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Journal articles on the topic 'Fossil Fungi'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 June 2025

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1

Saxena, R. K., and S. K. M. Tripathi. "Indian Fossil Fungi." Journal of Palaeosciences 60, no. (1-2) (2011): 1–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2011.167.

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The main objective of this publication is to synthesize the available information on Indian fossil fungi published so far. It contains four main parts, Introduction, Terminology, Description and Discussion. The introductory part provides a brief account of diversity of fungal remains through the ages, scope and organization of the publication and classification of fossil fungal spores and fruiting bodies. The Terminology part defines the commonly used terms for describing fungal remains. The Description part provides description of all the fossil fungal taxa known so far from India along with their illustration, locality, age and Indian records. MycoBank number of each genus and species is also provided. Fifteen new species, viz. Dicellaesporites classicus, Dicellaesporites jainii, Dicellaesporites singhii, Foveoletisporonites keralensis, Frasnacritetrus masolensis, Fusiformisporites barmerensis, Inapertisporites chandrae, Inapertisporites karii, Inapertisporites sahii, Kutchiathyrites mehrotrae, Monoporisporites meghalayaensis, Multicellites chandrae, Pluricellaesporites himachalensis, Pluricellaesporites keralensis and Pluricellaesporites mehrotrae and twelve new combinations, viz. Kutchiathyrites perfectus (Kar et al.), Meliolinites tlangsamensis (Kar et al.), Multicellites circularis (Samant and Tapaswi), Multicellites himalayaensis (Gupta), Multicellites jainii (Gupta), Multicellites psilatus (Saxena), Multicellites ramanujamii (Gupta), Multicellites reticulatus (Samant and Tapaswi), Palaeomycites dichotomus (Kar et al.), Palaeomycites excellensus (Kar et al.), Palaeomycites globatus (Sharma et al.) and Palaeomycites minutus (Kar et al.) have been proposed. This part also records informally published fungal remains along with reference to page of their publication, illustration, horizon and age and location of occurrence. The Discussion part includes diagnostic characteristics of fossil fungal spores and fruiting bodies, general remarks on Indian fossil fungal records and stratigraphic and palaeoclimatic interpretations.

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2

Jansson, Hans-börje, and George O. Poinar. "Some possible fossil nematophagous fungi." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 87, no. 3 (1986): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(86)80227-3.

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3

Bonneville, S., F. Delpomdor, A. Préat, et al. "Molecular identification of fungi microfossils in a Neoproterozoic shale rock." Science Advances 6, no. 4 (2020): eaax7599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax7599.

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Precambrian fossils of fungi are sparse, and the knowledge of their early evolution and the role they played in the colonization of land surface are limited. Here, we report the discovery of fungi fossils in a 810 to 715 million year old dolomitic shale from the Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup, Democratic Republic of Congo. Syngenetically preserved in a transitional, subaerially exposed paleoenvironment, these carbonaceous filaments of ~5 μm in width exhibit low-frequency septation (pseudosepta) and high-angle branching that can form dense interconnected mycelium-like structures. Using an array of microscopic (SEM, TEM, and confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy) and spectroscopic techniques (Raman, FTIR, and XANES), we demonstrated the presence of vestigial chitin in these fossil filaments and document the eukaryotic nature of their precursor. Based on those combined evidences, these fossil filaments and mycelium-like structures are identified as remnants of fungal networks and represent the oldest, molecularly identified remains of Fungi.

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4

Krings, M., T. N. Taylor, and N. Dotzler. "Fossil evidence of the zygomycetous fungi." Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 30, no. 1 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158513x664819.

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5

Schröer, Laurenz, Thijs R. A. Vandenbroucke, Olle Hints, et al. "A Late Ordovician age for the Whirlpool and Power Glen formations, New York." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 7 (2016): 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0226.

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A restudy of the palynology of the Whirlpool Formation and Power Glen Formation in New York (USA) yielded a diverse fossil assemblage with cryptospores, glomalean fungi, acritarchs, chitinozoans, scolecodonts, and small carbonaceous fossils. These new data, and particularly the presence of the chitinozoan index fossil Hercochitina crickmayi, combined with emerging stable carbon isotope data, suggest a Late Ordovician (Katian or Hirnantian) age for these formations, which is older than their previously suggested Silurian (Rhuddanian) age.

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6

Mehrotra, B. S. "The evolutionary status of fungi." Journal of Palaeosciences 41 (December 31, 1992): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1992.1102.

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This review reflects on the uncertainties revolving around the origin of fungi and the paucity of the fossil record of these organisms. The main cause for the lack of fossil data is perhaps the insufficient attention these organisms have received and not that they have evaded the attempts to bring them to light. A brief review of the criteria generally used in propounding the hypothesis for the evolution of the modern fungi has also been made.

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7

Estey, Ralph H. "A history of mycology in Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 6 (1994): 751–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-095.

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This brief history of mycology in Canada has comments on the activities of more than 200 men and women. Emphasis is on those aspects of mycology in which Canadian mycologists, plant pathologists, forest pathologists, and geneticists have pioneered or excelled. It includes their studies on fossil fungi, aeromycology, the identity of wood destroying fungi in their mycelial stages, the coevolution of parasitic fungi and their host plants, mycotoxicology, psychrophilic fungi, predacious fungi, fungal genetics, and mycorrhizae, in addition to systematics, numerical taxonomy, and the use of computers in mycology. Key words: fossil fungi, fungal genetics, coevolution, predacious, mycorrhizae, taxonomy.

