Academic literature on the topic 'Fotoautotrofia'

Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) merupakan tanaman perkebunan penghasil minyak atsiri. Perbanyakan nilam secara in vitro dilakukan sebagai upaya memenuhi permintaan pasar. Penggunaan sistem fotoautotrofik pada kultur in vitro dilakukan melalui pengaturan konsentrasi gula dan jumlah ventilasi untuk mendapatkan pertumbuhan bibit terbaik. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni sampai September 2020. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan berupa planlet steril nilam varietas Tapak Tuan koleksi BALITTRO. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan kelompok Lengkap Teracak dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama adalah konsentrasi gula (10, 20, dan 30 g L-1) dan faktor kedua adalah jumlah ventilasi (0, 2, dan 4 lubang). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan interaksi antara perlakuan konsentrasi gula dan jumlah ventilasi berpengaruh terhadap jumlah eksplan berkalus dan jumlah daun tanaman nilam. Hasil terbaik dalam multiplikasi tanaman nilam menggunakan media penambahan 20 g L-1 gula tanpa ventilasi yang meningkatkan jumlah daun sebanyak 9-61% dan jumlah buku sebanyak 20% pada 6 MSP dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya. Pemberian ventilasi 2 lubang meningkatkan jumlah akar 10-20%, jumlah dan kerapatan stomata 28-57% pada 6 MSP dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya. Peningkatan jumlah akar, jumlah dan kerapatan stomata pada eksplan yang tumbuh dalam sistem fotoautotrofik secara in vitro menunjukkan kemampuan untuk mengintegrasikan lingkungan dan diduga lebih mampu bertahan pada aklimatisasi untuk produksi bibit. Kata kunci: aklimatisasi, fotosintesis, in vitro, pengakaran, stomata

Tanaman yang ditumbuhkan dalam kondisi in vitro pada umumnya tidak melakukan fotosintesis, lapisan kutikula dan jaringan pembuluh antara akar dan pucuk tidak berkembang serta stomata belum berfungsi dengan baik sehingga sulit bertahan pada saat aklimatisasi. Teknik fotoautotrofik perlu dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan planlet saat dipindahkan ke kondisi ex vitro. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari respon pertumbuhan kentang kultivar Granola yang dikulturkan dengan sistem fotoautotrofik untuk menyediakan bibit kentang yang unggul dan bermutu. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan 2, analisis morfologi stomata dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikro Teknik, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan November 2014 hingga April 2015. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua percobaan terpisah. Percobaan pertama menggunakan bahan tanam buku tunggal, percobaan kedua menggunakan bahan tanam pucuk. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT) dua faktor, yaitu konsentrasi gula dan ventilasi. Pada percobaan pertama diperoleh bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi gula nyata meningkatkan jumlah daun dan buku tunas kentang (Solanum tuberosum). Interaksi gula yang rendah dan penambahan ventilasi menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah stomata dan kloroplas serta mengecilnya diameter stomata daun. Sebanyak 45 % planlet yang ditumbuhkan pada media dengan konsentrasi gula 25 gL-1 dengan ventilasi 1 serta 67 % planlet dari media gula 25 gL-1 dengan ventilasi 2 mampu bertahan selama aklimatisasi dan diduga dapat digunakan untuk produksi bibit. Pada percobaan 2 tidak terdapat planlet yang mampu bertahan pada tahap aklimatisasi.

