Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fossil bone

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Fossil bone'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Fossil bone"

1

Pfretzschner, Hans-Ulrich. "Pyrite in fossil bone." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 220, no. 1 (March 30, 2001): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/220/2001/1.

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Pfretzschner, Hans-Ulrich. "Iron oxides in fossil bone." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 220, no. 3 (June 11, 2001): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/220/2001/417.

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BOSKOVIC, DANILO S., URIEL L. VIDAL, KEVIN E. NICK, RAUL ESPERANTE, LEONARD R. BRAND, KENNETH R. WRIGHT, LAWRENCE B. SANDBERG, and BETHANIA C. T. SIVIERO. "STRUCTURAL AND PROTEIN PRESERVATION IN FOSSIL WHALE BONES FROM THE PISCO FORMATION (MIDDLE-UPPER MIOCENE), PERU." PALAIOS 36, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2020.032.

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ABSTRACT Microstructural and biomolecular preservation is reported in fossils as old as the Triassic. Such preservation suggests unusual taphonomic conditions. We collected fragments of fossil whale bone from silty, tuffaceous, and diatomaceous rocks of the middle-upper Miocene portion of the Pisco Formation. The whale fossils within the region are generally well-preserved and mostly articulated, including some specimens with in situ baleen. Due to the depositional setting associated with the preservation of these fossils, they could be expected to be favorable candidates for the preservation of cellular microstructures and/or original biomolecules. To test this hypothesis, fossil whale bone fragments were subjected to microscopic analysis and EDTA-mediated demineralization to release extractable materials. Microscopy of partially demineralized fossil bones revealed quartz-permineralized osteocyte-like and vessel-like structures. Protein assay (micro-Bicinchoninic Acid Assay) of the supernatants obtained from demineralized fossils yielded 12 to 19.5 μg of protein per gram of bone. MALDI-TOF analysis of the extracted protein demonstrated the presence of approximately 5 kD molecules in one fossil sample, consistent with the presence of highly fragmented polypeptides. An LC-MS/MS analysis of the fragmentation pattern of the tryptic digest of extracted protein was performed. However, attempted protein identification was unsuccessful. Nevertheless, this study first documents the microstructural preservation with some silicification of the fossil whale bones of the Pisco Formation, and then quantifies extractable protein from these bones. It adds to the growing body of reports of microstructural and organic preservation in fossils.
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Stafford, Thomas W., P. E. Hare, Lloyd Currie, A. J. T. Jull, and Douglas Donahue. "Accuracy of North American Human Skeleton Ages." Quaternary Research 34, no. 1 (July 1990): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90076-w.

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AbstractAccelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates fail to provide conclusive evidence that all New World human fossils are younger than approximately 11,000 yr. Because fossil bones vary widely in preservation, their radiocarbon dates are not equally accurate. Molecular-level radiocarbon dating, which used individual amino acids to assess fossil diagenesis, revealed that dates on known-age, noncollagenous bone were underestimated by at least 2000 to 9000 yr. The significance is that >11,000-yr-old fossil bones with poor preservation would yield Holocene and not Pleistocene radiocarbon ages, regardless of what chemical pretreatment or 14C counting method was used. Irreplaceable evidence for Pleistocene-age fossils in the New World could be lost if the diagenesis of fossil bones is not evaluated before the bones are radiocarbon dated. In contrast, radiocarbon ages for collagenous fossils can be determined more accurately if 14C is measured in several individual amino acids that are isolated from collagenous bone protein. Molecular-level radiocarbon dating will greatly improve not only the accuracy of chronologies for human migrations and animal extinctions, but of all late Quaternary chronologies that are based upon the 14C dating of fossil proteins.
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Newesely, Heinrich. "Fossil bone apatite." Applied Geochemistry 4, no. 3 (May 1989): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(89)90023-1.

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Denys, Christiane, Olga Otero, Ottmar Kullmer, Oliver Sandrock, Timothy G. Bromage, Friedemann Schrenk, and Yannicke Dauphin. "Biominerals Fossilisation: Fish Bone Diagenesis in Plio–Pleistocene African Hominid Sites of Malawi." Minerals 10, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10121049.

