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Journal articles on the topic 'Fossil Paleobotany Paleobotany'
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1
Stokstad, E. "PALEOBOTANY: Fossil Plant Hints How First Flowers Bloomed." Science 296, no. 5569 (May 3, 2002): 821a—821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.296.5569.821a.
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Weber, Reinhard, and Sergio R. S. Cevallos-Ferriz. "Perfil actual y perspectivas de la paleo botánica en México." Botanical Sciences, no. 55 (April 25, 2017): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1458.
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As n interdisciplinar science, paleobotany-deals with geology and botany. The number of outcrops with fossil plants, in a wide sense, in Mexico surpasses significantly the number -insufficient - of paleobotanist in the country. Following a stratigraphic sequence seven Mexican fossil floras are characterized underlying their research and problematic status. These floras correspond to those of the Matzitzi (Permian) and Santa Clara (Late Triassic) Formations, the Consuelo (Middle Jurassic) Group, the Cerro del Pueblo and Olmos (Late Cretaceous) Formations, and the Ahuehuetes locality and El Cien Formation (Tertiary). Paleobotany has no substitute for the complete understanding of plants, their evolutionary history and extinctions. It gives information about diversity, distribution and interactions that override results obtained on extrapolations based on observations of extant plants and ecosystems. Mexico has a great potential and peculiar geographic location to contribute important paleobotanical information essential for the large synthesis of plant history at a world-wide level.
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Sprinkel, Douglas, Mary Beth Bennis, Dale Gray, and Carole Gee. "Stratigraphic Setting of Fossil Log Sites in the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) near Dinosaur National Monument, Uintah County, Utah, USA." Geology of the Intermountain West 6 (October 31, 2019): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31711/giw.v6.pp61-76.
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The outcrop belt of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in the northeastern Uinta Basin and southeastern flank of the Uinta Mountains is particularly rich in dinosaurian and non-dinosaurian faunas, as well as in fossil plants. The discovery of several well-preserved, relatively intact, fossil logs at several locations in Rainbow Draw and one location in Miners Draw, both near Dinosaur National Monument (Utah), has provided an opportunity to study the local paleobotany, stratigraphy, and sedimentology of the Morrison Formation in northeastern Utah.
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King, Olivia Anne, Randall F. Miller, and Matt Ryan Stimson. "Ichnology of the Devonian (Emsian) Campbellton Formation, New Brunswick, Canada." Atlantic Geology 53 (February 8, 2017): 001–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2017.001.
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The Campbellton Formation has long been known to yield a fossil assemblage of Devonian (Emsian) fish and eurypterids at its westernmost exposure near Campbellton and Atholville, and a well described flora and early land animal fauna toward its easternmost exposure near Dalhousie Junction. Although the body fossil assemblage (paleobotany, vertebrate and invertebrate paleontology), paleoecology and paleoenvironmental context of the formation have been extensively studied, ichnofossils are rare and have not been described previously. Fossils from the vertebrate and eurypterid bearing ‘Atholville Beds’ contain a low diversity ichnofossil assemblage represented by three ichnotaxa:Monomorphichnus, ?Taenidium and Helminthoidichnites. Monomorphichnus is proposed here as being produced by the produced by the activity of the eurypterid Pterygotus anglicus.
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CLEAL, CHRISTOPHER J. "THE PALEOBOTANICAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF CHARLES JAMES FOX BUNBURY (1809–1886)." Earth Sciences History 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 88–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-37.1.88.
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ABSTRACT During the 1850s, Charles James Fox Bunbury, 8th Baronet Bunbury, was Britain's leading paleobotanist, who published a series of papers on fossil floras of Carboniferous, Jurassic and Neogene age. He also planned a major synoptic review of paleobotany, to rival Brongniart's Histoire de végétaux fossiles. He was financially comfortably-off, and well-connected with the scientific community in the London of his day. However, he failed to fulfil his ambitions in this field due to a combination of a lack of experience, and that on the death of his father he had to take over the running of the family estate. Today he is mainly remembered as the author of a number of names of still widely used fossil-taxa. Nevertheless, he fulfilled an important role in maintaining paleobotanical interest in Britain during the middle part of the nineteenth century.
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Currano, Ellen D. "Ancient Bug Bites on Ancient Plants Record Forest Ecosystem Response to Environmental Perturbations." Paleontological Society Papers 19 (October 2013): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600002722.
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Leaf-compression fossils with insect feeding traces are unique in providing rich, direct evidence of two levels in a fossil food web. Plant-insect associations dominate terrestrial trophic interactions, emphasizing the need to understand their ecological and evolutionary history. This paper first discusses methods of recognizing insect herbivore damage on fossil leaves and quantifying fossil insect herbivory. By conducting an unbiased insect damage census, damage frequency (percent of leaves with insect feeding damage), percent of leaf surface area removed by insects, and damage diversity (the number of discrete damage morphotypes, or DTs, found on a fossil flora or individual host plant) can all be measured. Three examples of responses of past plant-insect trophic interactions to environmental stresses are examined. In the first case study, late Oligocene fossil floras from Ethiopia document forest response to local perturbation and key characteristics to recognize disturbance in the plant fossil record. The second case study considers the terrestrial ecosystem response to the catastrophic global perturbation at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. In the third case study, the impact of past global warming events—including the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum—on insect herbivory is discussed. Productive avenues for further research include: insect damage studies conducted outside the North American Cretaceous and Paleogene, actualistic and taphonomic studies of insect herbivory, and tighter collaboration across paleobotany, paleoentomology, botany, and entomology.
