Journal articles on the topic 'Foulis Academy'

Ways to protect vehicles and transport infrastructure from the effects of negative climate impacts, corrosion, icing, radiation, marine fouling, and biodestruction are considered based on scientific developments of Russian Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Silicate Chemistry. New methods and approaches to develop environmentally friendly protective coatings are considered.

Access and benefits sharing is one principle in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and reaffirmed in Nagoya Protocol. The principle has supported to provider countries of biodiversity to getting benefits sharing of used biodiversity by industries. Therefore, its to getting benefits sharing which fair and balanced, provider countries require specific regulation. Draf Akademik Rancangan Undang-undang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetika (Academic Draft of RUU) is realization require of Indonesia to getting benefits sharing. This article has founds are Academic Draft of RUU the Genetic Resources Management has corresponded with CBD and Nagoya Protocol. Although, there are any points that are not clear, as like the scope of biodiversity and usage.

AbstractWireless power transfer (WPT) has attracted attention from academia and industry in recent years. WPT has natural electrical isolation between primary and secondary side, which ensures safe charging in an underwater environment. This breakthrough technology greatly facilitates the deep-sea power transmission. However, at the current stage the transferred power and energy efficiency level are not up to that of the WPT system in the air. The major concerns include the attenuation is seawater, extreme temperature and pressure conditions, disturbance of ocean currents, and bio-security. Three questions are answered in this paper: first, the expressions of eddy current loss and attenuation of electromagnetic wave in seawater are unified, and the influence of seawater as transmission medium on the WPT system is discussed. Second, the evolution of electromagnetic coupling structure suitable for underwater applications is studied. Third, the loss and heating effects of an underwater WPT system and the corresponding bio-fouling phenomenon are investigated. The questions above were addressed through analysis of electrical properties, coupler structures, and bio-fouling effects of the underwater WPT system. This paper will facilitate the study and research on underwater WPT applications.

Purpose. To provide a detailed justification of the methodological principles, guided by the specialists of the “Antiplagiat.RSL” project when conducting an independent assessment of the originality of scientific texts.Materials and methods. The implementation of these principles is demonstrated with the examples from the practice of tests. The proposed material based on more than ten years of experience of plagiarism – test practice, will give authors and administrators of scientific institutions a clearer idea of the procedure and requirements for academic texts.Results. The automated verification of academic texts for plagiarism has become commonplace, which affects all levels - from writing graduate qualification papers to defending doctoral dissertations, publishing monographs and textbooks. There is a wide range of software specially designed for comparing texts and identifying both distinct overlapping text fragments and paraphrased ones. At the same time, everyone who has come across the verification process understands that it is impossible to rely solely on the quantitative indicators presented in the system report. Evaluation of plagiarism-test results is an area where one has to deal with different, sometimes not entirely correct, understanding of the originality of scientific texts.The Russian State Library (RSL) is a national repository and, what is even more important - it remains independent from the academic institutional milieu. The article describes essential principles of the plagiarism tests, carried out at the RSL, which are based on the organizational legitimacy, identification of individual motivation and compliance with the actual normative regulation. Methodology of the tests founds on the five key principles: objectivity, confidentiality, consistency, specificity and complexity.In addition, certain issues of an objective evaluation of plagiarism are considered in order to draw attention to the fact that independent (delegated) verification of scientific texts is one of the components of the process of supporting academic integrity in modern conditions of dissemination and reproduction of information.Conclusion. A detailed check of the texts for plagiarism allows you to make corrections, modify the texts, and eliminate shortcomings caused by the author’s carelessness or negligence. At the same time, deliberate plagiarism even if it may seem insignificant, is the most serious misconduct from the point of view of scientific ethics, and institutional control in this area is necessary.

