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Journal articles on the topic 'Forward projection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Ni, Chengcai, and Chunmei Liu. "Evaluating behaviors of factors affecting the site index estimate on the basis of a single stand using simulation approach." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 11 (November 2008): 2762–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-095.

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Height observations H1and H2present on the right- and left-hand sides of site index models, respectively. The error terms associated with H1and H2, along with parameter estimate errors, affect the estimate of the site index. Projection error variance (PEV), in a projection from A1to A2, consisted of four components associated with H1, H2, the covariance of H1and H2, and the parameter estimate errors. In this study, behaviors of these components were investigated via simulations on the basis of six equations derived from the Lundqvist–Kerf and the Hossfeld IV functions. Simulation results showed that projection interval, projection direction, and selected site-dependent parameter influenced PEV and its components. PEVs of backward and forward projections with the same projection interval lengths were remarkably different if the underlying model was anamorphic. With increasing projection interval length, the PEV of forward projections monotonically increased to a certain value, whereas the PEV of backward projections decreased to zero after reaching a maximum.

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2

Jin, Li Xin, Lian Jun Wang, and Song Lin Yang. "Comparision between UTM and GRAUSS KRUEGER Projection in NIGERIA Rail Project." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 2431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.2431.

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The national coordinates system used in Nigeria is the Universal Transverse Mercator projection, while China adopts the Gauss Krugger Transverse Mercator projection (GKTM). This paper studied the difference between UTM and Gauss(TM) projections and the regulation of projection deformation, and put forward the model of the coordinates system for the Nigeria railway, which shall be of great benefit in the survey, design, construction and referencing of the Nigeria railway project.

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3

A.G. Piloto, Paulo, and Vitor M. E. Teixeira. "Pedestrian forward projection after vehicle collision." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Biomechanics 2, no. 5 (March 26, 2018): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24243/jmeb/2.5.161.

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4

Clement, G. T., and K. Hynynen. "Forward planar projection through layered media." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 50, no. 12 (December 2003): 1689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2003.1256310.

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5

Boţ, Radu Ioan, Panayotis Mertikopoulos, Mathias Staudigl, and Phan Tu Vuong. "Minibatch Forward-Backward-Forward Methods for Solving Stochastic Variational Inequalities." Stochastic Systems 11, no. 2 (June 2021): 112–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/stsy.2019.0064.

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We develop a new stochastic algorithm for solving pseudomonotone stochastic variational inequalities. Our method builds on Tseng’s forward-backward-forward algorithm, which is known in the deterministic literature to be a valuable alternative to Korpelevich’s extragradient method when solving variational inequalities over a convex and closed set governed by pseudomonotone Lipschitz continuous operators. The main computational advantage of Tseng’s algorithm is that it relies only on a single projection step and two independent queries of a stochastic oracle. Our algorithm incorporates a minibatch sampling mechanism and leads to almost sure convergence to an optimal solution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first stochastic look-ahead algorithm achieving this by using only a single projection at each iteration.

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6

van Aarle, Wim, Wolfgang Ludwig, Andrew King, and Dayakar Penumadu. "An accurate projection model for diffraction image formation and inversion using a polychromatic cone beam." Journal of Applied Crystallography 48, no. 2 (February 14, 2015): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576715000928.

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Recently, the concept of X-ray diffraction contrast tomography (DCT) has been extended to the case of more widely available laboratory source CT systems. Using well known concepts from geometrical ray optics, an exact formulation is derived for the forward and backward projection geometry encountered under polychromatic cone beam illumination, and it is shown how this projection model can be efficiently implemented in practice. The new projection model is subsequently used for iterative tomographic reconstruction of the three-dimensional shape of a grain from a set of experimentally observed cone beam projections and shows a clear improvement compared to the simplified projection model used previously.

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7

Mukhin, K. Yu. "Forward to Jackson!" Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions 13, no. 1S (July 13, 2021): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2021.080.