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Rushing, Ann E., and Shripad N. Agashe. "Paleobotany. Plants of the past, Their Evolution, Paleoenvironment and Application in Exploration of Fossil Fuels." Bryologist 100, no. 4 (1997): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3244424.
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Stockey, Ruth A., Georgia L. Hoffman, and Gar W. Rothwell. "Paleobotany and paleoecology of Gao Mine, a late Paleocene fossil locality near Red Deer, Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, no. 3 (March 2013): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0073.
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In addition to having a rich assemblage of mammalian fossils, the Gao Mine locality in the Paskapoo Formation of south-central Alberta has yielded numerous plant specimens of late Paleocene (late Tiffanian or Ti5) age. The plant fossils are preserved in siltstones and fine-grained sandstones interpreted as overbank sediments that were deposited on an aggrading floodplain. The assemblage is dominated by the cupressaceous conifer Metasequoia foxii and the cercidiphyllaceous dicot Joffrea speirsiae, including their well-preserved seedlings. The flora also contains foliage of the ferns Onoclea and Speirseopteris and the woody dicots Palaeocarpinus, Aphananthe/Celtis, Aesculus, Beringiaphyllum, ?Trochodendron, and Wardiaphyllum, as well as seedlings of unknown dicotyledonous angiosperms. Metasequoia foxii and Speirseopteris are unique to the floras of Gao Mine and the nearby Munce’s Hill site (Tiffanian Ti4). The remainder of the taxa are common in late Paleocene floras of North Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming, all USA. The floras of the nearby Joffre Bridge Roadcut and Blindman River sites (both Tiffanian Ti3) are more diverse, but both of those sites encompass a wider range of depositional environments and may include higher percentages of allochthonous material. Most of the Gao Mine material is autochthonous. The seedlings were buried in place, along with the surrounding leaf litter, preserving a record of the local plant community.
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Hoffman, Georgia L., and Ruth A. Stockey. "Geological setting and paleobotany of the Joffre Bridge Roadcut fossil locality (Late Paleocene), Red Deer Valley, Alberta." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 2073–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e99-095.
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The Joffre Bridge Roadcut locality (Paskapoo Formation) in south-central Alberta yields plant, mammal, fish, and insect fossils. A Late Paleocene (Tiffanian) age is indicated by mammalian fossils, supported by magnetostratigraphy and palynostratigraphy. This paper summarizes the flora (28 taxa have been identified to date) and describes the sedimentology to provide a paleoenvironmental context. Outcrops at the site are limited, but seven stratigraphic units are recognized and are interpreted to represent five environments of deposition: flood plain, fluvial channel, abandoned channel, swamp, and crevasse splay. The flood-plain mudstones lack identifiable plant material due to bioturbation and pedogenesis. They are capped by a thin, clay-rich paleosol with scattered vertebrate bones. An upward-fining sequence, interpreted as fluvial channel and channel abandonment sediments, rests directly on the paleosol and includes remains of riparian trees. Carbonaceous mudstone, interpreted as a swamp facies, includes remains of only five taxa (taxodiaceous conifers and riparian trees). Light-coloured mudstones on top of the swamp facies include a more diverse assemblage (aquatic and understory plants, taxodiaceous conifers, and riparian trees). Those beds are interpreted as the distal margin of an encroaching crevasse splay. Overlying sediments coarsen upward and are unfossiliferous, except for one occurrence of articulated fish skeletons from a mass-death event. The most productive beds for plant fossils are the top of the channel-abandonment sequence, the swamp horizon, and the base of the crevasse splay. Those beds have also yielded some insect, fish, and mammal remains.
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Friis, Else Marie, Federica Marone, Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen, Peter R. Crane, and Marco Stampanoni. "Three-dimensional visualization of fossil flowers, fruits, seeds, and other plant remains using synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM): new insights into Cretaceous plant diversity." Journal of Paleontology 88, no. 4 (July 2014): 684–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/13-099.
