Journal articles: 'Fossill Proboscidea'

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Fisher, Daniel C. "Paleobiology of Pleistocene Proboscideans." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 46, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 229–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012437.

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The paleobiology of Pleistocene proboscideans plays a pivotal role in understanding their history and in answering fundamental questions involving their interactions with other taxa, including humans. Much of our view of proboscidean paleobiology is influenced by analogies with extant elephants. However, a wealth of information is available for reconstructing the paleobiology of ancient proboscideans using data from fossil specimens and preservational settings. Remarkable opportunities include permafrost-derived specimens with preserved soft tissue, intestinal contents with direct evidence of diet, and compositional and structural profiles with subannual temporal resolution archived in appositional systems such as proboscidean tusks. New information on diets and local climates puts our understanding of proboscidean paleoecology on a firmer foundation, but the greatest prospects for new insight spring from life history data now being retrieved from accelerator mass spectrometry–dated fossil material. Interaction between humans and proboscideans has been a critical factor in the history of both groups.

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Siswanto, Siswanto, and Sofwan Noerwidi. "FOSIL PROBOSCIDEA DARI SITUS SEMEDO: HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN BIOSTRATIGRAFI DAN KEHADIRAN MANUSIA DI JAWA." Berkala Arkeologi 34, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v34i2.20.

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Semedo site is rich on vertebrate fossils, with huge percentage come from Ordo Proboscidea. The aim of this paper is to identify the taxonomy of Proboscidean fossils important for reconstruction on Biostratigraphy of Java. This research uses a descriptive comparative method on morphological and morphometry characters, compared to similar data from Java and others related places. Based on this research we know that in Semedo site there are several species of Proboscidean, i.e.: Sinomastodon bumiayuensis, Stegodon trigonocephalus, Stegodon ”pygmy” semedoensis, Stegodon hypsilophus, Elephas (Archidiskodon) planifrons, and Elephas Hysudrindicus. This reflects that a long environmental changes or the history of ancient environment has been recorded in Semedo, related with ecological context of hominid appearance in this region.

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Suárez-Ibarra, Jaime Yesid, Gina Cardoso, Lidiane Asevedo, Lucas de Melo França, Mário André Trindade Dantas, Luis Enrique Cruz-Guevara, Andrés Felipe Rojas-Mantilla, and Ana Maria Ribeiro. "Quaternary proboscidean (Mammalia) remains of the UIS Geological Museum, Colombia." Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 24, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2021.1.06.

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Proboscideans arrived in South America from North America during the Great American Biotic Interchange, becoming one of the most representative animals of the megafauna that inhabited this continent throughout the Quaternary. In Colombia, the abundance of their remains contrasts with scarce scientific descriptions and publications. This paper identifies dental and postcranial proboscidean fossils from the Center and Northeast of Colombia. The fossil remains were identified as molars (six), a tusk, cervical vertebrae, and a distal part of the right humerus. The tusk was assigned to Notiomastodon platensis, while the other remains were assigned to Gomphotheriidae, with at least six individuals: two immatures, two subadults, and two older adults – mature and senile. Keywords: South America, megamammals, taxonomy, Gomphotheriidae, Notiomastodon platensis.

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Shrestha, Ramesh. "The Pre–Historic Proboscideans of Nepal." Journal of Natural History Museum 28 (December 19, 2015): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v28i0.14189.

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Although Nepal is one of the native habitats of the present day species of the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus; it is also an important seat of early Proboscidean evolutionary grounds. Up to now four families and within them seven species of Proboscideans are recorded from Nepal in the forms of different fossils. Out of the total known Proboscideans throughout the world and Indian sub–continent, Nepal had approximately 3.86% and 14% respectively. This fact undoubtedly indicates that Nepal has remained an important place with perfect ecological conditions for the advance of elephants since pre–historic times.J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 28, 2014: 137-141

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Labandeira, Conrad C., Qiang Yang, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay, Carol L. Hotton, Antónia Monteiro, Yong-Jie Wang, Yulia Goreva, et al. "The evolutionary convergence of mid-Mesozoic lacewings and Cenozoic butterflies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1824 (February 10, 2016): 20152893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2893.

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Mid-Mesozoic kalligrammatid lacewings (Neuroptera) entered the fossil record 165 million years ago (Ma) and disappeared 45 Ma later. Extant papilionoid butterflies (Lepidoptera) probably originated 80–70 Ma, long after kalligrammatids became extinct. Although poor preservation of kalligrammatid fossils previously prevented their detailed morphological and ecological characterization, we examine new, well-preserved, kalligrammatid fossils from Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous sites in northeastern China to unravel a surprising array of similar morphological and ecological features in these two, unrelated clades. We used polarized light and epifluorescence photography, SEM imaging, energy dispersive spectrometry and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to examine kalligrammatid fossils and their environment. We mapped the evolution of specific traits onto a kalligrammatid phylogeny and discovered that these extinct lacewings convergently evolved wing eyespots that possibly contained melanin, and wing scales, elongate tubular proboscides, similar feeding styles, and seed–plant associations, similar to butterflies. Long-proboscid kalligrammatid lacewings lived in ecosystems with gymnosperm–insect relationships and likely accessed bennettitalean pollination drops and pollen. This system later was replaced by mid-Cretaceous angiosperms and their insect pollinators.

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Tabuce, Rodolphe, Raphaël Sarr, Sylvain Adnet, Renaud Lebrun, Fabrice Lihoreau, Jeremy E. Martin, Bernard Sambou, Mustapha Thiam, and Lionel Hautier. "Filling a gap in the proboscidean fossil record: a new genus from the Lutetian of Senegal." Journal of Paleontology 94, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.98.

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AbstractA long hiatus encompassing most of the Eocene (end of the Ypresian to the early Priabonian) breaks up the proboscidean evolutionary history, which is otherwise documented by a rich fossil record. Only two post-Ypresian localities from West Africa (Mali and Senegal) have yielded scarce Moeritherium-like dental remains. Here, we study one of these remains from Senegal and name a new genus and species, Saloumia gorodiskii. This taxon, confidently mid-Lutetian in age, evokes Moeritherium and elephantiforms with its wrinkled enamel, lack of centrocrista, and strong lingual cingulum. However, due to its pronounced bunodonty, which departs from the bunolophodonty of both Moeritherium and elephantiforms, we cannot exclude the possibility that Saloumia documents an early experiment in dental diversity among Paleocene–Eocene proboscideans, without direct relationships with later proboscideans.UUID: http://www.zoobank.org/0b6b83f8-817d-498c-a672-8ffa8f81a978

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Αθανασίου, Α. "ΒΙΟΣΤΡΩΜΑΤΟΓΡΑΦΙΚΗ ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΔΟΜΗΣ ΤΩΝ ΑΠΟΛΙΘΩΜΕΝΩΝ ΧΑΥΛΙΟΔΟΝΤΩΝ." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 39, no. 1 (September 10, 2006): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.18440.

