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Journal articles on the topic 'Fossil plants'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Cleal, Christopher J., and Barry A. Thomas. "Naming of parts: the use of fossil-taxa in palaeobotany." Fossil Imprint 77, no. 1 (2021): 166–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/fi.2021.013.

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Fossil plants are extinct plants whose remains (referred to as plant fossils) are found preserved in sedimentary deposits. Plant fossils are classified using fossil-taxa as defined in the International Code of Nomenclature. Fossil-taxa differ conceptually from taxa of living plants in that they often do not refer to whole organisms, but to the remains of one or more parts of the parent organism, in one or more preservational states. There can be complications when two parts of a plant are shown to be connected, or when two preservational states are correlated, and to avoid disrupting the wider palaeobotanical taxonomy it is often best to keep the fossil-taxa separate. Extinct fossil plants reconstructed by piecing together the plant fossils are best not given formal Linnean taxonomic names. There can also be problems using living plant taxa for fossils, even when there is a close morphological similarity of particular plant parts. Fossil-taxa for different plant parts can reflect different taxonomic ranks of the parent plants so care must be taken when using such taxa in floristic or phylogenetic studies. Because of taphonomic factors, a number of “artificial” fossil-taxa have proved useful, despite that they do not fully reflect the systematic positions of the parent plants.

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2

Eble, Cortland F. "Fossil plants and spores." International Journal of Coal Geology 52, no. 1-4 (November 2002): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-5162(02)00139-8.

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3

Djuric, Dragana, Nevenka Djeric, Uros Stojadinovic, Desa Djordjevic-Milutinovic, Miodrag Hrnjez Ljumo, and Milan Denda. "Novel findings of late Cenomanian-Turonian Pachyophiid snakes, fishes and plants in the SE Bosnia-Herzegovina." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique, no. 00 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp220406003d.

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New fossils from the Late Cenomanian-Turonian locality in the Bileca area are reported. The fossils include a diverse assemblage of snakelike reptile remains, fishes and plants. While fossil snakes have already been found in this area, the remains of fish and plants are reported for the first time. Based on the state of fossil preservation, the following were identified: the snake Pachyophis (Simol iophiidae), the pychnodont fish Coelodus sp., and plant remains of the flowering plants groups Magnoliidae exc. Lilianae, Arecaceae (palm trees), and Cycadopsida.

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4

Stein, William E. "Phylogenetic analysis and fossil plants." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 50, no. 1-2 (February 1987): 31–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(87)90039-x.

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5

Kvaček, Jiří, and Jakub Sakala. "Late Cretaceous flora of James Ross Island (Antarctica) – preliminary report." Czech Polar Reports 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2011-2-9.

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Fossil plants from Late Cretaceous strata (Hidden Lake Formation and Santa Marta Formation) of James Ross Basin exposed in the northern part of the James Ross Island are preliminary described. Both formations contain plant mega fossils, petrified wood, and charcoalified mesofossils. Fossil plants from the Hidden Lake Formation are represented by leaf impressions of pteridophytes (Microphyllopteris, Delosorus, Lygodium), conifers (Elatocladus, Brachyphyllum, Pagiophyllum, Araucaria, Podozamites vel Lindleycladus), Bennettitales vel Cycadales (Zamites vel Dioonites sp.) and angiosperms (Cinnamomoides, Dicotylophyllum ssp., Proteophyllum, Juglandi-phyllum vel Dicotylophyllum). Fossil wood can be attributed to the very broadly defined morphogenus Antarctoxylon Poole & Cantrill.

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6

Crane, Peter R. "Major Patterns in Botanical Diversity." Paleontological Society Special Publications 11 (2002): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200009874.