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The report shows that V.A. Karlov proved at the current level of knowledge the correctness of the ideas of the great English neurologist John Hughlings Jackson, author of works on localization of the projection motor centers of the cerebral cortex, on aphasia, and others.

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8

Ackermann, K. H., F. Bieser, F. P. Brady, D. Cebra, J. E. Draper, V. Eckardt, T. Eggert, et al. "The forward time projection chamber in STAR." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 499, no. 2-3 (March 2003): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(02)01968-x.

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9

Giselsson, Pontus. "Nonlinear Forward-Backward Splitting with Projection Correction." SIAM Journal on Optimization 31, no. 3 (January 2021): 2199–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/20m1345062.

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10

Maunder, Mark N., Shelton J. Harley, and John Hampton. "Including parameter uncertainty in forward projections of computationally intensive statistical population dynamic models." ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, no. 6 (January 1, 2006): 969–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.03.016.

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Abstract The increased computational demands of modern statistical stock assessment models have made the standard methods to provide uncertainty estimates for forward projections impractical for timely results in many applications. However, forward projections and their associated estimates of uncertainty are an important and popular piece of management advice. We describe a less computationally intense method to estimate uncertainty in forward projections that includes both parameter uncertainty and future demographic stochastic uncertainty. This frequentist method uses penalized likelihood as an approximation to mixed effects and can be viewed as treating the future projection period as part of the estimation model rather than performing stochastic projections. This allows confidence intervals to be calculated using normal approximation based on the delta method. The method is tested using simulation analysis and compared with Bayesian analysis and with projections based on point estimates of the parameters. The method is applied to yellowfin tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

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11

Yan, Jin, Tiansheng Xu, Ni Li, and Guanghong Gong. "Regression and Evaluation on a Forward Interpolated Version of the Great Circle Arcs–Based Distortion Metric of Map Projections." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100649.

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We studied the numerical approximation problem of distortion in map projections. Most widely used differential methods calculate area distortion and maximum angular distortion using partial derivatives of forward equations of map projections. However, in certain map projections, partial derivatives are difficult to calculate because of the complicated forms of forward equations, e.g., equations with iterations, integrations, or multi-way branches. As an alternative, the spherical great circle arcs–based metric employs the inverse equations of map projections to transform sample points from the projection plane to the spherical surface, and then calculates a differential-independent distortion metric for the map projections. We introduce a novel forward interpolated version of the previous spherical great circle arcs–based metric, solely dependent on the forward equations of map projections. In our proposed numerical solution, a rational function–based regression is also devised and applied to our metric to obtain an approximate metric of angular distortion. The statistical and graphical results indicate that the errors of the proposed metric are fairly low, and a good numerical estimation with high correlation to the differential-based metric can be achieved.

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12

Liu, Yong Shan, and Wei Jie Gu. "Research on Combinational Reasoning of Directional Relations Based on Double Projections Model in Three-Dimensional Space." Advanced Materials Research 186 (January 2011): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.186.61.

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The xoy and xoz planes are divided into nine areas in three-dimensional space respectively by the MBR (Minimum Bounding Rectangle), which are produced by the reference objects’ projection to their planes. The intersecting situations between the projection of target objects and the two of reference objects are expressed by two 3×3 matrices. Then, a directional relations matrix model based on double projections is put forward. A combinational reasoning method is proposed by using the computational performance of matrices based on this model. Moreover, a combinational reasoning experiment is given and the result matches the reality.

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13

Shen, J. "Spatial-Dynamic Population Systems: Analysis and Projection." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 3 (March 1994): 471–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a260471.

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In this paper a set of more-detailed multiregional population accounts is proposed to specify more realistically the exposure time of populations at risk for various components of population change. The concepts of population-time at risk and forward demographic rates based on the initial population are discussed. The relations of the forward demographic rates defined in this paper with the occurrence-exposure demographic rates are discussed. A more precise and straightforward multiregional population model is developed on the basis of forward demographic rates. The model is also expressed in the familiar matrix form of multiregional, cohort-survival models.