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8

Poinar, George. "Associations between Fossil Beetles and Other Organisms." Geosciences 9, no. 4 (2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9040184.

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The present work reveals plant and animal associates of 16 families and subfamilies of fossil beetles that have been preserved in amber from Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and Myanmar. The associates include mites, pseudoscorpions, spiders, insect parasites and predators, fungi, angiosperm parts, vertebrates, and nematodes. The presence of these fossil associates can be attributed to the rapid preservation of organisms in resin, thus maintaining natural associations almost “in situ”. Examples of present-day associations similar to those of the fossils show that specific behavioral patterns are often far more ancient than the specific lineages involved.

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9

Lepage, B. A., R. S. Currah, and R. A. Stockey. "The Fossil Fungi of the Princeton Chert." International Journal of Plant Sciences 155, no. 6 (1994): 828–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/297221.

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10

Sherwood-Pike, Martha A. "Freshwater fungi: Fossil record and paleoecological potential." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62, no. 1-4 (1988): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(88)90057-0.

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11

Hochkirch, Axel. "Fossil data lacking for insects and fungi." Science 355, no. 6329 (2017): 1032–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aam9811.

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12

McMahon, Sean. "Earth's earliest and deepest purported fossils may be iron-mineralized chemical gardens." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1916 (2019): 20192410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2410.

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Recognizing fossil microorganisms is essential to the study of life's origin and evolution and to the ongoing search for life on Mars. Purported fossil microbes in ancient rocks include common assemblages of iron-mineral filaments and tubes. Recently, such assemblages have been interpreted to represent Earth's oldest body fossils, Earth's oldest fossil fungi, and Earth's best analogues for fossils that might form in the basaltic Martian subsurface. Many of these putative fossils exhibit hollow circular cross-sections, lifelike (non-crystallographic, constant-thickness, and bifurcate) branching, anastomosis, nestedness within ‘sheaths’, and other features interpreted as strong evidence for a biological origin, since no abiotic process consistent with the composition of the filaments has been shown to produce these specific lifelike features either in nature or in the laboratory. Here, I show experimentally that abiotic chemical gardening can mimic such purported fossils in both morphology and composition. In particular, chemical gardens meet morphological criteria previously proposed to establish biogenicity, while also producing the precursors to the iron minerals most commonly constitutive of filaments in the rock record. Chemical gardening is likely to occur in nature. Such microstructures should therefore not be assumed to represent fossil microbes without independent corroborating evidence.

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13

Harper, Carla J., Jean Galtier, Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, Ronny Rößler, and Michael Krings. "Distribution of fungi in a Triassic fern stem." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 108, no. 4 (2017): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175569101800021x.

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ABSTRACTDocumented evidence of fungi associated with Mesozoic ferns is exceedingly rare. Three different types of fungal remains occur in a portion of a small, permineralised fern stem of uncertain systematic affinities from the Triassic of Germany. Exquisite preservation of all internal tissues made it possible to map the spatial distribution of the fungi in several longitudinal and transverse sections. Narrow, intracellular hyphae extend through the entire cortex, while wide hyphae are concentrated in the cortical intercellular system adjacent to the stele and leaf traces. Hyphal swellings occur in the phloem and adjacent cortex, while moniliform hyphae (or chains of conidia) are present exclusively in parenchyma adjacent to the stele. No host response is recognisable, but host tissue preservation suggests that the fern was alive during fungal colonisation. The highest concentration of fungal remains occurs close to the stele and leaf traces, suggesting that the fungi either utilised the vascular tissues as an infection/colonisation pathway or extracted nutrients from these tissues. This study presents the first depiction of fungal distribution throughout a larger portion of a fossil plant. Although distribution maps are useful tools in assessing fungal associations in relatively small, fossil plants, preparing similar maps for larger and more complex fossils would certainly be difficult and extremely arduous.

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Harper, Carla J., Christopher Walker, Andrew B. Schwendemann, Hans Kerp, and Michael Krings. "Archaeosporites rhyniensis gen. et sp. nov. (Glomeromycota, Archaeosporaceae) from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert: a fungal lineage morphologically unchanged for more than 400 million years." Annals of Botany 126, no. 5 (2020): 915–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa113.

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Abstract Background and Aims Structurally preserved arbuscular mycorrhizas from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert represent core fossil evidence of the evolutionary history of mycorrhizal systems. Moreover, Rhynie chert fossils of glomeromycotan propagules suggest that this lineage of arbuscular fungi was morphologically diverse by the Early Devonian; however, only a small fraction of this diversity has been formally described and critically evaluated. Methods Thin sections, previously prepared by grinding wafers of chert from the Rhynie beds, were studied by transmitted light microscopy. Fossils corresponding to the description of Archaeospora spp. occurred in 29 slides, and were measured, photographed and compared with modern-day species in that genus. Key Results Sessile propagules <85 µm in diameter, some still attached to a sporiferous saccule, were found in early land plant axes and the chert matrix; they developed, in a similar manner to extant Archaeospora, laterally or centrally within the saccule neck. Microscopic examination and comparison with extant fungi showed that, morphologically, the fossils share the characters used to circumscribe the genus Archaeospora (Glomeromycota; Archaeosporales; Archaeosporaceae). Conclusions The fossils can be assigned with confidence to the extant family Archaeosporaceae, but because molecular analysis is necessary to place organisms in these taxa to present-day genera and species, they are placed in a newly proposed fossil taxon, Archaeosporites rhyniensis.

