programming Languages." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 51, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 379–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2021.51.3.379.
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There probably has never been such a controversial programming language as Algol. In the early 1960s the disciplinary success of the so-called Algol project in helping to forge the discipline of computer science was not matched by a significant adoption of the Algol language, in any of its three versions. This contrast is even more striking when considering the contemporary success of IBM’s Fortran, a language that, like Algol, was also conceived for scientific computation, but unlike Algol, initially only available for IBM computers. Through extensive archival research, this article shows how the relentless pursuit of a still better language that came to dominate the agenda of the Algol project brought to the fore the tension between the research-driven dimension of the project and the goal of developing a reliable programming language. Such a strong research-oriented agenda increased IBM’s doubts about a project that the firm already felt little urge to support. Yet IBM did not want to appear as obstructing the development of either Algol or Cobol, even if these “common languages” posed a clear risk to the firm’s marketing model. The US Department of Defense’s endorsement of Cobol and the rising popularity of Algol in Europe convinced IBM to push for the use of Fortran in Western Europe in order to protect the domestic market. IBM’s action in support of Fortran reminds us of the power imbalances that have shaped computer science.
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Schreiber, Robert. "High Performance Fortran, Version 2." Parallel Processing Letters 07, no. 04 (December 1997): 437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626497000425.
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This paper introduces the ideas that underly the data-parallel language High Performance Fortran (HPF) and the new ideas in version 2 of HPF. It first reviews HPF's key language elements. It discusses the meaning of data parallelism and the limitations of HPF version 1 as a data-parallel programming language. The second part of the paper is a review of the development of version 2 of HPF. The extended language, under development in 1996, includes a richer data mapping capability; an extension to the independent loop that allows reduction operations in the loop range; a means for directing the mapping of computation as well as data; and a way to specify concurrent execution of several parallel tasks on disjoint subsets of processors.
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Reina, Reina, and Josef Bernadi Gautama. "Perbandingan Bubble Sort dengan Insertion Sort pada Bahasa Pemrograman C dan Fortran." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v4i2.2553.
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Sorting is a basic algorithm studied by students of computer science major. Sorting algorithm is the basis of other algorithms such as searching algorithm, pattern matching algorithm. Bubble sort is a popular basic sorting algorithm due to its easiness to be implemented. Besides bubble sort, there is insertion sort. It is lesspopular than bubble sort because it has more difficult algorithm. This paper discusses about process time between insertion sort and bubble sort with two kinds of data. First is randomized data, and the second is data of descending list. Comparison of process time has been done in two kinds of programming language that is C programming language and FORTRAN programming language. The result shows that bubble sort needs more time than insertion sort does.
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Raman, K. V. "Some Features of Java Language Illustrated through Examples from Chemistry." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 1, no. 2 (July 3, 2003): 22–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.2.5.
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Computer programming has been used effectively by theoretical chemists and organic chemists to solve various types of problem in chemistry. Initially the languages used for computations in chemistry were FORTRAN and BASIC. Later the Pascal language was used for solving problems in chemistry and physics. Recently the languages C and C++ and Java have been used to solve problems in chemistry. In this paper I will illustrate features of C, C++ choosing examples from chemistry. Computer programming has been used effectively by theoretical chemists and organic chemists to solve various types of problem in chemistry. Initially the languages used for computations in chemistry were FORTRAN and BASIC. Later the Pascal language was used for solving problems in chemistry and physics. Recently the languages C and C++ and Java have been used to solve problems in chemistry. In this paper I will illustrate features of C, C++ choosing examples from chemistry. Some examples presented in this these languages are Program to calculate reduced mass of homo diatomic or hetero diatomic Program to calculate the molecular weight of a tetra atomic system ABCD Program to calculate NMR frequencies of spin 1/2 nuclei only Program to calculate NMR and ESR frequencies The examples presented in Java 2 are Program to calculate unit cell dimension of a crystal Program to generate the chair form and boat form of cyclohexane. The examples presented in this monograph will help researchers in theoretical chemistry and organic chemistry to develop their own software.
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Piekarska, W., M. Kubiak, Z. Saternus, and K. Rek. "Computer Modelling of Thermomechanical Phenomena in Pipes Welded using a Laser Beam." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0156.
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Abstract This study concerns numerical modelling and computer simulation of thermomechanical phenomena accompanying spiral welding of pipes made of stainless steel X5CrNi18-10 using a laser beam. Based on Abaqus FEA software, 3D numerical analysis was performed. Power distribution of spirally moving heat source was implemented into additional DFLUX subroutine, written in Fortran programming language. Thermomechanical properties of steel changing with temperature were taken into account in the analysis. The efficiency of material melting by different welding sources as well as the influence of heat load on the shape of melted zone, deformation of welded pipe and residual stress were examined.