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The application of synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) to the study of mesofossils of Cretaceous age has created new possibilities for the three-dimensional visualization and analysis of the external and internal structure of critical plant fossil material. SRXTM provides cellular and subcellular resolution of comparable or higher quality to that obtained from permineralized material using thin sections or the peel technique. SRXTM also has the advantage of being non-destructive and results in the rapid acquisition of large quantities of data in digital form. SRXTM thus refocuses the effort of the investigator from physical preparation to the digital post-processing of X-ray tomographic data, which allows great flexibility in the reconstruction, visualization, and analysis of the internal and external structure of fossil material in multiple planes and in two or three dimensions. A review of recent applications in paleobotany demonstrates that SRXTM will dramatically expand the level of information available for diverse fossil plants. Future refinement of SRXTM approaches that further increases resolution and eases digital post-processing, will transform the study of mesofossils and create new possibilities for advancing paleobotanical knowledge. We illustrate these points using a variety of Cretaceous mesofossils, highlighting in particular those cases where SRXTM has been essential for resolving critical structural details that have enhanced systematic understanding and improved phylogenetic interpretations.
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Lipps, Jere H., and Karen L. Wetmore. "Transfers of algal, microfossil, plant, and vertebrate materials to the University of California Museum of Paleontology." Journal of Paleontology 67, no. 5 (September 1993): 894–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000037161.
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The university of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP), located on the Berkeley Campus, is a major repository of fossils and paleontological materials. The collection, one of the largest in the nation, originated in 1873 and has been added to continuously since then. In 1921, the Museum of Paleontology was officially initiated with an endowment though the generosity of Annie Alexander of Oakland, California (Grinnell, 1958). The UCMP collections are divided into four specimen collection management units and one collection of paleontological materials, such as rock, sediment, and amber samples, and various teaching collections. The specimen collection units are Fossil Prokaryotes and Protists, Fossil and Recent Invertebrates, Paleobotany and Palynology, and Vertebrate Paleontology. Each of these units has its own manager and each consists of hundreds of thousands of specimens or more and thousands of primary and secondary type specimens. The Museum is supported by the Annie Alexander Endowment and the University of California, Berkeley. It has a staff of 11, and a group of faculty curators, affiliate faculty curators from other University of California campuses, research associates, and associated graduate and undergraduate students. It is a general purpose research museum open to the scientific community and, although it does no formal instruction, it provides instructional exhibits and teaching collections at Berkeley and other campuses. It publishes Paleobios (ISSN 0031-0298), an occasional publication containing a variety of paleontological, peer-reviewed papers. UCMP is also involved in public and school activities at the Museum in Berkeley and at the University of California, Berkeley, Museum of Science, Art and Culture, at Blackhawk Plaza, Danville, California.
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de León, Patricia Valasco, Sergio RS Cevallos-Ferriz, and Alicia Silva-Pineda. "Leaves of Karwinskia axamilpense sp.nov. (Rhamnaceae) from Oligocene sediments, near Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, Mexico." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-186.
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A new plant from the Los Ahuehuetes locality, near Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, Mexico, is described based on its leaves. They are characterized by being ovate to elliptic, 4.5 cm long by 2.1 cm wide, having an entire margin, eucamptodromous venation, a midvein that is slightly curved and attenuated towards the leaf apex, seven pairs of secondary veins diverging at an acute angle from the midvein, percurrent tertiary veins forking or sometimes reticulated forming areoles, and having a petiole 1.3 cm long and 0.3 cm wide. An agglomerative nonhierarchical analysis with average linkage, based on the definition of 41 character states in 18 operational taxonomic units allows distinction between Karwinskia, Berchemia, and Rhamnus; the recognition of an extinct monotypic genus, Berhamniphyllum; and the identification of two fossil species of Karwinskia, among which the new plant from Puebla, Karwinskia axamilpense Velasco de León et al., is well defined. This new fossil leaf not only adds to the recently known Tertiary plants of the Los Ahuehuetes locality, but it gives new insights into the past flora of tropical North America and further supports the long history of some neotropical endemics, suggesting that, during the Tertiary, at least some areas in southern latitudes of North America could have been important for the origin and radiation of some taxa.Key words: Oligocene, Mexico, paleobotany, Rhamnaceae, Karwinskia.
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Doyle, James A., and Annick Le Thomas. "Phylogeny and Geographic History of Annonaceae." Palynologie et changements globaux : XIVe symposium de l’Association des palynologues de langue française 51, no. 3 (November 30, 2007): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033135ar.
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ABSTRACT Whereas Takhtajan and Smith situated the origin of angiosperms between Southeast Asia and Australia, Walker and Le Thomas emphasized the concentration of primitive pollen types of Annonaceae in South America and Africa, suggesting instead a Northern Gondwanan origin for this family of primitive angiosperms. A cladistic analysis of Annonaceae shows a basal split of the family into Anaxagorea, the only genus with an Asian and Neotropical distribution, and a basically African and Neotropical line that includes the rest of the family. Several advanced lines occur in both Africa and Asia, one of which reaches Australia. This pattern may reflect the following history: (a) disjunction of Laurasian (Anaxagorea) and Northern Gondwanan lines in the Early Cretaceous, when interchanges across the Tethys were still easy and the major lines of Magnoliidae are documented by paleobotany; (b) radiation of the Northern Gondwanan line during the Late Cretaceous, while oceanic barriers were widening; (c) dispersal of African lines into Laurasia due to northward movement of Africa and India in the Early Tertiary, attested by the presence of fossil seeds of Annonaceae in Europe, and interchanges between North and South America at the end of the Tertiary.
