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Journal articles on the topic 'Forward Error Correction Codes'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 June 2025

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Durcek, Viktor, Michal Kuba, and Milan Dado. "Channel Coding in Optical Communication Systems." Transport and Communications 4, no. 2 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/tac.c.2016.2.1.

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In this paper, an overview of various types of error-correcting codes is present. Three generations of forward error correction methods used in optical communication systems are listed and described. Forward error correction schemes proposed for use in future high-speed optical networks can be found in the third generation of codes.

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Lai, Zong Li, and Wen Tao Xu. "Detecting on Forward Error Correction Codes." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.96.

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Under the development of society, the dissemination of information plays an increasingly significant role. How to achieve the goal of continually reducing the error rate and enhance the quality of communication and construct a highly reliable, efficient and high-speed Broadband Communication System is really a tough task. Here comes the FEC that is one particular type of error correction codes which is introduced to protect the process of data transmitting. In addition to a brief introduction to FEC, this article covers the categories of FEC and their applications along with comparisons and also describes the latest development of these error correction algorithms.

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Vladimirov, Sergey, Alexey Gutovskiy, and Artem Fomin. "Linear network coding with forward error correction in wireless packet relaying system." Telecom IT 10, no. 1 (2022): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/2307-1303-2022-10-1-21-33.

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Research subject. The paper presents the results of comparing three byte error-correcting codes according to their probabilistic characteristics in a system with network coding. Method. Simulation modeling has been carried out to determine the probabilistic characteristics of byte error-correcting codes for a transmission system with network coding. The principles of coding and decoding of the studied codes are considered. Core results. The probabilistic characteristics of byte error-correcting codes are determined and presented, and recommendations are developed for their use in a transmission system with network coding, depending on its purpose. Practical relevance. The application of the considered error-correcting codes for the construction of transmission systems with network coding is proposed. The applicability of these codes in the development of applied byte protocols that require the use of forward error correction mechanisms in communication channels is noted.

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Shim, Yong-Geol. "Forward Error Correction Codes in Communication Channels." International Journal of Control and Automation 10, no. 4 (2017): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijca.2017.10.4.12.

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Vladimirov, S. "COMPARISON OF THE PROBABILISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF 8-BIT CODES WITH FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION." Telecom IT 7, no. 1 (2019): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/2307-1303-2019-7-1-21-30.

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Research subject. The article presents the results of comparing different 8-bit error-correcting codes by their probabilistic characteristics. Method. Simulation was performed to determine the probabilistic characteristics of 8-bit error-correcting codes. The principles of their coding and decoding are considered. Core results. The probabilistic characteristics of 8-bit error-correcting codes are identified and presented. Recommendations for their application are developed depending on the structure of the using transmission system. Practical relevance. The application of the considered codes for the construction of transmission systems on devices with limited computing resources is proposed. The applicability of these codes in the development of application layer byte protocols that require the use of forward error correction mechanisms in communication channels is noted.

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Et. al., Mrs Channaveeramma E. ,. "Performance Comparison of Turbo coder and low-density parity check codes." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 10 (2021): 5898–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i10.5408.

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Wireless communication systems will suffer from the noise introduced in the channels. Channel codes are the essential part of wireless communication systems which help in detection and correction of errors due to the noise introduced in the channel. Turbo codes and LDPC codes are the Forward Error Correction (FEC) channel coding techniques which have the error correcting capability near to Shannon codes along with improvement in transmission rate and energy efficiency.Turbo codes were introduced in 1993[1]. LDPC codes were discovered in 1960 by R.Galleger in his Ph.D dissertation at MIT.They became implementable, after the discovery of Turbo codes[2]. The satellite communications such as DVB-RCS, telecommunications such as 3G, 4G, Wireless metropolitan standards IEEE 802.16(WiMax) uses turbo codes[3]. G.hn/G.9960 (ITU-T standard for networking over power lines, phone lines and coaxial cable), 802.3 an(10GBps ethernet over twisted pair), CMMB(China multimedia mobile broadcasting), DVB-S2/DVB-T2/DVB-C2(Digital video broadcasting , second generation), DMB-T/H(Digital video broadcasting), Wimax(IEEE 802.16e standard for microwave communications), 802.11n-2009(wi-Fi standard) are the few standards where the LDPC codes are employed.[4]

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Shaw-Min Lei. "Forward error correction codes for MPEG2 over ATM." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 4, no. 2 (1994): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/76.285628.

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Matsenko, Svitlana, Oleksiy Borysenko, Sandis Spolitis, et al. "FPGA-Implemented Fractal Decoder with Forward Error Correction in Short-Reach Optical Interconnects." Entropy 24, no. 1 (2022): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24010122.