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15

Taylor, Thomas N., and James F. White. "FOSSIL FUNGI (ENDOGONACEAE) FROM THE TRIASSIC OF ANTARCTICA." American Journal of Botany 76, no. 3 (1989): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1989.tb11326.x.

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16

Zhang, Fa, Saranyaphat Boonmee, Yao-Quan Yang, Fa-Ping Zhou, Wen Xiao, and Xiao-Yan Yang. "Arthrobotrys blastospora sp. nov. (Orbiliomycetes): A Living Fossil Displaying Morphological Traits of Mesozoic Carnivorous Fungi." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 4 (2023): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9040451.

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The evolution of carnivorous fungi in deep time is still poorly understood as their fossil record is scarce. The approximately 100-million-year-old Cretaceous Palaeoanellus dimorphus is the earliest fossil of carnivorous fungi ever discovered. However, its accuracy and ancestral position has been widely questioned because no similar species have been found in modern ecosystems. During a survey of carnivorous fungi in Yunnan, China, two fungal isolates strongly morphologically resembling P. dimorphus were discovered and identified as a new species of Arthrobotrys (Orbiliaceae, Orbiliomycetes), a modern genus of carnivorous fungi. Phylogenetically, Arthrobotrys blastospora sp. nov. forms a sister lineage to A. oligospora. A. blastospora catches nematodes with adhesive networks and produces yeast-like blastospores. This character combination is absent in all other previously known modern carnivorous fungi but is strikingly similar to the Cretaceous P. dimorphus. In this paper, we describe A. blastospora in detail and discuss its relationship to P. dimorphus.

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17

Sharma, B. D., D. R. Bohra, O. P. Suthar, and R. Harsh. "Saprophytic fossil fungi from the Early Cretaceous sediments of the Rajmahal Hills, Jharkhand, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 66, no. (1-2) (2017): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2017.287.

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Occurrence of two kinds of fossil fungi in forms of non–septate (coenocytic) and septate mycelia and unicellular spores (conidia) in thin sections of silicified cherts of Nipania and Sonajori localities in the Rajmahal Hills, Jharkhand are described. In the former locality mycelia and hyphae are non–septate, conidia numerous and nucleated on the ‘bark’ of the Pentoxylon stem while in the latter (Sonajori) mycelia and hyphae are septate with only few conidia in the integument of an ovule of Araucarites mittrii. There is no earlier record of saprophytic fossil fungi from the Rajmahal Hills.

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18

Ascaso, C. "Fossil protists and fungi in amber and rock substrates." Micropaleontology 51, no. 1 (2005): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/51.1.59.

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19

Ascaso, Carmen, Jacek Wierzchos, Mariela Speranza, et al. "Fossil protists and fungi in amber and rock substrates." Micropaleontology 51, no. 1 (2005): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1661/0026-2803(2005)051[0059:fpafia]2.0.co;2.

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20

Worobiec, Grzegorz, Elżbieta Worobiec, and Boglárka Erdei. "Fossil callimothalloid fungi: Revised taxonomy, modern equivalents and palaeoecology." Fungal Biology 124, no. 10 (2020): 835–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2020.06.002.

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21

Doweld, Alexander B. "The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI): A global registry of scientific names of fossil organisms started." Journal of Palaeosciences 65, no. (1-2) (2016): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2016.311.

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The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI) is a new global on–line data base [http://fossilplants.info/about] of fossil names of plants, algae, fungi, allied prokaryotic forms (formerly treated as algae and Сyanophyceae), algae–related protists and fossil microproblematica (so–called ‘ambiregnal’ organisms). IFPNI as a new platform provides an online, open–access, and community–generated registry of fossil plant nomenclature as a service to the global scientific community. One of the goals of the IFPNI was also to compile and maintain a comprehensive literature based record of these fossil scientific names and bank of author names in palaeobotany. IFPNI fulfils existed gap in modern systematic botany lacking comprehensive indices of fossil plant names.

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22

Harper, Carla J., Thomas N. Taylor, Michael Krings, and Edith L. Taylor. "Structurally preserved fungi from Antarctica: diversity and interactions in late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic polar forest ecosystems." Antarctic Science 28, no. 3 (2016): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102016000018.

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AbstractChert and silicified wood from the Permian through Cretaceous of Antarctica contain abundant information on fungal diversity and plant–fungal interactions. The chert deposits represent a particularly interesting setting for the study of plant–fungal interactions because they preserve remains of distinctive high latitude forest ecosystems with polar light regimes that underwent a profound climate change from icehouse to greenhouse conditions. Moreover, some of the cherts and wood show the predominance of extinct groups of seed plants (e.g. Glossopteridales, Corystospermales). Over the past 30 years, documentation of fossil fungi from Antarctica has shifted from a by-product of plant descriptive studies to a focused research effort. This paper critically reviews the published record of fungi and fungal associations and interactions in the late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic cherts and silicified wood from Antarctica; certain fungal palynomorphs and fungal remains associated with adpression fossils and cuticles are also considered. Evidence of mutualistic (mycorrhizal), parasitic and saprotrophic fungi associated with plant roots, stems, leaves and reproductive organs is presented, together with fungi occurring within the peat matrix and animal–fungus interactions. Special attention is paid to the morphology of the fungi, their systematic position and features that can be used to infer fungal nutritional modes.

