Academic literature on the topic 'Fossil species'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fossil species"
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DOWELD, ALEXANDER B. "Styrax carranzae, a new name for extant Styrax lanceolatus P.W. Fritsch non Engelhardt (Styracaceae)." Phytotaxa 460, no. 3 (2020): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.460.3.7.
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In revising fossil records of the genus Styrax Linnaeus (1753: 444) for the International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI, 2014 onwards) with the aim of listing all fossil plant species (Doweld 2015, 2016a), it became apparent that a few fossil-species are later illegitimate homonyms of the extant species of Styrax, and their nomenclature was recently resolved by proposing new replacement names for them (Doweld 2016b). However, an additional case of the homonymy of an extant species by a preoccupied name in fossils remained unsettled.
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Donoghue, Philip C. J., and Ziheng Yang. "The evolution of methods for establishing evolutionary timescales." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1699 (2016): 20160020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0020.
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The fossil record is well known to be incomplete. Read literally, it provides a distorted view of the history of species divergence and extinction, because different species have different propensities to fossilize, the amount of rock fluctuates over geological timescales, as does the nature of the environments that it preserves. Even so, patterns in the fossil evidence allow us to assess the incompleteness of the fossil record. While the molecular clock can be used to extend the time estimates from fossil species to lineages not represented in the fossil record, fossils are the only source of information concerning absolute (geological) times in molecular dating analysis. We review different ways of incorporating fossil evidence in modern clock dating analyses, including node-calibrations where lineage divergence times are constrained using probability densities and tip-calibrations where fossil species at the tips of the tree are assigned dates from dated rock strata. While node-calibrations are often constructed by a crude assessment of the fossil evidence and thus involves arbitrariness, tip-calibrations may be too sensitive to the prior on divergence times or the branching process and influenced unduly affected by well-known problems of morphological character evolution, such as environmental influence on morphological phenotypes, correlation among traits, and convergent evolution in disparate species. We discuss the utility of time information from fossils in phylogeny estimation and the search for ancestors in the fossil record. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Dating species divergences using rocks and clocks’.
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NICOLI, LAURA. "The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs." Zootaxa 4658, no. 1 (2019): 37–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.1.2.
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Ceratophrys is the most diverse and widely distributed genus of Ceratophryidae, the clade of South American horned frogs. Numerous anuran fossil remains, including several fossil species, have been assigned to this genus. However, this seemingly extensive fossil record is problematic because several of the fossils are not properly identified and most of the taxonomic assignations are not justified. The present study traces all the fossil material attributed to Ceratophrys, clarifying, when possible, institutional allocations. Each of the remains was examined and its taxonomic assignation revisited, based on the morphology and possible synapomorphies of the genus, including its living species. Numerous fossils were properly identified and assigned with certainty to Ceratophrys. Only one fossil species, Ceratophrys ameghinorum, is considered valid. This information, along with recently reported evidence of fossil Ceratophrys, is briefly summarized to serve as a practical reference for the entire known fossil record of the genus. The fossil record is not especially informative about the evolution or distribution pattern of Ceratophrys, because most of the remains are relatively young (post-Miocene), collected within the present distribution of the genus, and morphologically consistent with that of the extant species. However, some useful information has emerged. The presence of Ceratophrys is well documented since the Neogene in the Pampean Region of South America. The single valid fossil species, Ceratophrys ameghinorum, possesses a unique combination of characters that reflects a mixture of characters observed in different clades of the genus; thus, resolution of its phylogentic position will inform our understanding of the evolution of the genus. The paleoenvironmental significance of some Ceratophrys fossils is also discussed, addressing the wide, but incompletely known current distribution and environmental tolerance of the genus.
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Puttick, Mark N. "Partially incorrect fossil data augment analyses of discrete trait evolution in living species." Biology Letters 12, no. 8 (2016): 20160392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0392.
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Ancestral state reconstruction of discrete character traits is often vital when attempting to understand the origins and homology of traits in living species. The addition of fossils has been shown to alter our understanding of trait evolution in extant taxa, but researchers may avoid using fossils alongside extant species if only few are known, or if the designation of the trait of interest is uncertain. Here, I investigate the impacts of fossils and incorrectly coded fossils in the ancestral state reconstruction of discrete morphological characters under a likelihood model. Under simulated phylogenies and data, likelihood-based models are generally accurate when estimating ancestral node values. Analyses with combined fossil and extant data always outperform analyses with extant species alone, even when around one quarter of the fossil information is incorrect. These results are especially pronounced when model assumptions are violated, such as when there is a trend away from the root value. Fossil data are of particular importance when attempting to estimate the root node character state. Attempts should be made to include fossils in analysis of discrete traits under likelihood, even if there is uncertainty in the fossil trait data.
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Thuy, Ben, and Lea D. Numberger-Thuy. "The Northernmost Occurrence of the Tropical-Subtropical Brittle Star Ophiocoma (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from a Late Cretaceous Rocky Shore in Southern Sweden." Taxonomy 3, no. 3 (2023): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy3030020.
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In spite of considerable progress during the last few years, the fossil record of the ophiuroids, or brittle stars, is still poorly known, especially with respect to taxa restricted to specific environments. Here, we describe new ophiuroid fossils collected from an Upper Cretaceous rocky shore in Ivö Klack, southern Sweden, consisting of fully disarticulated skeletal remains retrieved from the sediments deposited between boulders and hummocks. The fossils are identified as a new species of the extant ophiocomid genus Ophiocoma. In a critical revision of the ophiocomid fossil record, we show that all fossils previously assigned to the Ophiocomidae belong to other families. Thus, the fossil record of the Ophiocomidae is currently restricted to the new species described herein, and Amphiura? gigantiformis from the Miocene of Austria which, in fact, is a species of Ophiocoma. Since recent species of Ophiocoma exclusively occur in tropical to subtropical shallow subtidal environments, our discovery of a fossil Ophiocoma species in the rocky shore sediments of Ivö therefore conforms with the previously assumed subtropical palaeotemperatures prevailing in southern Sweden during the Late Cretaceous. Most notably, it represents the northernmost occurrence of an ophiocomid recorded to date.
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Martinetto, Edoardo, Cesare Ravazzi, Guido Roghi, Giorgio Teruzzi, Raymond Van der Ham, and Roberto Zorzin. "Neotypification of the name Juglandites bergomensis, basionym of the fossil-species Juglans bergomensis (Juglans sect. Cardiocaryon, Juglandaceae)." Phytotaxa 234, no. 3 (2015): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.234.3.9.
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Juglans bergomensis is the name of a fossil-species belonging to Juglans sect. Cardiocaryon that is based on the basionym Juglandites bergomensis, whose type material, represented by a single fruit, is missing. However, the type locality can be indicated with certainty in the Early Pleistocene brown coal bearing sediments of Leffe, in northern Italy, which yielded several other fossil fruits with characters corresponding to the missing holotype. In the same site fruits of Juglandaceae of different fossil-species occurred. We select a specimen from a collection stored in Padua, with dimensions and sculpture most closely approaching those of the missing holotype, as neotype for the name Juglandites bergomensis, in order to fix the application of the name Juglans bergomensis. Even if the nuts of this species show “seemingly quite minor” differences from those of J. cinerea (smaller seeds, more shallow seed lobes, and generally more elongate shape), it is not convenient to use for these fossils, occurring in Eurasia, the name of the extant North American species. The use of the fossil-species name J. bergomensis, taking priority over J. tephrodes, permits to establish a clear relationship among several hundreds of Eurasian fossils assignable to sect. Cardiocaryon, and to highlight the morphological distinction from a few other fossil-species.
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Tumpeesuwan, Sakboworn, Mongkol Udchachon, Komsorn Lauprasert, et al. "The Richest Diversity and Highest Abundance of Freshwater Bivalve Fossils from the New Fossil Locality of the Early Cretaceous Sao Khua Formation at Roi Et Province, Northeastern Thailand." Tropical Natural History 24 (October 28, 2024): 137–52. https://doi.org/10.58837/tnh.24.1.261318.