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At a time when the popular perception of paleontology is dominated by images of dinosaurs and other spectacular vertebrates, or the mysteries surrounding the Cambrian “explosion” of animal life, it is perhaps not surprising that the rich and informative fossil record of plants has scarcely made an impact on the public consciousness. In reality, as one would expect from those organisms that comprise the bulk of the biological material in terrestrial ecosystems, the fossil record of plants is extensive (Stewart and Rothwell, 1993). Leaves, wood fragments, pollen grains, spores, fruits, seeds, and other plant parts are the most common fossils in rocks deposited in ancient flood plains, lakes, and many other environments—and they are often exquisitely preserved. This excellent fossil record provides important information about the ecology of ancient terrestrial ecosystems. The quality of the plant fossil record also makes paleobotanical data highly informative about the historical pattern of plant evolution. It is this pattern, and its congruence with patterns in the characters of living and fossil plants—as summarized in a classification—that is the focus of this chapter.

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7

Crane, Peter R. "Major Patterns in Botanical Diversity." Paleontological Society Special Publications 9 (1999): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200014076.

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At a time when the popular perception of paleontology is dominated by images of dinosaurs and other spectacular vertebrates, or the mysteries surrounding the Cambrian “explosion” of animal life, it is perhaps not surprising that the rich and informative fossil record of plants has scarcely made an impact on the public consciousness. In reality, as one would expect from those organisms that comprise the bulk of the biological material in terrestrial ecosystems, the fossil record of plants is extensive (Stewart and Rothwell, 1993). Leaves, wood fragments, pollen grains, spores, fruits, seeds and other plant parts are the most common fossils in rocks deposited in ancient flood plains, lakes and many other environments - and they are often exquisitely preserved. This excellent fossil record provides important information about the ecology of ancient terrestrial ecosystems. The quality of the plant fossil record also makes paleobotanical data highly informative about the historical pattern of plant evolution. It is this pattern, and its congruence with patterns in the characters of living and fossil plants — as summarized in a classification — that is the focus of this chapter.

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8

Singh, Kamal Jeet, and Shaila Chandra. "Additional palaeobotanical information from Madhupur village, talchir coalfield, Orissa, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 49, no. (1-3) (December 31, 2000): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2000.156.

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Floristically rich exposures near Handapa Village in Hinjrida Ghati have been explored by various geologists and palaeobotanists ever since they were first located and mapped by Subramanian & Rao (1960). Based on the fossil plants the entire area has been assigned various ages such as Mahadeva (Early Triassic). Raniganj and Kamthi formations (Late Permian) by different workers. A new and rich collection of plant fossils from the Madhupur area revitalise the age of the beds and provides additional information to the fossil flora. Glossopteris species dominated the vegetation. Based on the fossil plants Madhupur beds are assigned age equivalent to Lower Kamthi Formation (late Late Permian).

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9

Currano, Ellen D. "Ancient Bug Bites on Ancient Plants Record Forest Ecosystem Response to Environmental Perturbations." Paleontological Society Papers 19 (October 2013): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600002722.

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Leaf-compression fossils with insect feeding traces are unique in providing rich, direct evidence of two levels in a fossil food web. Plant-insect associations dominate terrestrial trophic interactions, emphasizing the need to understand their ecological and evolutionary history. This paper first discusses methods of recognizing insect herbivore damage on fossil leaves and quantifying fossil insect herbivory. By conducting an unbiased insect damage census, damage frequency (percent of leaves with insect feeding damage), percent of leaf surface area removed by insects, and damage diversity (the number of discrete damage morphotypes, or DTs, found on a fossil flora or individual host plant) can all be measured. Three examples of responses of past plant-insect trophic interactions to environmental stresses are examined. In the first case study, late Oligocene fossil floras from Ethiopia document forest response to local perturbation and key characteristics to recognize disturbance in the plant fossil record. The second case study considers the terrestrial ecosystem response to the catastrophic global perturbation at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. In the third case study, the impact of past global warming events—including the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum—on insect herbivory is discussed. Productive avenues for further research include: insect damage studies conducted outside the North American Cretaceous and Paleogene, actualistic and taphonomic studies of insect herbivory, and tighter collaboration across paleobotany, paleoentomology, botany, and entomology.

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10

Tomescu, Alexandru M. F. "The Early Cretaceous Apple Bay flora of Vancouver Island: a hotspot of fossil bryophyte diversity." Botany 94, no. 9 (September 2016): 683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0054.