<p><em>Tanaman yang ditumbuhkan dalam kondisi in vitro pada umumnya tidak melakukan fotosintesis, lapisan kutikula dan jaringan pembuluh antara akar dan pucuk tidak berkembang serta stomata belum berfungsi dengan baik sehingga sulit bertahan pada saat aklimatisasi. Teknik fotoautotrofik perlu dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan planlet saat dipindahkan ke kondisi ex vitro. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari respon pertumbuhan kentang kultivar Granola yang dikulturkan dengan sistem fotoautotrofik untuk menyediakan bibit kentang yang unggul dan bermutu. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan 2, analisis morfologi stomata dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikro Teknik, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan November 2014 hingga April 2015. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua percobaan terpisah. Percobaan pertama menggunakan bahan tanam buku tunggal, percobaan kedua menggunakan bahan tanam pucuk. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT) dua faktor, yaitu konsentrasi gula dan ventilasi. Pada percobaan pertama diperoleh bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi gula nyata meningkatkan jumlah daun dan buku tunas kentang (Solanum tuberosum). Interaksi gula yang rendah dan penambahan ventilasi menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah stomata dan kloroplas serta mengecilnya diameter stomata daun. Sebanyak 45 % planlet yang ditumbuhkan pada media dengan konsentrasi gula 25 gL^-1 dengan ventilasi 1 serta 67 % planlet dari media gula 25 gL^-1 dengan ventilasi 2 mampu bertahan selama aklimatisasi dan diduga dapat digunakan untuk produksi bibit. Pada percobaan 2 tidak terdapat planlet yang mampu bertahan pada tahap aklimatisasi.</em></p>

Tiga spesies tanaman sayur, kangkung darat (Ipomoea reptana), sawi (Brassica juncea), dan kemangi (Ocimum basilicum) dibandingkan guna mengonversi ammonium dan nitrat nitrogen dari sistem akuakultur. Tanaman tersebut ditanam secara hidroponik menggunakan teknik rakit (rafting technique) dengan tata letak rancangan acak kelompok lengkap (RAKL). Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa tingkat konversi nitrogen oleh ketiga jenis tanaman berbeda secara nyata dengan tingkat retensi nitrogen tertinggi pada tanaman kangkung sebesar 0,73±0,28 g; diikuti oleh kemangi (0,30±0,17 g); dan terakhir oleh sawi (0,03±0,07 g). Secara keseluruhan ketiga tanaman mampu menyisihkan limbah nitrogen sebesar 6,70% dari total produksi TAN dari sisa metabolisme ikan yang dibudidayakan.

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) is an ornamental plant that is included in an important contribution in the ornamental plant business. Related to chrysanthemum buds grown in vitro in culture tubes or bottles with a tightly closed to avoid bacterial and fungal contamination and to protect the humidity of the culture environment. However, this tight cap often affects the composition of the gas in a jar or bottle, which inhibits plant growth. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of photoautotrophic on the growth of chrysanthemum buds in the in vitro culture process and the differences in invitro and exvitro chrysanthemum stomata. This research was conducted in March 2016 to May 2016 in the Microtechnical Laboratory, IPB University. Research results obtained from research on the position given to research conducted on the number of roots, the number of books and the number of shoots. The influence of the environment of exvitro also significantly affects the number of stomata, stomata width and stomata density. Keywords :ex vitro, in vitro, photoautotrophic

Pengikatan karbon oleh algae fotoautotrofik berpotensi untuk mengurangi pelepasan CO2 ke atmosfer dan dapat membantu mencegah percepatan terjadinya pemanasan global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat penyerapan karbon pada budidaya rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii dan Gracilaria gigas berdasarkan aktivitas fotosintesis serta variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhinya. Budidaya rumput laut dilakukan dengan metode long-line di perairan Teluk Gerupuk, Lombok Tengah pada satu unit long-line dengan luas area 1.250 m2. Selama penelitian, dilakukan pengujian terhadap sampel rumput laut dan sampel air laut dari lokasi budidaya yang diambil pada hari ke-0, 10, 20, 30, dan 45 pemeliharaan. Laju penyerapan karbon total berdasarkan biomassa panen pada G. gigas hampir 300% lebih tinggi dibandingkan K. alvarezii. Selain itu, laju pertumbuhan dan produksi karbohidrat pada G. gigas juga lebih tinggi, yang mengindikasikan laju fotosintesis yang lebih tinggi, dan didukung oleh indeks percabangan yang juga lebih tinggi. Potensi penyerapan karbon di perairan Teluk Gerupuk mencapai 6.656,51 ton C/tahun untuk budidaya K. Alvarezii dan 19.339,02 ton C/tahun untuk budidaya G. gigas. Penyerapan karbon berhubungan dengan kandungan pigmen dan laju pertumbuhan rumput laut, serta konsentrasi CO2 dan kecerahan perairan.