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Forward error correction (FEC) codes combined with high-order modulator formats, i.e., coded modulation (CM), are essential in optical communication networks to achieve highly efficient and reliable communication. The task of providing additional error control in the design of CM systems with high-performance requirements remains urgent. As an additional control of CM systems, we propose to use indivisible error detection codes based on a positional number system. In this work, we evaluated the indivisible code using the average probability method (APM) for the binary symmetric channel (BSC), which has the simplicity, versatility and reliability of the estimate, which is close to reality. The APM allows for evaluation and compares indivisible codes according to parameters of correct transmission, and detectable and undetectable errors. Indivisible codes allow for the end-to-end (E2E) control of the transmission and processing of information in digital systems and design devices with a regular structure and high speed. This study researched a fractal decoder device for additional error control, implemented in field-programmable gate array (FPGA) software with FEC for short-reach optical interconnects with multilevel pulse amplitude (PAM-M) modulated with Gray code mapping. Indivisible codes with natural redundancy require far fewer hardware costs to develop and implement encoding and decoding devices with a sufficiently high error detection efficiency. We achieved a reduction in hardware costs for a fractal decoder by using the fractal property of the indivisible code from 10% to 30% for different n while receiving the reciprocal of the golden ratio.

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Mei, Fan, Hong Chen, and Yingke Lei. "Blind Recognition of Forward Error Correction Codes Based on Recurrent Neural Network." Sensors 21, no. 11 (2021): 3884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113884.

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Forward error correction coding is the most common way of channel coding and the key point of error correction coding. Therefore, the recognition of which coding type is an important issue in non-cooperative communication. At present, the recognition of FEC codes is mainly concentrated in the field of semi-blind identification with known types of codes. However, the receiver cannot know the types of channel coding previously in non-cooperative systems such as cognitive radio and remote sensing of communication. Therefore, it is important to recognize the error-correcting encoding type with no prior information. In the paper, we come up with a neoteric method to identify the types of FEC codes based on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) under the condition of non-cooperative communication. The algorithm classifies the input data into Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, Low-density Parity-check (LDPC) codes, Turbo codes and convolutional codes. So as to train the RNN model with better performance, the weight initialization method is optimized and the network performance is improved. The experimental result indicates that the average recognition rate of this model is 99% when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ranges from 0 dB to 10 dB, which is in line with the requirements of engineering practice under the condition of non-cooperative communication. Moreover, the comparison of different parameters and models show the effectiveness and practicability of the algorithm proposed.

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Ms. Delphine Mary. P and Simran. A. "Design and Implementation of Hamming Code with Error Correction Using Xilinx." International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology 10, no. 4 (2024): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/cseit24104117.

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Advanced electrical circuits are very concerned about error-free communication. Information mistakes that happen during transmission may result in incorrect information being received. Error correction codes are frequently employed in electrical circuits to safeguard the data stored in memory and registers. One of these forward error correcting codes is the hamming code. It either employs the even parity or odd parity check approach. Here, we used the even parity check approach to implement hamming code. Compared to the parity check approach, hamming code is better. The hamming code is implemented here in Xilinx and uses a 7-bit data transmission scheme with 4 redundant bits. It is also used in the DSCH (Digital Schematic Editor & Simulator) programme. To find double bit errors, a specific parity bit is employed. For error detection and correction in this instance, we employed the SEDC-DED (Single Bit Error Detection and Correction-Double Bit Error Detection) method.

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Mei, Fan, Hong Chen, and Yingke Lei. "Blind Recognition of Forward Error Correction Codes Based on a Depth Distribution Algorithm." Symmetry 13, no. 6 (2021): 1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13061094.

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Forward error correction codes (FEC) are one of the vital sections of modern communication systems; therefore, recognition of the coding type is an important issue in non-cooperative communication. At present, the recognition of FEC codes is mainly concentrated in the field of semi-blind identification with known types of codes. However, based on information asymmetry, the receiver cannot know the types of channel coding previously used in non-cooperative systems such as cognitive radio and remote sensing of communication. Therefore, it is important to recognize the error-correcting encoding type with no prior information. Although the traditional algorithm can also recognize the type of codes, it is only applicable to the case without errors, and its practicability is poor. In the paper, we propose a new method to identify the types of FEC codes based on depth distribution in non-cooperative communication. The proposed algorithm can effectively recognize linear block codes, convolutional codes, and Turbo codes under a low error probability level, and has a higher robustness to noise transmission environment. In addition, an improved matrix estimation algorithm based on Gaussian elimination was adopted in this paper, which effectively improves the parameter identification in a noisy environment. Finally, we used a general framework to unify all the reconstruction algorithms to simplify the complexity of the algorithm. The simulation results show that, compared with the traditional algorithm based on matrix rank, the proposed algorithm has a better anti-interference performance. The method proposed is simple and convenient for engineering and practical applications.