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Fossil elephants of Eurasia are very useful for biostratigraphical correlations, as they were widespread geographically and they are generally common and well preserved as fossils. A relatively new method that contributes to the taxonomic identification of proboscidean tusks is the study of their microstructure, as it is expressed in their Schreger pattern. This pattern is characteristic of the proboscidean dentine. It is visible in tusk cross sections as intersecting spiral lines. The method can be applied in small, otherwise not determinable, tusk fragments to help with their taxonomic identification, making subsequently possible to come to biostratigraphical conclusions. The present study presents the application of this method in Greek samples, as well as the resulting taxonomic and biostratigraphic data

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Zeitoun, Valéry, Winayalai Chinnawut, Régis Debruyne, and Prasit Auetrakulvit. "Assessing the occurrence of Stegodon and Elephas in China and Southeast Asia during the Early Pleistocene." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 186, no. 6 (October 1, 2015): 413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.186.6.413.

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Abstract The fossil record is assumed to point to different ecologies, extinction times and ’last stands’ in different regions of the world for Proboscideans, and in some regions, human-proboscidean interaction may theoretically have covered a time span of up to two million years. This paper focuses on the Early Pleistocene of China and Southeast Asia, where the Ailuropoda-Stegodon complex is considered to be a chronologically significant faunal association in the following period. However, the stratigraphic contexts of these local faunal complexes require clarification. Indeed, after one century of research to establish a regional biostratigraphy and in spite of the recomandations provided in the 1980s, many geochronological surveys were undertaken in the 1990s but many problems still exist. Thus, as a first step, taking into consideration the uncertain nature of the geological, taphonomic and chronological data, this paper proposes a critical review of the validity of the associations of Stegodon and Elephas during the Early Pleistocene for this geographical area. Finally, it was necessary to expose what are the current problems before to try to solve them rather than to pursue an unfounded headlong rush. This review concludes that very few reliable data are available and that high-level resolution (MIS) palaeoecological modelization is almost impossible, severely hindering any discussions of strict interaction between humans and proboscideans.

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Wang, Shi-Qi, Tao Deng, Jie Ye, Wen He, and Shan-Qin Chen. "Morphological and ecological diversity of Amebelodontidae (Proboscidea, Mammalia) revealed by a Miocene fossil accumulation of an upper-tuskless proboscidean." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 15, no. 8 (August 10, 2016): 601–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1208687.

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10

TAKAHASHI, Keiichi. "Proboscidean fossils from the Japan sea." Quaternary Research (Daiyonki-Kenkyu) 29, no. 3 (1990): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4116/jaqua.29.235.

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11

Muhammad, Ros Fatihah, Tze Tshen Lim, Norliza Ibrahim, Mohd Azmi Abdul Razak, Fakhrulradzi Mohd Razif, Zarris Kem, and Boon Tat Ching. "First discovery of Stegodon (Proboscidea) in Malaysia." Warta Geologi 46, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/wg463202004.

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A cheek tooth of Stegodon, an extinct genus of Proboscidea, had been discovered in a cave in Gopeng, Perak. The discovery represents the first fossil of Stegodon ever found in Malaysia. Embedded in lithified cave infillings are the associated dental remains from at least three or four other different taxa of fossil mammals commonly found among Southeast Asian Pleistocene-Holocene faunas. The finding provides a unique chance for investigations into the evolution dynamics of Stegodon in this part of Southeast Asia and the species diversity of Proboscidea in prehistoric Peninsular Malaysia. Fossil mammal assemblages from different phases of Pleistocene-Holocene period collected from karstic caves in Peninsular Malaysia, when considered with similar assemblages from other parts of Southeast Asia, have the potential to contribute to our understanding of prehistoric faunal migrations and species compositional changes among the biogeographic (sub)divisions in Southeast Asia. This may ultimately lead to a better knowledge of the possible paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic fluctuations that influenced patterns of migration and adaptive responses of mammalian faunas in Quaternary Southeast Asia.

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Garutt, N. V. "Fascinated by the elephant." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 322, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2018.322.3.215.

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The description of childhood and the main stages of life of Vadim Evgenevich Garutt, as well as the fate of his parents, is given. The stages of making up of his personality as a specialist on modern and ancient animals, including elephants, are shown. His fate is closely intertwined with the history of Russia of the 20th century. It was influenced by revolutionary events in Russia and the Great Patriotic War, evacuation and difficult post-war years, suffered contusion and serious illnesses. Beginning from the school age, when he visited a study group of Young Zoologists and worked up at the Leningrad Zoo, the life confronted him with interesting people and situations that allowed Garutt to become an expert in morphology and evolution of mammoths and other Quaternary proboscideans. Such personalities as B.V. Pestinsky, A.P. Bystrov, Yu.A. Orlov, L.V. Oshanin, M.M. Gerasimov, B.E. Bykhovsky and other scientists played an important role in his fate. In addition to studying the teeth and bone remains of ancient elephants, he carried out an active museum work, mounting and restoration of fossil elephants and rhinoceroses’ skeletons. The results of his research are published in a number of important monographs and articles that are important for the systematic of the Eurasian proboscides and biostratigraphy of the Pleistocene.

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Bibi, Faysal, Brian Kraatz, Nathan Craig, Mark Beech, Mathieu Schuster, and Andrew Hill. "Early evidence for complex social structure in Proboscidea from a late Miocene trackway site in the United Arab Emirates." Biology Letters 8, no. 4 (February 22, 2012): 670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1185.

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Many living vertebrates exhibit complex social structures, evidence for the antiquity of which is limited to rare and exceptional fossil finds. Living elephants possess a characteristic social structure that is sex-segregated and multi-tiered, centred around a matriarchal family and solitary or loosely associated groups of adult males. Although the fossil record of Proboscidea is extensive, the origin and evolution of social structure in this clade is virtually unknown. Here, we present imagery and analyses of an extensive late Miocene fossil trackway site from the United Arab Emirates. The site of Mleisa 1 preserves exceptionally long trackways of a herd of at least 13 individuals of varying size transected by that of a single large individual, indicating the presence of both herding and solitary social modes. Trackway stride lengths and resulting body mass estimates indicate that the solitary individual was also the largest and therefore most likely a male. Sexual determination for the herd is equivocal, but the body size profile and number of individuals are commensurate with those of a modern elephant family unit. The Mleisa 1 trackways provide direct evidence for the antiquity of characteristic and complex social structure in Proboscidea.

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Ribeiro, Ricardo Da Costa, and Ismar De Souza Carvalho. "Megafauna do Quaternário tardio de Baixa Grande, Bahia, Brasil." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 32, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2009_2_42-50.

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It is presented the first occurrence of the late Pleistocene - Holocene mammals fossils in a gnamma-like deposit in the Baixa Grande municipality, Bahia State. The identified taxa were Eremotherium laurillardi (Pilosa - Megatheriidae), Panochthus greslebini (Cingulata - Glyptodontidae), Toxodontinae (Notoungulata - Toxodontidae) and Stegomastodon waringi (Proboscidea - Gomphoteriidae). The inferred ecology for this fauna is related to a savanna/forest habitat, in a more wet climate than the present-day semi-arid climate.