Biofouling is a major problem shared among all maritime sectors employing submerged structures where it leads to substantially increased costs and lowered operational lifespans if poorly addressed. Insight into the ongoing processes at the relevant marine locations is key to effective management of biofouling. Of specific concern for the marine renewable energy (MRE) sector is the fact that information on biofouling composition and magnitude across geographies is dispersed throughout published papers and consulting reports. To enable rapid access to relevant key biofouling events the present work describes a European biofouling database to support the MRE sector and other maritime industries. The database compiles in one document qualitative and quantitative data for challenging biofouling groups, including non-native species associated with MRE and related marine equipment, in different European Ecoregions. It provides information on the occurrence of fouling species and data on key biofouling parameters, such as biofouling thickness and weight. The database aims to aid the MRE sector and offshore industries in understanding which biofouling communities their devices are more susceptible to at a given site, to facilitate informed decisions. In addition, the biofouling mapping is useful for the development of biosecurity risk management plans as well as academic research.

Colonization of ship hulls by living organisms, which occurs on molecular, microbial and macro organism levels, decreases ship performance, increases costs and is a biological problem with global consequences. Managing fouling is necessary for efficient economics and to prevent environmental damage due to introduction of invasive species. Colonization is managed by broad spectrum long-lived toxins which kill colonizers. Broad spectrum long-lived toxins build up and impact environments. Toxins damage ecosystems and directly or indirectly kill food species. Ideally, novel antifouling approaches will be compatible with existing business models and with the environment. A mixture of short-lived biologically active molecules that manage colonization has this potential. The mixture would contain a short-lived toxin that managed colonization of organisms that have no behavior and then additional molecules that interfere with the process of colonization by organisms with behavior and those that attach as part of a change in life stage. Environmentally benign antifouling approaches are novel and require cooperation rather than competition or adversarial relationships. They require cooperation by individuals with expertise from business, governmental agencies and academia. The science is likely to be easier than the necessary changes in philosophy and governance required to successfully address this and other complex global problems.

Obtaining a quality education is the foundation to creating sustainable development. Education can help locals to develop innovative solutions for the world’s problems. Schools then have a very important role to play in achieving quality education. In addition to improving quality in the academic field, developing quality school human resources is also very important task to do. Schools need to support the human recources or children’s development by creating child-friendly schools. In the preparation phase of creating the child-friendly schools, there are several im parts that need to be considered and carried out, such as open discussion or constultation with the children as student in order to identify children’s needs and accommodate children’s aspiration. The focus group discussion and interviews with representative students from Salatiga founds there are needs and problems that need to be addresses on preparing the child-friendly schools: 1) on school policy: schools need partipations of all stake holders in developing school policy of violence against student, and specific detail of that upcoming policy, clearer and safer violence reporting mechansism for children; 2) on learning activities: unbalance treatments and discrimination towards students (based on social status, religion, and race or ethnicity), lack of educators’ capacity on understanding the diversity of character and students’ potential, treatments from educator that decreasing students’ condidence, teachers behavior that contains offensive SARA (ethnicity, religion, race, and social class), and violence cases both physically and verbally in schools activities; 3) on educators component; lack of understanding of child rights and child-friendly schools, lack of implementation of child rights and child-friendly schools; 4) on facilities and infrastructure: evacuation routes for natural disasters and fires, clean toilet facilities and changing rooms that can protect students from sexual crimes attempts; 5) on students participations and; 6) stakeholders participations: lack of stakeholders and students involment on preparing child-friendly school in Salatiga.