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Fish fossilisation is relatively poorly known, and skeletal element modifications resulting from predation, burial and diagenesis need to be better investigated. In this article, we aim to provide new results about surface, structural and chemical changes in modern and fossil fish bone. Fossil samples come from two distinct localities of roughly the same age in the Pliocene–Pleistocene Chiwondo Beds adjacent to Lake Malawi. Optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry were carried out on three categories of fish bones: (i) fresh modern samples collected in the lake, (ii) extracted from modern fish eagle regurgitation pellets, and (iii) fossils from Malema and Mwenirondo localities. A comparison of these data allowed us to detect various modifications of bone surfaces and structure as well as composition changes. Some differences are observed between fresh bones and modern pellets, and between pellets and fossils. Moreover, fossil fish bone surface modifications, crystallinity, and chemical composition from Malema and Mwenirondo differ despite their chronological and spatial proximities (2.5–2.4 Ma, 500 m). In both sites, the post-predation modifications are strong and may hide alterations due to the predation by bird of prey such as the fish eagle. The combination of the used methods is relevant to analyses of diagenetic alterations in fish bones.
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Goldenberg, Larisa, Lior Regev, Eugenia Mintz, and Elisabetta Boaretto. "Dating Reassembled Collagen from Fossil Bones." Radiocarbon 59, no. 5 (August 3, 2017): 1487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2017.69.

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AbstractInsoluble bone collagen is one of the most common materials used for high-resolution radiocarbon (14C) dating. Unfortunately, in some bones, poor preservation of the insoluble collagen excludes the possibility of dating. During the burial of the bone the collagen sometimes degrades into peptides. These peptides are soluble in the acid used to dissolve the bone mineral. It is known that under appropriate conditions, collagen has the ability to self-assemble. Here we exploit this capability and present a method for reassembling the soluble collagen peptides in archaeological bones and dating them. We treated the acid fraction generated during the demineralization of the bone by desalting and neutralizing the solution by dialysis. During the dialysis, the soluble collagen peptides reassemble and precipitate in the dialysis bag. We used FTIR spectroscopy to determine that the precipitated material is indeed collagen. The14C dates obtained from the reassembled collagen were compared to the dates of “standard” insoluble collagen, extracted in parallel from the same bone. Although there are some divergences of the dates, 3 out of 10 samples could have been dated only by the reassembled collagen. This shows that collagen peptides reassembly can be a valuable tool for dating bones with little or no insoluble collagen.
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Senter, Philip J. "Radiocarbon in Dinosaur Fossils: Compatibility with an Age of Millions of Years." American Biology Teacher 82, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2020.82.2.72.

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The recent discovery of radiocarbon in dinosaur bones at first seems incompatible with an age of millions of years, due to the short half-life of radiocarbon. However, evidence from isotopes other than radiocarbon shows that dinosaur fossils are indeed millions of years old. Fossil bone incorporates new radiocarbon by means of recrystallization and, in some cases, bacterial activity and uranium decay. Because of this, bone mineral – fossil or otherwise – is a material that cannot yield an accurate radiocarbon date except under extraordinary circumstances. Mesozoic bone consistently yields a falsely young radiocarbon “date” of a few thousand to a few tens of thousands of years, despite the fact that it is millions of years old. Science educators need to be aware of the details of these phenomena, to be able to advise students whose acceptance of biological evolution has been challenged by young-Earth creationist arguments that are based on radiocarbon in dinosaur fossils.
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Neil Garland, A. "Microscopical analysis of fossil bone." Applied Geochemistry 4, no. 3 (May 1989): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(89)90021-8.

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Williams, C. T. "Trace elements in fossil bone." Applied Geochemistry 4, no. 3 (May 1989): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(89)90024-3.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fossil bone"

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Turner-Walker, Gordon Howard. "The characterisation of fossil bone." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5700/.

