Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fossil charcoal

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Fossil charcoal'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Fossil charcoal"

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Sander, P. Martin, and Carole T. Gee. "Fossil charcoal: techniques and applications." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 63, no. 3-4 (1990): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(90)90104-q.

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Kaffash, Hamideh, Gerrit Ralf Surup, and Merete Tangstad. "Densification of Biocarbon and Its Effect on CO2 Reactivity." Processes 9, no. 2 (2021): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020193.

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Charcoal is an interesting reducing agent because it is produced from biomass which is renewable and does not contribute to global warming, provided that there is a balance between the felling of timber and growth of trees. Biocarbon is a promising alternative to fossil reductants for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing sustainability of the metallurgical industry. In comparison to conventional reductants (i.e., petroleum coke, coal and metallurgical coke), charcoal has a low density, low mechanical properties and high CO2 reactivity, which are undesirable in ferroalloy production. Densification is an efficient way to upgrade biocarbon and improve its undesirable properties. In this study, the deposition of carbon from methane on three types of charcoal has been investigated at 1100 °C. CO2 reactivity, porosity and density of untreated and densified charcoal were measured, and results were compared to metallurgical coke. Surface morphology of the charcoal samples was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM confirmed the presence of a deposited carbon layer on the charcoal. It was found that the CO2 reactivity and porosity of charcoals decreased during the densification process, approaching that of fossil fuel reductants. However, the CO2 reactivity kept higher than that of metallurgical coke.
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SCOTT, ANDREW C., and TIMOTHY P. JONES. "Fossil charcoal: a plant-fossil record preserved by fire." Geology Today 7, no. 6 (1991): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.1991.tb00806.x.

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Halsall, Karen M., Vanessa M. Ellingsen, Johan Asplund, Richard HW Bradshaw, and Mikael Ohlson. "Fossil charcoal quantification using manual and image analysis approaches." Holocene 28, no. 8 (2018): 1345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618771488.

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Charcoal particles are evidence of past fire events and macro-charcoal particles have been shown to represent local fire events. There are several methods for the preparation and quantification of macro-charcoal particles, none of which have been universally accepted as standard. Very few studies compare methodological differences and no studies to date compare quantification by mass with quantification by volume using image analysis. Using three cores taken from a peatland located in SE Norway, we compare these two established methods using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) and a split-plot ANOVA test. We show that charcoal volume (image analysis method) was a better predictor of charcoal mass than charcoal particle number and the same size classes of charcoal as size class distributions were not spatially and temporally correlated. Although there is still a need for a common and unifying method, our results show that quantification of charcoal particles by image analysis including size (e.g. height in mm) and area (mm2)/volume (mm3) measurements provides more significant results in cross-site or multiple-site studies than quantifications based on particle number. This has implications for the interpretation of charcoal data from regional studies that are used to model drivers of wildfire activity and environmental change in boreal–temperate landscapes during the Holocene.
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Lynch, Jason A., James S. Clark, and Brian J. Stocks. "Charcoal production, dispersal, and deposition from the Fort Providence experimental fire: interpreting fire regimes from charcoal records in boreal forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 8 (2004): 1642–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-071.

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The relationship between charcoal production from fires and charcoal deposition in lakes is poorly understood, which limits the interpretation of sediment charcoal records. This calibration study assessed charcoal particle production, size, and transport during the International Crown Fire Modelling Experiment (ICFME) and compared fossil charcoal particle accumulation from 16 lakes in boreal forests of North America. Particle accumulation averaged 20.1 mm2·cm–2 inside the ICFME fire; accumulation declined sharply outside the fire, with only 1% of the measured particles transported beyond 20 m from the burn edge. Fossil charcoal accumulation during the past 9000 years was much lower than observed deposition in traps located within the ICFME fire but similar to airborne deposition in traps located 10–60 m from the burn edge. A higher fraction of large diameter particles (>1 mm) was present in fossil charcoal accumulation from historical fires and charcoal peaks that exceeded background accumulation by 1.4 times, suggesting large particles are characteristic of nearby fires. On the basis of a charred-particle production of ~2% of the total fuel consumed by the ICFME fire, we estimate a potential long-term carbon sequestration of 58.2 ± 12 g C·m–2 as charred particles from this fire stored in soils or lake sediments.
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Jones, Timothy P., and William G. Chaloner. "Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaeoatmospheric significance." Global and Planetary Change 5, no. 1-2 (1991): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(91)90125-g.

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Jones, Timothy P., and William G. Chaloner. "Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaeoatmospheric significance." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 97, no. 1-2 (1991): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90180-y.

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Crawford, A. J., S. J. Baker, and C. M. Belcher. "Fossil charcoals from the Lower Jurassic challenge assumptions about charcoal morphology and identification." Palaeontology 61, no. 1 (2017): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pala.12337.