<p>Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is advancing rapidly around the world both in research and commercial applications. Despite the increasing number of studies and full-scale applications of MBR systems, directions and trends in academic research as well as commercial developments require further analysis. This paper aims to critically characterize and review worldwide academic research efforts in the area of MBRs as well as focus attention to commercial MBR applications. Various research papers published in peer-reviewed international journals were used as the database for the analysis provided in this paper. After a surge of MBR publications, research appears to have reached a plateau in the last 7 years using both submerged and external MBR units. Although much of the pioneering research occurred in Japan, France and the UK, countries such as South Korea, China and Germany have significantly contributed to the research pool in the last 5 years. The primary research focus has been on water filtration MBRs with limited growth in extractive and gas diffusion MBRs which still hold un-tapped potential. Fundamental aspects studied in academic research predominantly involve issues related to fouling, microbial characterization and optimizing operational performance. Zenon occupies the majority of the MBR market in America, whereas Kubota and Mitsubishi-Rayon has a larger number of installations in other parts of the world. Due to more stringent regulations and water reuse strategies, it is expected that a significant increase in MBR plant capacity and widening of application areas will occur in the future. Potential application areas include nitrate removal in drinking water treatment, removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from water and wastewater streams; enhancing bio-fuels production via membrane assisted fermentation and gas extraction and purification MBRs. Treatment technology for water recycling encompasses a vast number of options. Membrane processes are regarded as key elements of advanced wastewater reclamation and reuse schemes and are included in a number of prominent schemes world-wide, e.g. for artificial groundwater recharge, indirect potable reuse as well as for industrial process water production. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are a promising process combination of activated sludge treatment and membrane filtration for biomass retention.<br />Many researchers have concluded that wastewater reclamation in intended MBR technology is the method of choice when it is combined with other advanced treatment technologies.<br />As water shortages are increasing, the need for sustainable water treatment and the reuse of water is essential. Water reuse from wastewater can be accomplished in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) in the secondary activated sludge stage of a wastewater treatment plant. To remove viruses, dissolved organics and in organics still present in the MBR permeate, nanofiltration (NF) can be applied. Nevertheless, the major drawback of nanofiltration membranes is the production of a concentrate stream that cannot be discharged to the environment. The research show that the continuous production of reusable water from wastewater in a combined MBR and NF process with NF concentrates recirculation can be successful.</p>

Важнейшим элементом формирования габитуса древесных растений является размер и форма кроны. Проектирование декоративных композиций в садово-парковом строительстве возможно только с учетом особенностей строения и развития крон. В родовом комплексе Robinia L. представлено четыре вида и несколько декоративных форм древесных растений, существенно отличающихся строением и особенностями развития крон. Проектирование ландшафтных композиций с использованием этих растений затрудняется тем, что все они способны формировать разные типы крон в зависимости от экологических условий произрастания в процессе онтогенетического развития. В связи с этим целью данной работы стало изучение особенностей строения и развития крон представителей рода Robinia в разных экологических условиях. Объектами исследований являлись виды и формы рода Robinia L.: R. neomexicana Gray.; R. pseudoacacia L.; R. pseudoacaciaf. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd.; R. pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd.; Robinia viscosa var. hartwegii (Koehne) Ashe.; произрастающие в дендрологических коллекциях ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН, кадастр №34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10. Проведенные исследования показали, что на формирование крон оказывает влияние генетически обусловленная архитектурная модель, а также экологические факторы среды обитания, главными из которых являются: гидрологический режим, освещенность и ветровая нагрузка. Формирование определенной жизненной формы под воздействием гидрологического режима приводит к изменению общей геометрии кроны, неравномерное освещение к увеличению асимметрии, а повышенная ветровая нагрузка уменьшает общую плотность кроны. Установлено, что для R. pseudoacacia с жизненной формой одноствольного дерева типичной является раскидистая форма кроны, а для R. neomexicana и R. viscosa – узкоовальная и купольная соответственно. Многоствольные жизненные формы R. neomexicana имеют преимущественно округловерхнеовальные кроны, R. viscosa– округлокупольные. Кроны R. pseudoacaciaс изменением жизненной формы как правило меняют только общую геометрию, сохраняя при этом раскидистую форму. Формирование такого типа кроны вызвано крупными размерами растений этого вида. Большая высота и диаметр кроны приводят к повышенной ветровой нагрузке (Chan W., Eng Y…, 2020; Bunce A., Volin J.C., Miller D.R., 2019), для снижения которой в процессе эволюции сформировалась раскидистая крона с высокой степенью ажурности (просветы составляют 60-70%). Выявлено, что строгие геометрические шаровидные и колоновидные формы характерны только для декоративных форм R. pseudoacaciaf. umbraculifera и R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis, а высокоштамбовые формы образуются у растений после