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The pre-Cenozoic bryophyte fossil record is significantly sparser than that of vascular plants or Cenozoic bryophytes. This situation has been traditionally attributed to a hypothesized low preservation potential of the plants. However, instances of excellent pre-Cenozoic bryophyte preservation and the results of experiments simulating fossilization contradict this traditional interpretation, suggesting that bryophytes have good preservation potential. Studies of an anatomically preserved Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) plant fossil assemblage on Vancouver Island (British Columbia), at Apple Bay, focusing on the cryptogamic flora, have revealed an abundant bryophyte component. The Apple Bay flora hosts one of the most diverse bryophyte assemblages worldwide, with at least nine distinct moss types (polytrichaceous, leucobryaceous, tricostate), one complex thalloid liverwort, and two other thalloid plants (representing bryophyte or pteridophyte gametophytes), which contribute a significant fraction of biodiversity to the pre-Cenozoic fossil record of bryophytes. These results (i) corroborate previous observations and studies, indicating that the preservation potential of bryophytes is much better than traditionally thought; (ii) indicate that the bryophyte fossil record is incompletely explored and many more bryophyte fossils are hidden in the rock record, awaiting discovery; and (iii) suggest that the paucity of the pre-Cenozoic bryophyte fossil record is primarily a reflection of inadequate paleobryological capacity.

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11

Gaderer, M., and H. Spliethoff. "Future requirements for fossil power plants." EPJ Web of Conferences 54 (2013): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20135401003.

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12

Hill, Vernon L. "Session I Summary: Fossil Fuel Plants." Applied Mechanics Reviews 46, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3120324.

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13

Nitta, Akito. "Life Assessment of Fossil Power Plants." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 98, no. 915 (1995): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.98.915_117.

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14

Jansonius, Jan. "Fossil Plants and Spores: Modern Techniques." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 110, no. 3-4 (July 2000): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-6667(00)00006-3.

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15

Parducci, Laura, and Rémy J. Petit. "Ancient DNA ? unlocking plants? fossil secrets." New Phytologist 161, no. 2 (February 2004): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.00987.x.

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16

Strullu-Derrien, Christine, and Désiré-Georges Strullu. "Mycorrhization of fossil and living plants." Comptes Rendus Palevol 6, no. 6-7 (November 2007): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2007.09.006.

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17

Seward, A. C. "Climate as tested by fossil plants." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 40, no. 171 (August 15, 2007): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49704017103.

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18

Kurniawan, Dwi. "INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVITY OF PROMOTING ELECTRIC VEHICLE TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION: AN ANALYSIS OF INDONESIA POWER PLANTS." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2024): e2731. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v12i2.2731.

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Purpose: Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases when burned for energy production. Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is essential for addressing climate change, ensuring energy security, protecting the environment, and fostering sustainable economic development. The combination of environmental benefits, technological advancements, and supportive policies makes electric vehicles (EV) a promising and sustainable solution for the future of transportation. In Indonesia, the use of EV is still in its earliest stage, and the popularity of EV in Indonesia is yet very low due to its price and charging problems. The government has introduced some incentives to promote EV to the people, however, the results still yet to come. This paper investigated the effectiveness of EV transition to reduce pollution based on existing power plants in Indonesia. Methodology: We computed the proportion of renewable power plants from all power plants and used the data of CO2 emissions per kWh of various power plants to analyze the CO2 emission of conventional and EVs using the data of CO2 emissions from fossils. Findings: We found that 86.8 percent of the electricity used in Indonesia is generated from fossil fuels. However, based on the power consumption rate per km of travel, we found that EVs emit 46 to 49 percent lower CO2 than fossil-powered vehicles for the same travel distance. Originality/value: Despite the domination of fossil-fueled power plants, promoting EVs can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia.

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19

Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Leyla J. Seyfullah, Friederike Sadowski, Andreas Fleischmann, Hermann Behling, and Alexander R. Schmidt. "Carnivorous leaves from Baltic amber." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414777111.