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Anahid Robert Safavi, Alberto G. Perotti, Branislav M. Popovic, Mahdi Boloursaz Mashhadi, and Deniz G�nd�z. "Deep extended feedback codes." ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies 2, no. 6 (2021): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52953/snlm1743.

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A new Deep Neural Network (DNN)-based error correction encoder architecture for channels with feedback, called Deep Extended Feedback (DEF), is presented in this paper. The encoder in the DEF architecture transmits an information message followed by a sequence of parity symbols which are generated based on the message as well as the observations of the past forward channel outputs sent to the transmitter through a feedback channel. DEF codes generalize Deepcode in several ways: parity symbols are generated based on forward channel output observations over longer time intervals in order to provide better error correction capability; and high-order modulation formats are deployed in the encoder so as to achieve increased spectral efficiency. Performance evaluations show that DEF codes have better performance compared to other DNN-based codes for channels with feedback.

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Saleem, Huda, Huda Albermany, and Husein Hadi. "Proposed Method to Generated Strong Keys by Fuzzy Extractor And Biometric." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.27 (2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.27.17672.

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The typical scheme used to generated cryptographic key is a fuzzy extractor. The fuzzy extractor is the extraction of a stable data from biometric data or noisy data based on the error correction code (ECC) method. Forward error correction includes two ways are blocked and convolutional coding used for error control coding. “Bose_Chaudhuri_Hocquenghem” (BCH) is one of the error correcting codes employ to correct errors in noise data. In this paper use fuzzy extractor scheme to find strong key based on BCH coding, face recognition data used SVD method and hash function. Hash_512 converted a string with variable length into a string of fixed length, it aims to protect information against the threat of repudiation.

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Beniwal, Gaurav. "Capacity Achieving Forward Error Correcting Codes." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 5 (2018): 638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.5107.

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Khalil, Amaad, Nasruminallah, Irfan Ahmed, and Salman Ilahi Siddiqui. "Design of Robust Video Transmission System by Using Efficient Forward Error Correction Scheme." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: A. Physical and Computational Sciences 58, no. 4 (2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(58-4)767.

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The advent of modern digital technologies has made multimedia communication systems one of the most demanding technologies of the time. The use of available bandwidth for efficient and errorless multimedia communication is the key challenge for the wireless communication research community. However, a wireless network has the disadvantage of being prone to random channel noise and data contamination. This paper proposes a robust video transmission framework by using an efficient forward error correction technique. In this work, the experimental performance of widely used forward error correction codes i.e., Convolution codes, LDPC codes, Turbo codes, and Concatenated codes, are compared based on their capability to compensate the channel noise and distortion. An efficient encoding scheme is devised for the transmission of YUV encoded frames by using the selected FEC codes in a noisy channel environment. The retrieved video is analysed by using the Peak Signal-to-Noise ratio and bit error rate as performance metrics. The results and cross comparison shows that concatenated codes have a handsome improvement in avoiding channel contamination and distortion.

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Краснов, Р. П. "FREE-SPACE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION LINE USING FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION CODING." ВЕСТНИК ВОРОНЕЖСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА 20, no. 3 (2024): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/1729-6501.2024.20.3.020.

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в связи с постоянным ростом объема передаваемых данных и высоким спросом на пропускную способность абонентских каналов в качестве широкополосной технологии «последней мили» может выступать атмосферная оптическая линия связи (АОЛС). Высокая спектральная и информационная эффективность по сравнению с радиочастотными линиями ухудшается за счет воздействия атмосферных эффектов в канале связи, в том числе и за счет атмосферной турбулентности. Для повышения качества связи предложено совместное использование методов помехоустойчивого кодирования и ортогонального частотного разделения каналов (OFDM). В статье рассмотрена система атмосферной оптической связи OFDM-типа, в которой для сигналов на поднесущих использовалась бинарная фазовая манипуляция (BPSK). Турбулентный атмосферный оптический канал описывался статистической моделью экспоненциального распределения Вейбулла. В качестве методов помехоустойчивого кодирования рассмотрены сверточные коды, коды Рида-Соломона и турбо-коды. Результаты показывают, что помехоустойчивые коды повышают качество связи системы передачи. Показано также, что турбо-коды значительно улучшают возможности коррекции ошибок по сравнению с другими методами в тех же условиях турбулентности и протяженности линии связи due to the constant growth in the volume of transmitted data and the high demand for the capacity of subscriber channels, an free space optical communication line (FSO) can act as a “last mile” broadband technology. High spectral and information efficiency compared to radio frequency lines is at the same time deteriorated by atmospheric effects in the communication channel, including atmospheric turbulence. To improve the quality of communication, the joint use of noise-resistant coding and orthogonal frequency division (OFDM) methods has been proposed. The article discusses an OFDM-type atmospheric optical communication system in which binary phase shift keying (BPSK) was used for subcarrier signals. Turbulent atmospheric optical channel was described by a statistical model of exponential Weibull distribution. Convolutional codes, Reed-Solomon codes and turbo codes considered as noise-resistant coding methods. The results show that noise-resistant codes improve the communication quality of the transmission system. It is also shown that turbo codes significantly improve error correction capabilities compared to other methods under the same turbulence and link length conditions

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G, Durga Priyadharshini, and Suchitra G. "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF REED-SOLOMON CODES IN DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING LABVIEW." ICTACT Journal on Communication Technology 11, no. 1 (2020): 2121–25. https://doi.org/10.21917/ijct.2020.0313.