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A new fossil freshwater bivalves locality in the Sao Khua Formation was discovered at the top of a small hill named Phu Kum Khao in the Pho Chai District, Roi Et Province, northeastern Thailand. The fossils bed is a mud-nodule conglomeratic sandstone of the Sao Khua Formation and has proved to be both of high abundance and species diversity (6,637 specimens of nine species). The most abundant species is Pseudohyria (Matsumotoina) somanai Tumpeesuwan, Sato, and Nakhapadungrat, 2010, which is not only the dominant species of the Sao Khua Formation but also the index fossil representative of the Late Barremian age for the formation. The bivalves from this locality are preserved as both articulated and disarticulated shells. Associated vertebrate fossils are preserved as bone fragments and micro remains. According to the fossil assemblage and its taphonomy and orientation, lithology, and geometry, we interpret this fossil bed as having been deposited by a crevasse splay of a meandering river system.
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SOHN, JAE-CHEON, CONRAD LABANDEIRA, DONALD DAVIS, and CHARLES MITTER. "An annotated catalog of fossil and subfossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Holometabola) of the world." Zootaxa 3286, no. 1 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3286.1.1.
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In this catalog, we attempt to assemble all fossil records of Lepidoptera described formally or informally in the worldliterature. A total of 667 records dealing with at least 4,568 specimens have been compiled. They include descriptions of131 fossil genera and 229 fossil species, as well as 72 extant genera and 21 extant species to which some of these fossilssupposedly belong or show superficial similarity. Replacement names of two fossil genera are proposed to avoidhomonymy: Baltopsyche Sohn, gen. nov. for Palaeopsyche Sobczyk and Kobbert, 2009 and Netoxena Sohn, gen. nov. forXena Martins-Neto, 1999. New generic combinations are proposed for: Tortrix? destructus Cockerell, 1916, Tortrixflorissantanus Cockerell, 1907, and Tortrix sp. sensu Gravenhorst (1835), all three to Tortricites Kozlov, 1988;Pterophorus oligocenicus Bigot, Nel and Nel, 1986, to Merrifieldia Tutt, 1905; Aporia sp. sensu Branscheid (1969) toPierites Heer, 1849; Noctua spp. sensu Hope (1836) and Lomnicki (1894), both to Noctuites Heer, 1849. Eleven namesimproperly proposed for lepidopteran fossils are invalidated: Baltonides roeselliformis Skalski in Kosmowska-Ceranowicz and Popiolek, 1981; Baltodines Kupryjanowicz, 2001; Barbarothea Scudder, 1890; Lepidopterites Piton,1936; Palaeozygaena Reiss, 1936; Psamateia calipsa Martins-Neto, 2002; Saxibatinca meyi Skalski in Kristensen andSkalski, 1998; Spatalistiforma submerga Skalski, 1976; Thanatites juvenalis Scudder, 1875; Tortricibaltia diakonoffiSkalski, 1976; and Zygaenites Reiss, 1936. An unnecessary subsequent type designation for Pierites Heer, 1849, isdiscussed. A total of 129 records include lepidopteran fossils which cannot be placed in any taxonomic rank. There alsoexist at least 25 fossil records which lack any evidence of the supposed lepidopteran association. Misidentified specimens,including 18 fossil genera, 29 fossil species and 12 unnamed fossils, are excluded from Lepidoptera. All the knownlepidopteran fossils are annotated by fossil type, specimen deposition, excavation locality, association with plants when present, and geological age. A bibliographic list of lepidopteran fossils is provided.
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Torres, Jesús M., Concepción Borja, Luis Gibert, Francesc Ribot, and Enrique G. Olivares. "Twentieth-Century Paleoproteomics: Lessons from Venta Micena Fossils." Biology 11, no. 8 (2022): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11081184.
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Proteomics methods can identify amino acid sequences in fossil proteins, thus making it possible to determine the ascription or proximity of a fossil to other species. Before mass spectrometry was used to study fossil proteins, earlier studies used antibodies to recognize their sequences. Lowenstein and colleagues, at the University of San Francisco, pioneered the identification of fossil proteins with immunological methods. His group, together with Olivares’s group at the University of Granada, studied the immunological reactions of proteins from the controversial Orce skull fragment (VM-0), a 1.3-million-year-old fossil found at the Venta Micena site in Orce (Granada province, southern Spain) and initially assigned to a hominin. However, discrepancies regarding the morphological features of the internal face of the fossil raised doubts about this ascription. In this article, we review the immunological analysis of the proteins extracted from VM-0 and other Venta Micena fossils assigned to hominins and to other mammals, and explain how these methods helped to determine the species specificity of these fossils and resolve paleontological controversies.
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Peng, Yuan, Rixin Jiang, Chao Shi, Xiaoxuan Long, Michael S. Engel, and Shuo Wang. "A New Subgenus and Species of Priochirus from Mid-Cretaceous Kachin Amber (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Osoriinae)." Insects 13, no. 6 (2022): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13060513.
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As one of the largest families of beetles (Coleoptera), the Staphylinidae (rove beetles and their relatives) are rich not only in extant species but also in a comparatively robust fossil record. Despite this preponderance of available fossil material, fossils of the diverse subfamily Osoriinae remain rare. Here, we describe a new ososriine species, Priochirus trisclerite sp. nov., from the mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar. The new specimen is similar to the only other definitive fossil of the genus, Priochirus thayerae Yamamoto 2019, and both are placed in the extinct subgenus Eopriochirus subgen. nov. The new species differs noticeably in a number of morphological details in relation to the submentum, gular sutures and protibial crenulae. The new fossil provides further evidence for understanding the radiation of staphylinoid beetles.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fossil species"
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Swisher, Robert E. "Paleobiogeographical and evolutionary analysis of Late Ordovician, C₅ sequence brachiopod species, with special reference to Rhynchonellid taxa." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1245445583.
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Vavrek, Matthew. "Palaeomacroecology: large scale patterns in species diversity through the fossil record." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96968.