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This research presents a multi-disciplinary approach to the analysis of ancient bones, in which many different chemical and physical analytical techniques were applied to a relatively small sample of human and animal bones from different depositional environments. The results of these analyses indicate that the principle mechanisms responsible for diagenetic alteration of buried bones are chemical hydrolysis of bone collagen and microscopic tunnelling by saprophytic micro-organisms. These mechanisms, either independently or together, result in an increase in the porosity of the bone at a microscopic scale from a value of approximately 20 percent in fresh bone up to as much as 65 percent in some archaeological bones. There is no evidence that the hydrolysis of collagen in buried bones directly affects the mineral component of bone, although the breaking of the intimate association between the collagen molecules and the bone apatite crystallites exposes the crystallites to potential dissolution and recrystallization by percolating ground water. Disruption of the collagen-apatite bond has been recognised in optical microscopy of thin sections by loss of the characteristic birefringence seen in unaltered bone when viewed in polarised light. The birefringence in histologically normal bone results from the strongly anisotropic orientation of the bone mineral crystallites imposed by their association with the highly organised collagen fibrils. Loss of birefringence as a result of diagenetic activity is attributed to a randomising of the orientation of crystallites after hydrolytic degradation of the collagen molecule. With progressive loss of collagen the relative calcium and phosphorus contents of fossil bones have been found to increase in proportions close to those of stoichiometrically correct hydroxyapatite. Microscopic and mineralogical studies have suggested that changes in the crystallinity of buried bones may be attributed to the presence of well-ordered crystals of hydroxyapatite in the pore structures of the bones and that these derive from dissolution and re-precipitation of the original bone apatite. However the elemental and isotopic composition of these re-precipitated apatites may not reflect that of the original bio mineral due to the incorporation of strontium, uranium fluoride etc. from the environment. Dissolution of bone mineral can, in most cases, be associated with the action of micro-organisms, many of which are known to favour low pHs and secrete organic acids as a by-product of their metabolism. Although micro-organisms isolated from buried bones produce collagen degrading enzymes (collagenases) these enzymes are too large to enter the spaces between the bone apatite crystallites and are therefore unable to attack the collagenous matrix of undegraded bone. Before micro-organisms can utilise bone collagen, the bone matrix must first be demineralized to expose the collagen fibrils or the collagen must be degraded by hydrolysis into shorter lengths that then escape via disrupted regions of the surrounding crystallites. Analysis of the strengths of modem and fossil bones has demonstrated a near logarithmic relationship between tensile strength and porosity. In addition, plots of strength vs porosity and strength vs nitrogen content are bimodal, indicating that two mechanisms are involved in the degradation of fossil bones. The microscopic and chemical analyses suggest that these mechanisms are chain scissioning of collagen and tunnelling by micro-organisms. Microscopic studies show that surface adsorption of 'humic acids' and metal ions are responsible for the colouration of fossil bones. Analysis of the total lipid extract of fossil bones contain cholesterol and cholesterol degradation products. Fossil cholesterol represents a potentially important and unique resource for palaeodietary studies. Conversely, this research has demonstrated that studies of ancient DNA are compounded by inhibition by compounds from the soil and contamination by modem DNA. Fossil bones in anoxic or wateriogged soils are readily colonised by sulphate-reducing bacteria and these bacteria are responsible for the deposition of iron sulphide in the form of pyrite framboids in pore spaces in the bone. On exposure to atmospheric oxygen, these pyrite framboids oxidise to sulphuric acid which in turn attacks bone apatite, resulting in the formation of vivianite (Fe(_3)(PO(_4))(_2).8H(_2)O) and gypsum (CaSO(_4).2H(_2)O). Crystallization and hydration of these minerals frequently disrupt the physical integrity of the bone specimens. Finally this research indicates potential regimes for the conservation of fossil bone specimens together with the archaeological or environmental evidence preserved within them.
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Murer, Fredrik Kristoffer. "X-ray Diffraction Computed Tomography of a Fossil Bone Sample." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for fysikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23618.

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A fossil bone sample, a humerus (”upper arm”) of a prehistoric fish, Eusthenopteron Foordi, has been studied using a combination of X-ray diffraction, computed tomography and synchrotron radiation. The technique has in this thesis been called X-ray diffraction computed tomography. It has been attempted to obtain three-dimensional tomographic images of sample regions containing different minerals, as well as to determine crystallite orientation properties of the different minerals.The sample has been found to consist of hydroxylapatite, barite, calcite, quartz and pyrite. Three-dimensional tomographic images of the four first minerals have been made using the filtered backprojection algorithm. Image artifacts were reduced by combining recorded intensity from several Bragg peaks and by combining data from two separate tomographic measurements of the sample.A fraction of the hydroxylapatite crystallites appear to have a preferredorientation. The direction of this preferred orientation has been deter-mined for some regions close to the sample edge.
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Quam, Rolf Michael. "Temporal bone anatomy and the evolution of acoustic capacities in fossil humans." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Marín, Moratalla Miren Nekane. "Reconstructing life history traits from bone histology in extant and fossil ruminants." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285623.