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5G uses various types of access networks and has a high frequency spectrum. At present, there are no mobile handsets that support all spectrum ranges due to limitations of hardware and the expenses involved in the process. This challenge can be addressed with the help of Software Defined Radio (SDR). Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) is a range of software-defined radios and most USRPs connect to a host computer through a high-speed link, which the host-based software uses to control the USRP hardware and transmit/receive data. In general, error occurs during data transmission through different communication channel. These errors can be corrected using Forward Error Correction (FEC) techniques. In this paper, an error correction code named as Reed-Solomon (RS) code, which is suitable for correcting burst error is presented. Further, a Simulation module in LabVIEW for RS Codes using MSK modulation scheme through AWGN channel is presented and its Bit Error Rate (BER) performance for codes such as RS (32,16), RS (127,111) and RS (255,239) are evaluated.

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Lin Liu, and Xiaoshe Dong. "Packet-level Forward Error Correction: 1-D Interleaved Parity Codes." International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology 4, no. 23 (2012): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/ijact.vol4.issue23.20.

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I. Mrutu, Salehe, Anael Sam, and Nerey H. Mvungi. "Forward Error Correction Convolutional Codes for RTAs' Networks: An Overview." International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security 6, no. 7 (2014): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijcnis.2014.07.03.

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Sandoval, Francisco, Gwenael Poitau, and Francois Gagnon. "Optimizing Forward Error Correction Codes for COFDM With Reduced PAPR." IEEE Transactions on Communications 67, no. 7 (2019): 4605–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2019.2910811.

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Fong, B., P. B. Rapajic, G. Y. Hong, and A. C. M. Fong. "Forward error correction with reed-solomon codes for wearable computers." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 49, no. 4 (2003): 917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tce.2003.1261174.

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Zhang, J. G., and G. Picchi. "Forward error-correction codes in incoherent optical fibre CDMA networks." Electronics Letters 29, no. 16 (1993): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19930977.

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Dvilyanskiy, A. A., and A. V. Yurlov. "Decoding forward error correction code in a priori uncertainty." Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: IT Management, Computer Science, Computer Engineering. Medical Equipment Engineering 14, no. 4 (2025): 8–27. https://doi.org/10.21869/2223-1536-2024-14-4-8-27.

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The purpose of research is to increase the efficiency of decoding noise–resistant block codes in conditions of a priori uncertainty about the parameters used.Methods. In modern systems, the use of noise-resistant block codes with a large codeword length is noted, which allows the permitted code combinations to be sufficiently far apart from each other during encoding and to obtain, during iterative decoding, the possibility of their correct determination at low values of the signal-to-noise ratio in the communication channel. The use of long noise-tolerant codes requires a reduction in the complexity of error correction algorithms, which is estimated by the number of operations of various types per decoding iteration. The number of operations of various types will depend on the parameters of the code and the verification matrix, as well as the decoding algorithm used. The practical implementation of the decoder has a number of limitations, and its design is a difficult task, especially in conditions of a priori uncertainty about the applied code parameters. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use the method of determining the applied LBC verification matrix based on the analysis of the received digital sequence.Results. In the course of the study, a comparative analysis of known methods for determining the parameters of an interference-resistant block code was carried out and a modification of the Gauss method was proposed to solve a system of linear algebraic equations when finding the LBC verification matrix.Conclusion. The proposed method avoids performing a strict sequence of actions according to the well-known Gauss method, as well as reducing time complexity by paralleling calculations and significantly increasing the efficiency of practical implementation of the algorithm for finding the LBC verification matrix.

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P, Dhivya Lakshmi. "CONSTRUCTING LOW-DENSITY PARITY-CHECK CODES IN DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM." ICTACT Journal on Communication Technology 11, no. 2 (2020): 2198–202. https://doi.org/10.21917/ijct.2020.0325.

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In data communications, errors occur when the data travels through different communication channels. Their errors have to be reduced to obtain efficient Bit Error rate (BER). Over unreliable or noisy communication channels, errors in data can be controlled effectively using Error-correcting Code (ECC). NI USRP (National Instruments Universal Software Radio Hardware) 2954R support 5G with multiradio cooperation using Multiple- Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) techniques. The frequency of NI USRP 2954R ranges from 10 MHz to 6GHz with 160MHz bandwidth. In a software radio by mean of software upgrade a new technology can be easily implemented whereas the functionality is defined in software itself. Thus, in 4G communication, a forward error correction code (FEC) like LDPC is used. In this paper LDPC codes with Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation is simulated with NI lab-view and the performance of the LDPC code for the dimension (100,50,3) is analyzed. The experimental results demonstrate that as a signal to noise ratio (SNR) increases, BER decreases.