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Palaeomacroecology is the study of large scale patterns of species diversity in the fossil record, encompassing a variety of subtopics. This thesis also addresses a variety of these subtopics, making it difficult to define under one heading.The first portion of the thesis deals with a new package of software tools for the analysis of large scale datasets, with a specific focus towards palaeoecology and palaeogeography. These software tools have been combined into a package called fossil that has been released on the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN), and is already being used by other palaeoecologists. While the majority of these tools had a basis in previous statistical methods, I have also independently developed a clustering algorithm for use with biogeographic datasets. This clustering algorithm is relational, non-Euclidean and non-hierarchical and as such is called Non-Euclidean Relational Clustering (NERC). NERC eliminates several of the assumptions common to most other clustering methods that are often violated by biogeographic data.The next portion of my thesis describes a new Triassic aged flora from Axel Heiberg Island in Nunavut. Macroecological studies typically use large databases compiled from individual samples; therefore, these individual samples represent the foundation on which macroecological analyses rest, and collection and description of new fossil bearing sites is vital to the advancement of palaeomacroecology.Chapter 5 is an analysis of the provinciality and beta diversity of dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous of North America. This analysis found that contrary to previous studies, dinosaur genera were widespread across the continent and not restricted to small geographic ranges. Chapter 6 is the final culmination of my thesis, and where I see palaeomacroecology headed in the future. It is an analysis of how latitudinal diversity gradients in plants have changed through time. The analysis assesses the impact of changing climate in creating and sustaining the latitudinal diversity gradient, and lends support to the idea that temperatures are important drivers of the gradient.The final chapter is a summary of where palaeomacroecology has been, and where its future work might be best focused. While the field of palaeontology is vital to our understanding of large scale, especially temporally, patterns of species diversity, the field of palaeontology has an opportunity to advance our understanding at an even more rapid pace provided we ask the appropriate questions of our data.<br>La palaeomacroecology est l'etude des modeles a grande echelle de la diversite des especes dans les archives fossiles, et inclue une variete de sous-themes. Cette these adresse aussi une variete de ces sous-themes, ce qui en fait diffucult de definir sous une seule rubrique. La premiere partie de la these discute d'un nouvel ensemble d'outils logiciels pour l'analyse des ensembles de donnees a grande echelle, avec une attention particuliere a la paleoecologie et la paleogeographie. Ces outils logiciels ont ete combines dans un paquet appele fossil qui a ete publie sur le reseau Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN), et est deja utilise par d'autres palaeoecologists. Bien que la majorite de ces outils avait une base en preious methodes statistiques, j'ai aussi developpe independamment un algorithm de regroupement pour une utilisation avec des bases de donnees biogeographiques. Cet algorithme de regroupement est relationnelle, non-euclidienne et non-hierarchique et en tant que telle est appele Non-Euclidean Relational Clustering (NERC). NERC elimine plusieurs des hypotheses communes a la plupart des autres methodes de classification, et qui sont souvent violees par des donnees biogeographiques.La partie suivante de ma these decrit une nouvelle flore du Trias a l'ile Axel Heiberg, au Nunavut. Les etudes macroecologiques utilisent generalement de grandes bases de donnees compilees a partir des echantillons individuels et, par consequent, ces echantillons individuels representent le fondement del'analyse macroecologique, et la collecte et la description des nouveaux sites fossiliferes est indispensable a l'avancement de la palaeomacroecologie.Le Chapitre 5 est une analyse du provincialisme et de la diversite beta des dinosaures aux Cretace superieur en Amerique du Nord. Contrairement aux etudes precedentes, cette analyse a revele que les genres de dinosaures ont ete beaucoup plus repondus a travers le continent et ne se limitement pas a de petites aires geographiques. Le Chapitre 6 est l'aboutissement final de ma these, ou je vois dans quelle direction se dirige a la palaeomacroecologie. Il s'agit d'une analyse de la facon dont les gradients de diversite des plantes ont change au fil du temps. L'analyse evalue le role des changements climatiques dans la creation et le maintien du gradient latitudinal de diversite, et soutient l'idee que les temperatures sont d'importants moteurs de ce gradient.Le dernier chapitre resume l'evolution palaeomacroecologie dans quelle direction les travaux futurs devraient etre orientes. Bien que le domaine de la paleontologie sait vital pour notre comprehension des modeles de la diversite des especes a grande echelle, en particulier celle temporelle, le domaine de la paleontologie a une occasion de faire progresser notre comprehension a un rythme encore plus rapide, a condition de poser les bonnes questions.
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Short, Rachel A. "A New Species of Teleoceras from the Late Miocene Gray Fossil Site, with Comparisons to Other North American Hemphillian Species." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1143.
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A thorough morphological description of Teleoceras material from the Gray Fossil Site, Gray, Tennessee is provided. This is the only record of a browsing Teleoceras and, as a late Hemphillian locality, represents one of the youngest populations. Linear measurements of post-cranial elements indicate proportional differences between Teleoceras from the Gray Fossil Site and those from other Hemphillian localities. These differences are more pronounced in the elements of the forelimb than in those of the hind limb. Statistical analyses of post-cranial elements from 3 Hemphillian species of Teleoceras suggest that these differences should not be used to separate species. However, the elements do typically sort well by fossil locality, which suggests that post-cranial morphology is plastic enough to become modified within a population. Furthermore, dental morphology comparisons with the holotypes of these species indicate that the GFS rhino represents a previously undescribed species.
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James, Helen Frances. "Historical perspectives on the evolution and ecology of Hawaiian birds : part I: phylogeny of the Hawaiian finches (Fringillidae: Drepanidini); part II: palaeoecology of terrestrial communities." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325927.
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Brassey, Charlotte. "Biomechanical modelling of long bones and body mass estimation in modern and fossil species." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/biomechanical-modelling-of-long-bones-and-body-mass-estimation-in-modern-and-fossil-species(112da3ec-eb91-4d2e-bde1-64ed5d8b2299).html.
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The thesis presented herein utilizes a variety of methods to address the biomechanical function of vertebrate hind limb bones in both modern and fossil species. In an innovative application of beam theory, the maximum force a long bone is capable of withstanding before yield is calculated under a variety of simplified loading conditions for a phylogenetically diverse sample of modern birds and mammals. In doing so, new insights are gained into the combined role of limb bone geometry and load vector in achieving mass-invariant safety factors under static loading. In particular, the avian femur is found to scale with sufficient allometry such that no postural modification is required to maintain constant safety factors across several orders of magnitude in body mass. In a methodological study, two techniques for estimating stress (simple beam theory and finite element analysis, FEA) are compared across a sample of morphologically diverse long bones. The extent to which stress estimates derived from the two modelling techniques diverge is found to correlate to aspects of the underlying bone morphology such as shaft curvature and cross-sectional asymmetry, and important recommendations are made regarding the appropriate application of both methods to skeletal material. A novel ’convex hull’ volumetric mass prediction technique for fossil birds is applied to two species of extinct moa (Dinornithiformes) from New Zealand. The resulting mass estimates are incorporated into a FEA study of the femora and tibiotarsi of modern ratites and moa. The ’stout southern’ moa (Pachyornis australis) is confirmed as possessing extremely robust limbs, whilst the ’terrible robust’ moa (Dinornis robustus) is found to possess equally, if not less, robust limb bones than those of modern ratites. The results are subsequently interpreted in the context of moa habitat range and shared ancestry. Finally the convex hull mass estimation technique is extended to modern primates, and the scaling of body mass with convex hull volume is compared across birds, primates and non-primate mammals. The allometric scaling of convex hull volume in birds and primates is considered in light of interspecific variation in muscle volume, body fat and integumentary structures, and is particularly relevant to those reconstructing the soft-tissue architecture of fossil species.
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Moore, Jason Richard. "Quantifying isotaphonomy and assessing the preservation of species evenness in the terrestrial vertebrate fossil record." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614182.
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Jansky, Kyle J. "Identifying Myotis Species Using Geometric Morphometrics and its Implications for the Fossil Record and Conservation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1145.
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Dentaries of the 6 species of Myotis that occur in the eastern United States were analyzed using landmark-based geometric morphometrics. The species could be distinguished with a high degree of accuracy. Evidence was found of a phylogenetic signal in the morphology of the Neotropical and Nearctic Myotis sub-clades. There is also evidence of convergence in the morphology of the dentary among Myotis species that feed primarily by gleaning. When analyzed together there was no evidence of sexual dimorphism among the 6 eastern U.S. Myotis, but when analyzed individually some dimorphism may be present. A sample of fossil Myotis of unknown species from Bat Cave, Kentucky, was analyzed in an attempt to identify the specimens to species. Results indicate that Myotis austroriparius and M. sodalis predominate the sample, possibly with smaller numbers of M. grisescens and M. leibii. This study demonstrates the ability to differentiate Myotis taxa from historic and prehistoric sites and provides a tool for researchers to better understand and potentially conserve these species.
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Emery, Meaghan. "Assessment of Character Variation in the Crania and Teeth of Modern Artiodactyls for Better Species Diagnosis in the Fossil Record." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20726.
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Accurately distinguishing species in the fossil record is difficult when the extent of osteological variation in many modern animals is unknown. Research into intraspecific variation has been conducted in a number of groups, but has not been conducted for systematics use in most modern artiodactyls. In this dissertation I quantify intraspecific variation of teeth in 14 species of modern artiodactyl, then test how accurately cranial characters diagnose modern, sympatric species of duikers, and use this information to reassess the artiodactyl diversity of a fossil group: the superfamily Merycoidodontoidea in the John Day Fossil Beds. Ultimately, variation is not constant between orders or different size classes, is influenced by morphology, size, and dimorphism, and this variation should be incorporated into fossil diagnoses to avoid both overconfidence of diagnosis and under-recognition of possible intraspecific variation.
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Peart, Daniel Chad. "CONTINUOUS OR PULSE? SIMULATING SPECIATION AND EXTINCTION FROM EAST AND SOUTH AFRICAN FAUNA AT PLIO-PLEISTOCENE FOSSIL SITES." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429298292.