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El estudio de las life histories es de vital importancia porque proporciona evidencias sobre las condiciones ecológicas, biodiversidad, demografía, vulnerabilidad y otros muchos aspectos de la biología de las especies. La histología ósea es utilizada como herramienta para reconstruir las life histories de vertebrados, analizando el tejido óseo primario o contando el número de marcas de crecimiento (esqueletocronología). Sin embargo, se ha considerado que los endotermos, al contrario que en ectotermos, muestran un crecimiento óseo no cíclico, invalidando la histología ósea para inferir las life histories de mamíferos. El objetivo general de esta tesis es proporcionar las bases de la histología ósea en mamíferos para inferir estrategias de life history. Los objetivos concretos son: i) analizar la fiabilidad de la esqueletocronología ósea en mamíferos, ii) explorar la asociación entre las características del tejido óseo y el ambiente, fisiología, ontogenia y life history y, iii) reconstruir las características de life history en mamíferos fósiles y actuales para obtener datos sobre la evolución de las life histories y biología de la conservación. Se han analizado 274 láminas transversales de hueso de 225 individuos pertenecientes a lirones actuales (Gliridae) y rumiantes actuales y fósiles (Bovidae, Cervidae, Moschidae y Tragulidae). Se han llevado a cabo tanto análisis cualitativos como cuantitativos. Los análisis cualitativos el tejido óseo primario muestran que, en los estadios tempranos de la ontogenia, los rumiantes forman un tejido fibrolamellar (FLC), mientras que los lirones depositan generalmente un tejido parallel fibered bone (PFB). Cuando son adultos, tanto lirones como rumiantes depositan un hueso lamelar denso (External Fundamental System, EFS). Los resultados también muestran que los Lines of Arrested Growth (LAGs) están presentes de forma universal en los mamíferos analizados. Los LAGs están presentes tanto en el tejido de formación rápido (FLC) así como el tejido de formación lento (EFS). El número de líneas de crecimiento en el hueso concuerda con la edad de los animales, proporcionando la evidencia de la periodicidad anual de los LAGs en estos mamíferos. El fémur es el hueso más conservador para aplicar la esqueletocronología ya que registra el mayor número de LAGs. La remodelación y reabsorción ósea puede eliminar o enmascarar los primeros LAGs depositados durante la ontogenia. Esta investigación muestra que el crecimiento óseo se detiene durante el periodo adverso (pocos recursos), acoplado con la variación fisiológica estacional. Estos resultados apoyan que la parada de crecimiento forma parte de una estrategia termometabólica de conservación energética. Además, este trabajo muestra que las características vasculares y celulares del tejido óseo primario sufre una importante variación ontogenética asociada al descenso de la tasa de crecimiento al acercarse la madurez. La densidad vascular y celular decrece mientras que la proporción de canales longitudinales en relación a los circulares incrementa a lo largo de la ontogenia hasta alcanzar la madurez, lo cual podría estar relacionado con la madurez fisiológica. El cambio más significativo durante la ontogenia ocurre durante la transición entre el FLC o PFB a EFS, lo cual está relacionado con la madurez reproductiva. Este trabajo evidencia que esta transición registra el trade-off entre crecimiento y reproducción en rumiantes. De acuerdo con estos hallazgos, la edad de madurez reproductiva puede determinarse contando el número de ciclos de crecimiento antes del EFS. Los resultados comparando las características histológicas cuantitativas entre bóvidos sugiere que los parámetros vasculares y celulares están relacionados con la masa corporal y el metabolismo. De esta forma, el hueso FLC de grandes bóvidos tiende a mostrar más canales circulares (lo cual estaría reflejando mayores tasas de deposición de hueso perióstico) y menores densidades celulares (lo cual estaría reflejando una menor tasa metabólica específica de masa) que los pequeños.
Bone histology is a widely used tool to reconstruct vertebrate life histories, either by analysing primary bone tissue or by counting the number of growth marks (skeletochronology). However, it has long been considered that endotherms, unlike ectotherms, display a continuous or noncyclical bone growth, disabling bone histology for life history inferences in mammals. The general purpose of the research presented in this PhD Thesis is to challenge this statement, contributing to the foundations of mammalian bone histology as a tool for inferences on life history strategies. A sample of 274 bone cross-sections from 225 individuals belonging to extant dormice (Gliridae) and extant and fossil ruminants (Bovidae, Cervidae, Moschidae and Tragulidae) have been analysed under polarized and transmitted light microscopy. The results show that Lines of Arrested Growth (LAGs) are universally present in both mammalian groups analysed in this work. These growth marks are present throughout both, the fast-growing bone tissue deposited during growing period (fibrolamellar bone, FLC or parallel fibered bone, PFB) as well as the slow-growing dense lamellar tissue deposited during the adulthood (External Fundamental System, EFS). The number of rest lines in cortical bones fits well with chronological age of the animals, providing evidence of the annual periodicity of bone growth marks in these mammals. The femur is clearly the most reliable bone for skeletochronology analyses because it records the greatest number of LAGs. Despite this, bone remodelling and resorption can potentially delete or obscure the earliest ontogenetic record, especially in large ruminants. This research further indicates that bone growth is arrested during the energetically challenging period (low resource supply), coupled with physiological seasonal variation. These findings provide support that growth arrest forms part of a thermometabolic strategy for energy conservation. Moreover, this work shows that vascular and cellular features of primary bone tissue undergo strong ontogenetic variation associated with a decrease on growth rate as maturity approaches in mammals. Specifically, vascular and cellular densities decrease whereas the proportion of longitudinal canals in relation to circular ones increases throughout ontogeny until reach maturity, which may be related to physiological maturity. However, the most significant change along ontogeny occurs during the transition between the main primary tissues, from FLC/PFB to EFS, which is related to reproductive maturity. This work provides evidence that this transition reliable records the trade-off between growth and reproduction in ruminants. According to these findings, the age at reproductive maturity can be determined by counting the number of growth cycles within the fast growing tissue before the EFS. The result of comparing histological quantitative features between bovids suggests that vascular and cellular parameters are related to body mass and metabolism rather than to extrinsic factors, such as climate. Accordingly, the FLC bone of larger bovids tends to show more circular canals canals (which may reflect higher rates of periosteal bone deposition) and lower cellular densities (which may reflect lower mass-specific metabolic rate according to Kleiber’s law) than the smaller ones. Finally, the findings on fossil species provide evidence that bone histology is a valuable tool to explore evolutionary trends in mammalian life histories. Moreover, the results of bone histology to get some life history traits in endangered mammals highlight its usefulness on the field of conservation biology. To conclude, the findings of this work provide evidence that, in mammals, bone growth is mainly regulated by endogenous rates and synchronized with seasonal resource availability. The evidence of cyclical bone growth debunks the classical assumption that homeothermic endotherms grow continuously until they attain maturity, providing a clear support to the usefulness of bone histology to reconstruct life history traits in extinct and extant mammals.
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Fortier-Dubois, Étienne. "Late Devonian vertebrates from Siberia: a synchrotron microtomography study of bone bed material." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-281633.