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Zanbouri, Ali Hossein, Yahia Hasan, and Fatameh Hossein. "Quality of Video Streaming: Taxonomy." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS 22 (February 3, 2025): 215–33. https://doi.org/10.37394/23209.2025.22.19.

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Real-time and live video streaming are very important topics in networks nowadays, either wired or wireless, and so it is significant to address and study the behavior, advantages, and disadvantages of different techniques and algorithms. This article presents a comprehensive overview for researchers who are willing to conduct research in video compression standards, error correction algorithms for improving the quality of video streaming, forward error correction codes with feedback and forward error correction algorithms with unequal loss (or error) protection techniques for enhancing video streaming quality, description about the layered video streaming, single and multi-paths video streaming, good description about video streaming over wireless networks, the problem of erasure packets and packet erasure networks/packet erasure Channels, layered coding compression techniques, error detecting and correcting algorithms, Unequal Error Protection (UEP) techniques and schemes, multipath video streaming, and recent researches that based on hybrid solutions over 3G, 4G, 5G, WiMAX, and Wi-Fi wireless networks.

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El-Abbasy, Karim, Ramy Taki Eldin, Salwa El Ramly, and Bassant Abdelhamid. "Optimized Polar Codes as Forward Error Correction Coding for Digital Video Broadcasting Systems." Electronics 10, no. 17 (2021): 2152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172152.

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Polar codes are featured by their low encoding/decoding complexity for symmetric binary input-discrete memoryless channels. Recently, flexible generic Successive Cancellation List (SCL) decoders for polar codes were proposed to provide different throughput, latency, and decoding performances. In this paper, we propose to use polar codes with flexible fast-adaptive SCL decoders in Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) systems to meet the growing demand for more bitrates. In addition, they can provide more interactive services with less latency and more throughput. First, we start with the construction of polar codes and propose a new mathematical relation to get the optimized design point for the polar code. We prove that our optimized design point is too close to the one that achieves minimum Bit Error Rate (BER). Then, we compare the performance of polar and Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes in terms of BER, encoder/decoder latencies, and throughput. The results show that both channel coding techniques have comparable BER. However, polar codes are superior to LDPC in terms of decoding latency, and system throughput. Finally, we present the possible performance enhancement of DVB systems in terms of decoding latency and complexity when using optimized polar codes as a Forward Error Correction (FEC) technique instead of Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) and LDPC codes that are currently adopted in DVB standards.

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Spyrou, Evangelos D., and Vassilios Kappatos. "Application of Forward Error Correction (FEC) Codes in Wireless Acoustic Emission Structural Health Monitoring on Railway Infrastructures." Infrastructures 7, no. 3 (2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030041.

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Structural health monitoring (SHM) has been extensively used in the railway industry, with applications ranging from railway infrastructures to carbody shells. An SHM method that dominates monitoring procedures is Acoustic Emissions (AE). The utilisation of the AE method could use a significantly large amount of data, collected and forwarded to terminal computers using wireless communications. Nowadays, the use of 5G is taking over traditional wireless such as Wi-Fi and 4G telecommunications. However, errors in the transmission due to noisy channels may be experienced. The SHM system may result in the wrong detection of a potential defect in a railway infrastructure with dangerous consequences, such as derailment. Hence, methods for adequately dealing with these errors need to be established, such as Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes. In this paper, we suggest the use of the wireless FEC codes applied to a number of deployed AE devices, in order to perform correction at the transmissions. We investigate the new POLAR codes and compare this method with the Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. We present simulations that the POLAR codes are more efficient with trials using the AFF3CT simulator.

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Parrein, Benoît, Nicolas Normand, and Jeanpierre Guédon. "Multimedia forward error correcting codes for wirelessLAN." Annales Des Télécommunications 58, no. 3-4 (2003): 448–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03001024.

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Rudraunsh, Joshi, Josheph Chinchu, and A.A. Bazil Raj Dr. "A Review Paper on Error Detection and Correction of FSO using FPGA." International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews 12, no. 3 (2024): 116–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13848647.