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Lagomarcino, Anne J. "The relationship between genus richness and geographic area in Late Cretaceous marine biotas." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1298394640.
Full textBooks on the topic "Fossil species"
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Penhallow, D. P. Two species of trees from the post-glacial of Illinois. s.n., 1986.
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Lentin, J. K. Fossil dinoflagellates: Index to genera and species. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, 1989.
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Dall, William Healey. New species of shells: Collected by Mr. John Macoun of Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Govt. Print. Bureau, 1997.
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Lentin, J. K. Alphabetical index of fossil, organic walled dinoflagellate species. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundatio, 1989.
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A, Fensome Robert, and American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists. Foundation., eds. Alphabetical listing of acritarch and fossil prasinophyte species. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, 1991.
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Whiteaves, Joseph Frederick. Notes on the gasteropoda of the Trenton limestone of Manitoba, with a description of one new species. s.n., 1987.
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Whiteaves, Joseph Frederick. On some fossil cephalopoda in the museum of the Geological Survey of Canada, with descriptions of eight species that appear to be new. s.n., 1987.
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Whiteaves, Joseph Frederick. On some fossil cephalopoda in the museum of the Geological Survey of Canada, with descriptions of eight species that appear to be new. s.n., 1987.
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Hodgkinson, R. L. Placopsilina' cenomana d'Orbigny from France and England and the type species of Placopsilina d'Orbigny, 1850 (Foraminiferida). British Museum (Natural History), 1992.
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Akers, Rosemary E. Texas Cretaceous bivalves 2: Descriptions and illustrations of all named Texas genera and species. Paleontological Section, Houston Gem and Mineral Society, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Fossil species"
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Carr, John, and Tema Milstein. "Manatees and fossil-fuel power plants." In Communicating Endangered Species. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003041955-18.
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Plavcan, J. Michael. "Catarrhine Dental Variability and Species Recognition in the Fossil Record." In Species, Species Concepts and Primate Evolution. Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3745-2_10.
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Argyriou, Thodoris. "The Fossil Record of Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) in Greece." In Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 1. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68398-6_4.
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AbstractThe nowadays hyper-diverse clade of Actinopterygii (ray-finned bony fishes) is characterized by a long evolutionary history and an extremely rich global fossil record. This work builds upon 170 years of research on the fossil record of this clade in Greece. The taxonomy and spatiotemporal distribution of the ray-finned fish record of Greece are critically revisited and placed in an updated systematic and stratigraphic framework, while some new fossil data and interpretations are also provided. Greece hosts diverse ray-finned fish assemblages, which range in age from Lower Jurassic to Quaternary. Most known assemblages are of Miocene–Pliocene age and of marine affinities. A minimum of 32 families, followed by at least 34 genera and 22 species, have been recognized in Greece. From originally two named genera and seven species, only two fossil species, established on Greek material, are accepted as valid. Additional taxonomic diversity is anticipated, pending detailed investigations. From a taxonomic perspective, previous knowledge lies on preliminary or authoritative assessments of fossils, with many decades-old treatments needing revision. Little is known about Mesozoic–early Cenozoic occurrences or freshwater assemblages. Given the proven potential of the Greek fossil record, this chapter stresses the need for additional exploration and the establishment of permanent, curated collections of fossil fishes in Greek institutions. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Solé-Cava, A. M., J. P. Thorpe, and R. Manconi. "A New Mediterranean Species of Axinella Detected by Biochemical Genetic Methods." In Fossil and Recent Sponges. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75656-6_25.
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Vacelet, J., and M. J. Uriz. "Deficient Spiculation in a New Species of Merlia (Merliida, Demospongiae) from the Balearic Islands." In Fossil and Recent Sponges. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75656-6_14.
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Bellanca, Nicolò, and Luca Pardi. "Risorse e popolazione umana." In Studi e saggi. Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-195-2.06.
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The history of the genus Homo, and of the sapiens species in particular, is different from that of other species due to the extreme importance of cultural evolution compared to biological evolution. But from the discovery of how to use fire and generate it, up to the invention of the steam engine, man essentially lives, like the other organisms of the biosphere, on the energy flow guaranteed by solar radiation. With the encounter between machines and fossil fuels and the entry into the era of engines, the rules of the game change radically, and the activities of Homo sapiens change in extent and intensity, in such a way as to progressively reduce the living space of all other animal and plant species, except for the allied and commensal ones. The global industrialized society arising from the meeting between machines and fossil sources is presently facing two fundamental difficulties: the gradual saturation of terrestrial ecosystems with the waste of social and economic metabolism, and the finiteness of fossil energy sources, which are not easy replacement due to their special chemical-physical properties.
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Žliobaitė, Indrė, Mikael Fortelius, Raymond L. Bernor, et al. "The NOW Database of Fossil Mammals." In Evolution of Cenozoic Land Mammal Faunas and Ecosystems. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17491-9_3.
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AbstractNOW (New and Old Worlds) is a global database of fossil mammal occurrences, currently containing around 68,000 locality-species entries. The database spans the last 66 million years, with its primary focus on the last 23 million years. Whereas the database contains records from all continents, the main focus and coverage of the database historically has been on Eurasia. The database includes primarily, but not exclusively, terrestrial mammals. It covers a large part of the currently known mammalian fossil record, focusing on classical and actively researched fossil localities. The database is managed in collaboration with an international advisory board of experts. Rather than a static archive, it emphasizes the continuous integration of new knowledge of the community, data curation, and consistency of scientific interpretations. The database records species occurrences at localities worldwide, as well as ecological characteristics of fossil species, geological contexts of localities and more. The NOW database is primarily used for two purposes: (1) queries about occurrences of particular taxa, their characteristics and properties of localities in the spirit of an encyclopedia; and (2) large scale research and quantitative analyses of evolutionary processes, patterns, reconstructing past environments, as well as interpreting evolutionary contexts. The data are fully open, no logging in or community membership is necessary for using the data for any purpose.
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Hooper, J. N. A., R. J. Capon, C. P. Keenan, and D. L. Parry. "Morphometric and Biochemical Differences Between Sympatric Populations of the Clathria “Spicata” Species Complex (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida: Microcionidae) from Northern Australia." In Fossil and Recent Sponges. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75656-6_21.
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Purdy, Robert W., Vincent P. Schneider, Shelton P. Applegate, Jack H. McLellan, Robert L. Meyer, and Bob H. Slaughter. "The Neogene Sharks, Rays, and Bony Fishes from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina." In Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00810266.90.71.
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The fish remains, including 104 species from 52 families, collected at the Lee Creek Mine near Aurora, Beaufort County, North Carolina, constitute the largest fossil marine fish assemblages known from the Coastal Plain of the eastern United States. The fish faunas came principally from the Pungo River Formation (Burdigalian, planktonic foraminifera zones N6-7) and the Yorktown Formation (Zanclian, planktonic foraminifera zone N18 and younger). A few specimens were obtained from the James City Formation (early-middle Pleistocene). As an assemblage, the fishes found in the Pungo River Formation, including 44 species of selachians and 10 species of teleosts, are most similar to those from the “Muschelsandstein” of the Swiss Molasse. The Yorktown Formation fish assemblage includes 37 species of selachians and 40 species of teleosts, derived mostly from the base of the Sunken Meadow Member. Although the Pungo River Formation fish fauna is dominated by warm-water (18°-25°C) taxa, the Yorktown Formation fossil fish fauna includes warm and cool water species. Both fish assemblages occur with a cool-temperate invertebrate fauna. The abundant remains in both faunas permit us to make the following interpretations concerning shark taxonomy. We reassign Megascyliorhinus to the family Parascyllidae and Parotodus benedenii (Le Hon) to the Lamnidae. Among the mako sharks, we designate the lectotype of Isurus desori (Agassiz) and synonymize it with 7. oxyrinchus Rafinesque and separate Isurus xiphodon (Agassiz) from I. hastalis (Agassiz). Palaeocarcharodon, Procarcharodon, Megaselachus, and Carcharocles are synonymized with Carcharodon. Sphyrna laevissima (Cope) is synonymized with S. zygaena (Linnaeus), and Galeocerdo triqueter Cope is synonymized with Alopias cf. A. vulpinus (Bonnaterre). This fauna produced four new records and two new species. Among the selachians, we note the first records of Megascyliorhinus, Rhincodon, Megachasma, and Isistius from the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and among the bony fishes, the first occurrences in the fossil record of Caulolatilus and Pomatomus. We also describe two new species of bony fishes, Lopholatilus rayus and Pagrushyneus.