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14

BAYRAKTAR, ERHAN, LI CHEN, and H. VINCENT POOR. "PROJECTING THE FORWARD RATE FLOW ONTO A FINITE DIMENSIONAL MANIFOLD." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 09, no. 05 (August 2006): 777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024906003743.

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Given a Heath–Jarrow–Morton (HJM) interest rate model [Formula: see text] and a parametrized family of finite dimensional forward rate curves [Formula: see text], this paper provides a technique for projecting the infinite dimensional forward rate curve rt given by [Formula: see text] onto the finite dimensional manifold [Formula: see text]. The Stratonovich dynamics of the projected finite dimensional forward curve are derived and it is shown that, under the regularity conditions, the given Stratonovich differential equation has a unique strong solution. Moreover, this projection leads to an efficient algorithm for implicit parametric estimation of the infinite dimensional HJM model. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated by applying the generalized method of moments.

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15

Forbes, Michael J., Stephen V. Letcher, and Peter R. Stepanishen. "Forward projection of a transient tomographically reconstructed pressure field." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84, S1 (November 1988): S197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2026083.

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16

Zhu, Mu. "On the forward and backward algorithms of projection pursuit." Annals of Statistics 32, no. 1 (February 2003): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aos/1079120135.

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17

JENG, WEI-MIN, and HSUAN-HUI WANG. "AN IMPROVED 3DRP PET IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION METHOD WITH REBINNED DIRECT IMAGE ESTIMATE." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 18, no. 05 (October 25, 2006): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237206000373.

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The quality of traditional two-dimensional image reconstruction for PET has been efficiently improved by three-dimensional image reconstruction, but the sensitivity of the data and the quality of the image are restricted by the limit of modality physics. In analytical image reconstruction algorithm, 3DRP method compensates the unmeasured events by forward projection based on the initial direct image estimate. However, the original 3DRP method merely depends on the parallel projections without taking into account the oblique projections. In our proposed 3DRP-SSRB method, we improve the first image estimate by incorporating the rebinned oblique data. SSRB method was used to perform the rebinning operation to make uses of the oblique projection data to improve the sensitivity information. And then project the improved image estimate forward and reconstruct the final image. Conflicting parameters of reconstructed image quality of 3DRP are experimented by simulated three-dimensional phantom study with regard to both system sensitivity and image quality factors. PET simulation software package was used to conduct the experiment along with the MATLAB software to evaluate the effectiveness of two-dimensional FBP, 3DRP, and our proposed 3DRP-SSRB methods. The result demonstrated its better image quality by having better mean squared error numbers in most of output image slices.

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18

Luo, Z., E. Wang, H. Zheng, J. A. Baldock, O. J. Sun, and Q. Shao. "Convergent modelling of past soil organic carbon stocks but divergent projections." Biogeosciences 12, no. 14 (July 28, 2015): 4373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4373-2015.

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Abstract. Soil carbon (C) models are important tools for understanding soil C balance and projecting C stocks in terrestrial ecosystems, particularly under global change. The initialization and/or parameterization of soil C models can vary among studies even when the same model and data set are used, causing potential uncertainties in projections. Although a few studies have assessed such uncertainties, it is yet unclear what these uncertainties are correlated with and how they change across varying environmental and management conditions. Here, applying a process-based biogeochemical model to 90 individual field experiments (ranging from 5 to 82 years of experimental duration) across the Australian cereal-growing regions, we demonstrated that well-designed optimization procedures enabled the model to accurately simulate changes in measured C stocks, but did not guarantee convergent forward projections (100 years). Major causes of the projection uncertainty were due to insufficient understanding of how microbial processes and soil C pool change to modulate C turnover. For a given site, the uncertainty significantly increased with the magnitude of future C input and years of the projection. Across sites, the uncertainty correlated positively with temperature but negatively with rainfall. On average, a 331 % uncertainty in projected C sequestration ability can be inferred in Australian agricultural soils. This uncertainty would increase further if projections were made for future warming and drying conditions. Future improvement in soil C modelling should focus on how the microbial community and its C use efficiency change in response to environmental changes, and better conceptualization of heterogeneous soil C pools and the C transformation among those pools.