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Abstract: Future Free Space Optical (FSO) communication systems have the potential to communicate data at very high rates with very high levels of integrity over distances of up to a few kilometers (for terrestrial links). This technology has also been a candidate for high-speed and highly reliable (BER ~10^-9) communication links between satellites in geosynchronous orbits and ground stations. Since the free space optical medium can induce many forms of distortion (atmospheric turbulence effects, optical beam wander, etc.), the use of a channel code to detect and correct errors during the process of information transfer over the channel is essential. A correctly designed channel code can reduce the raw BER from unacceptable values to values that can be tolerated in many applications. Different kinds of error-correcting codes are used for FSO like Hamming Code, Reed-Solomon Codes, Turbo, and LDPC Codes. Keywords: FSO (free space optics), FPGA (field programmable gate array), BER (Bit error rate), FEC (forward error correction). Title: A Review Paper on Error Detection and Correction of FSO using FPGA Author: Rudraunsh Joshi, Chinchu Josheph, Dr A.A. Bazil Raj International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews ISSN 2348-697X (Online) Vol. 12, Issue 3, July 2024 - September 2024 Page No: 116-149 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 27-September-2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13848647 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/a-review-paper-on-error-detection-and-correction-of-fso-using-fpga

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Brkić, Srđan, Predrag Ivaniš, and Bane Vasić. "On guaranteed correction of error patterns with artificial neural networks." Telfor Journal 14, no. 2 (2022): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/telfor2202051b.

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In this paper, we analyze applicability of single-and two-hidden-layer feed-forward artificial neural networks, SLFNs and TLFNs, respectively, in decoding linear block codes. Based on the provable capability of SLFNs and TLFNs to approximate discrete functions, we discuss sizes of the network capable to perform maximum likelihood decoding. Furthermore, we propose a decoding scheme, which use artificial neural networks (ANNs) to lower the error-floors of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. By learning a small number of error patterns, uncorrectable with typical decoders of LDPC codes, ANN can lower the error-floor by an order of magnitude, with only marginal average complexity incense.

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Wang, Zhong Xun, and Peng Xiang Wang. "On Application of LDPC Coded Modulation in Optical Fiber Communication." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 1980–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.1980.

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In order to meet the demand for higher capacity transmission over optical fiber communication, we propose a new LDPC coded modulation scheme. Using spectrally-efficient modulation format and LDPC codes, the proposed scheme offers an advanced forward error correction (FEC) solution. From the simulation results, we can get the SNR at the bit error rate (BER) of 10-7 as 3.8dB, 5.5dB, and6.9dB when 16-, 32-, and 64-points constellations are used, respectively.

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Chang, Shih-Ying, Hsin-Ta Chiao, and Yu-Hsiang Hung. "Ideal Forward Error Correction Codes for High-Speed Rail Multimedia Communications." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 63, no. 8 (2014): 3517–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2310897.

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Zhang, J. G., and G. Picchi. "Erratum: Forward error-correction codes in incoherent optical fibre CDMA networks." Electronics Letters 29, no. 22 (1993): 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19931332.

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Alabady, Salah A. "An efﬁcient forward error correction code for wireless sensor networks". International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 10, № 2 (2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v10i2.pp104-115.

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The main requirements in the design of wireless sensor network applications are to minimize energy consumption and maximize battery lifetime. Power is primarily consumed during wireless transmission and reception. Automatic repeat request (ARQ) and forward error correction (FEC) are the two basic methods to recover erroneous packets. As energy conservation is a major issue of concern in wireless sensor networks, repeat transmission because the error in the data received is not an option, and FEC would be preferred over ARQ. FEC is applied in situations where retransmissions are relatively costly or impossible. A successful data transmission means a higher energy saving and a long-life network. This paper presents a novel linear block forward error correction code for wireless sensor network applications called Low Complexity Parity Check (LCPC). The LCPC code offers lower encoding and decoding complexity than other types of codes. To validate the performance of the LCPC code, the proposed coding scheme was investigated at different values of data transmission with different types of modulations over Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels. The simulation results show that the proposed code outperforms the renowned LDPC (8, 4), (255,175), and (576, 288) codes.

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Tao, Jin Jing, Jin Nan Zhang, Yang An Zhang, Yong Qing Huang, Xue Guang Yuan, and Yu Peng Li. "Performance Analysis of Coherent Atmospheric Optical Communications with Soft-Decision Forward Error Correction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 1856–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.1856.

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Performance of coherent atmospheric optical communication system with heterodyne detection and LDPC codes was evaluated over atmospheric channel attenuations of which are about 20-30 dB/km. To reduce bit error and enhance the system performance LDPC code was implemented in system. Combining coherent detection and LDPC codes could reduce the received power requirement ~4 dBm at the BER of 10-9.

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Jin, Yong, and Guangwei Bai. "Energy-Aware Adaptive Cooperative FEC Protocol in MIMO Channel for Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/891429.

