Academic literature on the topic 'Foulis Academy'

Ways to protect vehicles and transport infrastructure from the effects of negative climate impacts, corrosion, icing, radiation, marine fouling, and biodestruction are considered based on scientific developments of Russian Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Silicate Chemistry. New methods and approaches to develop environmentally friendly protective coatings are considered.

Access and benefits sharing is one principle in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and reaffirmed in Nagoya Protocol. The principle has supported to provider countries of biodiversity to getting benefits sharing of used biodiversity by industries. Therefore, its to getting benefits sharing which fair and balanced, provider countries require specific regulation. Draf Akademik Rancangan Undang-undang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetika (Academic Draft of RUU) is realization require of Indonesia to getting benefits sharing. This article has founds are Academic Draft of RUU the Genetic Resources Management has corresponded with CBD and Nagoya Protocol. Although, there are any points that are not clear, as like the scope of biodiversity and usage.

AbstractWireless power transfer (WPT) has attracted attention from academia and industry in recent years. WPT has natural electrical isolation between primary and secondary side, which ensures safe charging in an underwater environment. This breakthrough technology greatly facilitates the deep-sea power transmission. However, at the current stage the transferred power and energy efficiency level are not up to that of the WPT system in the air. The major concerns include the attenuation is seawater, extreme temperature and pressure conditions, disturbance of ocean currents, and bio-security. Three questions are answered in this paper: first, the expressions of eddy current loss and attenuation of electromagnetic wave in seawater are unified, and the influence of seawater as transmission medium on the WPT system is discussed. Second, the evolution of electromagnetic coupling structure suitable for underwater applications is studied. Third, the loss and heating effects of an underwater WPT system and the corresponding bio-fouling phenomenon are investigated. The questions above were addressed through analysis of electrical properties, coupler structures, and bio-fouling effects of the underwater WPT system. This paper will facilitate the study and research on underwater WPT applications.

Purpose. To provide a detailed justification of the methodological principles, guided by the specialists of the “Antiplagiat.RSL” project when conducting an independent assessment of the originality of scientific texts.Materials and methods. The implementation of these principles is demonstrated with the examples from the practice of tests. The proposed material based on more than ten years of experience of plagiarism – test practice, will give authors and administrators of scientific institutions a clearer idea of the procedure and requirements for academic texts.Results. The automated verification of academic texts for plagiarism has become commonplace, which affects all levels - from writing graduate qualification papers to defending doctoral dissertations, publishing monographs and textbooks. There is a wide range of software specially designed for comparing texts and identifying both distinct overlapping text fragments and paraphrased ones. At the same time, everyone who has come across the verification process understands that it is impossible to rely solely on the quantitative indicators presented in the system report. Evaluation of plagiarism-test results is an area where one has to deal with different, sometimes not entirely correct, understanding of the originality of scientific texts.The Russian State Library (RSL) is a national repository and, what is even more important - it remains independent from the academic institutional milieu. The article describes essential principles of the plagiarism tests, carried out at the RSL, which are based on the organizational legitimacy, identification of individual motivation and compliance with the actual normative regulation. Methodology of the tests founds on the five key principles: objectivity, confidentiality, consistency, specificity and complexity.In addition, certain issues of an objective evaluation of plagiarism are considered in order to draw attention to the fact that independent (delegated) verification of scientific texts is one of the components of the process of supporting academic integrity in modern conditions of dissemination and reproduction of information.Conclusion. A detailed check of the texts for plagiarism allows you to make corrections, modify the texts, and eliminate shortcomings caused by the author’s carelessness or negligence. At the same time, deliberate plagiarism even if it may seem insignificant, is the most serious misconduct from the point of view of scientific ethics, and institutional control in this area is necessary.

Biofouling is a major problem shared among all maritime sectors employing submerged structures where it leads to substantially increased costs and lowered operational lifespans if poorly addressed. Insight into the ongoing processes at the relevant marine locations is key to effective management of biofouling. Of specific concern for the marine renewable energy (MRE) sector is the fact that information on biofouling composition and magnitude across geographies is dispersed throughout published papers and consulting reports. To enable rapid access to relevant key biofouling events the present work describes a European biofouling database to support the MRE sector and other maritime industries. The database compiles in one document qualitative and quantitative data for challenging biofouling groups, including non-native species associated with MRE and related marine equipment, in different European Ecoregions. It provides information on the occurrence of fouling species and data on key biofouling parameters, such as biofouling thickness and weight. The database aims to aid the MRE sector and offshore industries in understanding which biofouling communities their devices are more susceptible to at a given site, to facilitate informed decisions. In addition, the biofouling mapping is useful for the development of biosecurity risk management plans as well as academic research.