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This is an investigation of new vertebrate fossil material from the Late Devonian locality of Ivanovka, Uryup River, Siberia. This bone bed material, circa 375 million years in age, represents a unique opportunity to fill a gap in our understanding of Late Devonian diversity, biogeography, and vertebrate evolution: Siberia, at the time, was an independent continent, and yet its fauna remains virtually unknown in comparison with the other paleocontinents, Euramerica and Gondwana. Using synchrotron microtomographic scanning, a non-destructive technique that has never, to our knowledge, been applied to bone bed material, we obtained 3D image stacks that were then modelled to yield triangle meshes representing the bones in three dimensions. These meshes could then be identified, described, and interpreted. Many of the discovered bones belong to the poorly known genus Megistolepis Obruchev 1955, potentially allowing a radical increase in knowledge regarding this taxon. Other material includes lungfish and possible fragments of limbed tetrapods, though the evidence of the latter is scarce. A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of synchrotron microtomography for the study of bone bed material concludes the paper.
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Klinken, G. J. van. "Dating and dietary reconstruction by isotopic analysis of amino acids in fossil bone collagen-with special reference to the Caribbean." Amsterdam : Fondation for Scientific Research in the Caribbean Region, 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/26955816.html.

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Holland, Andrew D. "Examining the taphonomic challenges to the 3D digitisation of fragmented bone." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15180.

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The utilisation of 3D digitisation and visualisation has grown considerably since 2008 and is becoming an increasingly useful tool for the digital documentation and metric analysis of archaeological artefacts and skeletal remains. It provides public access to rare and fragile specimens of palaeontological and palaeopathological importance whilst reducing the physical impact on these remains. Research in engineering and computer vision provides some insight into the impact of surface properties such as colour, specularity, reflectance and shape on the quality of the recorded 3D image, but within the archaeological and palaeontological disciplines comparable work has not yet been developed. If archaeology and anthropology are to provide long term reliable data from archaeological and palaeontological specimens in a way that doesn’t require repeated re-digitisation, we need to understand the impacts that the taphonomic histories of such samples have on our ability to 3D record them. Understanding the relationship of these taphonomic histories and the surface and optical properties will promote informed choices about the suitability of recording techniques. This thesis considers the taphonomic processes that affect the preservation of bone over archaeological, forensic and palaeontological timescales and the effect this has on the quality of 3D digital models. The digital refit of fragmentary bone samples is considered in relation to the effect of taphonomic alterations to bone. Conclusions regarding the key taphonomic factors and 3D digital model quality are drawn and areas of further work are identified.
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Bulygina, E. "A comparative study of frontal bone morphology of Late Pleistocene fossil hominins from the territory of the former Soviet Union." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444562/.