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We propose an adaptive cooperative forward error correction (ACFEC) based on energy efficiency combining Reed-Solomon (RS) coder algorithm and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel technology with monitoring signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in wireless sensor networks. First, we propose a new Markov chain model for FEC based on RS codes and derive the expressions for QoS on the basis of this model, which comprise four metrics: throughput, packet error rate, delay, and energy efficiency. Then, we apply RS codes with the MIMO channel technology to the cross-layer design. Numerical and simulation results show that the joint design of MIMO and adaptive cooperative FEC based on RS codes can achieve considerable spectral efficiency gain, real-time performance, reliability, and energy utility.

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Korhonen, Jari, and Pascal Frossard. "Flexible forward error correction codes with application to partial media data recovery." Signal Processing: Image Communication 24, no. 3 (2009): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.image.2008.12.005.

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Zhang, Zhimin. "High-Speed Serial Data Transmission Error Control Based on Fuzzy Classification." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 22, no. 7 (2018): 1077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2018.p1077.

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At present, the error control method for high-speed serial data transmission obtains the errors by comparison and then controls them. If the data transmission channel is not denoised, the packet loss and error codes become serious, and energy consumption increases. The use of fuzzy classification is proposed to control data transmission errors. The method uses the combination of wavelet transform and transform domain difference to double denoise the channel, and it completes the clustering of data transmission errors by fuzzy classification. Considering packet loss, error codes, and energy consumption in data transmission error control, when the communication distance between two nodes is small, automatic repeat request is used to control data transmission errors. As the distance between nodes increases, forward error correction is used to control data transmission errors. When the communication distance gradually increases, data transmission errors are controlled by hybrid automatic repeat request. Experiments showed that the proposed method can reduce the data transmission error, control energy consumption, packet loss rate, and bit error rate, and enhance the denoising effect.

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Kadel, Rajan, Krishna Paudel, Deepani B. Guruge, and Sharly J. Halder. "Opportunities and Challenges for Error Control Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review." Electronics 9, no. 3 (2020): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030504.

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Error Correction Schemes (ECSs) significantly contribute to enhancing reliability and energy efficiency of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). This review paper offers an overview of the different types of ECS used in communication systems and a synopsis of the standards for WSN. We also discuss channels and network models for WSN as they are crucial for efficient ECS design and implementation. The literature review conducted on the proposed energy consumption and efficiency models for WSN indicates that existing research work has not considered Single Hop Asymmetric Structure (SHAS) with high performing Error Correcting Codes (ECCs). We present a review on proposed ECS for WSN based on three criteria: Forward Error Correction (FEC), adaptive error correction techniques, and other techniques. Based on our review work, we found that there are limited works on ECS design on a realistic network model i.e., a modified multi-hop WSN model. Finally, we offer future research challenges and opportunities on ECS design and implementation for WSN.

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Kuang, Li, Yingkai Zhao, Kangjian Li, et al. "Research on Maximum Likelihood Decoding Algorithm and Channel Characteristics Optimization for 4FSK Ultraviolet Communication System Based on Poisson Distribution." Photonics 12, no. 5 (2025): 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050419.

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This study focuses on a 4FSK-modulated ultraviolet (UV) communication system, introducing an innovative symbol-level maximum likelihood decoding approach based on Poisson statistics. A forward error correction (FEC) coding mechanism is integrated to enhance system robustness. Through Monte Carlo simulations, the proposed decoding scheme and the error correction performances of Reed–Solomon (RS) and Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes are evaluated in UV channels. Both RS and LDPC codes significantly improve the Bit Error Rate (BER), with LDPC codes achieving superior gains under low SNR conditions. Hardware implementation and field tests validate the decoding algorithm and LDPC-optimized 4FSK system. Under non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions (10–45° transmit elevation angle), stable 60 m communication with BER < 10−3 is achieved. In line-of-sight (LOS) scenarios, the system demonstrates 900 m range with BER < 10−3, highlighting practical applicability in challenging atmospheric environments.

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Nazir, Sajid, Vladimir Stanković, Ivan Andonović, and Dejan Vukobratović. "Application Layer Systematic Network Coding for Sliced H.264/AVC Video Streaming." Advances in Multimedia 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/916715.

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Application Layer Forward Error Correction (AL-FEC) with rateless codes can be applied to protect the video data over lossy channels. Expanding Window Random Linear Codes (EW RLCs) are a flexible unequal error protection fountain coding scheme which can provide prioritized data transmission. In this paper, we propose a system that exploits systematic EW RLC for H.264/Advanced Video Coding (AVC) slice-partitioned data. The system prioritizes slices based on their PSNR contribution to reconstruction as well as temporal significance. Simulation results demonstrate usefulness of using relative slice priority with systematic codes for multimedia broadcast applications.

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Nafaa Kham, Nasser. "An Integrated Forward Error Correction Scheme for Broadband Satellite Channels Using Turbo Codes." Asian Journal of Information Technology 9, no. 1 (2010): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajit.2010.16.27.