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23

DOWELD, ALEXANDER B. "New names of fossil Hemitrapa and Trapa (Lythraceae)." Phytotaxa 252, no. 3 (2016): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.252.3.5.

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The creation of the International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI, 2014 onwards) with the aim of listing of all fossil plant species reveals a few new cases of homonymy between fossil and extant species. In the present paper there are proposed two new combinations in Hemitrapa Miki (1941: 289) and four replacing names for later homonyms of Trapa Linnaeus (1753: 120) that are illegitimate (Art. 53.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants—ICN, McNeill et al., 2012).

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24

Halbwachs, Hans. "Fungi trapped in amber—a fossil legacy frozen in time." Mycological Progress 18, no. 7 (2019): 879–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-019-01498-y.

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25

Strullu-Derrien, Christine, Alan R. T. Spencer, Tomasz Goral, et al. "New insights into the evolutionary history of Fungi from a 407 Ma Blastocladiomycota fossil showing a complex hyphal thallus." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1739 (2017): 20160502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0502.

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Zoosporic fungi are key saprotrophs and parasites of plants, animals and other fungi, playing important roles in ecosystems. They comprise at least three phyla, of which two, Chytridiomycota and Blastocladiomycota, developed a range of thallus morphologies including branching hyphae. Here we describe Retesporangicus lyonii gen. et sp. nov., an exceptionally well preserved fossil, which is the earliest known to produce multiple sporangia on an expanded hyphal network. To better characterize the fungus we develop a new method to render surfaces from image stacks generated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Here, the method helps to reveal thallus structure. Comparisons with cultures of living species and character state reconstructions analysed against recent molecular phylogenies of 24 modern zoosporic fungi indicate an affinity with Blastocladiomycota. We argue that in zoosporic fungi, kinds of filaments such as hyphae, rhizoids and rhizomycelium are developmentally similar structures adapted for varied functions including nutrient absorption and anchorage. The fossil is the earliest known type to develop hyphae which likely served as a saprotrophic adaptation to patchy resource availability. Evidence from the Rhynie chert provides our earliest insights into the biology of fungi and their roles in the environment. It demonstrates that zoosporic fungi were already diverse in 407 million-year-old terrestrial ecosystems. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The Rhynie cherts: our earliest terrestrial ecosystem revisited’.

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26

Tomassi, HZ, CM Almeida, BC Ferreira, et al. "Preliminar results of paleontological salvage at Belo Monte Powerplant construction." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 3 suppl 1 (2015): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1714bm.

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Abstract In this paper some preliminary fossil specimens are presented. They represent a collection sampled by Belo Monte’s Programa de Salvamento do Patrimônio Paleontológico (PSPP), which includes unprecedented invertebrate fauna and fossil vertebrates from Pitinga, Jatapu, Manacapuru, Maecuru e Alter do Chão formations from Amazonas basin, Brazil. The Belo Monte paleontological salvage was able to recover 495 microfossil samples and 1744 macrofossil samples on 30 months of sampling activities, and it is still ongoing. The macrofossils identified are possible plant remains, ichnofossils, graptolites, brachiopods, molluscs, athropods, Agnatha, palynomorphs (miosphores, acritarchs, algae cysts, fungi spores and unidentified types) and unidentified fossils. However, deep scientific research is not part of the scope of the program, and this collection must be further studied by researchers who visit Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, where the fossils will be housed. More material will be collected until the end of the program. The collection sampled allows a mosaic composition with the necessary elements to assign, in later papers, taxonomic features which may lead to accurate species identification and palaeoenvironmental interpretations.

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Bagyaraj, D. J., and T. Padmavathi Ravindra. "Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza-an evolutionary approach." Journal of Palaeosciences 41 (December 31, 1992): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1992.1120.

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Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi forming mutuanstic symbiosis with roots of higher plants are present in soil throughout the world. This suggests that VAM fungi disseminated intercontinentally prior to continental drift of the supercontinent Gondwana. The first mycorrhizal symbiosis appears to have occurred early in geological time, as evidenced by their presence in fossil soil and roots. Evidences available to date suggest that VAM fungi co-evolved with land plants. The ability of the host and fungus to maintain the association depend on favourable gene combinations in both partners. Differences in morphology and development of spores of different VAM fungi reflect independent evolution from a number of distinct points of origin. The centre of evolution of VAM fungi appears to be the tropics.

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Lipps, Jere H. "Microfossils." Paleontological Society Papers 2 (October 1996): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600003284.