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Crawford, Alastair J., and Claire M. Belcher. "Volumetric measurement of fossil charcoal: Principles, applications and potential." Holocene 30, no. 10 (2020): 1481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683620932971.

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Quantifying sedimentary charcoal content by estimation of volume from two-dimensional images is a relatively new and little-used method, but has the potential to improve the accuracy of fire histories. It requires a power transformation of area data, and multiplication by a coefficient to account for particle shape. The latter step has been routinely overlooked, or considered unnecessary, with volume estimates made simply by power transformation of the area data. Some researchers have used the method on the basis of the power transformation only, and others have rejected it as unnecessary on the same basis. However, the assumption that the shape coefficient can be ignored is likely to introduce very large errors, resulting in overestimation of charcoal volume. The magnitude of the error is indicated by a limited amount of empirical data obtained from volumetric measurement of individual charcoal particles, and accurate use of the method would require considerable further work to extend this data set. In a sedimentary sequence where particle morphology varies with depth, the errors identified could seriously distort the fire history produced. However, as such variation is easily identified, the method can still improve charcoal quantification where morphology is stationary.
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Cui, Qiao-Yu, Marie-José Gaillard, Boris Vannière, et al. "Evaluating fossil charcoal representation in small peat bogs: Detailed Holocene fire records from southern Sweden." Holocene 30, no. 11 (2020): 1540–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683620941069.

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In this study, we assess how representative a single charcoal record from a peat profile in small bogs (1.5–2 ha in area) is for the reconstruction of Holocene fire history. We use high-resolution macrocharcoal (>250 μm) analysis of continuous series of 2 cm3 samples from two small bogs in southern Sweden. We compare (1) duplicate charcoal records from the same core, (2) duplicate charcoal records from profiles in the same site (10 m apart), and (3) charcoal records from two sites within the same region (15 km apart). Comparisons are made for charcoal counts and area expressed as accumulation rates. The results suggest that (a) charcoal counts and area are highly correlated in all records; (b) duplicate charcoal records within the same core are very similar, although some charcoal peaks are found in only one of the two records; (c) although long-term trends in fire regimes are similar between duplicate charcoal records from nearby profiles within the same site and between charcoal records from sites within the same region, some individual charcoal peaks/fire events are asynchronous between records. The known historical fires of the town of Växjö (1570 and 1612 CE) are recorded at the two study sites, which indicates a macrocharcoal source area of minimum 15 km in diameter. The 2 cm3 peat samples contained relatively low amounts of macrocharcoal; we therefore recommend to analyse larger samples from small peat bogs with comparable peat accumulation rates. This will improve the reliability of the macrocharcoal record and its interpretation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fossil charcoal"

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Cronin, Kate. "Reconstructing the late pleistocene palaeoenvironment of the Richtersveld using fossil charcoal." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14119.

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The Succulent Karoo is recognised as an important biodiversity hotspot and many of the key plant lineages that characterise the biome are thought to have originated during the Pleistocene epoch. However, due to the paucity of palaeobiological proxy data available for the Succulent Karoo, relatively little is known about its environmental history and how an important core of this region, Namaqualand and its subregion the Richtersveld, may have responded to Pleistocene changes. Recent excavations at Spitzkloof Rockshelter A in the Richtersveld have provided a rare source of palaeoenvironmental data in the form of fossil wood charcoal assemblages that span a sequence from the last glacial maximum (LGM) to ~14 500 yrs BP. The present study analysed the fossil charcoal deposits from the rockshelter in order to reconstruct woody species assemblage patterns as a proxy for late Pleistocene palaeoclimate. Identification of the fossil charcoal specimens was achieved by anatomical comparison with transverse section photomicrographs of identified reference specimens of woody taxa currently growing at the site. Patterns in the charcoal data set were sought by assessing the changes in woody species assemblages over time. An assessment of the environmental correlates of the contemporary distributions of taxa found in the archaeological sequence provided the basis for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Based on the current generalisation for glacial climates in the winter rainfall zone (WRZ), it was hypothesised that the study region experienced an increase in rainfall at the LGM, and a steady aridification towards the terminal Pleistocene. However, Spitzkloof's charcoal records provide little evidence to suggest that the LGM supported a more mesic vegetation community than more recent time-periods. Instead, results suggest that the region experienced fairly limited climatic change as there is compelling evidence for the persistence of Succulent Karoo elements – namely Stoeberia arborea, Hermannia disermifolia and Lycium spp. - throughout the late Pleistocene. The localised appearance at the terminal Pleistocene (~14 ka) of all of the most abundant taxa at the site today is interpreted as a consequence of terminal Pleistocene changes in sea-level and CO2 concentration within a persistent context of minimal climatic change. These results have important implications for the applicability of a generalised WRZ model of climate change to the Succulent Karoo and for hypothetical predictions of future climate change impacts in the biome.
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Jones, Timothy Peter. "The nature, origin and recognition of fusain." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361046.