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Hu, Linjia, Saeid Nooshabadi, and Todor Mladenov. "Forward error correction with Raptor GF(2) and GF(256) codes on GPU." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 59, no. 1 (2013): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tce.2013.6490270.

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Khalid, Arslan, Faizan Rashid, Hafiz Muhammad Asif, Assad Ali, and Sattam Al-Otaibi. "Physical deployment of enhanced visible light communication system using forward error correction codes." International Journal of Communication Systems 33, no. 5 (2019): e4268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.4268.

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Szymanski, T. H. "Optical link optimization using embedded forward error correcting codes." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 9, no. 2 (2003): 647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2003.813314.

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Kim, Sung, Sun Kim, Saejoon Kim, and Jun Heo. "Performance analysis of forward error correcting codes in IPTV." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 54, no. 2 (2008): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tce.2008.4560102.

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Tong, Sheng, Dengsheng Lin, Aleksandar Kavcic, Li Ping, and Baoming Bai. "On the Performance of Short Forward Error-Correcting Codes." IEEE Communications Letters 11, no. 11 (2007): 880–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2007.070746.

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Ghasan, Ali Hussain, and Audah Lukman. "RS Codes for Downlink LTE System over LTE-MIMO Channel." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 16, no. 6 (2018): 2563–69. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v16i6.9177.

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Nowdays, different applications require a modern generation of mobile communication systems; long term evolution (LTE) is a candidate to achieve this purpose. One important challenge in wireless communications, including LTE systems, is the suitable techniques of controlling errors that degrade system performance in transmission systems over multipath fading channels. Different forward Error correction (FEC) techniqes are required to improve the robustness of transmission channels. In this paper, Reed-Solomon (RS) codes were used with a downlink LTE system over a LTE-MIMO channel. This research contributes by combining RS codes that have low decoding complexity (by using hard decision decoding) with a LTE-MIMO channel to improve downlink LTE system performance. The results show that using RS codes clearly improves LTE system performance and thus decreases Bit Error Rates (BER) more than convolutional and turbo codes which have high decoding complexity. Lastly, the results show also extra improvements of downlink LTE system performance by increasing the number of antennas of the LTE-MIMO channel.

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Rupesh Mahajan. "Information Theory and Coding Techniques for 5G Wireless Communication Systems: Towards Efficient Spectrum Utilization." Panamerican Mathematical Journal 34, no. 1 (2024): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/pmj.v34.i1.907.

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The introduction of 5G wireless communication networks has initiated a new period of connectivity, offering extremely high data rates, minimal delay, and extensive device compatibility. However, in order to fully use the capabilities of 5G, it is crucial to prioritize the effective exploitation of spectrum. Efficiency in data transmission is achieved by the optimization of data transmission, error minimization, and maximization of throughput, which are facilitated by information theory and coding techniques. This work examines the convergence of information theory and coding methods in the context of 5G wireless communication systems, with an emphasis on improving the efficiency of spectrum usage. The core of information theory is centered around the notion of entropy, which measures the level of uncertainty linked to a random variable. Information theory offers valuable insights into the underlying constraints of communication networks by utilizing concepts like channel capacity and error-correcting codes. When it comes to 5G, it is crucial to comprehend these limitations in order to develop transmission strategies that effectively utilize the spectrum resources at hand. Coding techniques, such as forward error correction (FEC) and channel coding, are essential for reducing the impact of noise, interference, and fading in wireless channels. Forward Error Correction (FEC) is a technique that enhances the reliability of transmitted data by introducing redundancy. This allows receivers to repair errors without requiring retransmissions, thus increasing the efficiency of the available spectrum. Advanced coding techniques such as low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and polar codes are crucial for delivering high data transfer rates and reliability in 5G networks. By combining various access strategies, such as orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), along with advanced coding schemes, we can achieve higher spectral efficiency and increase the capacity for users. These strategies facilitate the optimal distribution of resources, enabling multiple users to efficiently share the same spectrum while satisfying their quality-of-service demands. Information theory and coding.

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Li, Peng, Ying Hu, and Zi Ma. "Positioning Error Compensation for Machining Center Based on Spline Interpolation." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 3029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.3029.

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Related to the machining precision, especially for the middle and low end machining center, the positioning error is often considered as a major factor, which can be traditionally decreased by the pitch compensation function integrated in the CNC system. However, the function is just founded on that all of positioning errors remain constant in the machining process, and it is difficulty to meet the compensation needs in different machining condition. At the same time, it involves a mass of parameters that need professional manual correction. Therefore, the software error compensation method is put forward. Firstly, based on cubic spline interpolation, the error compensation model is designed through the processing of positioning error which is collected by the laser interferometer. Secondly, with the characteristics of G codes, the database is established for error compensation, which can effectively correct different machining G codes with enough error information. Finally, by the experiment and accuracy evaluation, results show that after the positioning error of machining center is compensated by the presented scheme, its precision is improved obviously.

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