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19

Wood, D. P., C. K. Simms, and D. G. Walsh. "Vehicle-pedestrian collisions: Validated models for pedestrian impact and projection." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x6703.

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The most important factor in pedestrian injuries from vehicle collisions is the impact velocity. In cases where the impact configuration can be ascertained, the most common method now used to determine vehicle speed involves the pedestrian projection distance. The more traditional method of using tyre brake marks is losing applicability as ABS braking systems become more common. The two most common impact configurations are wrap projection and forward projection, these being determined by the vehicle/pedestrian geometry and the initial conditions of the impact. In this paper, two models are presented for pedestrian forward and wrap projection impacts. These models are predicated on separating the total projection distance into the individual projection distances occurring during three principal phases of the collision. The models are novel as they use a rigid single-segment body representation of the pedestrian, include explicit modelling of the impact phase, and also allow for uncertainty in the input parameters. Published data are used to provide distributions for the input variables such as pedestrian and vehicle masses, etc. The model predictions of impact speed from overall projection distance are validated by comparison with real-world accident data.

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20

Kumar, M. Ashok, and Rajesh Sundaresan. "Minimization Problems Based on Relative $\alpha $ -Entropy I: Forward Projection." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 61, no. 9 (September 2015): 5063–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2015.2449311.

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21

Forbes, Michael J., Stephen V. Letcher, and Peter R. Stepanishen. "Forward projection of a transient tomographically reconstructed pressure field. II." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85, S1 (May 1989): S116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2026665.

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22

Bian, Zhuo, and Liangliang Wang. "Detecting Moving Object via Projection of Forward-Backward Frame Difference." International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking 9, no. 5 (May 31, 2016): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijfgcn.2016.9.5.14.

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23

Streeck, Jürgen, and J. Scott Jordan. "Projection and Anticipation: The Forward-Looking Nature of Embodied Communication." Discourse Processes 46, no. 2-3 (March 16, 2009): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01638530902728777.

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24

Elwood, Mark. "Forward projection—using critical appraisal in the design of studies." International Journal of Epidemiology 31, no. 5 (October 2002): 1071–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.5.1071.

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25

Hammad, Hasanen A., Habib ur Rehman, and Yaé Ulrich Gaba. "Solving a Split Feasibility Problem by the Strong Convergence of Two Projection Algorithms in Hilbert Spaces." Journal of Function Spaces 2021 (March 17, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5562694.

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The goal of this manuscript is to establish strong convergence theorems for inertial shrinking projection and CQ algorithms to solve a split convex feasibility problem in real Hilbert spaces. Finally, numerical examples were obtained to discuss the performance and effectiveness of our algorithms and compare the proposed algorithms with the previous shrinking projection, hybrid projection, and inertial forward-backward methods.

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26

Singh, Saransh, Farangis Ram, and Marc De Graef. "Application of forward models to crystal orientation refinement." Journal of Applied Crystallography 50, no. 6 (November 3, 2017): 1664–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576717014200.

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Two approaches are proposed for the refinement of electron diffraction pattern indexing. The approaches require two basic ingredients: an accurate physics-based forward model and an algorithm to search the local orientation neighborhood. Forward models for electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and electron channeling pattern (ECP) modalities are coupled with either a multi-resolution brute-force search algorithm or a bound optimization by quadratic approximation algorithm. The efficacy of the methods is evaluated for varying levels of error in the pattern projection center. The EBSD modality shows an orientation improvement when the projection center error is within ±1% of the full detector width, whereas the ECP modality shows improvement up to a ±5% error. The algorithms are applied to an experimental EBSD scan for partially recrystallized 90/10 brass; the results show that the refinement is necessary to remove the artifacts introduced by the discrete sampling nature of the dictionary indexing method. Finally, a pattern center correction factor is derived for orientations obtained from dictionary indexing for large-area EBSD scans.