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Watanobe, Yutaka, and Nikolay Mirenkov. "Algorithmic Transparency of Large-Scale *AIDA Programs." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 30, no. 09 (September 2020): 1263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194020500345.
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Programming in pictures is an approach where pictures and moving pictures are used as super-characters to represent the features of computational algorithms and data structures, as well as for explaining the models and application methods involved. *AIDA is a computer language that supports programming in pictures. This language and its environment have been developed and promoted as a testbed for various innovations in information technology (IT) research and implementation, including exploring the compactness of the programs and their adaptive software systems, and obtaining better understanding of information resources. In this paper, new features of the environment and methods of their implementation are presented. They are considered within a case study of a large-scale module of a nuclear safety analysis system to demonstrate that *AIDA language is appropriate for developing efficient codes of serious applications and for providing support, based on folding/unfolding techniques, enhancing the readability, maintainability and algorithmic transparency of programs. Features of this support and the code efficiency are presented through the results of a computational comparison with a FORTRAN equivalent.
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Domański, Tomasz, Wiesława Piekarska, Marcin Kubiak, Zbigniew Saternus, and Dorota Goszczyńska-Króliszewska. "Numerical simulations of progressive hardening by using ABAQUS FEA software." MATEC Web of Conferences 157 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815702007.
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The paper concerns numerical simulations of progressive hardening include phase transformations in solid state of steel. Abaqus FEA software is used for numerical analysis of temperature field and phase transformations. Numerical subroutines, written in fortran programming language are used in computer simulations where models of the distribution of movable heat source, kinetics of phase transformations in solid state as well as thermal and structural strain are implemented. Model for evaluation of fractions of phases and their kinetics is based on continuous heating diagram and continuous cooling diagram. The numerical analysis of thermal fields, phase fractions and strain associated progressive hardening of elements made of steel were done.
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Hunt, John A. "Computer-aided parallel EELS techniques: acquisition, processing, & imaging." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 398–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100153968.
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The recent commercial introduction of the parallel detection electron energy-loss spectrometer has undoubtedly made electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) more viable as a technique for routine microanalysis. Additionally, the increased recording efficiency of parallel EELS (PEELS) warrants the use of more involved acquisition and processing techniques than was necessary, or even possible with serial EELS. This increased complexity places greater demands on the computer systems controlling data acquisition. Multichannel analyzers systems with small resources and limited programming facilities are not capable of exploiting the full capabilities of the PEELS spectrometer.Preliminary efforts of the author with the Gatan PEELS spectrometer were concentrated on development of a flexible acquisition system at National Institutes of Health. Hardware control is performed through machine-language drivers called from high-level languages (HLL) such as FORTRAN and C. The software drivers and hardware were designed to minimize processor involvement in the data collection process, resulting in the capability to collect data while processing continues within the parent HLL. This design simplifies the HLL program structure and minimizes data collection dead time.
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Aini, S. S., Sahari B. Barkawi, Aidy Ali, A. A. Nuraini, A. A. Faieza, Tuan Hafandi Tuan Ismail, M. Shahril, et al. "Introducing Fatigue Contour Plot in LS-Pre Post LSDYNA Finite Element Crash Simulation Software." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.275.
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In this study, a computer program for calculating fatigue life of component is developed and introduced in LS-PrePost software. The program is written in Fortran programming language and the fatigue life equations used is taken from well-published literature. The materials covered are steel and aluminum. The developed program is able to read stress, strain and element values from d3plot and the keyword file. Having extracted the output from d3plot and keyword file, the fatigue life is then calculated and presented into a separate file called FATIGUE. The integration of output from FATIGUE will is displayed in LS-PrePost. Finally, the results of fatigue life contour are successfully displayed through LS-PrePost.
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Piekarska, W., M. Kubiak, and Z. Saternus. "Numerical Simulation of Deformations in T-Joint Welded by the Laser Beam." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0181.
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Abstract Numerical simulation of deformations in laser welded T-joint is carried out in this study. The analysis is performed using Abaqus FEA engineering software. Additional author’s numerical subroutines, written in FORTRAN programming language are used in computer simulations where models of the distribution of movable laser beam heat source, kinetics of phase transformations in solid state as well as thermal and structural strain are implemented. Thermomechanical properties of welded material changing with temperature are taken into account in the analysis. Presented results of numerical simulations performed for the laser beam welding of two perpendicularly arranged sheets include temperature distribution, kinetics of phase transformations in solid state, thermal and structural strain as well as estimated welding deformations.