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The fossil record of carnivorous plants is very scarce and macrofossil evidence has been restricted to seeds of the extant aquatic genus Aldrovanda of the Droseraceae family. No case of carnivorous plant traps has so far been reported from the fossil record. Here, we present two angiosperm leaves enclosed in a piece of Eocene Baltic amber that share relevant morphological features with extant Roridulaceae, a carnivorous plant family that is today endemic to the Cape flora of South Africa. Modern Roridula species are unique among carnivorous plants as they digest prey in a complex mutualistic association in which the prey-derived nutrient uptake depends on heteropteran insects. As in extant Roridula, the fossil leaves possess two types of plant trichomes, including unicellular hairs and five size classes of multicellular stalked glands (or tentacles) with an apical pore. The apices of the narrow and perfectly tapered fossil leaves end in a single tentacle, as in both modern Roridula species. The glandular hairs of the fossils are restricted to the leaf margins and to the abaxial lamina, as in extant Roridula gorgonias. Our discovery supports current molecular age estimates for Roridulaceae and suggests a wide Eocene distribution of roridulid plants.

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20

CINGOLANI, CARLOS A., CHRISTOPHER M. BERRY, EDUARDO MOREL, and RENATA TOMEZZOLI. "Middle Devonian lycopsids from high southern palaeolatitudes of Gondwana (Argentina)." Geological Magazine 139, no. 6 (November 2002): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756802006957.

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Fossil plants are described from the upper part of the Devonian Lolén Formation, Sierra de la Ventana, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, in the area of Estancia Las Acacias. The sequence is composed mainly of dark grey shales, and fossils were found in a single horizon where thin interlayered beds of fine reddish-brown micaceous sandstones appear where the environment of marine deposition became more shallow. The age of the Lolén Formation is presently established on the basis of brachiopods, these being characteristic elements of the Malvinokaffric realm from the Gondwana Lower Devonian (Emsian). The fossil plants are remarkably preserved given that they are in rocks that have undergone intense deformation. The plants are identified as Haplostigma sp. and Haskinsia cf. H. colophylla, and suggest a Middle Devonian age (Givetian) for the fossil-bearing levels. Haskinsia, identified on the basis of leaf morphology, is the first well-delimited Middle Devonian lycopsid genus described from Argentina, and the record from the most southerly palaeolatitude. During the Middle Devonian, Haskinsia was distributed in tropical, warm temperate and high southern latitude, ?cool temperate zones.

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Srivastava, Rashmi, and A. K. Srivastava. "Insect herbivory in Gondwana plants." Journal of Palaeosciences 65, no. (1-2) (December 31, 2016): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2016.304.

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Plant–insect interaction is dominant in the extant flora and it is estimated that more than one million species of insects directly or indirectly survive on plants. In comparison, such association is limited in extinct flora, mainly due to problem in identifying structural features associated with the insect wronged plant fossils. Concerted efforts and comparative structures observed in extant flora have unfolded the mystery of insect herbivory in fossil plants. The study has helped to understand the feeding pattern and evolutionary features of insects during different time intervals and provide significant evidence to comprehend the co–evolution of plant and insect in the geologic past. Herbivorous insect wings discovered from different Gondwana successions of India belong to families and genera of Homoptera, Heteroptera, Mecoptera, Coleoptera and Blattoidea. The remains of Coleoptera and Mecoptera in all probability represent the earliest record in fossil flora. Insect herbivory is well recognized in Indian flora in the form of insect galls, chewing and eaten marks of leaf margin, disfigurement of lamina, egg–like pouches, trailing marks, mining activity, etc. The available records demonstrate the presence of well-knit coalition of insect–plant interaction in Indian Gondwana successions. Diverse type of insect herbivory recovered in the Gondwana flora of India implies that insects used the plants for various purposes such as feeding, shelter and laying eggs for their development/ survival and the process has thus helped in the development and evolution of insects in consortium with plants.

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22

Franks, Peter J., Rob P. Freckleton, Jeremy M. Beaulieu, Ilia J. Leitch, and David J. Beerling. "Megacycles of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration correlate with fossil plant genome size." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1588 (February 19, 2012): 556–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0269.