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27

Petroff, Matthew A. "A Square Equal-Area Map Projection with Low Angular Distortion, Minimal Cusps, and Closed-Form Solutions." ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3460521.

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A novel square equal-area map projection is proposed. The projection combines closed-form forward and inverse solutions with relatively low angular distortion and minimal cusps, a combination of properties not manifested by any previously published square equal-area projection. Thus, the new projection has lower angular distortion than any previously published square equal-area projection with a closed-form solution. Utilizing a quincuncial arrangement, the new projection places the north pole at the center of the square and divides the south pole between its four corners; the projection can be seamlessly tiled. The existence of closed-form solutions makes the projection suitable for real-time visualization applications, both in cartography and in other areas, such as for the display of panoramic images.

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28

Xia, Yan, Martin Berger, Sebastian Bauer, Shiyang Hu, Andre Aichert, and Andreas Maier. "An Improved Extrapolation Scheme for Truncated CT Data Using 2D Fourier-Based Helgason-Ludwig Consistency Conditions." International Journal of Biomedical Imaging 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1867025.

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We improve data extrapolation for truncated computed tomography (CT) projections by using Helgason-Ludwig (HL) consistency conditions that mathematically describe the overlap of information between projections. First, we theoretically derive a 2D Fourier representation of the HL consistency conditions from their original formulation (projection moment theorem), for both parallel-beam and fan-beam imaging geometry. The derivation result indicates that there is a zero energy region forming a double-wedge shape in 2D Fourier domain. This observation is also referred to as the Fourier property of a sinogram in the previous literature. The major benefit of this representation is that the consistency conditions can be efficiently evaluated via 2D fast Fourier transform (FFT). Then, we suggest a method that extrapolates the truncated projections with data from a uniform ellipse of which the parameters are determined by optimizing these consistency conditions. The forward projection of the optimized ellipse can be used to complete the truncation data. The proposed algorithm is evaluated using simulated data and reprojections of clinical data. Results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) is reduced substantially, compared to a state-of-the-art extrapolation method.

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Zhao, Yuqing, Mengyu Sun, Dongjiang Ji, Changhong Cong, Wenjuan Lv, Qi Zhao, Lili Qin, Jianbo Jian, Xiaodong Chen, and Chunhong Hu. "An iterative image reconstruction algorithm combined with forward and backward diffusion filtering for in-line X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 25, no. 5 (August 9, 2018): 1450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518009219.

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In-line X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography (IL-PCCT) can reveal fine inner structures for low-Z materials (e.g. biological soft tissues), and shows high potential to become clinically applicable. Typically, IL-PCCT utilizes filtered back-projection (FBP) as the standard reconstruction algorithm. However, the FBP algorithm requires a large amount of projection data, and subsequently a large radiation dose is needed to reconstruct a high-quality image, which hampers its clinical application in IL-PCCT. In this study, an iterative reconstruction algorithm for IL-PCCT was proposed by combining the simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) with eight-neighbour forward and backward (FAB8) diffusion filtering, and the reconstruction was performed using the Shepp–Logan phantom simulation and a real synchrotron IL-PCCT experiment. The results showed that the proposed algorithm was able to produce high-quality computed tomography images from few-view projections while improving the convergence rate of the computed tomography reconstruction, indicating that the proposed algorithm is an effective method of dose reduction for IL-PCCT.

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30

Goncalves, Nuno, Ana Catarina Nogueira, and Andre Lages Miguel. "Forward projection model of non-central catadioptric cameras with spherical mirrors." Robotica 35, no. 6 (April 5, 2016): 1378–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026357471600014x.