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Sanders, William J. "Taxonomic review of fossil Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Langebaanweg, South Africa." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 62, no. 1 (April 2007): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190709519192.

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Van Valkenburgh, Blaire, Matthew W. Hayward, William J. Ripple, Carlo Meloro, and V. Louise Roth. "The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 4 (October 26, 2015): 862–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502554112.

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Large mammalian terrestrial herbivores, such as elephants, have dramatic effects on the ecosystems they inhabit and at high population densities their environmental impacts can be devastating. Pleistocene terrestrial ecosystems included a much greater diversity of megaherbivores (e.g., mammoths, mastodons, giant ground sloths) and thus a greater potential for widespread habitat degradation if population sizes were not limited. Nevertheless, based on modern observations, it is generally believed that populations of megaherbivores (>800 kg) are largely immune to the effects of predation and this perception has been extended into the Pleistocene. However, as shown here, the species richness of big carnivores was greater in the Pleistocene and many of them were significantly larger than their modern counterparts. Fossil evidence suggests that interspecific competition among carnivores was relatively intense and reveals that some individuals specialized in consuming megaherbivores. To estimate the potential impact of Pleistocene large carnivores, we use both historic and modern data on predator–prey body mass relationships to predict size ranges of their typical and maximum prey when hunting as individuals and in groups. These prey size ranges are then compared with estimates of juvenile and subadult proboscidean body sizes derived from extant elephant growth data. Young proboscideans at their most vulnerable age fall within the predicted prey size ranges of many of the Pleistocene carnivores. Predation on juveniles can have a greater impact on megaherbivores because of their long interbirth intervals, and consequently, we argue that Pleistocene carnivores had the capacity to, and likely did, limit megaherbivore population sizes.

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Zazzo, Antoine, Hervé Bocherens, Daniel Billiou, André Mariotti, Michel Brunet, Patrick Vignaud, Alain Beauvilain, and Hassane Taisso Mackaye. "Herbivore paleodiet and paleoenvironmental changes in Chad during the Pliocene using stable isotope ratios of tooth enamel carbonate." Paleobiology 26, no. 2 (2000): 294–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0294:hpapci>2.0.co;2.

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Chad is a key region for understanding early hominid geographic expansion in relation to late Miocene and Pliocene environmental changes, owing to its location 2500 km west from the Rift Valley and to the occurrence of sites ranging in age from about 6 to 3 Ma, some of which yield fossil hominids. To reconstruct changes in herbivore paleodiet and therefore changes in the paleoenvironment, we measured the carbon and oxygen isotope composition of 80 tooth-enamel samples from three time horizons for nine families of Perissodactyla, Proboscidea, and Artiodactyla. The absence of significant alteration of in vivo isotopic signatures can be determined for carbon, thus allowing paleodietary and paleoenvironmental interpretations to be made.While the results generally confirm previous dietary hypotheses, mostly based on relative crown height, there are some notable surprises. The main discrepancies are found among low-crowned proboscideans (e.g., Anancus) and high-crowned rhinocerotids (Ceratotherium). Both species were more opportunistic feeders than it is usually believed. This result confirms that ancient feeding ecology cannot always be inferred from dental morphology or extant relatives.There is an increase in the average carbon isotope composition of tooth enamel from the oldest unit to the youngest, suggesting that the environment became richer in C4 plants with time. In turn, more C4 plants indicate an opening of the plant cover during this period. This increase in carbon isotope composition is also recorded within genera such as Nyanzachoerus, Ceratotherium, and Hexaprotodon, indicating a change from a C3-dominated to a C4-dominated diet over time. It appears that, unlike other middle Pliocene hominid sites in eastern and southern Africa, this part of Chad was characterized by very open conditions and that savanna-like grasslands were already dominant when hominids were present in the area.

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Haynes, Gary. "Mammoths, Measured Time, and Mistaken Identities." Radiocarbon 42, no. 2 (2000): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200059063.

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Mammoth and mastodont sites containing broken or cut bones are not rare in the New World, but their meanings are ambiguous. Studies of recent African elephant bone sites indicate that certain processes in nature create bone modifications that are identical to the end-effects of human actions such as butchering. In designing a rational and efficient approach to the radiometric dating of fossil proboscidean sites, caution and skepticism should enter into interpretations of modified materials.

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Khramov, A. V., A. S. Bashkuev, and E. D. Lukashevich. "The Fossil Record of Long-Proboscid Nectarivorous Insects." Entomological Review 100, no. 7 (October 2020): 881–968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0013873820070015.

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Turvey, Samuel T., Jennifer J. Crees, James Hansford, Timothy E. Jeffree, Nick Crumpton, Iwan Kurniawan, Erick Setiyabudi, et al. "Quaternary vertebrate faunas from Sumba, Indonesia: implications for Wallacean biogeography and evolution." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1861 (August 30, 2017): 20171278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1278.

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Historical patterns of diversity, biogeography and faunal turnover remain poorly understood for Wallacea, the biologically and geologically complex island region between the Asian and Australian continental shelves. A distinctive Quaternary vertebrate fauna containing the small-bodied hominin Homo floresiensis , pygmy Stegodon proboscideans, varanids and giant murids has been described from Flores, but Quaternary faunas are poorly known from most other Lesser Sunda Islands. We report the discovery of extensive new fossil vertebrate collections from Pleistocene and Holocene deposits on Sumba, a large Wallacean island situated less than 50 km south of Flores. A fossil assemblage recovered from a Pleistocene deposit at Lewapaku in the interior highlands of Sumba, which may be close to 1 million years old, contains a series of skeletal elements of a very small Stegodon referable to S. sumbaensis , a tooth attributable to Varanus komodoensis , and fragmentary remains of unidentified giant murids. Holocene cave deposits at Mahaniwa dated to approximately 2000–3500 BP yielded extensive material of two new genera of endemic large-bodied murids, as well as fossils of an extinct frugivorous varanid. This new baseline for reconstructing Wallacean faunal histories reveals that Sumba's Quaternary vertebrate fauna, although phylogenetically distinctive, was comparable in diversity and composition to the Quaternary fauna of Flores, suggesting that similar assemblages may have characterized Quaternary terrestrial ecosystems on many or all of the larger Lesser Sunda Islands.

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Haynes, Gary. "Proboscidean die-offs and die-outs: Age profiles in fossil collections." Journal of Archaeological Science 14, no. 6 (November 1987): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(87)90082-3.

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Rosa, Mariane, Carolina Saldanha Scherer, and Leonardo dos Santos Avilla. "The fossil Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Bahia State, Brazil: taxonomy, description, and new locations." Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 23, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 194–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2020.3.04.