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The major aim of the present work is to provide a re-assessment of the morphological and taxonomic affinities of several adult and juvenile fossils from the territory of the former Soviet Union that retain frontal bones. Nine fossils were analysed and compared with a sample of Late Pleistocene hominins and recent modern populations. Analytical techniques included traditional inter-landmark measurements, as well as a geometric morphometric toolkit for the 3D surfaces. The following patterns were found in the comparative sample: 1) the best differentiation in the frontal bone morphology exists between the 'modern' and 'archaic' groups of hominins, where the former is composed of recent and Upper Palaeolithic modem humans, and the latter incorporates Neanderthals and early modern humans from Africa and West Asia 2) Upper Palaeolithic humans from central and eastern Europe differ significantly from the pooled sample of the nine recent modern human populations 3) the morphology of the complete frontal bone discriminates between hominin groups better than the supraorbital relief 4) recent modern humans and Neanderthals display diverging growth trajectories in the shape of the frontal bone differences already exist at the earliest age stages represented here (2.5 years in Neanderthals) and increase towards adulthood. Within the above framework, all Sungir' fossils align with the recent modern human morphological variation. In contrast, the fossil frontal from Podkumok, North Caucasus, is associated with the Upper Palaeolithic sample of fossils. Satanay, Khvalynsk and Skhodnya frontal bones have an ambiguous morphological associations generally aligning with the modem morphology but demonstrating particular combination of features that sometimes make them closer to the 'archaic' fossils in the sample. The Teshik-Tash child is found to be similar to Neanderthals in the frontal bone morphology. However, it shows lesser degree of the development of the 'classical' Neanderthal morphology and deviates towards the early modern humans. The Starosel'e child did not demonstrate any affiliation with the 'archaic' morphological pattern in its frontal bone.
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Gerwitz, Andrew. "Evaluating potential growth strategies using bone histology in Pleistocene-Holocene Odocoileus virginianus (Mammalia) from Florida." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1470322817.

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Iliopoulos, George. "The Giraffidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) and the study of the histology and chemistry of fossil mammal bone from the Late Miocene of Kerassia (Euboea Island, Greece)." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35044.

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A taphonomic investigation of Late Miocene mammal bones and teeth and a taxonomic study of the abundant and diverse giraffid material from Kerassia, Greece, were undertaken. The material was collected from seven different sites near Kerassia, where at least two fossiliferous horizons occur. Microbial action caused extensive destruction in almost all the examined specimens of bone and teeth tissues from both horizons. Despite this, and contrary to the established ideas, bioeroded tissues survived to become fossils, preserving their histological and bioerosion features. The diameters of the microtunnels (150-600 nm) in the destructive foci indicate that the invading microorganisms were bacteria. Recrystallization of the apatite crystallites in the foci of damaged tissues occurred immediately after the end of bacterial activity, restraining later diagenetic recrystallization. This process is responsible for differences in the chemistry of the three structural areas of the bioeroded tissues, the undamaged areas, the foci and the rims of the foci. X-ray diffraction mineralogical analyses showed that fossil bone and dentine consist of carbonate fluorapatite and enamel consists of carbonate hydroxyapatite. The crystallinity of the fossil tissues is not age dependent but rather reflects the type of the hard tissue and the conditions of the local burial environment. To date, five different species of giraffes have been determined in Kerassia. Four species were found in the lower horizon, Palaeotragus rouenii, Palaeotragus sp., Samotherium major and Helladotherium duvernoyi and four species were found in the upper horizon Palaeotragus rouenii, Samotherium major, Helladotherium duvernoyi and Bohlinia attica. Finally, this study shows that a seasonal Mediterranean type, relatively temperate to warm and moist climate, can be inferred for the MN12 (Middle Turolian) of the Kerassia region.
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Books on the topic "Fossil bone"

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How does a bone become a fossil? London: Raintree, 2010.

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How does a bone become a fossil? Oxford: Heinemann Library, 2011.

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3

Stewart, Melissa. How does a bone become a fossil? Chicago, Ill: Raintree, 2008.

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Mark, McFerron, ed. The story of Big Bone Lick. Florence, KY: Thoroughbred Pub., 1998.

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Bone hunters in Patagonia: Narrative of the expedition. Woodbridge, Conn: Ox Bow Press, 1985.