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SUMMARYNon-central catadioptric vision is widely used in robotics and vision but suffers from the lack of an explicit closed-form forward projection model (FPM) that relates a 3D point with its 2D image. The search for the reflection point where the scene ray is projected is extremely slow and unpractical for real-time applications. Almost all methods thus rely on the assumption of a central projection model, even at the cost of an exact projection.Two recent methods are able to solve this FPM, presenting a quasi-closed form FPM. However, in the special case of spherical mirrors, further enhancements can be made. We compare these two methods for the computation of the FPM and discuss both approaches in terms of practicality and performance. We also derive new expressions for the FPM on spherical mirrors (extremely useful to robotics and graphics) which speed up its computation.

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31

Beudel, M., E. Roosma, O. E. Martinez Manzanera, T. van Laar, N. M. Maurits, and B. M. de Jong. "Parkinson bradykinesia correlates with EEG background frequency and perceptual forward projection." Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 21, no. 7 (July 2015): 783–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.05.004.

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32

Lee, K. J., and D. C. Barber. "Use of forward projection to correct patient motion during SPECT imaging." Physics in Medicine and Biology 43, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/43/1/011.

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Tan, Bing, Zheng Zhou, and Xiaolong Qin. "ACCELERATED PROJECTION-BASED FORWARD-BACKWARD SPLITTING ALGORITHMS FOR MONOTONE INCLUSION PROBLEMS." Journal of Applied Analysis & Computation 10, no. 5 (2020): 2184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11948/20190363.

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34

Jianping, Wang, Xie Shizhong, Zhang Yimo, and Li Wei. "Improved projection algorithm to invert forward scattered light for particle sizing." Applied Optics 40, no. 23 (August 10, 2001): 3937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.40.003937.

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35

Liu, Jun, Jun Xiang, and Chun Long Xu. "Plate Character Segmentation Algorithm Based on Projection Feature and Prior Knowledge." Advanced Materials Research 790 (September 2013): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.790.677.

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nfluenced by factors like mud, frame, rivet, space mark and plate slant, plate character segmentation tends to be inaccurate and even results in mistakes. In order to tackle these problems, this paper puts forward a plate character segmentation algorithm based on projection feature and prior knowledge. That is, firstly of all, to carry out horizontal coarse segmentation by horizontal projection, then use both vertical projection and prior knowledge to conduct vertical segmentation. At last, to carry out horizontal fine segmentation by local projection. The experiment demonstrates that such algorithm can solve the above mentioned problems accurately and practically with high-efficiency.

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36

Wang, Dong Hui, and Wen Xiang Liu. "User Range Error Analysis of Multiple Satellite Navigation System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 926–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.926.

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User range error (URE) is widely used to measure the effects of satellite orbit error and clock error on user positioning. A detailed calculation method of URE was brought forward including the partitions of the ground coverage of the MEO satellites and the calculation methods of the projection parameters of URE. The different URE performance of multiple Satellite navigation system was analyzed. Simulation results show that the radial direction projection parameters are basically the same, but the horizontal direction projection parameters are different among GPS, Galileo and BDS. The higher the satellite orbit, the smaller the horizontal direction projection parameters.

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37

RUFAI, F. A., O. FOLORUNSO, and O. L. USMAN. "PREDICTING STUDENTS«¤?? ENROLLMENT USING GENERALIZED FEED-FORWARD NEURAL NETWORK." Journal of Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology 14, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v14i1.1490.

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An important obligation of educational planning is the projection of students«¤?? enrollment which forms the basis for many of the investment decisions. Enrollment projection provides information for decision making and budget planning hence, it is important to the development of higher education. As many factors have impacts on the enrollment number, and for the above reasons, students«¤?? population and enrollment number should be considered as a chaotic system. In this research, a Generalized Feed-Forward Neural Network (GFFNN) for students«¤?? enrollment prediction was proposed. The architecture of the proposed model was in-line with eight steps involved in developing a neural network model for predicting a chaotic system. The data used was obtained from Academic Planning and Quality Control Unit of Tai Solarin University of Education, Ogun State Nigeria. The results from the study showed that the mean absolute percent error of GFFNN has an average of 0.0101% unlike linear regression and autoregression models that were compared with it, with an average of 0.0570% and 0.0725% respectively. The proposed methodology is expected to assist the school management to adequately plan for the future needs of the students in the provision of facilities.ª¤?