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Tectonic processes drive megacycles of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration, c a , that force large fluctuations in global climate. With a period of several hundred million years, these megacycles have been linked to the evolution of vascular plants, but adaptation at the subcellular scale has been difficult to determine because fossils typically do not preserve this information. Here we show, after accounting for evolutionary relatedness using phylogenetic comparative methods, that plant nuclear genome size (measured as the haploid DNA amount) and the size of stomatal guard cells are correlated across a broad taxonomic range of extant species. This phylogenetic regression was used to estimate the mean genome size of fossil plants from the size of fossil stomata. For the last 400 Myr, spanning almost the full evolutionary history of vascular plants, we found a significant correlation between fossil plant genome size and c a , modelled independently using geochemical data. The correlation is consistent with selection for stomatal size and genome size by c a as plants adapted towards optimal leaf gas exchange under a changing CO 2 regime. Our findings point to the possibility that major episodes of change in c a throughout Earth history might have selected for changes in genome size, influencing plant diversification.

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23

SOHN, JAE-CHEON, CONRAD LABANDEIRA, DONALD DAVIS, and CHARLES MITTER. "An annotated catalog of fossil and subfossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Holometabola) of the world." Zootaxa 3286, no. 1 (April 30, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3286.1.1.

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In this catalog, we attempt to assemble all fossil records of Lepidoptera described formally or informally in the worldliterature. A total of 667 records dealing with at least 4,568 specimens have been compiled. They include descriptions of131 fossil genera and 229 fossil species, as well as 72 extant genera and 21 extant species to which some of these fossilssupposedly belong or show superficial similarity. Replacement names of two fossil genera are proposed to avoidhomonymy: Baltopsyche Sohn, gen. nov. for Palaeopsyche Sobczyk and Kobbert, 2009 and Netoxena Sohn, gen. nov. forXena Martins-Neto, 1999. New generic combinations are proposed for: Tortrix? destructus Cockerell, 1916, Tortrixflorissantanus Cockerell, 1907, and Tortrix sp. sensu Gravenhorst (1835), all three to Tortricites Kozlov, 1988;Pterophorus oligocenicus Bigot, Nel and Nel, 1986, to Merrifieldia Tutt, 1905; Aporia sp. sensu Branscheid (1969) toPierites Heer, 1849; Noctua spp. sensu Hope (1836) and Lomnicki (1894), both to Noctuites Heer, 1849. Eleven namesimproperly proposed for lepidopteran fossils are invalidated: Baltonides roeselliformis Skalski in Kosmowska-Ceranowicz and Popiolek, 1981; Baltodines Kupryjanowicz, 2001; Barbarothea Scudder, 1890; Lepidopterites Piton,1936; Palaeozygaena Reiss, 1936; Psamateia calipsa Martins-Neto, 2002; Saxibatinca meyi Skalski in Kristensen andSkalski, 1998; Spatalistiforma submerga Skalski, 1976; Thanatites juvenalis Scudder, 1875; Tortricibaltia diakonoffiSkalski, 1976; and Zygaenites Reiss, 1936. An unnecessary subsequent type designation for Pierites Heer, 1849, isdiscussed. A total of 129 records include lepidopteran fossils which cannot be placed in any taxonomic rank. There alsoexist at least 25 fossil records which lack any evidence of the supposed lepidopteran association. Misidentified specimens,including 18 fossil genera, 29 fossil species and 12 unnamed fossils, are excluded from Lepidoptera. All the knownlepidopteran fossils are annotated by fossil type, specimen deposition, excavation locality, association with plants when present, and geological age. A bibliographic list of lepidopteran fossils is provided.

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24

Nitta, Akito. "Experiences of Damages in Fossil Power Plants." Materia Japan 38, no. 9 (1999): 686–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.38.686.

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PIMENTEL, DAVID, and TAD PATZEK. "Green Plants, Fossil Fuels, and Now Biofuels." BioScience 56, no. 11 (2006): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[875:gpffan]2.0.co;2.