The growth responces of potato explant (var. Atlantic), under different temperatures (100C) between photoperiod and dark period air temperatures in culture room, in high intensity of light (7000 lux) and low intensity of light (3000 lux), cultured in 18 h light/dark cycle and incubated for 21 and 28 days wasobserved. The result shown that photoautotroph condition influence the explant growth to be planlet. After 28 days incubation the planlets growth better than in 21 days. Its because the photosynthesis process during 28 days incubation were more effective than in 21 days incubation. The dry weight per planlet, number of leaves, leaf area and dry weight per leaf were enhanced in photoautotroph condition with 7000 lux light intensity in all treatments. In 3000 lux light intensity, the high planlet with small diameter was performanced. The study indicates that the photoautotroph condition affect further growth of the in vitro potato planlet.

ABSTRAKMunculnya makanan cepat saji dan polusi udara mendatangkan kerusakan tubuh akibat radikal bebas. Untuk melawan radikal bebas, antioksidan menjadi semakin populer di berbagai kalangan dan salah satunya astaxanthin. Haematococcus pluvialis merupakan sumber astaxanthin alami tertinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mempelajari pertumbuhan H. Pluvialis. Sebagai variabel dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) konsentrasi inoculum awal yang berbeda (yaitu 10%-v/v dan 20%-v/v) terhadap kepadatan dan jumlah sel; (2) penambahan garam NaCl dan induksi cahaya terhadap rasio karotenoid dan klorofil. Mikroalga H. pluvialis secara fotoautotrof selama sembilan hari. Karotenogenesis diinduksi oleh penambahan NaCl 0,8%-b/v, diikuti oleh induksi di bawah intensitas cahaya tinggi. Kadar klorofil dan total karotenoid dianalisis dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan H. pluvialis lebih baik dikulturkan dengan konsentrasi inokulum 10% dan diperoleh jumlah 70 x 105 sel/mL. Penambahan garam NaCl 0,8%-b/v disertai induksi intensitas cahaya tinggi dapat meningkatkan rasio kadar karotenoid terhadap klorofil sebesar 28,9%.Kata kunci:,Haematococcus pluvialis, induksi cahaya, karotenoid, klorofil, mikroalga.ABSTRACTFast food and air pollution lead to the production of free radicals in our body. To fight those, it is needed anti-oxidant. That is the reason why antioxidant become a popular supplement for many people and one of them is astaxanthin. Haematococcus pluvialis is the highest source of natural astaxanthin. The goal of this study is to observe the cell growth of H. pluvialis. The variables used in this research are (1) a different initial inoculum concentrations (i.e. 10%-v/v and 20%-v/v) to the density and number of cells; (2) the addition of salt NaCl and light induction to the ratio of carotenoids to chlorophyll. Microalgae H. pluvialis was cultured in batch mode and photoautotrophic cultivation for nine days. The carotenogenesis was induced by addition of NaCl 0.8%-b/v, followed by induction under high-light intensity. Chlorophyll levels and total carotenoids were analyzed using a spectrophotometer. It was observed that growth of H. pluvialis was preferable cultured with 10% inoculum concentration and obtained 70 x 105 cells/mL. The addition of NaCl 0.8%-b/v salt followed by high light intensity induction could increase the ratio of carotenoids to chlorophyll levels by 28.9%.Keywords: carotenoid, chlorophyll, Haematococcus pluvialis, light induction, microalgae.