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SARIGÜL, VOLKAN. "A SHORT HISTORY OF PALEONTOLOGY IN TURKEY, PART II: PALEONTOLOGY IN THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY." Earth Sciences History 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 202–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.1.202.
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ABSTRACT Succeeding a period of wars and political turmoil, the reassuring policies of the new regime of Turkey positively influenced all branches of science, including geology which provided a basis for the earliest studies in paleontology, as it had done in the former Ottoman Turkey. Although most of the specialists were still foreigners during the early years of the republic, the government of Turkey under the leadership of Atatürk, rapidly established modern institutions in order to train native earth scientists and engineers of all sorts. Turkish paleontologists began to replace their foreign colleagues by the 1940s; and female Turkish paleontologists became especially prominent not only in the universities but also in the national geological surveys and mapping, and in fossil fuel exploration. Subsequent to their separation from departments of natural sciences, teaching fundamentals of paleontology was taken on by geology departments which, by the 1960s, started to evolve into departments of geological engineering. As a result, most Turkish paleontologists are geologists and most of them specialized either in micropaleontology or paleobotany. In contrast, paleontology of late Cenozoic mammals is dominated by graduates of anthropology programs.
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Magallón-Puebla, Susana, and Sergio R. S. Cevallos-Ferriz. "Fossil legume fruits from tertiary strata of Puebla, Mexico." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1027–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-129.
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A small assemblage of fossil legume fruits, leaf fragments, and leaflets has been recovered from the Tertiary (Oligocene) "Los Ahuehuetes" flora near the town of Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, in south-central Mexico. Five legume fruits are described and compared with fruits of extant genera. Four fruit types were identified as belonging to the modern genera Prosopis (Mimoseae; Mimosoideae), Mimosa (Mimoseae; Mimosoideae), Lysiloma (Ingeae; Mimosoideae), and Sophora (Sophoreae; Papilionoideae). Another fruit exhibits a combination of characters unknown among extant legumes, and although superficially similar to some species of Papilionoideae, it represents an extinct genus. The four identified genera are diverse in the extant vegetation of Mexico; in fact, Mexico represents an important area of distribution for them. The presence of Prosopis, Mimosa, Lysiloma, and Sophora in the fossil flora of Puebla documents the occurrence of these genera in this part of their present area of distribution by the Oligocene. The climatic affinities of modern species of Mimosa, Lysiloma, and Sophora are so varied as to preclude any useful paleoclimatic inference. Prosopis is regularly associated with arid environments; however, the genus has been reported from fossil localities where humid conditions prevailed. This observation, together with the assemblage of plants that co-occur in the Los Ahuehuetes flora, suggests that plant communities of the past may have been composed, at least partly, of elements that today are associated with different habitats and environmental conditions. The fossil legume fruits from Los Ahuehuetes flora add to the previously known diversity of Leguminosae by the Tertiary, confirm tropical America as one of the important areas of radiation and diversification for Leguminosae, and contribute to the knowledge of Tertiary floras of southern North America. Key words: Leguminosae, Tertiary, Mexico, paleobotany, fossil legume.
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Lindsay, Debra. "Prototaxites Dawson, 1859 or Nematophycus Carruthers, 1872: Geologists V. Botanists in the Formative Period of the Science of Paleobotany." Earth Sciences History 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.24.1.w17736157821482p.
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A fossil plant found in the Devonian rocks of the Gaspé Peninsula of Canada provoked a heated debate in the late 19th century. When geologist John William Dawson identified it as an early land plant resembling a conifer (1859), he was challenged by botanist William Carruthers who argued it was a giant alga (1872). Until recently most scientists have tended to agree with Carruthers, but recent analysis suggest that neither Carruthers nor Dawson were fully correct. This paper focuses on the historical origins of the Prototaxites-Nematophycus debate, specifically on the role the debate played in the process of establishing methods within a new sub-field of paleontology. In large measure, Dawson and Carruthers disagreed over the identity and classification of this specimen because of their scientific training and areas of specialization. Carruthers and other botanists argued that the geologists who tended to dominate paleontology knew little about plant morphology and even less about the crucial identifying characteristics of the organs of fruitification. Alternatively, geologists, such as Dawson, had provided concepts and methods (eg. stratigraphy, mineralogy, geological time-scale) to paleontology, and they were not about to relinquish authority earned in previous decades.
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Białobrzeska, M. "Znaczenie badań nad zmiennoscią liści grabu dla celów paleobotanicznych [Studies on the variability of hornbeam-leaves and their importance for paleobotany]." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 41, no. 1 (2015): 149–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1972.012.