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Al-Kindi, Mohammed, Martin Pickford, Yusouf Al-Sinani, Ibrahim Al-Ismaili, Axel Hartman, and Alan Heward. "Large Mammals from the Rupelian of Oman – Recent Finds." Fossil Imprint 73, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2017): 300–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2017-0017.

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Abstract The 2017 field survey of the Ashawq Formation, Dhofar, Oman, resulted in the collection of large mammal remains, most of which belong to Afrotheria, but with one artiodactyl lineage indicating the possibility of dispersal links with Eurasia. The new fossil remains increase our knowledge about the dental anatomy of the endemic lophodont proboscidean genus Omanitherium, revealing, in particular, that it possessed two pairs of lower incisors. For the first time, a palaeomastodont is recorded from the Arabian Peninsula. Additional remains of Arsinoitherium, a hyracoid and an anthracothere from the formation are described.

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Haynes, Gary, and Jarod Hutson. "African elephant bones modified by carnivores: Implications for interpreting fossil proboscidean assemblages." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 34 (December 2020): 102596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102596.

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Haynes, Gary. "Age Profiles in Elephant and Mammoth Bone Assemblages." Quaternary Research 24, no. 3 (November 1985): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90055-9.

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Age profiles of modern African elephant (Loxodonta africana) populations are significantly affected by drought conditions that cause local die-offs. Subadult animals die in proportions that may be nearly twice what is recorded in live populations. Such biasing of death sample age profiles might also have occurred during late Pleistocene die-offs of Mammuthus. This comparative study of modern and fossil proboscidean age structures supports a tentative interpretation that late Pleistocene extinction of Mammuthus (at least in the southwestern United States) resulted from severe drought conditions, at which Clovis hunters were witnesses, but not necessarily frequent participants.

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MacFadden, Bruce J., Gary S. Morgan, Douglas S. Jones, and Aldo F. Rincon. "Gomphothere proboscidean (Gomphotherium) from the late Neogene of Panama." Journal of Paleontology 89, no. 2 (March 2015): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2014.31.

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AbstractThe proboscidean Gomphotherium is reported here from the Alajuela Formation of Panama. Gomphotherium was widespread throughout Holarctica during the Miocene, and the Panama fossil represents the extreme southernmost occurrence of this genus in the New World. Allocation of the Panama Gomphotherium to a valid species is impossible given both the fragmentary material represented and the taxonomic complexity of species assigned to this genus. In North America, Gomphotherium has a relatively long biochronological range from the middle Miocene (~15 Ma) to early Pliocene (~5 Ma). Based on morphological comparisons, the Panama Gomphotherium is either middle Miocene, thus representing the earliest-known entry of this genus into Central America, or late Miocene/early Pliocene, which challenges the currently accepted middle Miocene age of the Alajuela Formation as it has been previously reported from Panama.

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ADNET, SYLVAIN, HENRI CAPPETTA, and RODOLPHE TABUCE. "A Middle–Late Eocene vertebrate fauna (marine fish and mammals) from southwestern Morocco; preliminary report: age and palaeobiogeographical implications." Geological Magazine 147, no. 6 (May 4, 2010): 860–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756810000348.

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AbstractRecent field work in the southern Moroccan Sahara (‘Western Sahara’), south of the city of ad-Dakhla, has led to the discovery of several new fossiliferous sites with fossil vertebrates in sedimentary deposits previously reported for the Mio-Pliocene. The sedimentology and geological setting of the studied area are briefly reported here, and at least three units have been identified in successive stratigraphical sequences according to their fossil content. The first preliminary list of vertebrate associations is reported and consists mainly of isolated teeth belonging to selachian and bony fishes, a proboscidean tooth currently assigned to ?Numidotherium sp. and many remains of archaeocete whales (Basilosauridae). At least 48 species of selachians are presently identified; many of them are new and others are recorded in the late Middle Eocene (Bartonian) and Late Eocene (Priabonian) of Wadi Al-Hitan (Egypt) or Wadi Esh-Shallala Formation (Jordan) as in other African localities (e.g. Otodus cf. sokolowi, ‘Cretolamna’ twiggsensis, Xiphodolamia serrata, Misrichthys stromeri, Hemipristis curvatus, Galeocerdo cf. eaglesomi, Propristis schweinfurthi), probably indicating a Late Eocene age for unit 2 of the bedrock successions. The evolutionary trend noticeable on the proboscidean tooth is in agreement with such an assumption, by comparison with the close relative species known from the Eocene of Egypt, Libya and Algeria. Indeed, the faunal associations from the Dakhla area clearly demonstrate the erroneous age of these deposits, previously thought to be Mio-Pliocene. It suggests a correlation in age (late Middle Eocene–Late Eocene) and a similar environment with the famous marine deposits from Egypt and Jordan. It opens new opportunities to understand the biogeography and the surprising similarity of landscape between West and Northeast Africa during the Bartonian–Priabonian period.

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Athanassiou, Athanassios. "A Villafranchian Hipparion-Bearing Mammal Fauna from Sésklo (E. Thessaly, Greece): Implications for the Question of Hipparion–Equus Sympatry in Europe." Quaternary 1, no. 2 (August 7, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat1020012.

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Recently collected fossil material in the Villafranchian locality of Sésklo, as well as a re-evaluation of a pre-existing, partly-published museum collection, allow the recognition of a lower faunal level in the locality, older than the main Equus-dominated fossil assemblage, dated in the Early Pleistocene (MNQ17). The lower level yielded, instead, an advanced hipparion, referred to the species Plesiohipparion cf. shanxiense, and a small number of associated taxa: an ostrich (Struthio cf. chersonensis), an unidentified proboscidean, the pig Sus arvernensis, two antelopes (Gazella cf. bouvrainae and Gazellospira torticornis), a large bovid (Bovini indet.), and a rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus sp.). The lower-level fauna is dated in the latest Pliocene (MN16) and indicates a rather open and dry palaeoenvironment. The faunal sequence in Sésklo shows that the hipparion did not co-occur with the stenonid horse, at least in this region. Previous reports on sympatry of these taxa may result from faunal mixing, requiring re-examination of the available samples.

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Nielsen, Erik, C. S. Churcher, and G. E. Lammers. "A woolly mammoth (Proboscidea, Mammuthus primigenius) molar from the Hudson Bay Lowland of Manitoba." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e88-092.

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The first fossil mammal from the Hudson Bay Lowland of Manitoba, a molar from the woolly or Siberian mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius, is described from near Bird. A lophar index of 9.0 and an enamel thickness of 1.5–2.3 mm allow the tooth to be assigned to an early form of the species. Although in situ provenance of the molar is unknown, it is likely that the molar derives from Early Wisconsinan or Sangamon sediments that outcrop in the area. A boreal steppe or steppe–tundra environment is indicated by the presence of woolly mammoth, supporting a depositional environment north of the then tree line previously established for the Nelson River sediments.