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Zinman, Gregory. "Nam June Paik's Etude 1 and the Indeterminate origins of Digital Media Art." October 164 (May 2018): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00321.
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This essay describes the discovery and significance of Etude 1 (1967), a previously unknown work by media artist Nam June Paik. Composed at Bell Labs and written in an early version of the computer-programming language FORTRAN, Etude 1 stands as one of the earliest works of digital art—though whether Etude 1 was intended to be a film, the “computer opera” that Paik mentions elsewhere in his writings, or some other kind of art work altogether. By exploring Etude 1's uncertain status, as well as more conceptual indeterminacies concerning the relationship between image and code, music and media, and the analog and the digital, this essay demonstrates how such indefinite artifacts allow for a rethinking of cinema's digital past, film's place in computational media, and the nature of the archive.
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Farthing, I., G. Love, VD Scott, and CT Walker. "A new and versatile computer program for correcting EPMA data." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1658–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100132923.
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A new computer program has been developed to convert electron probe microanalysis data into accurate measurements of chemical composition. It is menu-based and designed to operate off-line using any IBM PC compatible computer. As shown in the flowchart, fig. 1, the architecture is modular and the programming language adopted is a compilable version of BASIC which possesses much of the processing speed associated with FORTRAN or C. Specimens containing up to fifteen elements, with 4 ≤ Z ≤ 96, can be handled and all the major x-ray lines (Kα, Kβ, Lα, L(β, Mα and Mβ) are available for analysis purposes.The procedure itself is based upon the classical ZAF approach in which corrections for atomic number (Z), x-ray absorption (A), characteristic fluorescence (Fl) and continuum fluorescence (F2) are treated independently. The factors dealing with fluorescence are essentially those of Reed (characteristic) and Springer (continuum) although both contain minor updates. However, the atomic number and absorption factors are the authors' own and the latter, developed from a quadrilateral representation of the x-ray distribution with depth in a solid, distinguishes this program from others.
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PHILLIPS, C., and R. PERROTT. "PROBLEMS WITH DATA PARALLELISM." Parallel Processing Letters 11, no. 01 (March 2001): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626401000440.
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The gradual evolution of language features and approaches used for the programming of distributed memory machines underwent substantial advances in the 1990s. One of the most promising and widely praised approaches was based on data parallelism and resulted in High Performance Fortran. This paper reports on an experiment using that approach based on a commercial distributed memory machine, available compilers and simple test programs. The results are disappointing and not encouraging. The variety of components involved and the lack of detailed knowledge available for the compilers compound the difficulties of obtaining results and doing comparisons. The results show great variation and question the premise that communication is the decisive factor in performance determination. The results are also a contribution towards the difficult tasks of predicating performance on a distributed memory computer.
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Hopper, Douglas A. "ROSESIM: An Interactive Tool for Plant Growth Modeling." HortTechnology 6, no. 1 (January 1996): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.1.76.
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One should choose the simplest form of a model as a tool that adequately represents the processes and relationships of interest. ROSESIM was first developed in SLAM II and FORTRAN to run on a mainframe computer, where it had few users and it was cumbersome to learn and use. As use of models on a personal computer (PC) has become more popular for instruction and simulation, ROSESIM was translated first into the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) to run in the Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) language in the popular Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS). As graphical user interface (GUI) Windows applications have gained increased popularity, ROSESIM has been translated into C++ as object-oriented programming (OOP) to run inside Microsoft Windows 3.1. This makes ROSESIM for Windows readily available to virtually every PC user. Features of ROSESIM for Windows are listed and discussed.
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Asmaidi, Asmaidi, Darma Setiawan Putra, Muharratul Mina Risky, and Fitria Ulfa R. "Implementation of Sobel Method Based Edge Detection for Flower Image Segmentation." SinkrOn 3, no. 2 (March 16, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v3i2.10050.
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Edge detection is the first step to cover information in the image. The edges characterize the boundaries of objects and therefore edges are useful for the process of segmentation and identification in the image. The purpose of edge detection is to increase the appearance of the boundary line of the object in the image. The sobel method is a method that uses two kernels measuring 3x3 pixels for gradient calculations so that the estimate gradient is right in the middle of the window. Digital image processing aims to manipulate image data and analyze an image with the help of a computer. Matlab is made to facilitate the use of two collections of subroutines in the fortran library, linpack and eispack, in handling matrix computing, and develops into an interactive system as a programming language. Experimental results from the input image research, namely the flower image have different MSE values because each input image has a different pixel value
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Blum, M., P. Metcalf, S. C. Harrison, and D. C. Wiley. "A system for collection and on-line integration of X-ray diffraction data from a multiwire area detector." Journal of Applied Crystallography 20, no. 3 (June 1, 1987): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889887086783.