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The aim of the investigations on the variability of the leves of <em>Carpinus betulus</em> was to characterize a chosen population on the basis of all types of its leaves. The results obtained from the measurements of the leaves, which provided a picture of their variability, were compared with the autumn fall of the same population, i.e. with the material which some time might become fossil material. It appeared that three fundamental types of leaves may be distinguished on the shoots of <em>Carpinus betulus</em>: l. short, broad, roundish or egg-shaped leaves with broad apical angles and a heart-shaped base, which grew out of the first nodes, 2. slim leaves with acute apical and basal angles, their broadest part situated high, which were encountered on nodes VII-X of the long shoots, and 3. large, oval leaves derived from nodes IV-VI and regarded as typical of the species <em>Carpinus betulus</em>. The asymmetry of the base of blade appeared to be an important character. This asymmetry vanished gradually from node to node towards the apex of shoot.
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Vikulin, Sergei Vasilyevich. "Ocotea dilcherii, a new name for Ocotea obtusifolia (Berry) LaMotte (Lauraceae)." Phytotaxa 239, no. 2 (December 23, 2015): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.239.2.10.
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The fossil species Oreodaphne obtusifolia Berry (1916: 301) was described, based on the fossil leaf remains of the most abundant laurel from the Early Eocene Wilcox Group sediments of Holly Springs: Marshall Co, Grenada Co., Miss.: Mississippi embayment (Southeastern North America). Nowadays, most systematists consider the extant Oreodaphne to be a member of Ocotea (Mez, 1889: 219; Rohwer, 1986; van der Werff, 2002; Chanderbali et al., 2001). LaMotte (1952) transferred Berry’s (1916: 301) combination to Ocotea, and this transfer was followed by Dilcher (1963), who reinforced attribution of Wilcox leaf megafossils to Ocotea by cuticular analysis of epidermis and stomata (Dilcher & Lott, 2005). However, according to Art. 53.1 of the ICN (McNeill et al. 2012) the name Ocotea obtusifolia (Berry) LaMotte (1952) is illegitimate because of the existence of the earlier overlooked homonym, Ocotea obtusifolia Kunth (1817: 165–166), an extant lauraceous species from Colombia (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, holotype: http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.P00128771). The homonymy between these fossil and extant American species of Ocotea was revealed during the description of the new fossil Early Oligocene species Ocotea rossica Vikulin from the south of the Middle-Russian upland (Vikulin, 2015: 326). Since Ocotea obtusifolia (Berry) LaMotte has been systematically recognized as a valid species in current use and it does not have any synonym, a nomen novum, O. dilcherii, is formally proposed here as a replaced name. Because a type specimen was not indicated among the validating illustrations of Berry (1916: pl. 80, fig. 1; pl. 83, fig. 2–5, and pl. 84, fig. 1 and 2), a lectotype must be designated here, from the specimens illustrated in the protologue (Berry, 1916: 301–302) amongst those perfect specimens with blunt leaf apex, which are very abundant in the clays at Puryear, Tenn. (Proposed lectotype: paleobotany collection # USNM 35867, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USA), illustrated in Berry, 1916: 301, pl. 83, fig. 5.
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Khudadad. "A Middle Devonian vernal pool ecosystem provides a snapshot of the earliest forests." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): e0255565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255565.
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The dichotomy of the earliest ecosystems into deltaic and floodplain forests was a long-standing view in paleobotany. The morphological traits such as nonbranching rootlets, bifurcating rhizomes, and bulbous bases of the primitive trees such as Eospermatopteris and lycopsids were considered adaptations to the lowland deltaic environments. In contrast, the traits of Archaeopteris trees such as wood, hierarchical branching networks of roots, and true leaves are an adaptation to the upland floodplain environments. The discovery of the Town of Cairo Highway Department (TCHD) fossil site in Upstate New York, where all major clades occupied a floodplain environment casts doubt on the validity of the environmental partition by the earliest trees at the higher taxonomic levels. This study aims to test the hypothesis of the environmental partition at the local scale by reconstructing the fossilized forest-floor landscape, the changes in the landscape over time, and the distribution patterns of the trees along the local environmental gradient at the TCHD site. To reconstruct the fossilized forest floor and to determine the environmental variations at the local scale, seven parallel cross-sections were drawn from south to north at THCH. The outcrop at the quarry floor measured 300 m in the north-south, and varied around 100–150 m in east-west direction. Primary sedimentary structures, the thickness of the sedimentary deposits that formed the forest floor and the surrounding quarry walls, paleosol features, and mega-fossils were measured, recorded, described, and mapped. Up to 3 meters deep drill-cores were extracted from the forest floor. The data was used to correlate the sedimentary deposits, and reconstruct the preserved landscape. Three dominant landscape features including an abandoned channel, an old-grown forest, and a local depression were recognized. These landscape features influenced greatly the pattern of local drainage, slope-gradients, patterns and durations of seasonal water pooling, paleosol developments, fossil distribution, and depositional environments. There is no evidence of environmental partitioning by trees at higher taxonomic levels at the local scale. The size and morphology of the root systems didn’t determine the distribution of the trees along the local environmental gradient such as drainage patterns but played important roles in tree stabilization. Forests would go through self-thinning as they matured. Upon comparison, it was found that the forests in unstable environments showed greater resiliency compared to forests established in the stable environments.