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"Fossil species." In Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera). BRILL, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004475397_007.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Fossil species"
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Rapp, Robert A. "Pack Cementation Diffusion Coatings of Steels for Fossil Fuel Environments." In CORROSION 1989. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89532.
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Abstract Thermodynamic calculations of the equilibrium vapor pressures for the volatile species in halide-activated cementation packs intended to codeposit chromium and aluminum in Fe-base substrates have been made using a computer- assisted SOLGASMIX program. The calculations serve to identify the proper pairs of Cr-Al binary masteralloy composition and halide activator salt to balance the arrival fluxes of Cr- and Al-halide species to the substrate surface such that specific surface compositions can be achieved. Examples of such calculations are presented along with experimental testing of the predicted conditions for several different types of alloys: Fe-2.25Cr-lMo, Fe-12Cr, 304 SS, and Incoloy 800. Simultaneous deposition of Cr and Al into Fe-base alloys is possible, but only under very specific sets of coating parameters.
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Whitcraft, Paul K. "Applied Technology of Stainless and Nickel Base Alloys in Fossil Energy Systems." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94537.
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Abstract Two recently developed high strength heat resistant stainless steel alloys, UNS S30615 and UNS S30815, are being utilized within fossil energy and related process systems. These alloys offer not only elevated temperature strength levels above those of conventional alloys, but offer exceptional resistance to oxidation, sulfidation and other contaminating species. Alloy data and application experience for these materials is reviewed.
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French, David N. "Circumferential Cracking and Thermal Fatigue in Fossil Fired Boilers." In CORROSION 1988. NACE International, 1988. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1988-88133.
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Abstract Fossil fuels contain both hydrogen and carbon, and most contain measurable amounts of sulfur. When burned with less oxygen than required for complete combustion, conditions are said to be "off-stoichiometric" or "reducing." Some of the sulfur may then be hydrogen sulfide. When reducing conditions exist along a furnace wall, the normal protective iron-oxide scale will be replaced in part by a porous, non-protective sulfide scale. Corrosion deposits contain a low-melting-temperature species, sulfides (as determined by sulfur prints), and free carbon. The characteristics of reducing-condition corrosion are a smooth surface and severe wastage. When an axial stress is superimposed on this form of corrosion, the appearance changes. Deep, finger-like, circumferential grooves into the tube occur. In extreme cases, waterside cracks also are present. The mechanism requires three conditions: reducing atmosphere, variable stresses, and liquid phase in the ash deposit along the tube surface. Reducing conditions are related to combustion, fuel- air mixing, and "dead zones" within the furnace, and form less-protective, sulfide scales. Stresses come from temperature spikes, measured by chordal thermocouples to be nearly 100°F (50°C) during slag falls and soot-blower operation; these axial stresses cause the circumferential cracking. Liquid-ash components, which have melting points of 630°-775°F (330°-410°C), weaken the bonding strength of the ash and promote complete shedding of the slag. This leads to the temperature spikes and the thermal-fatigue cycle.
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Huczkowski, P., A. Chyrkin, L. Singheiser, W. Nowak, and W. J. Quadakkers. "Corrosion Behavior of Candidate Heat Exchanger Materials in Oxidizing and Reducing Gases, Relevant to Oxyfuel Combustion." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07391.
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Abstract The so-called oxyfuel process is frequently considered as a promising technology for CO2 capture from the exhaust gas in fossil fuel fired power plants. In the present paper, the oxidation behavior of potentially suitable construction materials for heat exchanging components in coal fired power plants was studied at 650°C. The selected materials (martensitic steels, austenitic steels and a Ni-base alloy) were exposed in a simulated atmosphere typical for oxyfuel combustion and the results were compared with the behavior in a test gas simulating air-firing flue gas. Additionally a set of corrosion tests was performed in the simulated oxyfuel gas with addition of CO to simulate locally occurring reducing operating conditions. The oxidation/corrosion behavior was studied by gravimetry in combination with a number of characterization methods such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM/EDS) and (for selected specimens) glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The obtained results are interpreted on the basis of thermodynamic considerations comparing equilibrium activities of the main species in the gas atmospheres with the thermodynamic stabilities of various possibly forming solid and volatile corrosion products.
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Stoljarova, Anastasia, Ralph Bäßler, and Simona Regenspurg. "Material Qualification in Saline, Copper Containing Geothermal Water." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-12862.
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Abstract Geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply. Hence, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. However, some additional aspects might rise. During circulation tests at the geothermal research facility in Groß Schönebeck (Germany), massive copper precipitation has been observed downhole clogging the production well. Occurring mechanisms and measures to prevent copper precipitation or scaling needed to be investigated. This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of different metals ranging from carbon steel via stainless and duplex steels to titanium in a copper containing artificial geothermal water, simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin, using electrochemical measurements and exposure tests. While carbon steel exhibits copper deposition (scaling) and copper precipitation, higher alloyed materials show different response to Cu-species in saline geothermal water. Here, no relevant formation of insoluble Cu-species could be detected. Based on these results, the suitability of the investigated high alloyed materials and Ti-alloy can be concluded for use in such conditions, as long as no crevice conditions in combination with non-metallic parts occur. Carbon steel is not recommended to be used.
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Schmidt, Diana, Mathias Galetz, and Michael Schütze. "Improvement of the Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic-Martensitic Steels in Water Vapor Containing Environments." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01725.
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Abstract Modern heat resistant ferritic-martensitic steels are of great interest as superheater materials in fossil fuel power plants or as material for interconnectors in solid oxide fuel cells. The environments of such applications contain high amounts of water vapor, which is known to promote the formation of the volatile chromium species CrO2(OH)2 leading to insufficient oxidation resistance of 9% Cr-steels in such atmospheres. Results pertaining to the enrichment of manganese and chromium in metal subsurface regions without altering the bulk phase are presented. The formation of protective scales during oxidation to suppress the evaporation of chromium oxy hydroxide in water vapor containing environments was achieved. Reference oxide samples were prepared to investigate the kinetics of oxidation of chromia, manganese oxide and MnCr2O4-phase without an influence of the substrate material. The diffusion treatment developed was based on thermodynamic considerations for the design of the pack cementation process to reach different compositions in the enriched diffusion zone. The improved oxidation behavior was illustrated by oxidation experiments in an environment with water vapor (1% O2 - 10% H2O - N2) at temperature of 650°C.
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Restrepo-Florez, Juan-Manuel, Amarjeet Bassi, and Michael Thompson. "Effect of Biodiesel Addition on Microbial Population in Diesel Storage Tanks." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02710.
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Abstract Microbial activity is a concern in the fuel industry. The water layer developed at the bottom of storage tanks constitutes an environment with the necessary conditions for development of microorganisms that can interact and affect the infrastructure in fuel facilities. The use of biodiesel as an alternative to fossil fuels leads to the question if the microbial communities established in fuel facilities are going to stay stable or if they are going to change due to the presence of this new compound. Being aware of these changes is important because changes in microorganisms community can lead to the development of a population in which the species present are more susceptible to interact and corrode the infrastructure. In the present work we explore how the addition of biodiesel can affect microbial interactions with polyethylene by using a model microbial community obtained from a diesel storage tank. Blends of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% biodiesel are evaluated during 50 days. The interaction of microbial populations with polyethylene is studied through biofilm quantification and SEM imaging of plastic surfaces. The heterothrophic composition of the population is studied through culture in differential media for fungi, bacteria and anaerobes.