Colonization of ship hulls by living organisms, which occurs on molecular, microbial and macro organism levels, decreases ship performance, increases costs and is a biological problem with global consequences. Managing fouling is necessary for efficient economics and to prevent environmental damage due to introduction of invasive species. Colonization is managed by broad spectrum long-lived toxins which kill colonizers. Broad spectrum long-lived toxins build up and impact environments. Toxins damage ecosystems and directly or indirectly kill food species. Ideally, novel antifouling approaches will be compatible with existing business models and with the environment. A mixture of short-lived biologically active molecules that manage colonization has this potential. The mixture would contain a short-lived toxin that managed colonization of organisms that have no behavior and then additional molecules that interfere with the process of colonization by organisms with behavior and those that attach as part of a change in life stage. Environmentally benign antifouling approaches are novel and require cooperation rather than competition or adversarial relationships. They require cooperation by individuals with expertise from business, governmental agencies and academia. The science is likely to be easier than the necessary changes in philosophy and governance required to successfully address this and other complex global problems.

Obtaining a quality education is the foundation to creating sustainable development. Education can help locals to develop innovative solutions for the world’s problems. Schools then have a very important role to play in achieving quality education. In addition to improving quality in the academic field, developing quality school human resources is also very important task to do. Schools need to support the human recources or children’s development by creating child-friendly schools. In the preparation phase of creating the child-friendly schools, there are several im parts that need to be considered and carried out, such as open discussion or constultation with the children as student in order to identify children’s needs and accommodate children’s aspiration. The focus group discussion and interviews with representative students from Salatiga founds there are needs and problems that need to be addresses on preparing the child-friendly schools: 1) on school policy: schools need partipations of all stake holders in developing school policy of violence against student, and specific detail of that upcoming policy, clearer and safer violence reporting mechansism for children; 2) on learning activities: unbalance treatments and discrimination towards students (based on social status, religion, and race or ethnicity), lack of educators’ capacity on understanding the diversity of character and students’ potential, treatments from educator that decreasing students’ condidence, teachers behavior that contains offensive SARA (ethnicity, religion, race, and social class), and violence cases both physically and verbally in schools activities; 3) on educators component; lack of understanding of child rights and child-friendly schools, lack of implementation of child rights and child-friendly schools; 4) on facilities and infrastructure: evacuation routes for natural disasters and fires, clean toilet facilities and changing rooms that can protect students from sexual crimes attempts; 5) on students participations and; 6) stakeholders participations: lack of stakeholders and students involment on preparing child-friendly school in Salatiga.

<p>Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is advancing rapidly around the world both in research and commercial applications. Despite the increasing number of studies and full-scale applications of MBR systems, directions and trends in academic research as well as commercial developments require further analysis. This paper aims to critically characterize and review worldwide academic research efforts in the area of MBRs as well as focus attention to commercial MBR applications. Various research papers published in peer-reviewed international journals were used as the database for the analysis provided in this paper. After a surge of MBR publications, research appears to have reached a plateau in the last 7 years using both submerged and external MBR units. Although much of the pioneering research occurred in Japan, France and the UK, countries such as South Korea, China and Germany have significantly contributed to the research pool in the last 5 years. The primary research focus has been on water filtration MBRs with limited growth in extractive and gas diffusion MBRs which still hold un-tapped potential. Fundamental aspects studied in academic research predominantly involve issues related to fouling, microbial characterization and optimizing operational performance. Zenon occupies the majority of the MBR market in America, whereas Kubota and Mitsubishi-Rayon has a larger number of installations in other parts of the world. Due to more stringent regulations and water reuse strategies, it is expected that a significant increase in MBR plant capacity and widening of application areas will occur in the future. Potential application areas include nitrate removal in drinking water treatment, removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from water and wastewater streams; enhancing bio-fuels production via membrane assisted fermentation and gas extraction and purification MBRs. Treatment technology for water recycling encompasses a vast number of options. Membrane processes are regarded as key elements of advanced wastewater reclamation and reuse schemes and are included in a number of prominent schemes world-wide, e.g. for artificial groundwater recharge, indirect potable reuse as well as for industrial process water production. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are a promising process combination of activated sludge treatment and membrane filtration for biomass retention.<br />Many researchers have concluded that wastewater reclamation in intended MBR technology is the method of choice when it is combined with other advanced treatment technologies.<br />As water shortages are increasing, the need for sustainable water treatment and the reuse of water is essential. Water reuse from wastewater can be accomplished in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) in the secondary activated sludge stage of a wastewater treatment plant. To remove viruses, dissolved organics and in organics still present in the MBR permeate, nanofiltration (NF) can be applied. Nevertheless, the major drawback of nanofiltration membranes is the production of a concentrate stream that cannot be discharged to the environment. The research show that the continuous production of reusable water from wastewater in a combined MBR and NF process with NF concentrates recirculation can be successful.</p>