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Microfossils are the tiny remains of bacteria, protists, fungi, animals, and plants. Microfossils are a heterogeneous bunch of fossil remains studied as a single discipline because rock samples must be processed in certain ways to remove them and microscopes must be used to study them. Thus, microfossils, unlike other kinds of fossils, are not grouped according to their relationships to one another, but only because of their generally small size and methods of study. For example, fossils of bacteria, foraminifera, diatoms, very small invertebrate shells or skeletons, pollen, and tiny bones and teeth of large vertebrates, among others, can be called microfossils. But it is an unnatural grouping. Nevertheless, this utilitarian subdivision of paleontology, first recognized in 1883, is very significant in geology, paleontology, and biology.

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Saxena, R. K. "Validation of Names of Fossil Fungi from Tertiary Sediments of India." Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 22, no. 2 (2012): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2009095.

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30

Stubblefield, Sara P., Thomas N. Taylor, and Charles E. Miller. "Studies of Paleozoic Fungi IV: Wall Ultrastructure of Fossil Endogonaceous Chlamydospores." Mycologia 77, no. 1 (1985): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3793251.

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31

Stubblefield, Sara P., Thomas N. Taylor, and Charles E. Miller. "Studies of Paleozoic Fungi Iv: Wall Ultrastructure of Fossil Endogonaceous Chlamydospores." Mycologia 77, no. 1 (1985): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1985.12025065.

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32

Sherwood-Pike, Martha, and Jane Gray. "Fossil Leaf-Inhabiting Fungi from Northern Idaho and Their Ecological Significance." Mycologia 80, no. 1 (1988): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1988.12025492.

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Sherwood-Pike, Martha, and Jane Gray. "Fossil Leaf-Inhabiting Fungi from Northern Idaho and Their Ecological Significance." Mycologia 80, no. 1 (1988): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3807488.

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34

Berbee, Mary, Ludovic Le Renard, and David Carmean. "Online access to the Kalgutkar and Jansonius database of fossil fungi." Palynology 39, no. 1 (2014): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2014.942004.

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35

Tillberg, Mikael, Magnus Ivarsson, Henrik Drake, Martin J. Whitehouse, Ellen Kooijman, and Melanie Schmitt. "Re-Evaluating the Age of Deep Biosphere Fossils in the Lockne Impact Structure." Geosciences 9, no. 5 (2019): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9050202.

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Impact-generated hydrothermal systems have been suggested as favourable environments for deep microbial ecosystems on Earth, and possibly beyond. Fossil evidence from a handful of impact craters worldwide have been used to support this notion. However, as always with mineralized remains of microorganisms in crystalline rock, certain time constraints with respect to the ecosystems and their subsequent fossilization are difficult to obtain. Here we re-evaluate previously described fungal fossils from the Lockne crater (458 Ma), Sweden. Based on in-situ Rb/Sr dating of secondary calcite-albite-feldspar (356.6 ± 6.7 Ma) we conclude that the fungal colonization took place at least 100 Myr after the impact event, thus long after the impact-induced hydrothermal activity ceased. We also present microscale stable isotope data of 13C-enriched calcite suggesting the presence of methanogens contemporary with the fungi. Thus, the Lockne fungi fossils are not, as previously thought, related to the impact event, but nevertheless have colonized fractures that may have been formed or were reactivated by the impact. Instead, the Lockne fossils show similar features as recent findings of ancient microbial remains elsewhere in the fractured Swedish Precambrian basement and may thus represent a more general feature in this scarcely explored habitat than previously known.

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36

Retallack, Gregory J. "Were the Ediacaran fossils lichens?" Paleobiology 20, no. 4 (1994): 523–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012975.

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Ediacaran fossils are taphonomically similar to impressions of fossil plants common in quartz sandstones, and the relief of the fossils suggests that they were as resistant to compaction during burial as some kinds of Pennsylvanian tree trunks. Fossils of jellyfish are known from siderite nodules and fine-grained limestone, and even in these compaction-resistant media were more compressed during burial than were the Vendobionta. Vendobionta were constructed of materials that responded to burial compaction in a way intermediate between conifer and lycopsid logs. This comparative taphonomic study thus falsifies the concept of Vendobionta as thin soft-bodied creatures such as worms and jellyfish.Lichens, with their structural chitin, present a viable model for the observed preservational style of Vendobionta, as well as for a variety of other features that now can be reassessed from this new perspective. The diversity of Ediacaran body plans can be compared with the variety of form in fungi, algae, and lichens. The large size (ca. 1 m) of some Ediacaran fossils is reasonable for sessile photosynthetic symbioses, and much bigger than associated burrows of metazoans not preserved. Microscopic tubular structures and darkly pigmented cells in permineralized late Precambrian fossils from Namibia and China are also compatible with interpretation as lichens. The presumed marine habitat of Ediacaran fossils is not crucial to interpretation as lichens, because fungi and lichens live in the sea as well as on land.

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Martín-Closas, Carles. "Epiphytic Overgrowth of Charophyte Thalli by Stromatolite-like Structures and Fungi in the Lower Cretaceous of the Iberian Ranges (Spain)." Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 3 (1999): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97098.