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Cerling, Thure E., John M. Harris, and Meave G. Leakey. "Browsing and grazing in elephants: the isotope record of modern and fossil proboscideans." Oecologia 120, no. 3 (August 20, 1999): 364–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050869.

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Ferretti, Marco P., Giovanni Ficcarelli, Yosieph Libsekal, Tewelde M. Tecle, and Lorenzo Rook. "Fossil elephants from Buia (Northern Afar Depression, Eritrea) with remarks on the systematics ofElephas recki(Proboscidea, Elephantidae)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23, no. 1 (April 11, 2003): 244–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[244:fefbna]2.0.co;2.

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Fisher, Daniel C., Michael D. Cherney, Cody Newton, Adam N. Rountrey, Zachary T. Calamari, Richard K. Stucky, Carol Lucking, and Lesley Petrie. "Taxonomic overview and tusk growth analyses of Ziegler Reservoir proboscideans." Quaternary Research 82, no. 3 (November 2014): 518–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.07.010.

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AbstractAt an altitude of 2705 m in the Colorado Rockies (USA), the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site gives a rare look at a high-elevation ecosystem from the late Pleistocene (especially MIS 5) of North America. Remains of more than four mammoths and about 35 mastodons dominate the macrofossil assemblage. Mammoth remains are attributed to Mammuthus columbi, and mastodon remains are referred to the well-known, continent-wide Mammut americanum. Mastodon remains occur within and between several lake-margin slump deposits. Their deposition must therefore have occurred as events that were to some degree separate in time. We treat the mastodon assemblage in each stratigraphic unit as a source of information on environmental conditions during the lives of these individuals. Mastodon mandibular tusks are abundant at the site and represent both males and females, from calves to full-grown adults. This study presents the first attempt to use microCT, thin-section, and isotope records from mandibular tusks to reconstruct features of life-history. We recognize an up-section trend in δ18O profiles toward higher values, suggestive of warmer temperatures. Throughout this sequence, mastodon growth histories show low mean sensitivities suggestive of low levels of environmental stress. This work helps frame expectations for assessing environmental pressures on terminal Pleistocene populations.

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Sertich, Joseph J. W., Richard K. Stucky, H. Gregory McDonald, Cody Newton, Daniel C. Fisher, Eric Scott, John R. Demboski, Carol Lucking, Brianna K. McHorse, and Edward B. Davis. "High-elevation late Pleistocene (MIS 6–5) vertebrate faunas from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado." Quaternary Research 82, no. 3 (November 2014): 504–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.08.002.

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AbstractThe vertebrate record at the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site (ZRFS) near Snowmass Village, Colorado ranges from ~140 to 77 ka, spanning all of Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5. The site contains at least 52 taxa of macro- and microvertebrates, including one fish, three amphibian, four reptile, ten bird, and 34 mammal taxa. The most common vertebrate is Ambystoma tigrinum (tiger salamander), which is represented by >22,000 elements representing the entire life cycle. The mastodon, Mammut americanum, is the most common mammal, and is documented by >1800 skeletal elements making the ZRFS one of the largest accumulations of proboscidean remains in North America. Faunas at the ZRFS can be divided into two groups, a lake-margin group dating to ~140–100 ka that is dominated by woodland taxa, and a lake-center group dating to ~87–77 ka characterized by taxa favoring more open conditions. The change in faunal assemblages occurred between MIS 5c and 5a (vertebrates were absent from MIS 5b deposits), which were times of significant environmental change at the ZRFS. Furthermore, the ZRFS provides a well-dated occurrence of the extinct Bison latifrons, which has implications for the timing of the Rancholabrean Mammal Age in the region.

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Haynes, Gary, and Kathryn Krasinski. "Butchering marks on bones of Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephant): Implications for interpreting marks on fossil proboscidean bones." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 37 (June 2021): 102957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102957.

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BENAMMI, MOULOUD, SYLVAIN ADNET, LAURENT MARIVAUX, JOHAN YANS, CORENTIN NOIRET, RODOLPHE TABUCE, JÉRÔME SURAULT, et al. "Geology, biostratigraphy and carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of the Palaeogene fossil-bearing Dakhla sections, southwestern Moroccan Sahara." Geological Magazine 156, no. 1 (October 26, 2017): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756817000851.

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AbstractNew Palaeogene vertebrate localities were recently reported in the southern Dakhla area (southwestern Morocco). The Eocene sediment strata crops out on cliffs along the Atlantic Ocean coast. Vertebrate remains come from five conglomeratic sandstone beds and are principally represented by isolated teeth belonging to micromammals, selachians and bony fishes, a proboscidean assigned to ?Numidotheriumsp. and many remains of archaeocete whales (Basilosauridae). From fieldwork five lithostratigraphic sections were described, essentially based on the lithological characteristic of sediments. Despite the lateral variations of facies, correlations between these five sections were possible on the basis of fossil-bearing beds (A1, B1, B2, C1 and C2) and five lithological units were identified. The lower part of the section consists of rhythmically bedded, chert-rich marine siltstones and marls with thin black phosphorite with organic matter at the base. The overlying units include coarse-grained to microconglomeratic sandstones interbedded with silts, indicating deposition in a shallow-marine environment with fluvial influence. The natural remanence magnetization of a total of 50 samples was measured; the intensity of most of the samples is too weak however, before or after the first step of demagnetization. The palaeomagnetic data from the samples are very unstable, except for eight from three similar sandstone levels which show a normal polarity. Matched with biostratigraphic data on rodents, primates, the selachian, sirenian and cetacean faunas, the new carbon isotope chemostratigraphy on organics (1) refines the age of the uppermost C2 fossil-bearing bed to earliest Oligocene time and (2) confirms the Priabonian age of the B1 to C1 levels.

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Pickford, Martin. "Arsinoitherium (Embrithopoda) and other large mammals and plants from the Oligocene of Tunisia." Fossil Imprint 73, no. 1-2 (August 1, 2017): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2017-0009.

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Abstract Palaeogene large mammals are poorly represented in Tunisia, in contrast to Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Egypt, where abundant and diverse faunas are known. Oligocene proboscideans have been recorded from four localities in Tunisia (Djebel Bou Gobrine, Oued Bazina, Bled Mellaha and Djebel Touila) but little else from this period is known from the country. For this reason it is worth recording the discovery of an arsinoithere tooth fragment from the divide between Oued Cherichera and Oued Grigema, Central Tunisia. This discovery confirms the presence of continental Oligocene strata in the region, and the palaeodistribution of Arsinoitherium 1,300 km to the north-northwest of its previously established range. Arsinoitheres are now known to have been widespread throughout the Afro-Arabian continent. Although palaeoclimatic data for the Oligocene of Tunisia is still scarce, fossil plants suggest that, during the Oligocene, the country enjoyed a tropical to sub-tropical humid climate, in accordance with the presence of Arsinoitherium, Phiomia and an anthracothere, taxa that are also present in the classic Fayum faunas of Egypt and the Ashawq faunas of Oman.