Важнейшим элементом формирования габитуса древесных растений является размер и форма кроны. Проектирование декоративных композиций в садово-парковом строительстве возможно только с учетом особенностей строения и развития крон. В родовом комплексе Robinia L. представлено четыре вида и несколько декоративных форм древесных растений, существенно отличающихся строением и особенностями развития крон. Проектирование ландшафтных композиций с использованием этих растений затрудняется тем, что все они способны формировать разные типы крон в зависимости от экологических условий произрастания в процессе онтогенетического развития. В связи с этим целью данной работы стало изучение особенностей строения и развития крон представителей рода Robinia в разных экологических условиях. Объектами исследований являлись виды и формы рода Robinia L.: R. neomexicana Gray.; R. pseudoacacia L.; R. pseudoacaciaf. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd.; R. pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd.; Robinia viscosa var. hartwegii (Koehne) Ashe.; произрастающие в дендрологических коллекциях ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН, кадастр №34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10. Проведенные исследования показали, что на формирование крон оказывает влияние генетически обусловленная архитектурная модель, а также экологические факторы среды обитания, главными из которых являются: гидрологический режим, освещенность и ветровая нагрузка. Формирование определенной жизненной формы под воздействием гидрологического режима приводит к изменению общей геометрии кроны, неравномерное освещение к увеличению асимметрии, а повышенная ветровая нагрузка уменьшает общую плотность кроны. Установлено, что для R. pseudoacacia с жизненной формой одноствольного дерева типичной является раскидистая форма кроны, а для R. neomexicana и R. viscosa – узкоовальная и купольная соответственно. Многоствольные жизненные формы R. neomexicana имеют преимущественно округловерхнеовальные кроны, R. viscosa– округлокупольные. Кроны R. pseudoacaciaс изменением жизненной формы как правило меняют только общую геометрию, сохраняя при этом раскидистую форму. Формирование такого типа кроны вызвано крупными размерами растений этого вида. Большая высота и диаметр кроны приводят к повышенной ветровой нагрузке (Chan W., Eng Y…, 2020; Bunce A., Volin J.C., Miller D.R., 2019), для снижения которой в процессе эволюции сформировалась раскидистая крона с высокой степенью ажурности (просветы составляют 60-70%). Выявлено, что строгие геометрические шаровидные и колоновидные формы характерны только для декоративных форм R. pseudoacaciaf. umbraculifera и R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis, а высокоштамбовые формы образуются у растений после радикальной омолаживающей обрезки на высоте 3-3,5 метров. R. pseudoacacia после радикальной омолаживающей обрезки формирует округло-овальную, R. neomexicana – округло-верхнеовальную, а R. viscosa- ширококупольную или даже зонтично-купольную форму. Анализ архитектурных моделей позволил определить основные закономерности формирования крон различных видов. Так, при развитии купольной кроны R. viscosa определяющим фактором является генетическая предрасположенность к образованию наклоненно-поникающих обрастающих ветвей. Восходящие и наклоненные побеги R. neomexicana при относительно высокой плотности кроны (просветы составляют 50-60%) приводят к формированию узкоовальной формы кроны. В процессе реализации генетической программы развития у R. pseudoacaciaпреимущественно образуются скелетные ветви, восходящие под углом (45) 50-70 градусов, а у R. viscosa и R. neomexicana под углом 60-80 (85) градусов. Результаты проведенных исследований показали, что существенную трансформацию кроны всех видов претерпевают в процессе онтогенеза. У синильных экземпляров одноствольных деревьев значительно увеличивается асимметричность, кроны приобретают раскидистую или флагообразную форму. Дальнейшие процессы старения приводят к потере центрального проводника и трансформации жизненной формы в многоствольное аэроксильное или геоксильное дерево. Установлено, что плотность крон всех изучаемых видов Robiniaимеет ярко выраженную сезонную и суточную динамику. Сезонная динамика определяется не только осенним, но и летним листопадом. Суточные колебания плотности протекают благодаря термонастическим движениям сложных листьев. The most important element in the formation of the habitus of woody plants is the size and shape of the crown. The design of decorative compositions in garden and park construction is possible only taking into account the features of the structure and development of the crowns. The genus complex Robinia L. contains four species and several decorative forms of woody plants that differ significantly in the structure and features of the development of the crowns. The design of landscape compositions using these plants is complicated by the fact that they are all able to form different types of crowns, depending on the environmental conditions of growth in the process of ontogenetic development. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to study the features of the structure and development of the crowns of representatives of the genus Robiniain different environmental conditions. The objects of research were the species and forms of the genus Robinia L.: R. neomexicana Gray.; R. pseudoacacia L.; R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd.; R. pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd.; Robinia viscosa var. hartwegii (Koehne) Ashe.; growing in dendrological collections of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, cadastre №34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10. Studies have shown that the formation of crowns is influenced by a genetically determined architectural model, as well as environmental factors of the habitat, the main of which are: the hydrological regime, illumination and wind load. The formation of a certain life form under the influence of the hydrological regime leads to a change in the overall geometry of the crown, uneven lighting increases the asymmetry, and increased wind load reduces the overall density of the crown. It was found that for R. pseudoacacia with the life form of a single-stemmed tree, the spreading form of the crown is typical, and for R. neomexicana and R. viscosa– narrow-oval and domed, respectively. The multi-stemmed life forms of R. neomexicana have mainly rounded – topped crowns, while R. viscosa has rounded-topped crowns. The crowns of R. pseudoacacia, with a change in the life form, usually change only the general geometry, while maintaining a spreading shape. The formation of this type of crown is caused by the large size of plants of this species. The high height and diameter of the crown lead to an increased wind load (Chan W., Eng Y..., 2020; Bunce A., Volin J. C., Miller D. R., 2019), to reduce which, in the course of evolution, a spreading crown with a high degree of openwork was formed (the gaps are 60-70%). It was revealed that strict geometric spherical and columnar forms are characteristic only for decorative forms of R. pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera and R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis, and high-stemmed forms are formed in plants after radical rejuvenating pruning at a height of 3-3. 5 meters.R. pseudoacaciaafter radical rejuvenating pruning forms a round – oval, R. neomexicana-a round - upper oval., and R. viscosa-a wide-domed or even umbrella-domed form. The analysis of architectural models allowed us to determine the main patterns of crown formation of various types. Thus, in the development of the dome crown of R. viscosa, the determining factor is the genetic predisposition to the formation of inclined-drooping fouling branches. Ascending and tilted shoots of R. neomexicana at a relatively high crown density (the lumen is 50-60%) lead to the formation of a narrow oval crown shape. In the process of implementing the genetic development program in R. pseudoacacia mainly forms skeletal branches ascending at an angle of (45) 50-70 degrees, and in R. viscosa and R. neomexicana at an angle of 60-80 (85) degrees. The results of the conducted studies have shown that the crown of all species undergoes a significant transformation in the process of ontogenesis. In the blue specimens of single-stemmed trees, the asymmetry significantly increases, the crowns acquire a spreading or flag-shaped shape. Further aging processes lead to the loss of the central conductor and the transformation of the life form into a multi-stemmed aeroxyl or geoxyl tree. It was found that the crown density of all studied Robiniaspecies has a pronounced seasonal and diurnal dynamics. Seasonal dynamics is determined not only by autumn, but also by summer leaf fall. Diurnal density fluctuations occur due to thermonastic movements of complex leaves.

Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes are pressure driven, diffusion controlled process. The influence of surface characteristics on membrane process performance is considered significant and is not well understood. Current mass transport models generally assume constant mass transfer coefficients (MTCs) based on a homogeneous surface. This work evaluated mass transfer processes by incorporating surface morphology into a diffusion-based model assuming MTCs are dependent on the thickness variation of the membrane's active layer. To mathematically create such a surface layer, Gaussian random vectors embedded in a software system (MATLAB) were used to generate a three-dimensional ridge and valley active layer morphologies. A “SMOOTH” script was incorporated to reduce the influence of outlying data and make the hypothetical surfaces visually comparable to the AFM images. A non-homogeneous solution diffusion model (NHDM) was then developed to account for surface variations in the active layer. Concentration polarization (CP) is also affected by this non-homogeneous surface property; therefore, the NHDM was modified by incorporating the CP factor. In addition, recent studies have shown that the membrane surface morphology influences colloidal fouling behavior of RO and NF membranes. With consideration of the spatial variation of the cake thickness along the membranes, a fouling model was established by assuming cake growth is proportional to the localized permeate flow. Flux decline was assumed to be controlled by the resistance of cake growth and accumulated particle back diffusion at the membrane surface. A series of simulations were performed using operating parameters and water qualities data collected from a full-scale brackish water reverse osmosis membrane water treatment plant. The membrane channel was divided into a thousand uniform slices and the water qualities were determined locally through a finite difference approach. Prediction of the total dissolved solid (TDS) permeate concentration using the model was found to be accurate within 5% to 15% as an average percentage of difference (APD) using the NHDM developed in this research work. A comparison of the NHDM and the modified NHDM for concentration polarization (CP) with the commonly accepted homogeneous solution diffusion model (HSDM) using pilot-scale brackish water RO operating data indicated that the NHDM is more accurate when the solute concentration in the feed stream is low, while the NHDMCP appears to be more predictive of permeate concentration when considering high solute feed concentration. Simulation results indicated that surface morphology affects the water qualities in the permeate stream. Higher salt passage was expected to occur at the valley areas when diffusion mass transfer would be greater than at the peaks where the thin-film membrane is thicker. A rough surface tends to increase the TDS accumulation on the valley areas, causing an enhanced osmotic pressure at the valleys of membrane. To evaluate the impact of surface morphology on RO and NF performance, fouling experiments were conducted using flat-sheet membrane and three different nanoparticles, which included SiO2, TiO2 and CeO2. In this study, the rate and extent of fouling was markedly influenced by membrane surface morphology. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed that the higher fouling rate of RO membranes compared to that of NF membranes is due to the inherent ridge-and-valley morphology of the RO membranes. This unique morphology increases the surface roughness, leading to particle accumulation in the valleys, causing a higher flux decline than in smoother membranes. Extended fouling experiments were conducted using one of the RO membranes to compare the effect of different particles on actual water. It was determined that membrane flux decline was not affected by particle type when the feed water was laboratory grade water. On the other hand, membrane flux decline was affected by particle type when diluted seawater served as the feed water. It was found that CeO2 addition resulted in the least observable flux decline and fouling rate, followed by SiO2 and TiO2. Fouling simulation was conducted by fitting the monitored flux data into a cake growth rate model. The model was discretized by a finite difference method to incorporate the surface thickness variation. The ratio of cake growth term (k_1) and particle back diffusion term (k_2) was compared in between different RO and NF membranes. Results indicate that k_2 was less significant for surfaces that exhibited a higher roughness. It was concluded that the valley areas of thin-film membrane surfaces have the ability to capture particles, limiting particle back diffusion.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering

Tombant « des hauteurs de l’art dans la boue de l’obscénité » : ainsi sont qualifiées par un membre d’une ligue de vertu en 1912 les revues du nu, premières revues françaises de modèles photographiques de nu (1902-1914). Catalogues de poses à destination des artistes, ces revues sont à l’origine d’un discours académique qui légitime la publication de nus photographiques. Cette justification pourtant leur est âprement contestée et, dans une Europe en quête de moralisation, les revues du nu enchaînent les accusations d’obscénité. Placées au coeur d’un débat entre art et immoralité, elles pâtissent d’une illégitimité culturelle qui leur restera fermement associée. Elles sont pourtant de véritables réflecteurs de mentalités. Recueils de nus majoritairement féminins, le discours qu’elles livrent par l’image comme par le texte relaie les constructions idéologiques qui dominent leur société tout en contribuant peut-être à les former : le langage y est celui d’une domination à la fois masculine, blanche et virile. Les corps sont posés, imposés et exposés par les revues du nu qui en font un produit de consommation charnel, le pilier d’une prostitution visuelle. Ce faisant, les revues du nu sont les actrices d’un érotisme de masse dont la tradition académique, sur laquelle elles appuyaient leur argument, se fait vernis légitimant. Objets d’art et de société, elles sont au coeur d’une histoire des corps et de la sexualité, d’une histoire des représentations et des mentalités
Falling “from the heights of art in the mud of obscenity”: this is how the revues du nu, the first French magazines of nude photographic models (1902-1914), are qualified in 1912 by a member of a morality league. Sold as catalogues of poses for artists, the revues du nu are at the origin of an academic discourse that legitimizes the publication of nude photography. However, this justification is bitterly contested in the era of a Europe in search of moralization, and these publications are therefore subject to accusations of obscenity. Placed at the heart of a debate between art and immorality, the subject suffers from a cultural illegitimacy that will remain, throughout time, associated to them. They are, however, true reflectors of the mentalities of the time. Being collections of predominantly female nudes, the discourse they deliver through both the images and text relays the ideological constructions that dominate their society, while, perhaps, contributing to the latter in shaping them: the language used is one of a masculine, white and virile man. Bodies are posed, imposed and exposed by the revues du nu, turning them into a carnal consumer product, the pillar of a visual prostitution. In doing so, the nude magazines are the actors of a mass eroticism whose academic tradition, on which they based their argument, reaffirms their legitimacy. Objects of art and of society, they are at the heart of a history of bodies and of sexuality, a history of representations and of mentalities