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A system for collecting and measuring X-ray diffraction data from protein crystals has been developed for a multiwire area detector. Computer programs run concurrently on two microcomputers, which collect and reduce detector data to integrated intensities. The self-contained system consists of an X-ray area detector, a rotation/oscillation camera, and two microcomputers connected by a high-speed Ethernet network. One microcomputer is dedicated to operation of the detector, control of the camera, and storage of the raw data. The second microcomputer automatically integrates the data as they are collected and allows the user to monitor the quality of data as they are processed. The integration programs are written in Fortran 77 and have been designed to be portable. Additional programs for crystal alignment, detector and camera control, and graphics are written in the C programming language. A description of the system, some characteristics of the detector, and the results of data collection are presented.
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Piekarska, W., M. Kubiak, Z. Saternus, S. Stano, and T. Domański. "Numerical Prediction Of Deformations In Laser Welded Sheets Made Of X5CrNi18-10 Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 1965–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0334.
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AbstractThe work concerns the numerical modelling of coupled thermal and mechanical phenomena occurring in the laser beam welding process. Commercial Abaqus FEA engineering software is adopted to numerical computations in order to perform a comprehensive analysis of thermo-mechanical phenomena. Created in Fortran programming language additional numerical subroutines are implemented into Abaqus solver, used to describe the power intensity distribution of the movable laser beam heat source. Temperature dependent thermomechanical properties of X5CrNi18-10 steel are adopted in the numerical analysis of stress and strain states. Mathematical and numerical models are verified on the basis of a comparison between selected results of computer simulations and experimental studies on butt-welded joints.Numerical simulations are presented for steel sheet with a thickness of 2 mm. Temperature distributions, the shape and size of melted zone as well as residual stress and deformations are presented for analyzed elements. Numerically determined deflections are compared with the measured deflection of welded joint.
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Magomedova, M. R., Z. A. Kurbanova, and B. A. Shangereeva. "COMPUTER SIMULATION OF DETERMINING SILTATION VOLUMES OF WATER RESERVOIR STORAGE ON THE AKSAY RIVER." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 46, no. 4 (January 2, 2020): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2019-46-4-102-112.
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Objectives. The development of a mathematical model for the increased turbidity zones of the Aksay river in order to determine the siltation volumes of the Aksay water reservoir storage.Method. The mathematical model is developed using the theory of probability and the theory of random process outliers. The model takes the normal distribution of the horizontal and vertical components of the instantaneous flow velocities into account, as well as the Rayleigh law of the distribution of their maxima. The proposed model is used to calculate the “turbidity tail” of the Aksay river.Result. Due to the multifactorial nature of the continuously associated processes of siltation and deposition of suspended and bottom sediments in the upper pounds of the Aksay reservoir storage hydrological system, a mathematical model of the reservoir accretion process is developed. This model provides the reliability of accretion forecasting with spatial and temporal correlation with the siltation process model, which is actually feasible on the basis of computer simulation.Conclusion. The developed model, which is based on a probabilistic approach and the theory of random process outliers, reflects the overall process of sediment transport in open channels. The development and execution of simulation programmes is carried out using the Microsoft Developer Studio (MDS) and the Fortran Power Station algorithmic language, which comprises not only a programming system, but also a set of tools for supporting large software projects integrated into MDS.
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Jahanfar, S., and And H. Tavakoli-Anbaran. "Extracting fairly accurate proton range formulas for use in microdosimetry." Revista Mexicana de Física 65, no. 5 Sept-Oct (September 2, 2019): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.65.566.
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Radiation therapy is a promising treatment for cancer patients. The highest dose of radiation must deliver to tumor and the lowest to the healthy tissues. Since charged particles such as protons have high stopping-power at track-end, these particles can be used to treat tumors close to sensitive tissues. Formulas that commonly used for proton stopping-power in a soft tissue-equivalent material (T.E.) and each of its elements have respectively 48, and 12 constants. Due to the complexity of formulas, high number of constants, high occupancy of computer memory, and rounding error of computer, existing formulas reduces information processing speed. Because of the importance of proton therapy and its applications in dosimetry, microdosimetry, detectors, and computer simulations of these systems, it is necessary to use fast and accurate formulas for the stopping-power and range in the T.E., and its elements. We wrote a computer code in FORTRAN programming language, and used the fitting method and obtained simple and fairly accurate formulas for the proton range in these materials. Our range formula in T.E. have 6 constants, and in elements of T.E. include carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen have 4 and hydrogen have 8 constants. So our formulas greatly reduce the above mentioned errors.