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Barnosky, Anthony D., Emily L. Lindsey, Natalia A. Villavicencio, Enrique Bostelmann, Elizabeth A. Hadly, James Wanket, and Charles R. Marshall. "Variable impact of late-Quaternary megafaunal extinction in causing ecological state shifts in North and South America." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 4 (October 26, 2015): 856–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1505295112.

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Loss of megafauna, an aspect of defaunation, can precipitate many ecological changes over short time scales. We examine whether megafauna loss can also explain features of lasting ecological state shifts that occurred as the Pleistocene gave way to the Holocene. We compare ecological impacts of late-Quaternary megafauna extinction in five American regions: southwestern Patagonia, the Pampas, northeastern United States, northwestern United States, and Beringia. We find that major ecological state shifts were consistent with expectations of defaunation in North American sites but not in South American ones. The differential responses highlight two factors necessary for defaunation to trigger lasting ecological state shifts discernable in the fossil record: (i) lost megafauna need to have been effective ecosystem engineers, like proboscideans; and (ii) historical contingencies must have provided the ecosystem with plant species likely to respond to megafaunal loss. These findings help in identifying modern ecosystems that are most at risk for disappearing should current pressures on the ecosystems’ large animals continue and highlight the critical role of both individual species ecologies and ecosystem context in predicting the lasting impacts of defaunation currently underway.

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Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge Domingo, Eli Amson, Alfredo Zurita, and Marcelo Ricardo Sánchez-Villagra. "Hermann Karsten (1817–1908): a German naturalist in the Neotropics and the significance of his paleovertebrate collection." Fossil Record 20, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-21-2016.

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Abstract. During the mid-19th century, the German naturalist Hermann Karsten conducted a 12-year exploration (1844–1856) in the territories of Ecuador, New Granada (now Colombia) and Venezuela, allowing him to produce important botanic, geographic and geologic descriptions with valuable information that permits us to refer to him as a pioneer in many of these topics. With his return to Europe, abundant geological, paleontological and living plant specimens were brought and housed in European museums and botanical gardens. The Karsten collection included an important invertebrate collection from the Cretaceous of the Andes of Colombia and Venezuela, which was studied and published by himself and the renowned German paleontologist Leopold von Buch, filling a large void in the knowledge about ancients faunas. H. Karsten's vertebrate collection was never illustrated or subjected to a detailed taxonomic study, being mentioned in scientific publications in a repetitive manner and with incorrect taxonomic and provenance information. More than 160 years after they were collected, we carried out a taxonomic revision of all H. Karsten's vertebrate specimens from Colombia and Venezuela, which are housed in the Museum of Natural History in Berlin. These specimens are represented by cranial and postcranial elements of megafauna, which include Megatheriidae, Mylodontidae and Glyptodontidae (Xenarthra), Toxodontidae (Notoungulata), Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea), and many other indeterminate mammal remains. This revision is intended to clarify the taxonomy and provenance of the specimens, emphasizing the historical importance of this fossil collection and its significance for the paleontology of the region.

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Kovács, János, Péter Szabó, László Kocsis, Torsten Vennemann, Martin Sabol, Mihály Gasparik, and Attila Virág. "Pliocene and Early Pleistocene paleoenvironmental conditions in the Pannonian Basin (Hungary, Slovakia): Stable isotope analyses of fossil proboscidean and perissodactyl teeth." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 440 (December 2015): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.09.019.

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Yann, Lindsey T., Larisa R. G. DeSantis, Ryan J. Haupt, Jennifer L. Romer, Sarah E. Corapi, and David J. Ettenson. "The application of an oxygen isotope aridity index to terrestrial paleoenvironmental reconstructions in Pleistocene North America." Paleobiology 39, no. 4 (2013): 576–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12059.

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Geochemical tools, including the analysis of stable isotopes from fossil mammals, are often used to infer regional climatic and environmental differences. We have further developed an oxygen isotope aridity index and used oxygen (δ18O) isotope values and carbon (δ13C) isotope values to assess regional climatic differences between the southeastern and southwestern United States during the Pleistocene. Using data collected from previously published studies, we assigned taxa to evaporation-sensitivity categories by quantifying the frequency and magnitude of aridity index values (i.e., an average taxon δ18O value minus a site specific proboscidean δ18O value). Antilocapridae, Camelidae, Equidae, and Cervidae were identified as evaporation-sensitive families, meaning that a majority of their water comes from the food they eat, thus indicating that they are more likely to capture changing climatic conditions. Bovidae, Tayassuidae, and Tapiridae were identified as less sensitive families, possibly because of increased or more variable drinking behavior. While it is difficult to tease out individual influences on δ18O values in tooth enamel, the use of an aridity index will provide a more in-depth look at relative aridity in the fossil record. Greater aridity index values in the Southwest suggest a drier climate than in the Southeast during the Pleistocene, and δ13C values suggest that diet does not determine evaporation sensitivity. The combination of more-positive δ13C values and the lack of forest indicator taxa in the Southwest suggest that landscapes were more open than in the Southeast. Inferred higher aridity in the Southwest may indicate that aridity or seasonal aridity/precipitation, not temperature or pCO2, was a greater driver of C4 abundance during the Pleistocene. Collectively, these data suggest that regional climatic and environmental interpretations can be improved by using an aridity index and a more detailed understanding of mammalian paleobiology.

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Godard, Gaston. "The fossil proboscideans of Utica (Tunisia), a key to the ‘giant’ controversy, from Saint Augustine (424) to Peiresc (1632)." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 310, no. 1 (2009): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp310.8.

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ZOUHRI, SAMIR, BOUZIANE KHALLOUFI, ESTELLE BOURDON, FRANCE DE LAPPARENT DE BROIN, JEAN-CLAUDE RAGE, LEILA M'HAÏDRAT, PHILIP D. GINGERICH, and NAJIA ELBOUDALI. "Marine vertebrate fauna from the late Eocene Samlat Formation of Ad-Dakhla, southwestern Morocco." Geological Magazine 155, no. 7 (September 26, 2017): 1596–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756817000759.

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AbstractLate Eocene deposits of the Samlat Formation, south of Ad-Dakhla city, southwestern Morocco, have yielded a mixed marine and terrestrial vertebrate fauna. Abundant and diversified chondrichthyans and archaeocete whales have been found, as well as the remains of sirenians and proboscideans. Here we describe the rest of this fossil assemblage which includes actinopterygians, turtles, palaeophiid snakes, crocodiles and pelagornithid seabirds. Actinopterygians are represented by at least two large-sized taxa, a scombroid probably close to the extantAcanthocybiumor to the EoceneAramichthys, and a siluriform related to the Ariidae. Turtles include at least four species represented by shell fragments. This mixed coastal and continental turtle fauna includes one littoral species of Podocnemididae, one or two deep-sea species of Dermochelyidae and one deep-sea species of Cheloniidae. Another turtle species is assigned to the terrestrial Testudinidae. Fragmentary crocodilian remains indicate the presence of undetermined eusuchians tentatively referred to Gavialidae and/or to Crocodylidae. Snake vertebrae are tentatively attributed to the genusPterosphenus(Palaeophiidae) pending the discovery of new material. Avian remains belong to a large pseudo-toothed bird (Pelagornithidae). Pseudo-tooth morphology resembles that of the late Oligocene – Neogene genusPelagornis. Additional bird remains are needed for a more precise taxonomic assignment. The fossil assemblage and palaeoenvironment of the upper Eocene deposits of the Samlat Formation appear closely related to those of the upper Eocene – lower Oligocene deposits of the Fayum (Egypt). The initial overview of this fauna provides an important contribution to the study of vertebrate evolution in North Africa near the Eocene–Oligocene transition.