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The Lower Cretaceous (113 million years old) lacustrine deposits of Las Hoyas(Iberian Ranges, Cuenca, Spain) yield an epiphytic assemblage formed by thecharophyte species Clavatoraxis diaz-romeraliiMartín-Closas & Diéguez overgrown by a muddy, laminatedstromatolite-like structure. Fossil charophyte thalli coated with biogeniclaminations were previously unknown from the fossil record. Within thisstromatolite-like structure, filaments are found which correspond to thalli ofanother charophyte, Palaeonitella vermicularisMartín-Closas & Diéguez, and to septate hyphae of fungi(Ascomycetes). The distribution pattern of the biogenic lamination and itsselective growth only on the strongest thalli ofClavatoraxis diaz-romeralii suggests that it occurredwhen these macrophytes were still alive, standing upright on the lake bottom.From this point of view the stromatolite-like structures are reminiscent ofextant overgrowths of charophyte thalli by epiphytic, filamentouscyanobacteria, eucaryotic algae and fungi. These assemblages appear to developafter eutrophication of nutrient-poor environments, which are more suitablefor charophyte growth.

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DESHMUKH, UMAKANT BHOOPATI. "Pandea, a new replacement name for Udaria D.K. Singh, S. Majumdar & D. Singh (Marchantiophyta, Lophocoleaceae)." Phytotaxa 482, no. 3 (2021): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.482.3.7.

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The generic name Udaria Gupta (1996:103) was established by Gupta (1996) with two fossil fungi species Udaria singhii Gupta (1996:103) and U. saxenae Gupta (1996:104) from Lower Tertiary sediments of Himachal Pradesh, India. Later on, Singh et al. (2018) described the new genus of liverworts, Udaria Singh, Majumdar & Singh (2018: 1537) with the single species Udaria lamellicaulis Singh, Majumdar & Singh (2018: 1537) to the family Lophocoleaceae Vanden Berghen (1956: 208) from Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim in Eastern Himalaya, India. After a thorough scrutiny of literature and type specimens, it was found that the liverwort genus name, Udaria Singh, Majumdar & Singh (2018: 1537) is illegitimate as it is a later homonym of the fossil fungi genus Udaria Gupta (1996:103). Therefore, a new replacement name Pandea U. B. Deshmukh is proposed with a new combination for the type species here in accordance with article 53.1 of Shenzhen Code (Turland et al. 2018).

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Bajpai, Usha. "Taphonomic constraints on preservation of cuticles in compression fossils: fungi induced ultrastructural changes in cuticular membranes." Journal of Palaeosciences 46, no. 3 (1997): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1997.1345.

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A comparative investigation has been made of the ultrastructure of the cuticular membrane recovered from healthy and fungal-infected leaves of Thinnfeldia indica Feistmantel, a fossil taxon to understand the nature of changes brought about in the cuticular membrane by the fungi. In general, the structural configuration of both the cuticular membranes is similar. In the infected leaf, precursors of cutin accretions are irregularly present at the sub-cuticular surface. These accretions are interpreted as possible results of the breakdown of the cutin due to the secretion of an enzyme by the fungi infecting the leaf. It thus seems that the fungi, besides edaphic factors, do play a role in the break-down of the cutin and thus constrain the preservation of the cuticular membranes.

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Worobiec, Grzegorz, and Elżbieta Worobiec. "Epiphyllous fungi from the Oligocene shallowmarine deposits of the Krabbedalen Formation, Kap Brewster, central East Greenland." Acta Palaeobotanica 53, no. 2 (2013): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acpa-2013-0014.

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ABSTRACT Fructifications of epiphyllous fungi were encountered during palynological investigation of the Lower Oligocene shallow-marine deposits of the Krabbedalen Formation at the Savoia Halvø, Kap Brewster, central East Greenland. Six fossil taxa from the family Microthyriaceae (Phragmothyrites kangukensis Kalgutkar, Phragmothyrites sp., Plochmopeltinites sp., Trichothyrites cf. ostiolatus (Cookson) Kalgutkar & Jansonius, Trichothyrites sp. 1, and Trichothyrites sp. 2) and one incertae sedis fungal remain are reported. Fungal remains from the Krabbedalen Formation represent the youngest, Oligocene occurrence of the epiphyllous fungi in the Palaeogene of the Arctic. The presence of epiphyllous, microthyriaceous fungi in low quantities and in low taxonomical diversity points to a humid and not necessarily warm climate, which is corroborated by data obtained from the analysis of microscopic plant remains.

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Valentine, James W. "How were vendobiont bodies patterned?" Paleobiology 27, no. 3 (2001): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0425:hwvbp>2.0.co;2.

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It is difficult to assign the animal-like body fossils of the late Neoproterozoic to crown metazoan phyla. Many Neoproterozoic fossils appear to share an architectural theme, which was characterized by Seilacher (1984, 1989) as modular; he noted that the modules, named pneus, could be arranged in a series of distinctive geometries to produce many of the Neoproterozoic fossil morphologies. The assemblages of pneus formed “quilted” constructions. Seilacher further suggested that these fossils might represent a multicellular clade that evolved independently of Metazoa–in effect, that they represented a kingdom of their own, which he named the Vendozoa. In later contributions, Seilacher (1992) renamed putatively quilted forms as the Vendobionta, and Buss and Seilacher (1994) considered Vendobionta to be a possible sister to Eumetazoa. The affinities suggested for vendobionts by various workers form a long list, ranging from protistans through fungi to several animal groups. Many vendobionts appear to be at the tissue grade of construction, and in this respect resemble cnidarians, to which they are most often compared. Neoproterozoic fossil assemblages also contain numbers of forms that are unlikely to be vendobionts, including a variety of “medusoids,” tentaculate fossils such as Hiemolora and Ediacaria (see Fedonkin 1992) that somewhat resemble sea anemones and may well be stem anthozoans. Additionally, numbers of Neoproterozoic forms have been suggested to be bilaterians, most notably the sluglike Kimberella (Fedonkin and Waggoner 1997). The contents and morphological limits of Vendobionta, and of some other higher taxa proposed for Neoproterozoic forms, are uncertain.