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Madlazim, M., and Bagus Jaya Santosa. "Computational physics Using Python: Implementing Maxwell Equation for Circle Polarization." Jurnal Penelitian Fisika dan Aplikasinya (JPFA) 1, no. 1 (June 14, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jpfa.v1n1.p1-7.
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Python is a relatively new computing language, created by Guido van Rossum [A.S. Tanenbaum, R. van Renesse, H. van Staveren, G.J. Sharp, S.J. Mullender, A.J. Jansen, G. van Rossum, Experiences with the Amoeba distributed operating system, Communications of the ACM 33 (1990) 46–63; also on-line at http://www.cs.vu.nl/pub/amoeba/, which is particularly suitable for teaching a course in computational physics. There are two questions to be considered: (i) For whom is the course intended? (ii) What are the criteria for a suitable language, and why choose Python? The criteria include the nature of the application. High performance computing requires a compiled language, e.g., FORTRAN. For some applications a computer algebra, e.g., Maple, is appropriate. For teaching, and for program development, an interpreted language has considerable advantages: Python appears particularly suitable. Python‟s attractions include (i) its system of modules which makes it easy to extend, (ii) its excellent graphics (VPython module), (iii) its excellent on line documentation, (iv) it is free and can be downloaded from the web. Python and VPython will be described briefly, and some programs demonstrated numerical and animation of some phenomenal physics. In this article, we gave solution of circle polarization by solving Maxwell equation.
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Kobayashi, Kent D. "DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SIMULATION MODELS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1176e—1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1176e.
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A simulation model consists of equations that represent the important relationships between components in a system, e.g., a plant or plant part. One of the purposes of simulation models is to simulate plant growth or plant growth processes to help further our understanding of plant growth and development. Simulation models are mechanistic or process based models that account for the physiological processes occurring in the system.Model development involves several steps. We define the problem and defuse the system, its entities, their attributes, and important relationships. A conceptual model is often expressed visually in a relational diagram showing the components and their relationships. This diagram is formally expressed as a simulation model through the use of equations repenting the relationships in the system. We often make assumptions regarding the components and their relationships to simply the model or because of a lack of knowledge. Simulation models are generally written using a simulation language such as CSMP or STELLA® or with a programming language such as FORTRAN or BASIC. The model is verified through checking the appropriateness of the relationships and the integrity of the computer program. The model is then validated through seeing bow well it simulates the behavior of the system. Simulation models provide additional insights by enabling us to ask “What if” questions by changing of the conditions of the model and seeing the resulting changes in plant growth.
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M, Farooq, and Dao Bo Wang. "A Reconfigurable and Modular Open Architecture Controller: the New Frontiers." International Journal of Automation Technology 2, no. 3 (May 5, 2008): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2008.p0205.
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A novel and flexible open architecture controller platform is presented for PUMA Robot system. The original structure of the PUMA robot has been retained. All computational units are removed from the existing PUMA controller, and the PC assumes the role of computing the control strategy. By assembling the controller from off-the-shell hardware and software components, the benefits of reduced cost and improved robustness have been realized. An Intel Pentium IV industrial computer is used as the central controller. The control software has been implemented using VC++ programming language. The trajectory tracking results show the validity of the new PC based controller.
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Hacıefendioğlu, Kemal, Gökhan Demir, and Ahmet Can Altunışık. "Blast-induced ground motion effect on dynamic response of a cylindrical vertical water tank with piled raft foundation." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 6, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2020.03.003.
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This paper studies to estimate the dynamic behavior of a demineralized water tank with a piled raft foundation system considering soil-pile-structure-fluid interaction to shock-ground motion. A three-dimensional finite element model of a coupled system is constituted in ANSYS software. Interaction between pile and soil is represented with the frictional contact element. The frictionless contact elements are utilized to model between the water and tank shell to allow for displacement of the free surface adjacent to the tank wall. Shell elements are used for the tank body and its vault. The dynamic analyses of the tank including soil-pile-structure-fluid interaction are presented by using shock response spectra. Ground shock acceleration time histories, generated by using a developed computer program based on Fortran programming language, produce shock response spectra. The effects of the different charge weights and distances from the charge center are examined in the analyses. Also, the effect of the water fill level in the tank and the number of piles is also investigated. The results of the research are presented with the directional displacements and equivalent stresses. It seen from the analyses that the dynamic responses of the tank increase with the charge weight, while decreasing with the charge center distance. Moreover, the water fill level and the number of piles extremely affect the displacement and stress values of the coupled interaction system.