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38

WEI, H. L., and S. A. BILLINGS. "GENERALIZED CELLULAR NEURAL NETWORKS (GCNNs) CONSTRUCTED USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION FOR SPATIO-TEMPORAL EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN IDENTIFICATION." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 18, no. 12 (December 2008): 3611–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127408022585.

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Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is introduced to implement a new constructive learning algorithm for training generalized cellular neural networks (GCNNs) for the identification of spatio-temporal evolutionary (STE) systems. The basic idea of the new PSO-based learning algorithm is to successively approximate the desired signal by progressively pursuing relevant orthogonal projections. This new algorithm will thus be referred to as the orthogonal projection pursuit (OPP) algorithm, which is in mechanism similar to the conventional projection pursuit approach. A novel two-stage hybrid training scheme is proposed for constructing a parsimonious GCNN model. In the first stage, the orthogonal projection pursuit algorithm is applied to adaptively and successively augment the network, where adjustable parameters of the associated units are optimized using a particle swarm optimizer. The resultant network model produced at the first stage may be redundant. In the second stage, a forward orthogonal regression (FOR) algorithm, aided by mutual information estimation, is applied to refine and improve the initially trained network. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed method is validated by applying the new modeling framework to a spatio-temporal evolutionary system identification problem.

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Blauvelt, Whit, and Clare E. Mundell. "Two paradoxes of projection." Trans/Form/Ação 41, spe (2018): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-3173.2018.v41esp.10.p183.

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Abstract: Recently developed projective models of consciousness and its contents challenge received schemas in which all contents of consciousness are held to be well contained in the skull. Working our way into this from several angles, it becomes evident that there are inconsistencies in how we frame classes of mental contents which are arguably equivalent in being. Particular examples of imagery, of dancing and of words, are brought forward to highlight the clash in our apprehensive assumptions, focusing on possible cognitive as well as psychological costs of such inconsistency. A coherent way to blend the container and projector schemas is pointed out; yet such a blend does not support the standard claim for any kind of purely inner voice, contained but not projected. Conscious reflection may in all instances depend on projection, with reflection in imagery - visual, audible, even tactile and otherwise felt - placed just the far side of what can schematically be grasped as the sensory horizon where, in the space-time just beyond here and now, our imaginative expectations backstop recognition of here-now present things.

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Dahmen, Tim, Holger Kohr, Niels de Jonge, and Philipp Slusallek. "Matched Backprojection Operator for Combined Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Tilt- and Focal Series." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 3 (June 2015): 725–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615000525.

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AbstractCombined tilt- and focal series scanning transmission electron microscopy is a recently developed method to obtain nanoscale three-dimensional (3D) information of thin specimens. In this study, we formulate the forward projection in this acquisition scheme as a linear operator and prove that it is a generalization of the Ray transform for parallel illumination. We analytically derive the corresponding backprojection operator as the adjoint of the forward projection. We further demonstrate that the matched backprojection operator drastically improves the convergence rate of iterative 3D reconstruction compared to the case where a backprojection based on heuristic weighting is used. In addition, we show that the 3D reconstruction is of better quality.

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Liu, Xia Qing, and Na Zhang. "Research on Multi-Criteria Decision Based on Bidirectional Grey Relation Projection Method." Advanced Materials Research 940 (June 2014): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.940.441.