M. Tech. (Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology.
Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are widely used in water purification. The presence of biofilms in water and industrial water purification systems is prevalent. As a result, biofouling which is a biofilm problem causes adverse effects on reverse osmosis process, which include flux decline, shorter membrane lifetime and an increase in energy consumption The effect of biofouling on RO membranes was investigated at a water treatment facility at Sasol, Sasolburg by investigating the quality of water purified by the RO system and the extent of fouling that is attributed to biofouling. Chemical and microbiological data was averaged based on the results obtained from water analysis and samples from a fouled membrane. Bacteriological plate counts ranged between log 1.5 to 4 cfu/ml in water samples and log 3.9 to 4.5 cfu/cm2 on biofilm from the membrane surface. Water analysis indicated a high conductivity of 121 µS/cm in the feed and 81 ppm of the TDS, whereas in the permeate conductivity was found to be around 6 µS/cm and 3.8 ppm of the TDS. This indicated that components present in the feed were retained by the membrane. This was supported by membrane autopsy which showed that the bacteria and elements found in the feedwater were also present on the membrane surface, hence contributing to fouling. An average of 33% of cellular ATP was measured on the biofilm from membrane sample, showing that the fouling bacteria are metabolically active in situ. The results clearly indicated that an important biological activity occurred at the membrane surface.

This dissertation reports on research related to ultrafiltration (UF) membranes in drinking water applications. A pilot-scale investigation identified seasonal surface water quality impacts on UF performance and resulted in the development of a dynamic chemically enhanced backwash protocol for fouling management. Subsequent analysis of UF process data revealed limitations with the use of specific flux, transmembrane pressure (TMP), and other normalization techniques for assessing UF process fouling. A new TMP balance approach is presented that identifies the pressure contribution of membrane fouling and structural changes, enables direct process performance comparisons at different operating fluxes, and distinguishes between physically and chemically unresolved fouling. In addition to the TMP balance, a five component optimization approach is presented for the systematic improvement of UF processes on the basis of TMP variations. Terms are defined for assessing process event performance, a new process utilization term is presented to benchmark UF productivity, and new measures for evaluating maintenance procedures are discussed. Using these tools, a correlation between process utilization and operating pressures was established and a sustainable process utilization of 93.5% was achieved. UF process capabilities may be further enhanced by pre-coating media onto the membrane surface. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) are evaluated as pre-coating materials, and the applicability of the TMP balance for assessing pre-coated membrane performance is demonstrated. The first use of SiO2 as a support layer for PAC in a membrane pre-coating application is presented at the laboratory-scale. SiO2-PAC pre-coatings successfully reduced physically unresolved fouling and enhanced UF membrane organics removal capabilities.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering

As the longest section, chapter 6 covers sixteen years of the author’s career as dancer, choreographer, dance educator, and arts administrator. During this period, she solidified her reputation in the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Area as a leader in the growing black dance and multicultural arts movements when she founds the non-profit dance institution Everybody’s Creative Arts Center (ECAC). She assess her development as a dancer-choreographer, discussing some of her key dance works as well as the creation of the center’s resident dance company, CitiCentre Dance Theatre, which was an important contemporary dance company that operated from 1983 to 1988. She also explores her simultaneous adjunct dance position at Stanford University and several of her choreographic and directorial commissions. The chapter articulates how, in 1989, her accumulated artistic and administrative experience culminated in her founding a major national initiative in black dance: Black Choreographers Moving Toward the 21st Century. She concludes with how she eventually transitioned from the arts to academia after going to graduate school, and how dance and “writing dancing” are similar.