радикальной омолаживающей обрезки на высоте 3-3,5 метров. R. pseudoacacia после радикальной омолаживающей обрезки формирует округло-овальную, R. neomexicana – округло-верхнеовальную, а R. viscosa- ширококупольную или даже зонтично-купольную форму. Анализ архитектурных моделей позволил определить основные закономерности формирования крон различных видов. Так, при развитии купольной кроны R. viscosa определяющим фактором является генетическая предрасположенность к образованию наклоненно-поникающих обрастающих ветвей. Восходящие и наклоненные побеги R. neomexicana при относительно высокой плотности кроны (просветы составляют 50-60%) приводят к формированию узкоовальной формы кроны. В процессе реализации генетической программы развития у R. pseudoacaciaпреимущественно образуются скелетные ветви, восходящие под углом (45) 50-70 градусов, а у R. viscosa и R. neomexicana под углом 60-80 (85) градусов. Результаты проведенных исследований показали, что существенную трансформацию кроны всех видов претерпевают в процессе онтогенеза. У синильных экземпляров одноствольных деревьев значительно увеличивается асимметричность, кроны приобретают раскидистую или флагообразную форму. Дальнейшие процессы старения приводят к потере центрального проводника и трансформации жизненной формы в многоствольное аэроксильное или геоксильное дерево. Установлено, что плотность крон всех изучаемых видов Robiniaимеет ярко выраженную сезонную и суточную динамику. Сезонная динамика определяется не только осенним, но и летним листопадом. Суточные колебания плотности протекают благодаря термонастическим движениям сложных листьев. The most important element in the formation of the habitus of woody plants is the size and shape of the crown. The design of decorative compositions in garden and park construction is possible only taking into account the features of the structure and development of the crowns. The genus complex Robinia L. contains four species and several decorative forms of woody plants that differ significantly in the structure and features of the development of the crowns. The design of landscape compositions using these plants is complicated by the fact that they are all able to form different types of crowns, depending on the environmental conditions of growth in the process of ontogenetic development. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to study the features of the structure and development of the crowns of representatives of the genus Robiniain different environmental conditions. The objects of research were the species and forms of the genus Robinia L.: R. neomexicana Gray.; R. pseudoacacia L.; R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd.; R. pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd.; Robinia viscosa var. hartwegii (Koehne) Ashe.; growing in dendrological collections of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, cadastre №34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10. Studies have shown that the formation of crowns is influenced by a genetically determined architectural model, as well as environmental factors of the habitat, the main of which are: the hydrological regime, illumination and wind load. The formation of a certain life form under the influence of the hydrological regime leads to a change in the overall geometry of the crown, uneven lighting increases the asymmetry, and increased wind load reduces the overall density of the crown. It was found that for R. pseudoacacia with the life form of a single-stemmed tree, the spreading form of the crown is typical, and for R. neomexicana and R. viscosa– narrow-oval and domed, respectively. The multi-stemmed life forms of R. neomexicana have mainly rounded – topped crowns, while R. viscosa has rounded-topped crowns. The crowns of R. pseudoacacia, with a change in the life form, usually change only the general geometry, while maintaining a spreading shape. The formation of this type of crown is caused by the large size of plants of this species. The high height and diameter of the crown lead to an increased wind load (Chan W., Eng Y..., 2020; Bunce A., Volin J. C., Miller D. R., 2019), to reduce which, in the course of evolution, a spreading crown with a high degree of openwork was formed (the gaps are 60-70%). It was revealed that strict geometric spherical and columnar forms are characteristic only for decorative forms of R. pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera and R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis, and high-stemmed forms are formed in plants after radical rejuvenating pruning at a height of 3-3. 5 meters.R. pseudoacaciaafter radical rejuvenating pruning forms a round – oval, R. neomexicana-a round - upper oval., and R. viscosa-a wide-domed or even umbrella-domed form. The analysis of architectural models allowed us to determine the main patterns of crown formation of various types. Thus, in the development of the dome crown of R. viscosa, the determining factor is the genetic predisposition to the formation of inclined-drooping fouling branches. Ascending and tilted shoots of R. neomexicana at a relatively high crown density (the lumen is 50-60%) lead to the formation of a narrow oval crown shape. In the process of implementing the genetic development program in R. pseudoacacia mainly forms skeletal branches ascending at an angle of (45) 50-70 degrees, and in R. viscosa and R. neomexicana at an angle of 60-80 (85) degrees. The results of the conducted studies have shown that the crown of all species undergoes a significant transformation in the process of ontogenesis. In the blue specimens of single-stemmed trees, the asymmetry significantly increases, the crowns acquire a spreading or flag-shaped shape. Further aging processes lead to the loss of the central conductor and the transformation of the life form into a multi-stemmed aeroxyl or geoxyl tree. It was found that the crown density of all studied Robiniaspecies has a pronounced seasonal and diurnal dynamics. Seasonal dynamics is determined not only by autumn, but also by summer leaf fall. Diurnal density fluctuations occur due to thermonastic movements of complex leaves.