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Abed, Basim Sh. "Finite Element Modeling Of Saint-Venant Equations For Shatt-Al Hilla." Journal of Techniques 2, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51173/jt.v2i1.156.
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Shatt Al-Hilla was considered one of the important branches of Euphrates River that supplies irrigation water to millions of dunams of planted areas. It is important to control the velocity and water level along the river to maintain the required level for easily diverting water to the branches located along the river. So, in this research, a numerical model was developed to simulate the gradually varied unsteady flow in Shatt AL-Hilla. The present study aims to solve the continuity and momentum (Saint-Venant) equations numerically to predict the hydraulic characteristics in the river using Galerkin finite element method. A computer program was designed and built using the programming language FORTRAN-77. Fifty kilometers was considered starting from downstream of Hindiyah Barrage towards Hilla City. The gathered field measurements along different periods were used for the purpose of calibration and verification of the model. The results show that the suitable Manning roughness was 0.023. A comparison with field observations was conducted to identify the validity of the numerical solution of the flow equations. The obtained results indicate the feasibility of the numerical techniques using a weighting factor of 0.667 and a time increment of 6 hr. High accuracy and good agreement were achieved, and minimum Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.029 was gained for the obtained results compared with the corresponding field observations.
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Peng, Ronghua, Bo Han, Yajun Liu, and Xiangyun Hu. "EM3DANI: A Julia package for fully anisotropic 3D forward modeling of electromagnetic data." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): F49—F60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0489.1.
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Forward modeling is vital for 3D inversion and interpretation of electromagnetic (EM) data in anisotropic media, which is one of the major challenges in the field of EM geophysics. However, there are few freely available 3D codes that are capable of modeling EM responses in fully anisotropic media. In addition, most existing 3D EM codes are written in low-level languages (LLs) such as C and Fortran, making them difficult to read, maintain, and extend. Taking advantage of recent progress in computer technology and numerical methods, we have developed an open-source package for forward modeling of frequency-domain EM fields in a fully 3D anisotropic earth (EM3DANI) using the Julia language, a relatively young, high-level programming language with a focus on high performance. Based on a mimetic finite-volume discretization of the governing equations, the modeling algorithm is expressed in an abstract form in terms of matrices/vectors and thus can be easily implemented by using any high-level language commonly used for numerical computing. Existing libraries written in LLs can be easily integrated into a Julia code without the so-called two-language problem; thus, we have exploited several mature third-party packages to deal with computationally intensive parts of the forward modeling, which guarantees high stability and efficiency. We have elaborated the structure of the package, paying special attention to code usability, readability, and extendability, while striving to retain versatility and high performance. The effectiveness of the code is demonstrated through two 1D synthetic examples for magnetotelluric and controlled-source EM (CSEM) problems, respectively. High accuracy and efficiency can be achieved for both 1D examples. Furthermore, we have developed a 3D example mimicking a marine CSEM survey scenario for hydrocarbon exploration. The simulation results indicate that the effect of the anisotropy on forward responses is significant and can be comparable to that of the target reservoir.
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Zhang, Guang Yun, Peng Lan, and Nian Li Lu. "Development of Parameterized Modeling for Tower Crane." Advanced Materials Research 505 (April 2012): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.505.293.
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The development of parameterized modeling for ST8075 tower crane is based on finite element analysis software SAP84 and high-level programming language Fortran. According to the Saint-Venant principle, the special beam elements such as rotation joint and connection knots are specially reinforced if they don’t affect force analysis and deformation analysis of the whole structure. The tower crane is built into many small modules, which include balance arms, booms, tower body and so on. The developed program for the tower crane can realize the following functions: inputting the following parameters such as the tower body standard joint number, the boom combination type, working amplitude and hoisting weight, the computer can automatically generate hoisting points and get required crane with any tower body standard joints and booms’ combination type. According to inputted boom combination type and amplitude, the program will automatically judge the balance weight value applied to the balance arm, apply the balance weight, assure the variable-amplitude vehicle’s position, apply the hoisting load, apply the hanger weight and generate data files. It can calculate tower crane’s force state when the crane is working at various working case such as working state and storm case. After calculating the crane, inner forces can be checked and judged whether the beams meet the requirements of strength, stiffness and stability. It is easy to optimize the product design, reduce the crane’s potential risks and raise its safety assurance. It has important significance for research and development of new products.