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Monjaret, Marie-Claire. "Le magmatisme des fossés à l'arrière de l'arc des Nouvelles Hébrides (Vanuatu) (campagne SEAPSO 2 du NO JEan Charcot) : implications géodynamiques : chronologie, pétrologie, géochimie." Brest, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BRES2010.

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L'etude chronologique, petrologique et geochimique des echantillons des fosses et des iles a permis de reconstituer l'histoire du systeme arc-fosse des nouvelles hebrides. La formation des fosses a l'arriere de l'arc des nouvelles hebrides est diachrone du sud vers le nord et polyphasee dans plusieurs zones. Elle fait partie integrante de l'arc. Ces fosses doivent donc etre consideres comme des fosses intra-arc. La zone vanikoro a l'extreme nord de l'arc est toutefois particuliere, par la nature du volcanisme qui temoigne de la naissance d'un arc dans cette zone, depuis 2,9 ma. L'ouverture des fosses peut etre liee entre 6,5 et 3,5 ma a des effondrements en bordure du bassin nord fidjien; apres 3,5 ma elle pourrait etre la consequence de la subduction-collision de la ride d'entrecasteaux
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Books on the topic "Fossil charcoal"

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Futyma, R. P. Fossil pollena and charcoal analysis in wetland development studies at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. s.n, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fossil charcoal"

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Scott, Andrew C. "The Rise, Fall, and Rise of Fire." In Burning Planet. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198734840.003.0007.

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When I started my doctoral research in October 1973 I never imagined that I would spend so much of my career thinking about fire. I had not considered fire as an agent of change on Earth, or that charcoal deposits may preserve its long history on the planet. I had never thought of fire as a preservational mechanism for fossil plants, producing charcoal that would show their anatomy so that they could be identified, and help us to piece together the vegetation that must have clothed the land millions of years ago. In all my years of collecting fossils as a child and student I had never found, or at least noticed, any fossil charcoal. I had wanted to look at the ecology of the plants that were found during the Carboniferous, 300 million years ago. The natural approach was to look at the large fossil plants that could easily be found in rocks such as the Coal Measures that are often found scattered on old coal tips. But many smaller plant fragments are also preserved in the rocks. I started a programme of dissolving the rocks in acids and obtaining residues of the fossil plants that remained. The rocks are made up of minerals that dissolve in different acids from the plant fossils, which are made of organic material. It was hard work, and I spent many hours a day picking through the plant fragment residues, which were about the size of tea leaves, trying to identify what the fragments represented. Incredibly, at that time, few researchers had tried to look at plant fossils in this way. I soon noticed a large number of fragments that looked like charcoal, and examined these with an SEM. Under the SEM the astonishing detail in the charcoalified leaves was revealed (BW Plate 6). The small needle-like leaves had two beautifully preserved rows of stomata. But what kind of plant did they come from? I took the material to Bill Chaloner, who was one of the world’s authorities on the lycopods, one of the most common plants found in the coal measures.
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Smil, Vaclav. "Fossil Fuels, Primary Electricity, and Renewables." In Energy and Civilization. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035774.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses the evolution in uses of fossil fuels, primary electricity, and renewable energy. It first considers the transition from phytomass fuels to fossil fuels and how it resulted in the substantial increase in per capita consumption of energy. It then explores the beginnings and diffusion of coal extraction, the replacement of charcoal by metallurgical coke, and the introduction of steam engines and oil and internal combustion engines. It also looks at technical innovations brought by the transition from phytomass fuels to fossil fuels and from animate to mechanical prime movers, focusing on trends in the production of coal, hydrocarbons, and electricity as well as renewable energy and the use of prime movers in transportation.
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Scott, Andrew C. "Fire, Flowers, and Dinosaurs." In Burning Planet. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198734840.003.0008.