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Nagamori, Hideaki, Hiroaki Yoshikawa, Koji Hatakeyama, Masumi Terao, and Tomotaka Tanabe. "Proboscidean footprint fossils from the Lower Pleistocene Okui Formation on the river bed of Chikuma River, Saku Basin, Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan." BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF JAPAN 56, no. 3-4 (2005): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9795/bullgsj.56.127.

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Ceballos, Gerardo, Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales, and Eduardo Ponce. "Effects of Pleistocene environmental changes on the distribution and community structure of the mammalian fauna of Mexico." Quaternary Research 73, no. 3 (May 2010): 464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.02.006.

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Biological communities in Mexico experienced profound changes in species composition and structure as a consequence of the environmental fluctuations during the Pleistocene. Based on the recent and fossil Mexican mammal checklists, we determine the distribution, composition, diversity, and community structure of late Pleistocene mammalian faunas, and analyze extinction patterns and response of individual species to environmental changes. We conclude that (1) differential extinctions occurred at family, genus, and species level, with a major impact on species heavier than 100 kg, including the extinction all proboscideans and several ruminants; (2) Pleistocene mammal communities in Mexico were more diverse than recent ones; and (3) the current assemblages of species are relatively young. Furthermore, Pleistocene relicts support the presence of biogeographic corridors; important refugia existed as well as centers of speciation in isolated regions. We identified seven corridors: eastern USA–Sierra Madre Oriental corridor, Rocky Mountains–Sierra Madre Occidental corridor, Central United States–Northern Mexico corridor, Transvolcanic Belt–Sierra Madre del Sur corridor, western USA–Baja California corridor, Tamaulipas–Central America gulf lowlands corridor, and Sonora–Central America Pacific lowlands corridor. Our study suggests that present mammalian assemblages are very different than the ones in the late Pleistocene.

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Tabuce, Rodolphe, Raphaël Sarr, and Lionel Hautier. "3D model related to the publication: Filling a gap in the proboscidean fossil record: a new genus from the Lutetian of Senegal." MorphoMuseuM 5, no. 5 (December 11, 2019): e104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.104.

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Baygusheva, V. S., I. V. Foronova, and S. V. Semenova. "To the 100th anniversary of Vadim Evgen’evich Garutt (October 12, 1917 – March 28, 2002)." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 322, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2018.322.3.205.

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The article contains a biography of the famous Russian paleontologist V.E. Garutt (1917–2002), the oldest research worker of the Zoological institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, who studied the Pleistocene elephants of Northern Eurasia. He published more than 70 scientific papers on the origin and evolution of elephants of mammoth line, the morphology, changeability and features of the development of ancient proboscides. V.E. Garutt suggested two subfamilies Primelephantinae and Loxodontinae. He is the author of several taxa of fossil elephants of the generic, specific and subspecific levels. On his initiative, the skeleton of the Taimyr mammoth was adopted as the neotype of the woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius. He actively defended the independence of the genus Archidiskodon. A number of famous and important for the science paleontological specimens (skulls and skeletons of southern elephants, trogontherine and woolly mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses and elasmotherium) were restored and mounted by V.E. Garutt. They adorn a number of museums and institutes in Russia (St. Petersburg, Stavropol, Pyatigorsk, Azov, Rostov-on-Don) and abroad (Tbilisi, Vilnius, Edersleben, Sangerhausen). In addition, V.E. Garutt was an active popularizer of paleontological science. He collected a scientific archive on the remains of elephants from many regions of the former Soviet Union and some countries of Western Europe, which is now stored in the Azov museum-reserve (Azov). Several grateful pupils began their way in paleontology under the leader ship of V.E. Garutt. And they continue active work nowadays.

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Brocklehurst, Robert J., Nick Crumpton, Evie Button, and Robert J. Asher. "Jaw anatomy ofPotamogale velox(Tenrecidae, Afrotheria) with a focus on cranial arteries and the coronoid canal in mammals." PeerJ 4 (April 12, 2016): e1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1906.

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Afrotheria is a strongly supported clade within placental mammals, but morphological synapomorphies for the entire group have only recently come to light. Soft tissue characters represent an underutilized source of data for phylogenetic analysis, but nonetheless provide features shared by some or all members of Afrotheria. Here, we investigate the developmental anatomy ofPotamogale velox(Tenrecidae) with histological and computerized tomographic data at different ontogenetic ages, combined with osteological data from other mammals, to investigate patterns of cranial arterial supply and the distribution of the coronoid canal.Potamogaleis atypical among placental mammals in exhibiting a small superior stapedial artery, a primary supply of the posterior auricular by the posterior stapedial artery, and the development of vascular plexuses (possibly with relevance for heat exchange) in the posterior and dorsal regions of its neck. In addition, the posterior aspect of Meckel’s cartilage increases its medial deflection in larger embryonic specimens as the mandibular condyle extends mediolaterally during embryogenesis. We also map the distribution of the coronoid canal across mammals, and discuss potential confusion of this feature with alveoli of the posterior teeth. The widespread distribution of the coronoid canal among living and fossil proboscideans, sirenians, and hyracoids supports previous interpretations that a patent coronoid canal is a synapomorphy of paenungulates, but not afrotherians as a whole.

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Churcher, Charles S. "Koobi Fora Research Project. Volume 2: The Fossil Ungulates-Proboscidea, Perissodactyla, and Suidae. Koobi Fora: Researches Into Geology, Palaentology, and Human Origins.Richard E. Leakey , Glynn Ll. Isaac." Quarterly Review of Biology 60, no. 1 (March 1985): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/414191.

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Flynn, Lawrence J., John C. Barry, Michele E. Morgan, David Pilbeam, Louis L. Jacobs, and Everett H. Lindsay. "Neogene Siwalik mammalian lineages: species longevities, rates of change, and modes of speciation." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006614.