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LOUCKY, JOHN PAUL. "Improving access to target vocabulary using computerized bilingual dictionaries." ReCALL 14, no. 2 (November 2002): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344002000721.
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This study aims to compare various computerized bilingual dictionaries (henceforth CBDs) for their relative effectiveness in helping Japanese college students at several language proficiency levels to access new English target vocabulary. Its rationale was based on several observations and research claims (see Atkins & Knowles, 1990; Bejoint & Moulin, 1987; Laufer & Hadar, 1997) that bilingual and bilingualized dictionaries in general, as well as electronic dictionaries in particular appear to be much more rapid and effective than monolingual book dictionaries for the acquisition of new L2 vocabulary by language learners. The author has been testing and analyzing various CBDs in four major categories for the past two years. These include (i) portable electronic dictionaries (PEDs); (ii) software CBDs; (iii) online dictionary websites; and (iv) optical character recognition/translation (OCR/OCT) devices, both portable handheld ’Reading Pens‘ (e.g. Quickionary/Quicklink) and also flatbed OCR scanners (Logo Vista) bundled with translation programs. His research started over ten years ago, however, culminating in a dissertation entitled ‘Developing and testing vocabulary training methods and materials for Japanese college students studying English as a foreign language’ (Loucky, 1996; or summary thereof, Loucky, 1997). This dissertation studied the pre- and post-test vocabulary, comprehension, listening and total reading levels of over 1,000 Japanese college students at six institutions. Since then the author has devised a simple yet practical Vocabulary Knowledge Scale (VKS), helping to more clearly define and test the differences between passive or receptive understanding vocabulary and active or productive use vocabulary. Computerized technology has now made possible multimedia programming with the benefits of interactive processing and immediate feedback. Modern CAI/CAELL along with well-made CBDs, either online or off, can already be found to scan, pronounce and translate for us in any direction of the four language skills. This study examined Japanese college students’ use of four kinds of CBDs for more rapid accessing and archiving of new L2 terms, recommending integration of their use into a more systematic taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategies.
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Alturki, Sarah, Nazik Alturki, and Heiner Stuckenschmidt. "Using Educational Data Mining to Predict Students’ Academic Performance for Applying Early Interventions." Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice 20 (2021): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4835.
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Aim/Purpose: One of the main objectives of higher education institutions is to provide a high-quality education to their students and reduce dropout rates. This can be achieved by predicting students’ academic achievement early using Educational Data Mining (EDM). This study aims to predict students’ final grades and identify honorary students at an early stage. Background: EDM research has emerged as an exciting research area, which can unfold valuable knowledge from educational databases for many purposes, such as identifying the dropouts and students who need special attention and discovering honorary students for allocating scholarships. Methodology: In this work, we have collected 300 undergraduate students’ records from three departments of a Computer and Information Science College at a university located in Saudi Arabia. We compared the performance of six data mining methods in predicting academic achievement. Those methods are C4.5, Simple CART, LADTree, Naïve Bayes, Bayes Net with ADTree, and Random Forest. Contribution: We tested the significance of correlation attribute predictors using four different methods. We found 9 out of 18 proposed features with a significant correlation for predicting students’ academic achievement after their 4th semester. Those features are student GPA during the first four semesters, the number of failed courses during the first four semesters, and the grades of three core courses, i.e., database fundamentals, programming language (1), and computer network fundamentals. Findings: The empirical results show the following: (i) the main features that can predict students’ academic achievement are the student GPA during the first four semesters, the number of failed courses during the first four semesters, and the grades of three core courses; (ii) Naïve Bayes classifier performed better than Tree-based Models in predicting students’ academic achievement in general, however, Random Forest outperformed Naïve Bayes in predicting honorary students; (iii) English language skills do not play an essential role in students’ success at the college of Computer and Information Sciences; and (iv) studying an orientation year does not contribute to students’ success. Recommendations for Practitioners: We would recommend instructors to consider using EDM in predicting students’ academic achievement and benefit from that in customizing students’ learning experience based on their different needs. Recommendation for Researchers: We would highly endorse that researchers apply more EDM studies across various universities and compare between them. For example, future research could investigate the effects of offering tutoring sessions for students who fail core courses in their first semesters, examine the role of language skills in social science programs, and examine the role of the orientation year in other programs. Impact on Society: The prediction of academic performance can help both teachers and students in many ways. It also enables the early discovery of honorary students. Thus, well-deserved opportunities can be offered; for example, scholarships, internships, and workshops. It can also help identify students who require special attention to take an appropriate intervention at the earliest stage possible. Moreover, instructors can be aware of each student’s capability and customize the teaching tasks based on students’ needs. Future Research: For future work, the experiment can be repeated with a larger dataset. It could also be extended with more distinctive attributes to reach more accurate results that are useful for improving the students’ learning outcomes. Moreover, experiments could be done using other data mining algorithms to get a broader approach and more valuable and accurate outputs.