The Status of Women in Leadership Tahani H. Alqahtani PhD student, Management at Aberdeen University – Lecturer, College of Economics and Administrative Sciences at Imam Mohamed Ibn Saud University. Abstract Even though females have indeed entered jobs previously closed to them, many occupations remain as gender-gapped now as they were half a century ago. Gender-segregated employment patterns are so tenacious because, they are built into the very organizational fabric of work and the workplace. Descriptive stereotyping describes what men and women are like and prescriptive stereotyping defines defining what women and men should be like. This literature review provides a broad understanding of the gender differences in leadership and the gender gap in organization. This literature review founds that gender-segregated employment patterns are so tenacious because they are built into the very organizational fabric of work and the workplace. Introduction The current literature concerning leadership from a variety of Eastern and Western countries highlights that, regardless of a recent global increase in the number of females entering the labour market, only a small number of professional women hold top management or leadership positions. In spite of the fact that the growth pattern of women in the labour force and their representation in leadership roles does differ across countries and regions, and although a number of women in leadership positions worldwide are making contributions both within and beyond their communities (Percupchick, 2011), the overarching observation can be made that a substantive gender gap exists in female’s representation in relation to leadership positions and decision-making across many sectors of society (Catalyst, 2016). Moreover, studies indicate that a large number of sometimes highly qualified women are choosing to step down from positions of authority and leave their careers (Rabas, 2013). This literature review provides a broad understanding of the gender differences in leadership and the gender gap in organization. Literature Review Research has identified the reasons for the persistence of women having a less expressive presence in management and leadership positions (Acker, 1991; Kolb et al., 1998; Simpson, 2004; Williams, 2001; England, 2010; Kellerman and Rhodes, 2014; Gipson, et al., 2017). Among these, the existence of a male-normed corporate culture and organizational structure is posited as a formidable obstacle to female progress in the workplace. The literature abounds with evidence of the way organizational norms, values and structures, disadvantage females in their career advancement at the institutional level (Morrison, 2012; Keohane, 2014). Looking specifically at the field of academia, for Nguyen (2012), “Policies and process in higher education can act as barriers against women assuming leadership and management positions” (p. 127). Acker (1990) suggests the existence of an organizational attitude behind these gender contrasts as a result of organizational structure, rather than any differences held to exist in the characters of males and females. Goveas and Aslam (2011, p. 236) state that a further important factor with the potential to hinder female's opportunities for development consists of “the unavailability of structured human resource policies and strategies addressing women workers, [which] has proven to be a major obstacle to women’s progress and development”. Referring specifically to the field of educational management, for Sui Chu Ho (2015), “Gender inequalities in staff recruitment, appointment and promotion exist in educational institutions, such as universities” (p. 87). She goes on to note how this evidence and claim to support it are actually routinely dismissed, both by those in authority and the general public. It is likely that hierarchal organizational structures create a setting in which women feel out of place due to gender variances (Morrison, 2012; Al-Shanfari, 2011; Keohane, 2014), resulting in many females stepping down or leaving from a post in a workplace at which their leadership abilities are being questioned. This conflict is further compounded by many jobs being designed around men’s objectives, and that many organizations are reluctant to support women within their workforce when potential career conflicts arise (Kellerman, and Rhode, 2012). Therefore, the ideal worker is male: “Images of men’s bodies and masculinity pervade organizational processes, marginalizing women and contributing to the maintenance of gendered segregation in organisations” (Acker 1990, p. 139). A key impact of organizational masculinity is the emotional labor expended by women in order to succeed. Connell (1987) states that gendered structures and practices operating within organizations result in very different career experiences and outcomes for women and men, and the most senior organizational positions are considered sites of hegemonic masculinity. Thus, organizational structure is not gender neutral and organizational culture reflects the wishes and needs of powerful men. In reviews of research into gender and leadership, limiting women’s progress in organizations is a well-documented phenomenon, including the persistence of gender stereotypes. Kanter (1977) identifies the ‘masculine ethic’ as part of the early image of leaders and managers. This masculine ethic elevates the traits assumed to be exclusive to men as requirements for effective management: a tough-minded approach to problems; analytical planning abilities; a capacity to set aside personal emotional considerations in the interests of task accomplishment; and cognitive superiority in problem-solving and decision-making (Kanter, 1977). Thus, even with regards to Kanter, (1977), although social construction presumes that these traits and characteristics supposedly belong to males only (or are at least more likely to be held by males), if practically all leaders and managers are men from the beginning, it should come as no surprise that when females attempt to enter leadership or management occupations the masculine ethic is invoked as an exclusionary principle Acker (1991) sees the ‘masculine ethic’ referred to earlier as the structural basis of organizations, in the sense that allegedly ‘masculine characteristics’ are built into the very fabric of organizations. As a result, the workplace itself is stacked against the equalization of opportunities for women. Acker (1991, p. 289) defines gendered organizations as occurring when “advantage and drawback, control and exploitation, emotion and action, identity and meaning, are patterned through and in terms of a distinction between female and male, feminine and masculine”. Thus, masculinity assumes control of the workplace environment or the business sphere in the subtlest of ways (Acker, 1991). Additionally, masculinity also appears to affect employees’ characters. The preferred employee presents her/himself as a masculine character in choice of clothes, language, and presentation (Acker, 1991). Furthermore, job opportunities and hierarchies are also filled in accordance with gender preferences, meaning that the positions should concur with what is deemed relevant and suitable for the gender that fills them (Kolb et al., 1998). In this way, gender implications have negatively influenced the progress of women in their working lives (Acker, 1991). Informal occupational segregation due to gender stereotypes as well as the gender biases commonly held by the wider society entail the trend of hiring women and men in different types of working areas and positions (Fitzsimmons, Callan, and Paulsen, 2014). Simpson (2004) argues that gender representation in social discourse and social perceptions of gender play a significant role in sustaining and promoting gendered employment. Consequently, these biased stereotypes, embedded in deep-rooted ideologies, automatically view job placement through the lens of gender (Simpson, 2004). Thus, work related to masculine organizations draws on the notion of a job requiring allegedly masculine qualities such as analytical skills, assertiveness and physical strength, in turn reinforcing more the idea of being ‘manliness’ being something distinct and unattainable for women. Unsurprisingly, as Britton and Logan (2008) note, these jobs, in turn, naturally attract more male applicants than females. At the same time, stereotypical assumptions that females pay more attention to detail, are more caring, and place value on physical attractiveness confine them to roles as teachers, nurses, administrators, and jobs in the beauty industry (Britton and Logan, 2008). Moreover, men are more likely to be selected for any ‘male-type’ position in a company even when women and men possess the same qualifications because of the implicit bias that, like for like, men perform better than women (Omar and Davidson, 2001). This leads individuals to believe that women do not have the necessary skills and so are unable to work effectively in male-type jobs. For example, because women are associated with activities that do not involve much in the way of physical strength (such as taking care of their children and families), they have traditionally been considered a second choice to men when it comes to jobs that involve working outdoors (Britton and Logan, 2008). England’s (2010) research has shown that in the twentieth century women have progressed