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Srinivasan, Sridhar, Winston Robbins, and Gerrit Buchheim. "Quantifying Effect of Hydrogen and Sulfur in Mitigating Free Fatty Acid Corrosion in Renewable Diesel Applications." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20864.
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Abstract Production of Renewable Diesel (RD) and Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) from bio / natural oils has seen significant investment in recent years, stemming from worldwide government mandated need to reduce fossil fuel CO2 emissions. New investments have occurred in retrofitting / adapting existing refinery hydroprocessing infrastructure to process natural oils or coprocess natural oils blended with crudes to produce RD and SAF. This stems from the fact that natural oils have the hydrocarbon (HC) structures to fit within the mid-distillate fuel product such as diesel and aviation fuel as well as that these processes are optimized for removal of unwanted Sulfur and Oxygen removal. In Corrosion/2023, the authors introduced a molecular mechanistic model to quantify FFA corrosion as a function of temperature and FFA concentration. This model exploited the similarity of FFA to carboxylic acids, akin to naphthenic acids found in conventional refinery crude unit process streams, especially in case of unsaturated FFA. A key aspect of modeling corrosion for FFA is the inhibitive role of hydrogen in the presence of Iron sulfide species. While natural oils do not contain sulfur compounds, presence of reactive sulfur species such as thiols and sulfides in coprocessing applications provides an easy pathway to provide for the formation of a potentially protective nano barrier layer of FeS. Further, the presence of FeS acts as a catalyst towards dissociation of molecular H2 to atomic H and subsequent reduction of FFA through atomic hydrogen. A threshold H2 partial pressure is required to ensure hydrogen reduction of FFA is kinetically dominant when compared to acid corrosion of Fe. Residence time of acid is another key parameter that will impact propensity for corrosion and / or H2 inhibition and is considered in the development of the prediction model. A framework incorporating the effects of H2 partial pressure, residence time and reactive S concentration is proposed for assessing FFA corrosion for various commonly utilized natural oils in renewable applications.
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Spatolisano, Elvira, and Laura A. Pellegrini. "Sustainable Green Hydrogen Transport: A Systematic Framework for the Design of the whole Supply Chain." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design. PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.102015.
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In view of achieving the decarbonization target, green hydrogen is commonly regarded as the alternative capable of reducing the share of fossil fuels. Despite its wide application as a chemical on industrial scale, hydrogen utilization as an energy vector still suffers from unfavorable economics, mainly due to its high cost of production, storage and transportation. To overcome the last two of these issues, different hydrogen carriers have been proposed. Hydrogen storage and transportation through these carriers involve: 1. the carrier hydrogenation, exploiting green hydrogen produced at the loading terminal, where renewable sources are easily accessible, 2. the storage and transportation of the hydrogenated species and 3. its subsequent dehydrogenation at the unloading terminal, to favour H2 release. Although there is a number of studies in literature on the economic feasibility of hydrogen transport through different H2 vectors, very few of them delve into the technical evaluation of the hydrogen value chain. From the process design point of view, the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation stages are of paramount importance, considering that they are the cost drivers of the whole system. This work aims to address this gap by presenting a systematic methodology to technically analyse different hydrogen vectors. For the sake of example, ammonia and dibenzyltoluene are considered. Weaknesses of the overall value chain are pointed out, to understand where to focus research efforts for future process intensification.
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Stoljarova, Anastasia, Ralph Bäßler, and Simona Regenspurg. "Influence of Brine Precipitates on Materials Performance in Geothermal Applications." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-18813.
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Abstract Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are in many cases extreme in terms of corrosion due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. During operation of a geothermal research facility in Groß Schönebeck copper and lead effects have been found downhole. Occurring mechanisms and measures to prevent precipitation or scaling needed to be investigated as well as potential influences of such precipitates on corrosion resistance of metallic materials used for equipment. This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys in copper and/or lead containing artificial geothermal water, simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin. The behavior of these materials in an artificial geothermal water obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented. While carbon steel exhibits precipitation and deposition, higher alloyed material shows different response to such species and a higher resistance in saline geothermal water. Basing on these results the suitability of the investigated corrosion resistant alloy is given for use in such conditions, whereas carbon steel creates difficulties due to its susceptibility to Cu- and Pb-precipitation.
Reports on the topic "Fossil species"
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Hodnett, John, Ralph Eshelman, Nicholas Gardner, and Vincent Santucci. Geology, Pleistocene paleontology, and research history of the Cumberland Bone Cave: Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2296839.
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The Cumberland Bone Cave is a public visitation stop along the Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail renowned for its unique fossil resources that help reconstruct Appalachian middle Pleistocene life in the mid-Atlantic region of North America. This site is gated for safety and to prevent unwanted exploration and damage. Approximately 163 taxa of fossil plant and animals have been collected from Cumberland Bone Cave since 1912. Most of the fossils that have been published pertain to mammals, including many extinct or locally extirpated genera and species. Though the early excavations made by the Smithsonian Institution between 1912 and 1915 are the best known of the work at Cumberland Bone Cave, over many decades multiple institutions and paleontologists have collected and studied the fossil resources from this site up until 2012. Today, fossils from Cumberland Bone Cave are housed at various museum collections, including public displays at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C. and the Allegany Museum in Cumberland, Maryland. This report summarizes the geology, fossil resources, and the history of excavation and research for Potomac Heritage Trail’s Cumberland Bone Cave.
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Chriscoe, Mackenzie, Rowan Lockwood, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Colonial National Historical Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2291851.
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Colonial National Historical Park (COLO) in eastern Virginia was established for its historical significance, but significant paleontological resources are also found within its boundaries. The bluffs around Yorktown are composed of sedimentary rocks and deposits of the Yorktown Formation, a marine unit deposited approximately 4.9 to 2.8 million years ago. When the Yorktown Formation was being deposited, the shallow seas were populated by many species of invertebrates, vertebrates, and micro-organisms which have left body fossils and trace fossils behind. Corals, bryozoans, bivalves, gastropods, scaphopods, worms, crabs, ostracodes, echinoids, sharks, bony fishes, whales, and others were abundant. People have long known about the fossils of the Yorktown area. Beginning in the British colonial era, fossiliferous deposits were used to make lime and construct roads, while more consolidated intervals furnished building stone. Large shells were used as plates and dippers. Collection of specimens for study began in the late 17th century, before they were even recognized as fossils. The oldest image of a fossil from North America is of a typical Yorktown Formation shell now known as Chesapecten jeffersonius, probably collected from the Yorktown area and very likely from within what is now COLO. Fossil shells were observed by participants of the 1781 siege of Yorktown, and the landmark known as “Cornwallis Cave” is carved into rock made of shell fragments. Scientific description of Yorktown Formation fossils began in the early 19th century. At least 25 fossil species have been named from specimens known to have been discovered within COLO boundaries, and at least another 96 have been named from specimens potentially discovered within COLO, but with insufficient locality information to be certain. At least a dozen external repositories and probably many more have fossils collected from lands now within COLO, but again limited locality information makes it difficult to be sure. This paleontological resource inventory is the first of its kind for Colonial National Historical Park (COLO). Although COLO fossils have been studied as part of the Northeast Coastal Barrier Network (NCBN; Tweet et al. 2014) and, to a lesser extent, as part of a thematic inventory of caves (Santucci et al. 2001), the park had not received a comprehensive paleontological inventory before this report. This inventory allows for a deeper understanding of the park’s paleontological resources and compiles information from historical papers as well as recently completed field work. In summer 2020, researchers went into the field and collected eight bulk samples from three different localities within COLO. These samples will be added to COLO’s museum collections, making their overall collection more robust. In the future, these samples may be used for educational purposes, both for the general public and for employees of the park.
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Perkins, Dustin. Invasive exotic plant monitoring at Fossil Butte National Monument: 2021 field season. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2288496.