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26

Yatskievych, George, and William D. Tidwell. "Common Fossil Plants of Western North America." American Fern Journal 88, no. 3 (July 1998): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1547687.

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Schmid, Rudolf, Thomas N. Taylor, and Edith L. Taylor. "The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants." Taxon 42, no. 1 (February 1993): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223352.

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Ash, S. "A Late Triassic Trove of Fossil Plants." Science 294, no. 5549 (December 7, 2001): 2093b—2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.294.5549.2093b.

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Pringle, P. T. "Common Fossil Plants of Western North America." Environmental & Engineering Geoscience V, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.v.3.362.

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CHALONER, WILLIAM G., and GEOFFREY T. CREBER. "Do fossil plants give a climatic signal?" Journal of the Geological Society 147, no. 2 (March 1990): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.147.2.0343.

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31

Fray, R. "Compact simulators for fossil-fueled power plants." IEEE Spectrum 32, no. 2 (1995): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/6.343988.

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Viswanathan, R. "Life-assessment technology for fossil power plants." Sadhana 20, no. 1 (February 1995): 301–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02747295.

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Kerp, Hans. "The biology and evolution of fossil plants." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 79, no. 3-4 (December 1993): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(93)90030-x.

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Thévenard and Marc Philippe. "The biology and evolution of fossil plants." Geobios 26, no. 5 (January 1993): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6995(93)80043-q.

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35

Thomasson, Joseph R. "Late Miocene plants from northeastern Nebraska." Journal of Paleontology 61, no. 5 (September 1987): 1065–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000029413.

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Systematically diverse assemblages of fossil plants have been collected in late Miocene strata at seven sites in northern Antelope County, Nebraska. Fossils were found in several members of the Valentine and Ash Hollow Formations of late Barstovian to medial Clarendonian (13–10 MYBP) age and unnamed members of the Ash Hollow Formation of late Clarendonian to early Hemphillian (9.5–8.0 MYBP) age. Seeds, fruits, and leaf-sheath fragments of 18 species from the families Equisetaceae, Cyperaceae, Gramineae, Boraginaceae, Juglandaceae, and Ulmaceae are described. These occurrences represent a 200 mile (322 km) eastward extension of the known geographic range of all of the taxa during the Miocene. The occurrence of Juglandaceae is the first reported from widespread Miocene strata of the Ogallala Group in central North America.

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Greenwood, David R., Kathleen B. Pigg, James F. Basinger, and Melanie L. DeVore. "A review of paleobotanical studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan (Okanogan) Highlands floras of British Columbia, Canada, and Washington, USA." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 6 (June 2016): 548–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0177.

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The history of plant fossil collecting in the Okanagan (Okanogan) Highlands of British Columbia and northeastern Washington is closely intertwined with the history of geological surveys and mining activities from the 1870s onward. The first descriptions of fossil plants from British Columbia were published in 1870–1920 by J.W. Dawson, G.M. Dawson, and D.P. Penhallow. In the United States, fossil leaves and fish were first recognized at Republic, Washington, by miners in the early 1900s. Many early workers considered these floras to be of Oligocene or Miocene age. C.A. Arnold described Canadian occurrences of conifers and Azolla in the 1950s. Palynological studies in the 1960s by L.V. Hills, G.E. Rouse, and others and those of fossil fish by M.V.H. Wilson in the 1970–1980s provided the framework for paleobotanical research at several key localities. Permineralized plants were first described from the Princeton chert in the 1970s by C.N. Miller, J.F. Basinger, and others, followed by R.A. Stockey and her students. W.C. Wehr and K.R. Johnson revitalized the study of fossils at Republic with the discovery of a diverse assemblage in 1977. In 1987, J.A. Wolfe and Wehr produced a United States Geological Survey monograph on Republic, and Wehr cofounded the Stonerose Interpretive Center as a venue for public collecting. Systematic studies of the Okanagan Highlands plants, as well as paleoecological and paleoclimate reconstructions from palynomorphs and leaf floras, continue to expand our understanding of this important Early Eocene assemblage.