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Memic, Mustafa, Alisa Selovic, and Jasmina Sulejmanovic. "Antifungal activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons against Ligninolytic fungi." Chemical Industry 65, no. 5 (2011): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind110408039m.

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Environmental contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has caused increasing concern because of their known, or suspected, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons occurring in the environment are usually the result of the incomplete combustion of carbon containing materials. The main sources of severe PAHs contamination in soil come from fossil fuels, i.e. production or use of fossil fuels or their products, such as coal tar and creosote. Creosote is used as a wood preservation for railway ties, bridge timbers, pilling and large-sized lumber. It consists mainly of PAHs, phenol and cresol compounds that cause harmful health effects. Research on biodegradation has shown that a special group of microorganisms, the white-rot fungi and brown-rot fungi, has a remarkable potential to degrade PAHs. This paper presents a study of the antifungal activity of 12 selected PAHs against two ligninolytic fungi Hypoxylon fragiforme (white rot) and Coniophora puteana (brown rot). The antifungal activity of PAHs was determined by the disc-diffusion method by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition. The results showed that the antifungal activity of the tested PAHs (concentration of 2.5 mmol/L) depends on the their properties such as molar mass, solubility in water, values of log Kow, ionization potential and Henry?s Law constant as well as number of aromatic rings, molecule topology or pattern of ring linkage. Among the 12 investigated PAHs, benzo(k) fluoranthene with five rings, and pyrene with four cyclic condensed benzene rings showed the highest antifungal activity.

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ULITZKA, MANFRED R. "Two fossil thrips from Ethiopian amber (Thysanoptera) with description of Merothrips aithiopicus sp. n. (Thysanoptera: Merothripidae)." Zootaxa 4786, no. 2 (2020): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4786.2.10.

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Amber has rarely been found in Africa and only a few samples with fossil inclusions are known (Kiefert et al. 2015). The most important fossiliferous find was reported from an outcrop at the north-western Plateau of Ethiopia a decade ago, revealing diverse inclusions of arthropods, plant remains, fungi and microorganisms (Schmidt et al. 2010). Initially, this amber was classified as originating from the mid-Cretaceous. Later studies, however, have raised questions about this determination and indicated a much younger age: Cenozoic, likely Miocene (Coty et al. 2016, Perrichot et al. 2016, Perrichot et al. 2018). The contradictory—and rather controversial discussed—new dating was based on spectroscopic analyses, revised palynological data and more comprehensive palaeoentomological results showing that insect fossils mostly belong to extant families and genera. In total, Schmidt et al. (2010) reported 22 insects from eight identified orders including two specimens of Thysanoptera: “an undetermined, wingless thrips“ (obviously a larva) and a female associated with Merothripidae. A more detailed analysis of these specimens is the objective of the present study; regarding the larva, only a rough classification and description is given, as fossil larvae cannot be definitely associated with adult specimens.

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Taylor, T. N., S. D. Klavins, M. Krings, E. L. Taylor, H. Kerp, and H. Hass. "Fungi from the Rhynie chert: a view from the dark side." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 94, no. 4 (2003): 457–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026359330000081x.

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ABSTRACTThe exquisite preservation of organisms in the Early Devonian Rhynie chert ecosystem has permitted the documentation of the morphology and life history biology of fungi belonging to several major taxonomic groups (e.g., Chytridiomycota, Ascomycota, Glomeromycota). The Rhynie chert also provides the first unequivocal evidence in the fossil record of fungal interactions that can in turn be compared with those in modern ecosystems. These interactions in the Rhynie chert involve both green algae and macroplants, with examples of saprophytism, parasitism, and mutualism, including the earliest mycorrhizal associations and lichen symbiosis known to date in the fossil record. Especially significant are several types of specific host responses to fungal infection that indicate that these plants had already evolved methods of defence similar and perhaps analogous to those of extant plants. This suggests that mechanisms underlying the establishment and sustenance of associations of fungi with land plants were well in place prior to the Early Devonian. In addition, a more complete understanding of the microbial organisms involved in this complex ecosystem can also provide calibration points for phylogenies based on molecular data analysis. The richness of the microbial community in the Rhynie chert holds tremendous potential for documenting additional fungal groups, which permits speculation about further interactions with abiotic and biotic components of the environment.

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Berbee, Mary L., and John W. Taylor. "Dating the evolutionary radiations of the true fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 8 (1993): 1114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-131.