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Invasive exotic plant (IEP) species are one of the biggest threats to natural ecosystem integrity and biodiversity, and controlling them is a high priority for the National Park Service. The Northern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) selected the early detection of IEPs as one of 11 monitoring protocols to be implemented as part of its long-term monitoring program. This report represents work completed during the 2021 field season at Fossil Butte National Monument (NM). From June 26 to 29, 2021, we recorded a total of 12 different priority IEP species during monitoring. A total of 763 priority IEP patches were recorded along 61.9 kilometers (38.5 mi) of 22 monitoring routes. Summer cypress (Bassia scoparia) was detected for the first time on monitoring routes along the Main Park Road. The highest densities of IEP patches were detected in several drainages and one trail: Sage Grouse Lek Drainage (32.7 patches/km), East Red Hill Drainage (19.4/km), Moose Bones Canyon (19.4/km), Main Park Road (19.0/km), West Fork Chicken Creek (17.6/km), Chicken Creek (15.0/km), Smallpox Creek (13.5/km) and the Historic Quarry Trail (11.1/km). The Fossil Butte Northwest, Wasatch Saddle, and North Dam Fork of Chicken Creek drainages were the only routes free of priority IEPs in 2021. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundi-naceus), and Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus) were the most widespread species. Creeping foxtail continues to increase parkwide and along the Main Park Road and southern drainages. The two brome species have declined somewhat since 2018, but these species can fluctuate widely based on precipitation. Flixweed (Descurainia sophia), whitetop (Cardaria sp.), and quackgrass (Elymus repens) all appear to have declined since 2018 and their previous highs in earlier years. Control efforts by park staff are likely helping to prevent some IEP increases in the park. Network staff plan to return to Fossil Butte NM for an eighth round of monitoring in 2023.
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Rich, Megan, Charles Beightol, Christy Visaggi, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Vicksburg National Military Park: Paleontological resource inventory (sensitive version). National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2297321.
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Vicksburg National Military Park (VICK) was established for its historical significance as a one of the principle military sieges resulting in a turning point during the American Civil War. The steep terrain around the city of Vicksburg was integral in the military siege, providing high vantage points and a substrate that was easy to entrench for the armies, but unknown to many is the fossil content, particularly a diversity of fossil mollusks. These fossils at VICK are important paleontological resources which have yet to receive focused attention from park staff, visitors, and researchers. The park’s geology is dominated by windblown silt from the last Ice Age which overlays river-transported gravels and bedrock of the late Oligocene–early Miocene-age Catahoula Formation or early Oligocene Vicksburg Group. The park is home to the type section (a geological reference locality upon which a formation is based) for the Mint Spring Formation, one of the most fossiliferous formations in this group (Henderson et al. 2022). Beginning roughly 32 million years ago (Dockery 2019), the early Oligocene deposits of the Vicksburg Group were deposited as the sea level along the Gulf Coast shore repeatedly rose and fell. The eponymously named Vicksburg Group is comprised of, from oldest to youngest, the Forest Hill, Mint Spring, Marianna Limestone, Glendon Limestone, Byram, and Bucatunna Formations. Each of these formations are within VICK’s boundaries, in addition to outcrops of the younger Catahoula Formation. Paleozoic fossils transported by the ancestral Mississippi River have also been redeposited within VICK as pre-loess stream gravels. Overlying these layers is the Quaternary-age silt which composes the loess found throughout VICK, meaning the park’s fossils span the entire Phanerozoic Eon. The fossils of VICK consist mostly of near-shore marine Oligocene invertebrates including corals, bryozoans, bivalves, gastropods, scaphopods, ostracods, and more, though terrestrial and freshwater snails of the loess, microfossils, plant fossils, occasional vertebrates, and others can also be found in the park. Notable historical figures such as Charles Alexandre Lesueur, Charles Lyell, and John Wesley Powell all collected fossils or studied geology in the Vicksburg area. The Vicksburg Group is culturally relevant as well, as the Glendon Limestone Formation has been identified by its embedded fossils as a source rock for Native American effigy pipes. This paleontological resource inventory is the first of its kind for VICK. Although Vicksburg fossils have most recently been studied as part of the Gulf Coast Inventory & Monitoring Network (Kenworthy et al. 2007), the park has never received a comprehensive, dedicated fossil inventory before this report. At least 27 fossil species, listed in Appendix B, have been named and described from specimens collected from within VICK’s lands, and VICK fossils can be found at six or more non-NPS museum repositories. Beginning in January 2022, field surveys were undertaken at VICK, covering nearly all the park’s wooded areas, streams, and other portions beyond the preserved trenches and tour road. Fossils were collected or observed at 72 localities. These specimens will be added into VICK’s museum collections, which previously contained no paleontological resources. Considering the minimal attention dedicated to these resources in the past, these newly acquired fossil specimens may be used in the future for educational, interpretive, or research purposes. Future park construction needs should take into account the protection of these resources by avoiding important localities or allowing collection efforts before localities become inaccessible or lost.
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Althaus, Stacey. Application of solid state NMR for the study of surface bound species and fossil fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1342572.
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Shaffer, Austin, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Colorado National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (sensitive version). National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303444.
Full textAbstract:
Colorado National Monument (COLM) in western Colorado was established on May 24, 1911 with the purpose of preserving, understanding, and enjoying the natural and cultural resources of the landscape, focusing on the history, erosional processes, and geology present. Although not explicitly mentioned in the monument?s purpose statement, the paleontological resources of COLM are nevertheless important. Significant fossils have been known from the area since the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and from COLM specifically within a few decades of the monument?s founding. The direct urban interface of COLM with Colorado?s Grand Valley provides unique management concerns for fossils and other resources of the monument. While COLM preserves a long geologic history (roughly 1.7 billion years ago to the present), the fossils preserved at the monument mostly come from sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic Era. The paleontological resources of COLM include both body fossils and trace fossils of a wide variety of organisms (e.g., freshwater mussels, dinosaurs, plants) representing diverse paleoenvironments. In order to assess the paleontological resources of COLM, a field inventory was conducted from April to November 2023, visiting all previously reported fossil sites and documenting new localities. A total of 226 paleontological localities were verified during this fieldwork, of which nearly two-thirds (146 sites) were newly documented. Two more were discovered in March 2024. These 228 localities are distributed throughout much of the monument and many of the geologic units, with higher concentrations present in certain units (e.g., the Morrison Formation). Fieldwork was supplemented by the review of published and gray literature and assessment of COLM paleontological collections. A number of significant paleontological discoveries were made during this inventory, including the first documented fossils (dinosaur tracks, plant fossils, and dinosaur skin) from the Naturita Formation within COLM and multiple novel fossil occurrences (e.g., likely the oldest-known fish otoliths in North America and possibly one of the only Jurassic ankylosaur tracks known globally). When considered alongside previously identified significant fossil finds from COLM (e.g., one of only three known turtle tracksites in the Morrison Formation and potentially one of the only known lizard trackways in the same unit), the paleontological resources of the monument are of high scientific importance. Future research on the paleontological resources of COLM has a high potential for identifying important fossil specimens and/or describing new species. This report provides foundational data on the scope, significance, and distribution of paleontological resources at COLM and provides recommendations to support the management, interpretation, and research of these resources.
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Shaffer, Austin, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Colorado National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303613.