Tese de doutoramento em Biological and Chemical Engineering
This work aimed at the development and optimization of systems and techniques for microalgae cultivation, in order to make the process economically and environmentally sustainable. Three different strategies were adopted: i) maximize productivity through the optimization of culture conditions, ii) maximize productivity and decrease costs by the use of agro-industrial waste as cultivation medium; iii) development of a new, low cost and highly productive microalgae cultivation system. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most widely used carbon source for photoautotrophic growth of microalgae. The rate of CO2 fixation (RCO2) by Chlorella vulgaris was maximized by defining the values of CO2 concentration in air feed and aeration rate. The results revealed that the maximum RCO2 (2.22 g L-1 d-1) was obtained using 6.5% (v/v) CO2 and 0.5 vvm. Although biomass concentration and mass productivity were affected by growth conditions, no differences were obtained in the biochemical composition of cells. The optimization of specific productivity (starch and lipids for the production of bioethanol and biodiesel, respectively) was performed using strategies of nutrient limitation. Starch accumulation in C. vulgaris cells was evaluated under different initial concentrations of urea (nitrogen source) and FeNa-EDTA (iron source) in the medium. Based on the results, a two-stage process for obtaining culture cells with high concentrations of starch (> 40%) was proposed: a first stage of cultivation with initial urea and FeNa-EDTA concentrations of 1 and 0.08 g L-1, respectively, which aims at maximizing biomass productivity, followed by a second stage of cultivation in the absence of these nutrients to induce starch accumulation. The increase of lipid content in Parachlorella kessleri cells was induced using a culture medium dilution strategy. Photosynthetic carbon partitioning into starch and neutral lipid, as well as the influence of nutrient depletion and repletion on growth and pigment content in the green microalga P. kessleri were studied. The study revealed that P. kessleri used starch as a primary carbon and energy storage, but the stress caused by the decrease of nutrients concentration made the microalgae to shift the fixed carbon into reserve lipids as a secondary storage product. These findings indicate that nutritional limitation can be used in P. kessleri cultivation as a very effective and cheap strategy to increase lipid productivity, for biofuel production. Growth parameters and biochemical composition of the green microalga C. vulgaris cultivated under different mixotrophic conditions were determined and compared to those obtained from a photoautotrophic control culture. Supplementation of the inorganic culture medium with hydrolysed cheese whey powder solution, when compared photoautotrophic growth, led to a significant improvement in microalgal biomass production (from 0.10 ± 0.01 to 0.75 ± 0.01 g L d-1) and an increase in carbohydrate utilization when compared with the culture enriched with a mixture of pure glucose and galactose (from 80.5 and 49.5% of glucose and galactose utilization, respectively, to an utilization of 100% of these carbohydrates), possibly due to the presence of growth promoting nutrients in cheese whey. Mixotrophic cultivation of C. vulgaris using the main dairy industry by-product could be considered a feasible alternative to reduce the costs of microalgal biomass production, since it does not require the addition of expensive carbohydrates to the culture medium. A characterization of liquid and gas phases was performed, the mass transfer coefficient was determined, together with the light distribution profiles and flow patterns of three different photobioreactors (PBRs), namely bubble column (BC), split cylinder airlift photobioreactor (SCAPBR) 75 and SCAPBR 50. The effect of these parameters on biomass productivity was discussed. The developed SCAPBRs proved to be extremely suitable for microalgae cultivation. The design of photobioreactors (PBR), particularly the designed gas sparger, allowed meeting the needs of microalgae in terms of efficient mixing and good mass transfer coefficients (efficient supply and removal of CO2 and O2, respectively). SCAPBR 50 (at UGr = 0.0044 m s-1) showed, among the tested PBRs, the highest value of biomass productivity (0.75 g L-1 d-1). This result has been attributed to a higher efficiency of light distribution inside the PBR and to a regular and defined flow pattern, which allows exposing cells to regular light-dark periods, as demonstrated in the present work