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There are many comprehensive efficiency evaluation problems in socioeconomic system, which are also taken as grey multi-criteria decision problems. Based on grey system theory and vector projection theorem, the grey relation projection method combines module with angle cosine to fully reveal the close degree of multiple decision schemes and the ideal scheme. Grey relation projection method considers spatial influences of factor indexes and is applicable to the situation of small sample and discrete data. However, traditional grey relation projection method can not solve the problem of sorting schemes with the same projection. On account of TOPSIS method, this paper studies bidirectional grey relation multi-criteria decision method on the basis of positive and negative ideal points from the perspective of vector projection, and constructs a bidirectional grey relation projection close degree calculating model. Analysis on application example shows that the method put forward in this paper has preferable feasibility and rationality.

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Duan, Ping, Jia Tian Li, and Jia Li. "Dimension-Descending Algorithm for Spherical Delaunay Triangulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 2915–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.2915.

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Spherical Delaunay triangulation (SDT) which is a powerful tool to represent, organize and analyze spherical space data has become a focus of spherical GIS research. Projection stitching algorithm is one of the main construction algorithms of SDT. The basic idea of stitching algorithm is that the sphere is divided into two hemispheres to avoid projected image point coincidence. So, the practicality of projection stitching algorithm is lower because of merging two hemispheres. Aimed at the disadvantage of projection stitching algorithm, this paper puts forward a new algorithm to construct SDT used perspective projection principle. The projection center is placed on sphere to establish one-to-one mapping between spherical space points and plane image points. Experiment shows that the time complexity of our algorithm depends on Delaunay triangulation construction algorithm of the plane.

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Wei, Li, Yingzi Shang, and Ravi P. Agarwal. "New Inertial Forward-Backward Mid-Point Methods for Sum of Infinitely Many Accretive Mappings, Variational Inequalities, and Applications." Mathematics 7, no. 5 (May 24, 2019): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7050466.

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Some new inertial forward-backward projection iterative algorithms are designed in a real Hilbert space. Under mild assumptions, some strong convergence theorems for common zero points of the sum of two kinds of infinitely many accretive mappings are proved. New projection sets are constructed which provide multiple choices of the iterative sequences. Some already existing iterative algorithms are demonstrated to be special cases of ours. Some inequalities of metric projection and real number sequences are widely used in the proof of the main results. The iterative algorithms have also been modified and extended from pure discussion on the sum of accretive mappings or pure study on variational inequalities to that for both, which complements the previous work. Moreover, the applications of the abstract results on nonlinear capillarity systems are exemplified.

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Clement, Gregory, Ruiming Liu, Stephen Letcher, and Peter Stepanishen. "Forward projection of transient signals obtained from a fiber‐optic pressure sensor." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 101, no. 5 (May 1997): 3033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.418637.

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Kim, Jung Kuk, Jeffrey A. Fessler, and Zhengya Zhang. "Forward-Projection Architecture for Fast Iterative Image Reconstruction in X-Ray CT." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 60, no. 10 (October 2012): 5508–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2012.2208636.

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Clement, G. T., R. Liu, S. V. Letcher, and P. R. Stepanishen. "Forward projection of transient signals obtained from a fiber-optic pressure sensor." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 104, no. 3 (September 1998): 1266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.424335.

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Shen, Jianqi, Bin Yu, Huarui Wang, Haitao Yu, and Yehuan Wei. "Smoothness-constrained projection method for particle analysis based on forward light scattering." Applied Optics 47, no. 11 (April 4, 2008): 1718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.47.001718.

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Brock, R. Scott, Alen Docef, and Martin J. Murphy. "Reconstruction of a cone-beam CT image via forward iterative projection matching." Medical Physics 37, no. 12 (November 10, 2010): 6212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3515460.

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Yong Long, Jeffrey A. Fessler, and James M. Balter. "3D Forward and Back-Projection for X-Ray CT Using Separable Footprints." IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 29, no. 11 (November 2010): 1839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2010.2050898.

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&NA;. "45. Use of forward projection to correct patient motion during tomographic imaging." Nuclear Medicine Communications 19, no. 4 (April 1998): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-199804000-00053.

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