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The Mesozoic Era is the geological interval comprising the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods, and it is best known for the rise and fall of the dinosaurs. The Mesozoic began around 250 million years ago and continued to around 66 million years ago—a not inconsiderable chunk of geological time, and framed by mass extinctions at its beginning and end. Fifty years ago there were very few published papers on fire in deep time, but the most important one, which I’ve touched on before, was ‘Forest fire in the Mesozoic’, by Tom Harris of the University of Reading. Tom was an important scientist, one of the leading palaeobotanists in the world. Energetic and passionate about his fossil plants, he was a scientist with broad interests, and given to experimentation and lateral thinking. The evidence that Tom used in his paper on fires in the Mesozoic was limited to only a couple of charcoal occurrences in these rocks. The Permian Period ended with the biggest known mass extinction in Earth history, when life was almost wiped out. Whole ecosystems collapsed. So what would the world have looked like at the start of the Triassic? Among whole groups of plants that had become extinct were the giant club mosses that had been the major coal-forming plants of the late Paleozoic, and the glossopterids that had dominated southern continental vegetation. In the first few million years after the extinctions, plant diversity appears to have been low, but some new plants became prominent, including the pole-like spore-bearing lycopod called Pleuromeia, and the scrambling seedplant called Dicroidium, which had fern-like foliage. The first 10 million years of the Triassic are thought to have been a time of ecosystem recovery. According to Berner’s model, the Triassic started with very low levels of oxygen in the atmosphere. Researchers had noticed that there were no coals found at the beginning of the Triassic, and this interval was called the ‘coal gap’. The problem, therefore, was that charcoal in coal could not be used as a proxy for atmospheric oxygen for this time interval.
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Scott, Andrew C. "Fire and the Coming of the Modern World." In Burning Planet. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198734840.003.0009.

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What kind of world dawned after the K/P boundary? We know from studies across localities in the USA that there is evidence of frequent wildfires continuing into the earliest Paleogene. But what happened to the atmospheric oxygen level after recovery from the K/P mass extinction—did it remain above modern levels? Were we still in a high-fire world? If there were fires, what is the evidence in the charcoal record, and do we know anything about the vegetation that was burning? When the charcoal in the coal database was originally compiled, one of the important issues was how we recorded and represented our data. Early to mid-Paleocene Epoch coals (from around 65 to 55 million years ago) are often recorded as ‘earliest Tertiary’ in coal literature. (The Tertiary was the name we used to use for what we now call the Paleogene and Neogene Periods, stretching from around 65 to 1 million years ago.) However, coals that are nearer to the start of the Eocene Epoch, just older than 55 million years ago, are notoriously difficult to date. This is a problem we have with many coal sequences, as they are deposited on land, and most of the fossils used to give ages are found in marine waters. Many coals of this age are often simply recorded as coming from the late Paleocene or early Eocene. Where we have good dating information, Paleocene coals all tend to have high inertinite (charcoal) contents, well above 19 per cent. By the mid to late Eocene (50–40 million years ago), however, worldwide the charcoal contents are low, around 5 per cent or even less. There must, therefore, have been a fundamental change in the Earth system at this time. Another problem is the way in which we chose to represent our data and show the calculated oxygen curve. In order to get sufficient data to plot the curves we decided to use 10-millionyear bins. This was not a problem for the Paleozoic–Mesozoic transition, covering the great Permian mass extinction, which took place 250 million years ago.
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Conference papers on the topic "Fossil charcoal"

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Osinga, T., U. Frommherz, A. Steinfeld, and C. Wieckert. "Experimental Investigation of the Solar Carbothermic Reduction of ZnO Using a Two-Cavity Solar Reactor." In ASME 2003 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2003-44020.

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Zinc production by solar carbothermic reduction of ZnO offers a CO2 emission reduction by a factor of 5 vis-a´-vis the conventional fossil-fuel-based electrolytic or Imperial Smelting processes. Zinc can serve as a fuel in Zn-air fuel cells or can be further reacted with H2O to form high-purity H2. In either case, the product ZnO is solar-recycled to Zn. We report on experimental results obtained with a 5 kW solar chemical reactor prototype that features two cavities in series, with the inner one functioning as the solar absorber and the outer one as the reaction chamber. The inner cavity is made of graphite and contains a windowed aperture to let in concentrated solar radiation. The outer cavity is well insulated and contains the ZnO-C mixture that is subjected to irradiation from the inner graphite cavity. With this arrangement, the inner cavity protects the window against particles and condensable gases and further serves as a thermal shock absorber. Tests were conducted at PSI’s Solar Furnace and ETH’s High-Flux Solar Simulator to investigate the effect of process temperature (range 1350–1600 K), reducing agent type (beech charcoal, activated charcoal, petcoke), and C:ZnO stoichiometric molar ratio (range 0.7–0.9) on the reactor’s performance and chemical conversion. In a typical 40-min solar experiment at 1500 K, 500 g of a ZnO-C mixture were processed into Zn(g), CO, and CO2. Thermal efficiencies of up to 20% were achieved.
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Wan, Mingli, Wan Yang, Jun Wang, and Xin Jiao. "EARLY TRIASSIC (INDUAN) WILDFIRE IN NORTHEASTERN PANGAEA: EVIDENCE FROM FOSSIL CHARCOALS IN BOGDA MOUNTAINS, NORTHWESTERN CHINA – IMPLICATIONS FOR RIPARIAN VEGETATION AND ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN CONCENTRATION IN EARLY TRIASSIC." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-360101.

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