Full textAbstract:
Colorado National Monument (COLM) in western Colorado was established on May 24, 1911 with the purpose of preserving, understanding, and enjoying the natural and cultural resources of the landscape, focusing on the history, erosional processes, and geology present. Although not explicitly mentioned in the monument?s purpose statement, the paleontological resources of COLM are nevertheless important. Significant fossils have been known from the area since the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and from COLM specifically within a few decades of the monument?s founding. The direct urban interface of COLM with Colorado?s Grand Valley provides unique management concerns for fossils and other resources of the monument. While COLM preserves a long geologic history (roughly 1.7 billion years ago to the present), the fossils preserved at the monument mostly come from sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic Era. The paleontological resources of COLM include both body fossils and trace fossils of a wide variety of organisms (e.g., freshwater mussels, dinosaurs, plants) representing diverse paleoenvironments. In order to assess the paleontological resources of COLM, a field inventory was conducted from April to November 2023, visiting all previously reported fossil sites and documenting new localities. A total of 226 paleontological localities were verified during this fieldwork, of which nearly two-thirds (146 sites) were newly documented. Two more were discovered in March 2024. These 228 localities are distributed throughout much of the monument and many of the geologic units, with higher concentrations present in certain units (e.g., the Morrison Formation). Fieldwork was supplemented by the review of published and gray literature and assessment of COLM paleontological collections. A number of significant paleontological discoveries were made during this inventory, including the first documented fossils (dinosaur tracks, plant fossils, and dinosaur skin) from the Naturita Formation within COLM and multiple novel fossil occurrences (e.g., likely the oldest-known fish otoliths in North America and possibly one of the only Jurassic ankylosaur tracks known globally). When considered alongside previously identified significant fossil finds from COLM (e.g., one of only three known turtle tracksites in the Morrison Formation and potentially one of the only known lizard trackways in the same unit), the paleontological resources of the monument are of high scientific importance. Future research on the paleontological resources of COLM has a high potential for identifying important fossil specimens and/or describing new species. This report provides foundational data on the scope, significance, and distribution of paleontological resources at COLM and provides recommendations to support the management, interpretation, and research of these resources.
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Schweiger, E., Joanna Lemly, Dana Witwicki, et al. Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument wetland ecological integrity: 2009?2019 synthesis report. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2300778.
Full textAbstract:
Wetlands at Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument (FLFO) are important because they are biodiversity hotspots and support iconic wildlife. They also provide valuable ?ecosystem services? such as attenuating floods, storing water, recharging aquifers, stabilizing and sequestering sediment, storing carbon, enhancing water quality, and cycling nutrients. This report summarizes 11 years (2009?2019) of wetland monitoring in three sentinel wetland complexes in FLFO. Monitoring included annual samples of 10 wet meadow and fen wetland sites in these complexes. We partition the data into a baseline period encompassing the first three years of our work for which we estimate conditions using a variety of indicators, or vital signs. We then estimate trend across the whole period of record. Results are compared to assessment points that allow us to interpret results in a management relevant context. We collected data on vascular plant species composition, woody species stand structure and damage and mortality of woody stems, soil chemistry, groundwater chemistry, and depth to water at shallow groundwater wells in each complex. We also documented human disturbance in and around each wetland complex. Projections suggest that climate change will likely reduce the number and extent of wetlands in the park and cause declines in the condition of associated flora and fauna and critical ecological functions, such as carbon and water storage. Human use can cause disturbance to wetlands across multiple scales and has well documented relationships with wetland condition. Wetlands at FLFO were impacted by over a century of cattle ranching and other human uses that increased soil erosion, altered hydrology, and made the area more susceptible to invasion by exotic plant species. Disturbance indicators at both a landscape and smaller scale generally showed an intermediate level of disturbance in and around our sentinel sites. Across all sites and indicators, we generally saw lower groundwater levels in response to drought conditions in 2010?2013 and in 2017?2018. However, groundwater at the Hornbek complex responded differently, potentially benefiting from a restoration project that filled incised channels in late summer 2012. Vegetation indicators showed relatively stable and healthy conditions in the park, except for native species cover, which was in intermediate condition.
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Shaffer, Austin, John-Paul Hodnett, Vincent Santucci, et al. Cuyahoga Valley National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2306411.
Full textAbstract:
Cuyahoga Valley National Park (CUVA) was established as Cuyahoga River National Recreation Area on December 27, 1974, to preserve and protect the Cuyahoga River Valley and its historic, scenic, natural, and recreational values. While not explicitly mentioned in the park?s mission statement, paleontological resources preserved at CUVA are nevertheless of importance, particularly when considering the significant fossil discoveries made elsewhere across northeast Ohio. The upper Paleozoic geologic strata of CUVA encompass sedimentary rocks dating from the Late Devonian to the Early Pennsylvanian, recording a series of shallow marine and coastal riverine environments. Within these rocks, a diverse assortment of fossil organisms is preserved at the park, including corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, bivalves, cephalopods, gastropods, arthropods, crinoids, early land plants, fish, and more. To comprehensively assess the paleontological resources at CUVA, a field inventory was conducted from April to June 2024. Fifteen notable paleontological localities were documented in the park during this inventory, with several potentially significant new fossil discoveries made as well, such as rare Early Mississippian tetrapodomorph material. A review of published and gray literature supplemented the 2024 fieldwork. Between the fossil discoveries of the 2024 field inventory and previous research conducted within the park, it is clear that significant paleontological resources occur within CUVA. Future research on these fossils holds a high likelihood of yielding important scientific information as well as potential new species. This report provides foundational data on the scope, significance, and distribution of paleontological resources at CUVA and provides recommendations to support the management, interpretation, and research of these resources.
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Crystal, Victoria, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Yucca House National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293617.
Full textAbstract:
Yucca House National Monument (YUHO) in southwestern Colorado protects unexcavated archeological structures that were constructed by the Ancestral Puebloan people between 1050 and 1300 CE. It was established by Woodrow Wilson by presidential proclamation in 1919 and named “Yucca House” by archeologist Jesse Fewkes as a reference to the names used for this area by the local Ute, Tewa Pueblo, and other Native groups. It was originally only 3.9 ha (9.6 ac) of land, but in 1990, an additional 9.7 ha (24 ac) of land was donated by Hallie Ismay, allowing for the protection of additional archeological resources. Another acquisition of new land is currently underway, which will allow for the protection of even more archeological sites. The archeological resources at YUHO remain unexcavated to preserve the integrity of the structures and provide opportunities for future generations of scientists. One of the factors that contributed to the Ancestral Puebloans settling in the area was the presence of natural springs. These springs likely provided enough water to sustain the population, and the Ancestral Puebloans built structures around one of the larger springs, Aztec Spring. Yet, geologic features and processes were shaping the area of southwest Colorado long before the Ancestral Puebloans constructed their dwellings. The geologic history of YUHO spans millions of years. The oldest geologic unit exposed in the monument is the Late Cretaceous Juana Lopez Member of the Mancos Shale. During the deposition of the Mancos Shale, southwestern Colorado was at the bottom of an inland seaway. Beginning about 100 million years ago, sea level rose and flooded the interior of North America, creating the Western Interior Seaway, which hosted a thriving marine ecosystem. The fossiliferous Juana Lopez Member preserves this marine environment, including the organisms that inhabited it. The Juana Lopez Member has yielded a variety of marine fossils, including clams, oysters, ammonites, and vertebrates from within YUHO and the surrounding area. There are four species of fossil bivalves (the group including clams and oysters) found within YUHO: Cameleolopha lugubris, Inoceramus dimidius, Inoceramus perplexus, and Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. There are six species of ammonites in three genera found within YUHO: Baculites undulatus, Baculites yokoyamai, Prionocyclus novimexicanus, Prionocyclus wyomingensis, Scaphites warreni, and Scaphites whitfieldi. There is one unidentifiable vertebrate bone that has been found in YUHO. Fossils within YUHO were first noticed in 1875–1876 by W. H. Holmes, who observed fossils within the building stones of the Ancestral Puebloans’ structures. Nearly half of the building stones in the archeological structures at YUHO are fossiliferous slabs of the Juana Lopez Member. There are outcrops of the Juana Lopez 0.8 km (0.5 mi) to the west of the structures, and it is hypothesized that the Ancestral Puebloans collected the building stones from these or other nearby outcrops. Following the initial observation of fossils, very little paleontology work has been done in the monument. There has only been one study focused on the paleontology and geology of YUHO, which was prepared by paleontologist Mary Griffitts in 2001. As such, this paleontological resource inventory report serves to provide information to YUHO staff for use in formulating management activities and procedures associated with the paleontological resources. In 2021, a paleontological survey of YUHO was conducted to revisit previously known fossiliferous sites, document new fossil localities, and assess collections of YUHO fossils housed at the Mesa Verde National Park Visitor and Research Center. Notable discoveries made during this survey include: several fossils of Cameleolopha lugubris, which had not previously been found within YUHO; and a fossil of Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. that was previously unknown from within YUHO.