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Sprinkel, Douglas A., Mary Beth Bennis, Dale E. Gray, and Carole T. Gee. "Stratigraphic setting of fossil log sites in the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) near Dinosaur National Monument, Uintah County, Utah, USA." Geology of the Intermountain West 6 (November 1, 2019): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31711/giw.v6i0.36.
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The outcrop belt of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in the northeastern Uinta Basin and southeastern flank of the Uinta Mountains is particularly rich in dinosaurian and non-dinosaurian faunas, as well as in fossil plants. The discovery of several well-preserved, relatively intact, fossil logs at several locations in Rainbow Draw and one location in Miners Draw, both near Dinosaur National Monument (Utah), has provided an opportunity to study the local paleobotany, stratigraphy, and sedimentology of the Morrison Formation in northeastern Utah. The Morrison Formation in northeastern Utah consists of four members. In ascending chronostratigraphic order, they are the Windy Hill, Tidwell, Salt Wash, and Brushy Basin Members. The lithology (including the presenceof glauconite grains) and fossil assemblage of the lower two members (Windy Hill and Tidwell) indicate a marine to marginal marine (coastal plain) depositional environment, whereas the lithology, fossil flora and faunaassemblage of the upper two members (Salt Wash and Brushy Basin) indicate a fluvial–lacustrine depositional environment. At least 10 fossil log sites in Rainbow Draw have been documented so far, and geologic mapping indicates that the logs and wood all occur in the same stratigraphic interval within the Salt Wash Member, approximately 17 to 27 m above the base of the member. The unit containing the logs and wood is about 11 m thick and consists of very fine to fine-grained sandstone and siltstone with indistinct bedding and no discernible sedimentary features.The logs are siliceous, some have a coaly exterior, and they range in exposed length from 0.5 to 11 m and reach diameters up to 1.1 m. In the Miners Draw area, a single siliceous log is documented in the upper part of the Salt Wash Member within a silty sandstone unit that is 4 m thick; its exposed length is about 6 m. Although the correlation of the Miners Draw log-bearing interval to the interval in Rainbow Draw is uncertain, both units are lithologically similar and both occur in the upper part of the Salt Wash Member. The logs have been identified as araucariaceous conifers that pertain to the same taxon originally described as Araucarioxylon hoodii Tidwell et Medlyn 1993 from Mt. Ellen in the Henry Mountains of southern Utah. Concurrent systematic work will prompt a nomenclatural transfer of this species to the genus Agathoxylon. Based on the abundance of large fossil logs and wood in the same stratigraphic interval in Rainbow Draw, wehypothesize that the area was covered by stands of moderately large trees of araucariaceous conifers. The sedimentological evidence suggests that the trees were not transported far from their original site of growth before they were deposited in a low-energy floodplain environment.
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Pike, E. M. "Upper Cretaceous amber arthropods and their implications on changes in insect community structure." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007942.
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Assessment of changes in terrestrial ecosystems since Cretaceous time, until recently, has had to rely on paleobotany (including paleopalynology) and vertebrate paleontology to provide data for analysis. Insects contribute a major portion of the terrestrial diversity in any ecosystem, but their fossil record and state of preservation had discouraged paleoecological study beyond the Pleistocene. With the discovery of prolific Upper Cretaceous amber deposits in Russia and Canada, and the investigation of Tertiary amber deposits from the Baltic, the Dominican Republic, Mexico and the USA, the prospect of clarifying changes in insect diversity and ecology over time becomes real. Methods are reported which allow the description of species richness and relative abundance of arthropod taxa from an Upper Cretaceous (Campanian: 75 MYA) amber deposit in Alberta, Canada. Diversity and abundance are described at the Order level for hexapods, and for the Acarina and Araneae. Taxa present, in order of abundance, are Homoptera (66 specimens/kg of amber), Diptera (28/kg), Acarina (21/kg), Hymenoptera (13/kg), Araneae (12/kg), Psocoptera (4/kg), Coleoptera (2/kg), Blattodea (1/kg), Thysanoptera (1/kg), Trichoptera (0.6/kg). Other orders present are Lepidoptera, Collembola, Dermaptera, Mantodea, and Ephemeroptera. In total, of 35 identified families, 8 are extinct. There are about 20 genera identified, of which only 1 is extant. All identified species are extinct. Estimated species richness is about 100 species of arthropods. In comparison, virtually all Families reported from Baltic amber (Oligocene) are still extant, as are the majority of genera. Morphology and feeding structures are well within the variation seen in modern insects. This suggests that throughout the Tertiary, Entomologists would feel quite at home with the insect fauna, and during the Upper Cretaceous, they would have little difficulty identifying insects at least to the family level. It is hypothesized that the taxonomic structure of modern insect communities was well established before the end of the Cretaceous, and that the structure and interrelationships of insect guilds were also very similar to those of today.