A realização deste trabalho visou o desenvolvimento e optimização de sistemas e técnicas de cultivo de microalgas de forma a tornar o processo económica e ambientalmente sustentável. Três estratégias distintas foram adoptadas: i) maximização da produtividade recorrendo à optimização das condições de cultivo; ii) maximização da produtividade e diminuição de custos recorrendo à utilização resíduos agroindustriais como meio de cultivo; iii) desenvolvimento de um novo sistema de cultivo de baixo custo e elevada produtividade. O dióxido de carbono (CO2) é a fonte de carbono mais utilizada no crescimento fotoautotrófico de microalgas. A taxa de fixação de CO2 (RCO2) por parte da Chlorella vulgaris, foi optimizada através da definição dos valores de concentração de CO2 e taxa de arejamento. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a RCO2 máxima (2,22 g L-1 d-1) foi observada utilizando 6,5 % CO2 e 0,5 vvm. Apesar da concentração de biomassa e produtividade mássica terem sido afectadas pelas condições de cultivo, não foram obtidas diferenças na composição bioquímica das células. A optimização da produtividade específica (amido e lípidos destinados à produção de bioetanol e biodiesel, respectivamente) foi efectuada recorrendo a estratégias de limitação nutricional. A acumulação de amido em células de C. vulgaris foi avaliada sob diferentes concentrações iniciais de ureia (fonte de azoto) e FeNa-EDTA (fonte de ferro) no meio de cultivo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi proposto um processo de cultivo para a obtenção de células com elevadas concentrações de amido (> 40%), composto por duas fases: uma primeira fase de cultivo com concentrações iniciais de ureia e FeNa-EDTA de 1,1 e 0,08 g L-1, respectivamente, que tem como objectivo maximizar a produtividade em biomassa; seguida por uma segunda etapa de cultivo sem a presença destes nutrientes, induzindo a acumulação de amido nas células. O aumento do teor de lípidos em células Parachlorella kessleri foi induzida utilizando como estratégia a diluição do meio de cultura. A partição do carbono fotossintético em amido e lípidos neutros, bem como a influência da depleção e repleção de nutrientes no crescimento e teor de pigmentos na microalga P. kessleri foi estudada. O estudo revelou que a P. kessleri utiliza amido como fonte primária de armazenamento de carbono e energia, mas o stress causado pela diminuição da concentração de nutrientes faz a microalga direcionar o seu metabolismo para a acumulação de lípidos, sendo estes reserva energética secundária. Estes resultados indicam que a limitação nutricional pode ser usada na P. kessleri cultivo como uma estratégia muito eficaz e barata para aumentar a produtividade de lípidos. Foram determinados os parâmetros de crescimento e composição bioquímica da microalga C. vulgaris, cultivada em diferentes condições de mixotrofia, e comparados com os obtidos no cultivo padrão, efectuado em condições fotoautotróficas. A suplementação do meio de crescimento com soro de queijo hidrolisado levou a um aumento muito significativo da produtividade em termos de biomassa quando comparado com o crescimento fotoautotrófico (de 0,10 ± 0,01 para 0,75 ± 0,01 g L d-1) e a um aumento da utilização dos hidratos de carbono presentes no meio quando comparado com uma cultura enriquecida apenas com glucose e galactose (de 80,5 e 49,5% de consumo de glucose e galactose, respectivamente, para 100% de utilização destes hidratos de carbono), possivelmente devido à presença de nutrientes do soro de queijo que promovem o crescimento. O cultivo mixotrófico de C. vulgaris recorrendo ao principal subproduto da indústria dos lacticínios, pode ser considerada como uma alternativa bastante promissora para a redução de custos da produção de microalgas. A caracterização das fases líquida e gasosa, bem como a determinação do coeficiente de transferência de massa, a determinação do perfil de distribuição da luz e do padrão de fluxo foi efectuada em três fotobioreactores diferentes (BC, SCAPBR 75 e 50). Os SCAPBRs desenvolvidos revelaram-se extremamente adequados para o cultivo de microalgas. O design do SCAPBR, particularmente o sistema de arejamento desenvolvido, permitiu colmatar na totalidade as necessidades da microalga em termos de coeficientes de massa de mistura eficientes (fornecimento eficiente e remoção de CO2 e O2, respectivamente). SCAPBR 50 (com UGr = 0,0044 m s-1) apresentou o valor mais elevado de produtividade (0,75 g L-1 d-1). Este resultado deveu-se a uma maior eficiência da distribuição de luz no interior da PBR e um padrão de fluxo regular e definido, o que permite expor as células a ciclos regulares de luz e sombra.