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Mula, G., C. Angius, F. Casula, G. Maxia, M. Porcu, and Jinlong Yang. "The SEISM* Project: A Software Engineering Initiative for the Study of Materials." MRS Proceedings 408 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-408-3.
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AbstractStructured programming is no longer enough for dealing with the large software projects allowed by today's computer hardware. An object-oriented computational model has been developed in order to achieve reuse, rapid prototyping and easy maintenance in large scale materials science calculations. The exclusive use of an object-oriented language is not mandatory for implementing the model. On the contrary, embedding Fortran code in an object-oriented language can be a very efficient way of fulfilling these goals without sacrificing the huge installed base of Fortran programs. Reuse can begin from one's old Fortran programs. These claims are substantiated with practical examples from a professional code for the study of the electronic properties of atomic clusters. Out of the about 20,000 lines of the original Fortran program, more than 70% of them could be reused in the C++ objects of the new version. Facilities for dealing with periodic systems and for scaling linearly with the number of atoms have been added without any change in the computational model.
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Evans, Thomas M., Andrew Siegel, Erik W. Draeger, Jack Deslippe, Marianne M. Francois, Timothy C. Germann, William E. Hart, and Daniel F. Martin. "A survey of software implementations used by application codes in the Exascale Computing Project." International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, June 25, 2021, 109434202110289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10943420211028940.
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The US Department of Energy Office of Science and the National Nuclear Security Administration initiated the Exascale Computing Project (ECP) in 2016 to prepare mission-relevant applications and scientific software for the delivery of the exascale computers starting in 2023. The ECP currently supports 24 efforts directed at specific applications and six supporting co-design projects. These 24 application projects contain 62 application codes that are implemented in three high-level languages—C, C++, and Fortran—and use 22 combinations of graphical processing unit programming models. The most common implementation language is C++, which is used in 53 different application codes. The most common programming models across ECP applications are CUDA and Kokkos, which are employed in 15 and 14 applications, respectively. This article provides a survey of the programming languages and models used in the ECP applications codebase that will be used to achieve performance on the future exascale hardware platforms.
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Jendoubi, Takoua, and Timothy M. D. Ebbels. "Integrative analysis of time course metabolic data and biomarker discovery." BMC Bioinformatics 21, no. 1 (January 9, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12859-019-3333-0.
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Abstract Background Metabolomics time-course experiments provide the opportunity to understand the changes to an organism by observing the evolution of metabolic profiles in response to internal or external stimuli. Along with other omic longitudinal profiling technologies, these techniques have great potential to uncover complex relations between variations across diverse omic variables and provide unique insights into the underlying biology of the system. However, many statistical methods currently used to analyse short time-series omic data are i) prone to overfitting, ii) do not fully take into account the experimental design or iii) do not make full use of the multivariate information intrinsic to the data or iv) are unable to uncover multiple associations between different omic data. The model we propose is an attempt to i) overcome overfitting by using a weakly informative Bayesian model, ii) capture experimental design conditions through a mixed-effects model, iii) model interdependencies between variables by augmenting the mixed-effects model with a conditional auto-regressive (CAR) component and iv) identify potential associations between heterogeneous omic variables by using a horseshoe prior. Results We assess the performance of our model on synthetic and real datasets and show that it can outperform comparable models for metabolomic longitudinal data analysis. In addition, our proposed method provides the analyst with new insights on the data as it is able to identify metabolic biomarkers related to treatment, infer perturbed pathways as a result of treatment and find significant associations with additional omic variables. We also show through simulation that our model is fairly robust against inaccuracies in metabolite assignments. On real data, we demonstrate that the number of profiled metabolites slightly affects the predictive ability of the model. Conclusions Our single model approach to longitudinal analysis of metabolomics data provides an approach simultaneously for integrative analysis and biomarker discovery. In addition, it lends better interpretation by allowing analysis at the pathway level. An accompanying package for the model has been developed using the probabilistic programming language . The package offers user-friendly functions for simulating data, fitting the model, assessing model fit and postprocessing the results. The main aim of the package is to offer freely accessible resources for integrative longitudinal analysis for metabolomics scientists and various visualization functions easy-to-use for applied researchers to interpret results.