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Bateman, R. M. "Paleobotany: Plants of the Past, their Evolution, Paleoenvironment and Application in Exploration of Fossil Fuels. Shripad N. Agashe. Lebanon, New Hampshire: Science Publishers Inc.1995. vii + 359pp. ISBN 1 886106 08 8. US$55.00 (hardback)." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 53, no. 1 (March 1996): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428600002791.
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Lillegraven, Jason A. "Alternative viewpoints on the nature and importance of a prominent syncline at the northeastern edge of Wyoming’s Hanna Basin." Rocky Mountain Geology 55, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 91–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.24872/rmgjournal.55.2.91.
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ABSTRACT The geologic history of Wyoming’s Hanna Basin is still being written. Surprisingly, here appeared an opportunity to share insights from previously accomplished work with that conducted anew by other scholars. The area of study was in the southeastern quadrant of Wyoming, which exhibits the state’s most complex history with respect to the Laramide orogeny. Especially important for present purposes were the tectonic conditions of the late Paleocene and earliest Eocene, recorded within the Hanna Formation. Of central focus is the 2020 publication by Dechesne and her six co-authors. Geographically, the landscape they covered was a thin, synclinal slice of the northeastern margin of the Hanna Basin. Key goals for the present publication have been to illustrate positive linkages and to highlight discrepancies between Dechesne et al. (2020) and relevant prior geological work. A concern that permeates all facets of this approach is the ability to verify viability of brand-new geologic descriptions, data, and resulting conclusions. Essential graphical elements were introduced first into this present publication. Once that package of background information was available, more focused analyses were rigorously pursued on diverse issues within the Dechesne et al. (2020) publication. Dechesne’s team presented a significantly modified but adequately defended approximation of the Paleocene–Eocene boundary. Data from fossil plants (macro- and palynofloras), continental mollusks, and bulk organic-carbon isotopes all agree within one measured section (of five sections studied) with an approximated Paleocene–Eocene boundary along with a ‘carbon isotope excursion’ (CIE). Strength of available evidence seems questionable, however, in that the inordinately high variability in bulk organic carbon (characteristic of a CIE) has been demonstrated only in the Hanna Draw Section. Although fluvial, paludal, and lacustrine facies are considered in several contexts, in no sense does the publication’s organizational form provide a ‘detailed stratigraphic framework.’ One zircon-based U–Pb depositional date (54.42 ± 0.27 Ma) came from this study that matched early Wasatchian time. Participants in the Dechesne et al. (2020) project are to be commended in that their resulting paper ranged broadly across the geologic setting, stratigraphy, paleocurrents, paleobotany, continental mollusks, zircon geochronology, associated lithofacies, and paleogeography. Despite that breadth, there exists a plethora of unexpected and wholly avoidable inconsistencies, strong contradictions within what should be homogeneous datasets, and seemingly inexplicable omissions of obviously necessary and sometimes clearly existing but unutilized data, one must question the reliability of much of the information presented in their paper.
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Hughes, Nigel C., Frederick J. Collier, Joanne Kluessendorf, Jere H. Lipps, Wendy L. Taylor, and Russell D. White. "Fossil Invertebrate and Microfossil Collections: Kinds, Uses, Users." Paleontological Society Special Publications 10 (2000): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008935.
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INVERTEBRATE and micro-fossil collections vary in size, scope, degree of documentation, quality of curation, purpose, usage, and security. This chapter introduces the main categories of fossil collections and curatorial attention, and documents the sources and uses of invertebrate paleontological materials. The term ‘permanent collection’ is used to describe collections housed in professional collections-care institutions that provide long-term commitment to collection security and curation. Invertebrate fossils include the hardparts (spicules, shells, etc., other body fossils [e.g., impressions, casts, and molds]), tracks, trails, and burrows attributed to invertebrates, and organic molecules. Microfossils, included here for convenience only, include the same kinds of remains of prokaryotes, protists, and tiny invertebrates. This book is the product of an National Science Foundation funded workshop organized to address specific concerns about curatorial practices in invertebrate paleontology. For this reason the focus of this chapter is on invertebrate fossils. Nevertheless, the concepts and uses of collections described below apply directly to paleobotanic specimens, and to most vertebrate fossils.
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Wilf, Peter. "Fossil Angiosperm Leaves: Paleobotany's Difficult Children Prove Themselves." Paleontological Society Papers 14 (October 2008): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600001741.
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The great bulk of the angiosperm fossil record consists of isolated fossil leaves that preserve abundant shape and venation (leaf architectural) information but are difficult to identify because they are not attached to other plant organs. Thus, poor taxonomic knowledge has tempered the tremendous potential of fossil leaves for constructing finely resolved records of biodiversity through time, extinction and recovery, past climate change and biotic response, paleoecology, and plant-animal associations. Moreover, paleoecological and paleoclimatic interpretations of fossil leaves are in great need of new approaches. Recent work is rapidly increasing the scientific value of fossil angiosperm leaves through advances in traditional paleobotanical reconstruction, phylogenetic understanding of both leaf architecture and the response of leaf shape to climate, quantitative plant ecology using measurable, correlatable leaf traits, and improved understanding of insect leaf-feeding damage. These emerging areas offer many novel opportunities to link paleoecology and neoecology. Increased collaboration across traditionally separate research areas is critical to continued success.