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Moss, Jeffrey. Bone poems. New York: Scholastic, 1998.

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Moss, Jeffrey. Bone poems. New York: Workman Pub., 1997.

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Hedeen, Stanley. Big Bone Lick: The cradle of American paleontology. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2008.

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Big Bone Lick: The cradle of American paleontology. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2008.

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Myers, Tim. If you give a T-rex a bone. Nevada City, CA: Dawn Publications, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fossil bone"

1

Zheng, Wenxia, and Mary Higby Schweitzer. "Chemical Analyses of Fossil Bone." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 153–72. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-977-8_10.

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Schultz, Michael, and Tyede H. Schmidt-Schultz. "Microscopic Research on Fossil Human Bone." In Handbook of Paleoanthropology, 1–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27800-6_87-1.

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Schultz, Michael, and Tyede H. Schmidt-Schultz. "Microscopic Research on Fossil Human Bone." In Handbook of Paleoanthropology, 983–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_87.

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Trueman, Clive N., and Noreen Tuross. "13. Trace Elements in Recent and Fossil Bone Apatite." In Phosphates, edited by Matthew J. Kohn, John Rakovan, and John M. Hughes, 489–522. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501509636-016.

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Schultz, Michael, and Tyede H. Schmidt-Schultz. "Paleopathology: Vestiges of Pathological Conditions in Fossil Human Bone." In Handbook of Paleoanthropology, 969–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_88.

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Hylander, William L., and Kirk R. Johnson. "Functional Morphology and In Vivo Bone Strain Patterns in the Craniofacial Region of Primates: Beware of Biomechanical Stories about Fossil Bones." In Reconstructing Behavior in the Primate Fossil Record, 43–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1343-8_2.

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Schmidt-Schultz, Tyede H., and Michael Schultz. "Investigation on Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Fossil Bone: Facts and Perspectives." In Handbook of Paleoanthropology, 1–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27800-6_74-1.

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Schmidt-Schultz, Tyede H., and Michael Schultz. "Investigation on Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Fossil Bone: Facts and Perspectives." In Handbook of Paleoanthropology, 999–1005. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_74.

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Schultz, Michael, and Tyede H. Schmidt-Schultz. "Paleopathology: Vestiges of Pathological Conditions in Fossil Human Bone with Their Wealth of Information for the Understanding of Primeval Life." In Handbook of Paleoanthropology, 1–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27800-6_88-1.

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Gidley, Paul W., Franco DeMonte, and Randal S. Weber. "Infratemporal Fossa Approach." In Temporal Bone Cancer, 267–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74539-8_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fossil bone"

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Young, Sawyer N., D. R. Schmidt, Chris Halsey, and Rebecca Roth. "GROUND AND AERIAL SURVEY OF FOSSIL EOCENE BONE BED IN OGLALA NATIONAL GRASSLANDS, NEBRASKA." In 52nd Annual North-Central GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018nc-312717.

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Wiersma-Weyand, Kayleigh, Sashima Läbe, and P. Martin Sander. "Organic Phase (Extracellular Matrix, Osteocyte, Blood Vessel) Preservation in Fossil Tetrapod Bone: Temporal and Environmental Patterns of Preservation." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.2859.

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Chesebrough, Robert, Benjamin Chesebrough, Samuel Chesebrough, and David F. Wheatley. "STRATIGRAPHY, DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT, AND TAPHONOMY OF A MASS BONE BED IN THE JURASSIC MORRISON FORMATION, OJITO WILDERNESS, NEW MEXICO: EXPANDING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF NEW MEXICO FOSSIL LOCALITIES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-341299.

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Kim, Sung Hwan, Chaewon Kim, and Changheui Jang. "Diffusion Bonding of a Cold-Worked Ni-Base Superalloy." In ASME 2018 Symposium on Elevated Temperature Application of Materials for Fossil, Nuclear, and Petrochemical Industries. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etam2018-6716.

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Diffusion bonding was conducted on cold-worked Alloy 600. Cold-work of 50 % was applied prior to diffusion bonding in order to incite recrystallization and limit grain growth. Tensile testing was conducted at room temperature and 550 °C for evaluation of joint efficiency, while premature brittle failure at the bond-line was observed for most diffusion bonding conditions. It was found that such premature failure was related to a planar bond-line that indicated lack of grain boundary diffusion across the bonding surfaces. Additional application of post-bond heat treatments did not result in significant bond-line migration. Microstructural analyses revealed the existence of Cr-rich carbides and Ti-rich precipitates along the bond-line, which prevented bond-line migration by acting as pinning points.
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Besliu, Calin, Agata Olariu, Ion M. Popescu, Teodor Badica, and Marius Calin. "Microelements in fossil bones and the estimation of age." In 4th International Conference on Applications of Nuclear Techniques: Neutrons and their Applications, edited by George Vourvopoulos and Themis Paradellis. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.204192.