Higher education broadens the mind, promotes ethicality, and ensures dignity. It can escalate a nation to new heights of progress and growth. However, there is an ethical debate going on. A massive young population is knocking at the doors of higher education while the society is crying “foul” for lack of emphasis on academic ethics. There is a need to re-orient, re-create, and enrich the systems of learning and to safeguard the dignity of higher education. This is the rationale behind this chapter, and the objective is to take an investigative look at the ethical dilemmas in higher education and research and the need for reforms. The study is based on a review of literature, discussion with experts, and an online survey probing the respondents' thoughts and feelings on the ethical conduct in the higher education sector. Responses show optimism that ethical culture can be altered and the dignity of higher education can be restored.

Jet fuel requirements have evolved over the years as a balance of the demands placed by advanced aircraft performance (technological need), fuel cost (economic factors), and fuel availability (strategic factors). In a modern aircraft, the jet fuel is the primary coolant for aircraft and engine subsystems and provides the propulsive energy for flight. To meet the evolving challenges, the U.S. Air Force, industry and academia have teamed to develop new and improved fuels that offer increased heat sink and thermal stability, properties that will enable improved aircraft design and decrease fuel system maintenance due to fuel fouling/coking. This paper describes the team effort to develop improved JP-8, named “JP-8+100”, that offers a 55C (100F) improvement in thermal stability and a 50% increase in heat sink. The government, industry, and academia team has made numerous advances in the development of JP-8+100 with a more complete understanding of the fundamental processes of deposition, new approaches to reducing fouling/coking, and new tests and models to assist the designers of aircraft and engine fuel systems. Some of the principal advances are: new quantitative research devices and fuel system simulators that provide thermal stability information that cannot be obtained using the standard JFTOT test; new techniques to measure oxygen consumption and fuel degradation pathways; a free radical theory to explain behaviors such as the inverse relationship between thermal and oxidative stability, advanced CFD models with coupled degradation chemistry, and a new thermal stability ranking scale for jet fuels. The insight obtained has been applied to the development of an additive package for JP-8 that shows thermal stability improvements equal to or greater than the stated goal and enables the development of even higher thermal stability fuels such as JP-900.

Abstract Boiling heat transfer serves as an efficient mechanism to dissipate large amounts of thermal energy due to the latent heat of phase change. In academic studies, typically ultra-pure deionized (DI) water is used to avoid contamination. However, in industrial and commercial settings, the working fluid might be contaminated with sediments, dust, salts, or organic matter. Long-term boiling processes in non-DI water cause substantial build-up of a stable layer of deposit that dramatically reduces the heat transfer coefficient. Therefore, heating applications in a contaminated medium demand strategies to prevent such fouling. Here, we studied the use of lubricant infused surfaces (LIS) and their ability to possibly minimize the deposition of calcium sulfate. Aluminum samples were infused with Krytox 102 oil and the heat transfer coefficient was investigated at a vertical and horizontal surface orientation. Fouling effects were introduced by pool boiling for 7.5 hours in a 6.97 mM calcium sulfate solution at constant heat flux. Heat flux curves for both plain aluminum and LIS were calibrated before contamination. Initially, the LIS was unable to support a nucleate phase and transitioned directly from liquid convection to film boiling heat transfer. Upon partial degradation of the lubricant layer during long-run experiments, nucleate boiling ensued. Over 7.5 hours, the heat transfer coefficient of each sample (Al and LIS) degraded between 5.4% and 7.9% with no significant correlation with either lubricant treatment or surface orientation. Post boiling profilometry was conducted on each sample to characterize the thickness and distribution of the calcium sulfate layer. In these experiments, the plain aluminum surface outperformed the LIS at both orientations in minimizing calcium layer thickness. The LIS oriented vertically outperformed the LIS oriented horizontally.