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Kenrick, P. "The relationships of vascular plants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1398 (June 29, 2000): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0619.

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Recent phylogenetic research indicates that vascular plants evolved from bryophyte–like ancestors and that this involved extensive modifications to the life cycle. These conclusions are supported by a range of systematic data, including gene sequences, as well as evidence from comparative morphology and the fossil record. Within vascular plants, there is compelling evidence for two major clades, which have been termed lycophytes (clubmosses) and euphyllophytes (seed plants, ferns, horsetails). The implications of recent phylogenetic work are discussed with reference to life cycle evolution and the interpretation of stratigraphic inconsistencies in the early fossil record of land plants. Life cycles are shown to have passed through an isomorphic phase in the early stages of vascular plant evolution. Thus, the gametophyte generation of all living vascular plants is the product of massive morphological reduction. Phylogenetic research corroborates earlier suggestions of a major representational bias in the early fossil record. Megafossils document a sequence of appearance of groups that is at odds with that predicted by cladogram topology. It is argued here that the pattern of appearance and diversification of plant megafossils owes more to changing geological conditions than to rapid biological diversification.

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Wang, Xin, José B. Diez, Mike Pole, and Manuel García-Ávila. "An Anatomically Preserved Cone-Like Flower from the Lower Cretaceous of China." Life 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13010129.

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Although diverse fossil angiosperms (including their reproductive organs) have been reported from the Early Cretaceous, few of them are well-documented due to poor preservation and limited technologies available to apply. For example, paraffin sectioning, a routine technology applied to reveal the anatomical details of extant plants, was hitherto at most rarely applied to fossil plants. This undermines the comparability between the outcomes of studies on fossil and extant plants, and makes our understanding on plants incomplete and biased. Here, we applied paraffin sectioning technology, in addition to light microscopy, SEM, and TEM, to document a fossil reproductive organ, Xilinia gen. nov., from the Early Cretaceous in Inner Mongolia, China. The anatomical details of this new reproductive organ were documented. Xilinia bears a remarkable resemblance to conifer cones, although its ovules are enclosed in carpels. The paradoxical cone-like morphology of Xilinia appears to represent a transitional snapshot of plant evolution that is absent in extant plants.

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NEAGOE, MIHAELA, GHEORGHE STROESCU, and ANIŞOARA PĂUN. "ENERGY PLANTS ALTERNATIVE TO FUTURE BIOFUEL PRODUCTION." "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture Montanology Cadastre Series " 51, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.2021.02.48.

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Replacing fossil fuels with alternative renewable energy sources is a very current issue worldwide. The development of energy plant (lingo-cellulosic) crops represents the promising solution, for the future production of biofuels in order to produce renewable energy and replace fossil fuels. For the implementation of energy crops were elaborated a series of technologies and technical equipment that respond to the requirements of these crops. The paper addresses these technologies, technical equipment and technologies for valorizing energy crops.

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Nunes, Luis Henrique Marins Nogueira, and Fabiana Curtopassi Pioker-Hara. "Detetive paleontológico: o destino dos fósseis de plantas do Geopark Araripe como ferramenta para o ensino das Geociências." Terrae Didatica 14, no. 1 (June 5, 2018): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/td.v14i1.8652039.

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The goal of this work is to present a catalogue of fossil plants collected in Geopark Araripe and a educational game based on it. We indicated the macrofossils depositories of that Geopark, aiming to facilitate further Paleobotanic studies and to spread the scientific divulgation of this important paleoflora. We based the catalogue on bibliographic and scientific databases research. We found 140 specimens belonging to 34 clades (taxonomic groups). Most of the plant fossils collected in the mentioned Geopark is deposited at Natural History Museum of Berlin, followed by Institute of Geosciences of University of São Paulo. The catalogue was used to develop a “PERFIL®” style game, intended for elementary students. This game explores concepts of interpretation, logic, biology and Geosciences knowledge from a interdisciplinar perspective. This is achieved using hints to relate the fossil history with the taxon evolution and the museum where the fossil is deposited. Finally, we hope to contribute to divulgation and conservation of the botanical fossil records from that Geopark.