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In this paper we construct a relative time scale for the origin and radiation of major lineages of the true fungi, using the 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence data of 37 fungal species, and then calibrate the time scale using fossil evidence. Of the sequences, 28 were from the literature or data banks and the remaining 9 are new. To estimate the order of origin of fungal lineages we reconstructed the phylogeny of the fungi using aligned sequence data. To compensate for the differences in nucleotide substitution rates among various fungal lineages, we normalized the pairwise substitution data before estimating the relative timing of fungal divergences. We divided the fungi into nine groups. We then calculated the average percent substitution for each group, and also the average for all the groups, for the time period beginning when the fungi diverged from a common ancestor and ending at the present. We used the ratios of group-specific percent substitutions to the average percent substitution to normalize our pairwise substitution data matrix. To infer the relative timing of the origin of lineages we superimposed the normalized percentages of nucleotide substitutions onto the parsimony-based phylogeny. Calibrating the rate of sequence change involved relating the normalized percent substitution associated with phylogenetic events to fungal fossils, the ages of fungus hosts, and ages of symbionts. These calibration points were consistent with a substitution rate of 1% per lineage per 100 Ma. Based on phylogeny and calibrated percent substitution, the terrestrial fungi diverged from the chytrids approximately 550 Ma ago. After plants invaded the land approximately 400 Ma ago, ascomycetes split from basidiomycetes. Mushrooms, many ascomycetous yeasts, and common molds in the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus may have evolved after the origin of angiosperm plants and in the last 200 Ma. Key words: fungus evolution, molecular clock, ascomycete phylogeny, basidiomycete phylogeny, 18S rRNA.

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Marynowski, Leszek, Justyna Smolarek, Achim Bechtel, Marc Philippe, Slawomir Kurkiewicz, and Bernd R. T. Simoneit. "Perylene as an indicator of conifer fossil wood degradation by wood-degrading fungi." Organic Geochemistry 59 (June 2013): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.04.006.

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Palanti, Sabrina, Debora Susco, and Anna Maria Torniai. "The resistance of Dunarobba fossil forest wood to decay fungi and insect colonization." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 53, no. 2 (2004): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2003.10.004.

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Poinar Jr., George, and Fernando E. Vega. "A New Genus of Cylindrical Bark Beetle (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) in mid-Cretaceous Burmese Amber." Biosis:Biological Systems 1, no. 4 (2020): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37819/biosis.001.04.0087.

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A bizarre cylindrical bark beetle from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber is described as Stegastochlidus saraemcheana, a new genus and species in the subfamily Colydiinae of the family Zopheridae. The male beetle is characterized by elongate protuberances covering its entire dorsal surface, a tarsal formula of 4-4-4 and ten-segmented antennae with the terminal segment expanded into a small club. The fossil is considered to have been a possible predator that lived among moss, lichens and fungi either attached to trees trunks or on the forest floor. A close association with fungi is indicated by strands of conidia attached to the cuticle of the beetle.

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Hawrot-Paw, Małgorzata, and Aleksander Stańczuk. "From Waste Biomass to Cellulosic Ethanol by Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) with Trichoderma viride." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (2022): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010168.

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Advanced biofuels can reduce fossil fuel use and the number of harmful compounds released during combustion, by reducing the use of fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic materials, especially waste biomass, are suitable substrates for the production of advanced biofuels. Among the most expensive steps in the production of ethanol is enzyme-based hydrolysis. Using microorganisms can reduce these costs. This study investigated the effectiveness of hydrolyzing three waste lignocellulosic biomass materials (barley straw, oak shavings, spent grains) into ethanol, after biological pretreatment with Trichoderma viride fungi. The number of fermentable sugars obtained from each substrate was subjected to preliminary study, and the correlation between the temperature and fungal activity in the decomposition of lignocellulosic materials was determined. Ethanol was produced by the separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) method. It was found that not all lignocellulosic biomass is suitable to decomposition and hydrolysis in the presence of T. viride. Regardless of the process temperature, the average enzymatic activity of fungi (activity index) ranged from 1.25 to 1.31. 94 mL of distillate, with a 65% (v/v) ethanol concentration produced by the hydrolysis and fermentation of the sugars released from the barley straw.

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Zikeli, Florian, Anna Maria Vettraino, Margherita Biscontri, et al. "Lignin Nanoparticles with Entrapped Thymus spp. Essential Oils for the Control of Wood-Rot Fungi." Polymers 15, no. 12 (2023): 2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15122713.

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After decades of utilization of fossil-based and environmentally hazardous compounds for wood preservation against fungal attack, there is a strong need to substitute those compounds with bio-based bioactive solutions, such as essential oils. In this work, lignin nanoparticles containing four essential oils from thyme species (Thymus capitatus, Coridothymus capitatus, T. vulgaris, and T. vulgaris Demeter) were applied as biocides in in vitro experiments to test their anti-fungal effect against two white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus) and two brown-rot fungi (Poria monticola and Gloeophyllum trabeum). Entrapment of essential oils provided a delayed release over a time frame of 7 days from the lignin carrier matrix and resulted in lower minimum inhibitory concentrations of the essential oils against the brown-rot fungi (0.30–0.60 mg/mL), while for the white-rot fungi, identical concentrations were determined compared with free essential oils (0.05–0.30 mg/mL). Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to assess the fungal cell wall changes in the presence of essential oils in the growth medium. The results regarding brown-rot fungi present a promising approach for a more effective and sustainable utilization of essential oils against this class of wood-rot fungi. In the case of white-rot fungi, lignin nanoparticles, as essential oils delivery vehicles, still need optimization in their efficacy.

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