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The Siwalik sequence, particularly the interval from 18 to 7 Ma, provides one of the few terrestrial data sets that allows direct measurement of temporal durations of mammalian species. Its data are drawn from a single biogeographic subprovince and superposed collections likely represent successive samples of single lineages. Observed temporal ranges underestimate total species longevities if (1) species existed in other biogeographic provinces before or after the temporal ranges recorded in the Siwaliks, or (2) the fossil record inadequately samples species durations in the Siwalik subprovince. Some data, notably from Afghanistan, China, and Thailand, bear on the first variable. The second can be controlled by considering data quality, in this case the temporal distribution of good data sets, to assess the scale of accuracy available for defining range endpoints. In general, range endpoints can be estimated to the nearest 0.1 million years.The diverse Rodentia give a mean species longevity of 2.2 million years for the Miocene Siwaliks. This includes single records, but of course ignores unretrieved rare or short-lived taxa. The diverse Artiodactyla yield 3.1 million years. The difference may reflect greater body size and longer generation time; large Perissodactyla and Proboscidea have longer temporal ranges. Carnivorous mammals also show about 3 million year durations. Given these data, the average longevity for Sivapithecus species (1.6 million years) is modest. The deposits of the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming, offer a Paleogene data set comparable to that of the Neogene Siwaliks. Paleocene-Eocene mammals of North America yield shorter longevities (most less than one million years).Extinction is the dominant mode of species termination for Siwalik mammals. Most taxa originated by immigration (as at about 13.5 Ma) or abrupt speciation. There are some cases for insitu transformation of lineages, for example in the genera Punjabemys, Antemus, Percrocuta, Dorcatherium, Giraffokeryx, and Selenoportax. The rodent Kanisamys shows a rate of increase in tooth size of 0.5 darwins. This overall rate is moderate by Paleogene standards, but includes an interval of more rapid change between 9.0 and 8.5 Ma.

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Gheerbrant, Emmanuel, Jean Sudre, Henri Cappetta, Cécile Mourer-Chauviré, Estelle Bourdon, Mohamed Iarochene, Mbarek Amaghzaz, and Baâdi Bouya. "The mammal localities of Grand Daoui Quarries, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco, Ypresian : A first survey." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 174, no. 3 (May 1, 2003): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/174.3.279.

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Abstract The unexpected discovery of mammals such as the earliest known proboscidean Phosphatherium escuilliei in the Ouled Abdoun phosphate Basin (Morocco), which is otherwise renowned for its very rich marine vertebrate fauna, has opened major new perspectives on the early African placental fauna. It was the impetus for several field parties by us between 1997 and 2001 which has allowed this survey of the geological, stratigraphic and paleontological context of Phosphatherium localities. This is the first important paleontological field work dealing with higher vertebrates in the Ouled Abdoun Basin since the work of C. Arambourg. Most of the material of Phosphatherium and other Ouled Abdoun mammals was found by local people searching for fossils for dealing, in an area where the economy is widely dominated by the mining development, in addition to more traditional but very poor agricultural resources. All Phosphatherium remains were found in the northeasternmost quarries of the Ouled Abdoun Basin, from a restricted quarrying area called Grand Daoui (fig. 3). In all Grand Daoui recognized localities (8), the mammals come from the lowermost Eocene level. The stratigraphically re-situated mammalian material was found in a bone-bed of the level called “Intercalaire Couches II/I” which is dated as early(iest) Ypresian on the basis of its relative stratigraphic position and its selachian fauna. At present, the occurrence of several mammal horizons in the “Intercalaire Couches II/I” (and Couche I ?) cannot be excluded, but their age difference seems not significant according to both the associated selachian taxa and the mammalian material, in present data. The bone-bed is very rich in macro-vertebrates. It includes especially large teeth of the shark Otodus obliquus which are the subject of very active research for dealing, and which explains the recent discovery of mammals such as Phosphatherium The level “Intercalaire Couches II/I” is made of a hardened phosphatic bioclastic limestone which is separated from underlying Paleocene levels by a major discontinuity. It is the first deposit of the Eocene sequence (megasequence C) in the Ouled Abdoun phosphate series. Deposition of this new sequence partly reworked the underlying Thanetian levels in the lowermost horizons of the level “Intercalaire Couches II/I”, such as the mammals bearing bone-bed. This explains the recovery of Thanetian selachians in the matrix of the holotype of P. escuilliei and its initial allocation to the Thanetian by Gheerbrant et al. [1996, 1998]. These Thanetian selachian species are now clearly recognized as reworked. Studies of new samples of selachians associated with the newly recovered remains of P. escuilliei and other Grand Daoui mammals have confirmed our field observations owing to the identification of typical early Ypresian species which are listed in table I. P. escuilliei and other mammals from Grand Daoui quarries are confidently dated here as early(iest) Ypresian. As a general rule, there is no known concentration of fossil remains of species of terrestrial origin in the Ouled Abdoun epicontinental Basin. The mammals are exceedingly rare, documented by very few occurrences in contrast to the associated very rich marine vertebrate remains in the phosphate deposits. The occurrence of several rare mammals in these marine facies is related to a peculiar taphonomy characterized by a transport from near shores and continental hinterland under conditions of low hydrodynamic energy such as floated bodies. This is consistent with both the scattered nature of the material in the basin and with its well preserved state (e.g., dental rows, skulls) with respect to other early African mammal localities such as the Ouarzazate basin sites. Up to now, the Grand Daoui sites have yielded 7 species of mammals, which is not an inconsiderable diversity. The provisional faunal list includes a new hyaenodontid creodont, a small (P. escuilliei) and a large (Daouitherium rebouli) proboscidean, the two “condylarths” Abdounodus hamdii (cf. Mioclaneidae) and Ocepeia daouiensis (cf. Phenacodonta), and two indeterminate species which are described here. One of these, known only by a broken bilophodont lower molar, might belong to a new “condylarth” or a new ungulate. It has a reduced one-rooted M/3. An isolated M/3 belongs to another new species close to the genus Seggeurius. It is the oldest known hyracoidean along with an indeterminate species from the Ypresian of N’Tagourt 2 (Morocco). In the mammalian Ouled Abdoun « fauna », P. escuilliei is largely predominant. As a whole this “fauna” shows typical endemic African affinities. It provides new insight into the origin and initial radiation of major endemic African placental taxa. Despite their scarcity, the well preserved Ouled Abdoun mammal remains provide new data especially on the earliest known African ungulates. This is indeed the only known locality bearing large mammals in the Paleocene and early Eocene of Africa, probably in connection to the peculiar taphonomy of continental vertebrates in the phosphatic facies. The vertebrates associated with the Grand Daoui mammals include selachians, osteichthyans, marine reptiles (crocodilians, turtles, and the snakes Palaeophis) and also marine birds which are here reported for the first time in the Ouled Abdoun and other African phosphate basins. The Ouled Abdoun birds are diversified and much less rare than the mammals. They are the oldest known birds in Africa and among the oldest representatives of modern marine groups. Preliminary identifications indicate the occurrence of Procellariiformes (cf. Diomedeidae, cf. Procellariidae), Pelecaniformes (cf. Phaethontidae, cf. Prophaethontidae, cf. Fregatidae, cf. Pelagornithidae), and Anseriformes (cf. Presbyornithidae).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fossill Proboscidea'

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