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Woodcock, D. W., H. W. Meyer, and Y. Prado. "The Piedra Chamana fossil woods (Eocene, Peru)." IAWA Journal 38, no. 3 (November 7, 2017): 313–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20170175.

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The fossil woods and leaves of the Fossil Forest Piedra Chamana represent a diverse assemblage of plants dating to 39 Ma (late Middle Eocene). The fossils are preserved in an ashfall and overlying lahar deposits near the small village of Sexi in the northern Peruvian Andes (central Cajamarca). The assemblage includes dicot wood types and leaf morphotypes, as well as a diversity of monocot material. The ~30 dicot wood types are referred to the families Acanthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Combretaceae, Cordiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lechythidaceae, Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Melastomataceae, Muntingiaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, and Sapindaceae. Described herein are descriptions of the first 17 wood types that have been assigned to the families Acanthaceae through Lythraceae; descriptions of the additional wood types will appear in a later paper. The paleovegetation can be characterized as lowland tropical forest with a dry aspect based on preliminary analysis of floristic affinities and wood anatomical characteristics of the fossils.

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Tahoun, Mariam, Carole T. Gee, Victoria E. McCoy, P. Martin Sander, and Christa E. Müller. "Chemistry of porphyrins in fossil plants and animals." RSC Advances 11, no. 13 (2021): 7552–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra10688g.

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Porphyrin derivatives such as heme, which is present in blood, and chlorophylls found in plants and bacteria, are complexes of high chemical stability which can survive hundreds of millions of years. Examples from the fossil record are highlighted.

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Skog, Judith E. "Report of the Committee for Fossil Plants: 4." TAXON 52, no. 2 (May 2003): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3647410.

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Gabel, Mark L., and Steven E. Dyche. "Making Coal Ball Peels to Study Fossil Plants." American Biology Teacher 48, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4448216.

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45

Traverse, Alfred. "Report of the Committee for Fossil Plants: 1." TAXON 42, no. 4 (November 1993): 869–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223272.

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Skog, Judith E. "Report of the Committee for Fossil Plants: 2." TAXON 48, no. 4 (November 1999): 817–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223656.

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Skog, Judith E. "Report of the Committee for Fossil Plants: 3." TAXON 50, no. 1 (February 2001): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1224528.

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48

Gerrienne, Philippe. "Gosferia, a new name for Forgesia (fossil plants)." TAXON 48, no. 1 (February 1999): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1224624.

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49

Millay, Michael A., Thomas N. Taylor, and Edith L. Taylor. "Phi Thickenings in Fossil Seed Plants from Antarctica." IAWA Journal 8, no. 3 (1987): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001046.

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Primary anatomy and secondary development is described for two root types from the Fremouw Peak locality (Transantarctic Mts, Antarctica) of early to middle Triassic age. Roots of Antarcticycas have a bilayered cortex with thick surface cuticle, diarch xylem, and a clearIy defined endodermis surrounded by a single cell layer possessing phi thickenings. Secondary development begins with phellern and phelloderm production from the out er primary phloem position, and is followed bya bifacial vascular cambium next to the primary xylem that pro duces sieve cells and ray parenchyma to the outside. Young roots of Antarcticoxylon are similar to those of Antarcticycas, but may possess 2-3 cell layers with phi thickenings. Secondary development from a bifacial vascular cambium produces alternating bands of sieve cells and phloem parenchyma cells in the secondary phloem and wood with uniseriate rays and scattered axial parenchyma. The presence of phi thickenings and an epidermal cutieie in both roots suggests environmental stress related to water regulation. The occurrence of phi thickenings in the roots of some conifers, angiosperms, a fossil cycad and a probable seed fern suggests this character is of ecological rather than phylogenetic significance.

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Rovnak, J. A., and R. Corlis. "Dynamic matrix based control of fossil power plants." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 6, no. 2 (June 1991): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/60.79639.

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