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Nunes, Luis Henrique Marins Nogueira, and Fabiana Curtopassi Pioker-Hara. "Detetive paleontológico: o destino dos fósseis de plantas do Geopark Araripe como ferramenta para o ensino das Geociências." Terrae Didatica 14, no. 1 (June 5, 2018): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/td.v14i1.8652039.
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The goal of this work is to present a catalogue of fossil plants collected in Geopark Araripe and a educational game based on it. We indicated the macrofossils depositories of that Geopark, aiming to facilitate further Paleobotanic studies and to spread the scientific divulgation of this important paleoflora. We based the catalogue on bibliographic and scientific databases research. We found 140 specimens belonging to 34 clades (taxonomic groups). Most of the plant fossils collected in the mentioned Geopark is deposited at Natural History Museum of Berlin, followed by Institute of Geosciences of University of São Paulo. The catalogue was used to develop a “PERFIL®” style game, intended for elementary students. This game explores concepts of interpretation, logic, biology and Geosciences knowledge from a interdisciplinar perspective. This is achieved using hints to relate the fossil history with the taxon evolution and the museum where the fossil is deposited. Finally, we hope to contribute to divulgation and conservation of the botanical fossil records from that Geopark.
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Melchior, Robert. "Paleobotany of the Paleocene St. Stephens site, Berkeley County, South Carolina." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007693.
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Plant fossils including silicified wood, amber and a diverse suite of palynomorphs were recovered from beds of the Rhems and Williamsburg Formations of the Black Mingo group. The Rhems beds are Danian in age and the Williamsburg is Thanetian. Both formations constitute prograding delta sequences. The palynomorph assemblage was recovered from the Rhems Formation and consists of 112 species of pollen and spores of angiosperms, gymnosperms and cryptogams as well as 32 species of fungal spores. Silicified wood represents 10 taxa and the amber is suggestive of two but precise stratigraphic position of these latter fossils is uncertain.An analysis of the ranges of palynomorph taxa within the Rhems Formation yields three assemblages. An assemblage concentrated in the lower, pro-delta beds of the unit is felt to represent a coastal community, a group concentrated in the upper delta-front and topset beds is representative of an inland assemblage and a third group ranges throughout the section. The coastal assemblage is dominated by palms with gymnosperms also being abundant. The inland assemblage consists primarily of a diverse array of dicots associated with the Normapolles group. The long ranging assemblage is associated with both the above groups in about equal numbers. A habitat mosaic consisting of xeric to mesic and hydric elements within the coastal and inland community zones is inferred. Analysis using the modern affinities of the palynomorphs suggests a subtropical, summer dry climate near its meteorological boundary with the tropical zone such as that found in parts of coastal southeast Asia today.Wood taxa from the site include specimens assignable to Podocarpoxylon, Myrica, Fagaceaoxylon, Magnoliaeoxylon, Ulminium, Liquidambar, Nyssoxylon, the Olacaceae, Apocynaceae and possibly the Icacinaceae. Calculated “V” values and anatomical details of these woods correlate well with the habitat mosaic and paleoclimatic implications suggested by the palynomorphs.Infra-red spectra of the ambers suggest affinities of these fossils with the Caesalpiniaceae and the Araucariaceae. Pollen that might be attributable to these groups includes Margocolporites, Rhoipites, and Classopollis (Pagiophyllum).The fungal palynomorphs are both abundant and diverse in some samples from the site. These fossils include both hyphae and conidia in place in the silicified wood and dispersed spores.
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Escapa, Ignacio H., Alexandru M. F. Tomescu, Michael T. Dunn, and Ruth A. Stockey. "Integrative Paleobotany: Affirming the Role of Fossils in Modern Plant Biology—Introduction and Dedication." International Journal of Plant Sciences 180, no. 6 (July 2019): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/704242.
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Zabłocki, Jan. "Flora kopalna Wieliczki na tle ogólnych zagadnień paleobotaniki trzeciorzędu [Die fossile Flora von Wieliczka und die allgemeinen Probleme der Paleobotanik des Tertiärs]." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 7, no. 2 (2017): 215–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1930.021.
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"Paleobotany: plants of the past, their evolution, paleoenvironment and application in exploration of fossil fuels." Choice Reviews Online 33, no. 07 (March 1, 1996): 33–3924. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.33-3924.
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Otero, Rodrigo A., Teresa Torres, Jacobus P. Le Roux, Francisco Herve, C. Mark Fanning, Roberto E. Yury-Yanez, and David Rubilar-Rogers. "A Late Eocene age proposal for the Loreto Formation (Brunswick Peninsula, southernmost Chile), based on fossil cartilaginous fishes, paleobotany and radiometric evidence." Andean Geology 39, no. 1 (January 5, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov39n1-a09.
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