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Pritchard, P. G., I. J. Perrin, J. D. Parker, and J. A. Siefert. "Application of a Physically-Based Creep Continuum Damage Mechanics Constitutive Model to the Serviceability Assessment of a Large Bore Branch Connection." In ASME 2018 Symposium on Elevated Temperature Application of Materials for Fossil, Nuclear, and Petrochemical Industries. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etam2018-6719.

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Premature creep cracking in fabricated large bore branch connections in Grade 91 steel (9Cr-1Mo-VNbN) piping continues to be a commonly observed failure mechanism in high energy applications. Failures have been observed in components fabricated to the requirements of both ASME Section I and B31.1 codes. This paper presents the application of a physically-based creep continuum damage constitutive model developed for Grade 91 steel to the assessment of a large bore fabricated branch connection. For a specific component geometry and operating conditions, model predictions for the expected location and timing of crack initiation as well as for the crack growth behavior have been made. In addition, as validation, trends in the simulated behavior are compared to information from case studies of large bore branch cracking and failure in service. The physically-based continuum damage model is shown to accurately predict both the location and timing of local crack initiation as well as the observed crack growth behavior.
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Della Villa, Salvatore, Robert Steele, Dongwon Shin, Sangkeun (Matt) Lee, Travis Johnston, Yong Liu, Youhai Wen, David Alman, and Christopher Perullo. "Data Fusion: A Project Update & Pathway Forward." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58933.

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Abstract At the Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Conference & Expedition, in Oslo, Norway, an innovative approach for assessing operating and near real-time data from power generating assets with meaningful predictive analytics was presented and discussed. GT2018-75030, entitled; Energy Innovation: A Focus on Power Generation Data Capture & Analytics in a Competitive Market established a challenging objective for the industry: “To advance the notion that the fusion of total plant data, from three primary sources, with the ability to transform, analyze, and act based on integrating subject matter expertise is essential for effectively managing assets for optimum performance and profitability; executing and delivering on the promise of “Big Data” and advanced analytics.” Throughout 2019 and 2020, a team comprised of members from Strategic Power Systems, Inc. ® (SPS), Turbine Logic (TL), and two National Labs; National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), collaborated on the paper’s hypothesis. The team worked with the support of funding from DOE’s Fossil Energy Program through its HPC4 Materials Program, which provided access to the High-Performance Computing assets at both laboratories. The team brought unique skills, strengths, and capabilities that would serve as the basis for an effective, open, and challenging collaboration. The engineering and data science disciplines that converged on this project provided the back-bone for the unbiased analysis and model building that took place; relying on a unique and up-to-date source of plant operating and design data essential for performing the engineering scope of work. A key objective was to use the data and the modeling to be predictive; to characterize remaining life, expended life, and to determine the “next failure” for critical systems and components. Proof-of-concepts were tested for longer term, data-driven reliability prediction for fleets of power generating assets, near real-time prediction of power plant faults which could lead to imminent failure, and physics-based model prediction of life consumption of critical parts. Each of these pilot scale projects is summarized with key results presented.
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Damien, Vincke, Eylenbosch Damien, Fernandez Pierna Juan Antonio, Baeten Vincent, Bodson Bernard, and Dardenne Pierre. "Sorting of crop residues and fossil bones from soil by NIR Hyperspectral Imaging." In 2014 6th Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/whispers.2014.8077646.

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Earley, Jacob, Margaret E. McMillan, and Ivan Rodriguez-Conde. "USING SHORT-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR 3D DIGITAL RECONSTRUCTION OF ARKANSAURUS FRIDAYI FOSSIL BONES." In 54th Annual GSA South-Central Section Meeting 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020sc-343401.

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Khristoforov, I. I., K. P. Danilov, I. V. Gorokhov, M. Y. Cheprasov, T. N. Petrova, and E. S. Petukhova. "GPR Sounding of Fossil Mammoth Bones from The Surface of Freshwater Lakes and Rivers." In Engineering and Mining Geophysics 2021. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202152205.

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Reports on the topic "Fossil bone"

1

Reagan Furbish, Reagan Furbish. Written in Bone: was the fossil Allodesmus a seal or sea lion? Experiment, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/3513.

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