at a sluggish pace in terms of workplace equality. Despite the fact that females have indeed entered jobs previously closed to them, many occupations remain as gender-gapped now as they were half a century ago. Moreover, she notes that at any level of the employment pyramid, females continue to lag behind males in terms of authority and pay, regardless of the closing gap between men and women in workplace seniority and educational attainment. Acker (1990) argues that such gender segregated employment patterns are so tenacious because, as noted, they are built into the very organizational fabric of work and the workplace. Stereotyping means generalizing behavioural characteristics of groups of individuals and then applying the generalization to people who are members of the group (Heilman, 2012). Recently, researchers have investigated gender stereotyping by dividing the generalizations into two properties, descriptive and prescriptive. Heilman (2012) concentrated on the importance of each of those properties. Descriptive stereotyping describes what men and women are like and prescriptive stereotyping defines defining what women and men should be like. For instance, descriptive stereotyping of women creates negative expectations about a woman’s performance as a leader owing to there is a lack of fit between the characteristics assigned to traditionally male leadership roles and the societal roles assigned to females. Prescriptive stereotypes, or ascribing behaviors women ought to emulate, and the agentic characteristics of leadership create an incongruity with expected women behavior (Wynen et al., 2014). Furthermore, Heilman argues that irrespective of whether gender stereotyping is prescriptive or descriptive, the practice impedes the progress of females into leadership roles. One source for gender inequalities in the work force is gender stereotyping in the form of occupational segregation (Wynen et al., 2014). Occupational segregation occurs because there is a separation of women or men in certain occupations or employment sectors (Wynen et al., 2014). This gender separation is seen in occupations such as doctors , nursing, lawyers and teaching. Often, teachers or nurses are portrayed as women, while, lawyers and doctors are portrayed as men. According to scholars in social role theory, such as Franke, Crown, and Spake (1997) and Eagly (1987) gender stereotyping in certain occupations is deeply inherent in societal roles for female and male. Although both women and men have been shown to exhibit biases toward women in high management positions (Eagly and Carli, 2007; Ellemers, Rink, Derks, and Ryan, 2012; Ryan et al., 2011), Ellemers et al. (2012) pointed out that most individuals prefer to believe in a just world where gender differentiation is rare and success is based on merit; thus, in most instances, they will treat allegations of unequal treatment unfavourably. This result lead to fewer reports for fear of negative repercussions, and consequently inequity is often not noticed, challenged, or addressed (Ellemers et al., 2012). Moreover, Ibarra et al (2013) believe that when organizations advise females to seek leadership positions without addressing the subtle biases that exist in practices and policies, the companies undermine the psychological development that should take place to become a leader. Conclusion In conclusion, this literature review has outlined how women face obstacles in different organizational context, limiting their ability to achieve empowerment by aspiring to and achieving leadership. Historically, certain factors have hindered women from being accepted as leaders, regardless of their achievements, which leads to an underestimation of their capabilities. This under-representation of qualified women in leadership roles is symbolic of the gender gap in the workplace.

AbstractThis paper is in honour of Dave Foulis’s 80th birthday. A brief account of some of his outstanding academic contributions to the fields of Ordered Structures, Orthostructures, Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Foundations of Statistics and Operator Theory is present here.

This paper presents a well-researched subject area within academia, with a high degree of application in the industry. Compressor fouling effect is one of the commonest degradations associated with gas turbine operations. The aim of this review is to broadly communicate some of the current knowledge while identifying some gaps in understanding, in an effort to present some industry/operational interest for academic research. Likewise, highlight some studies from academia that present the current state of research, with their corresponding methods (experimental, numerical, actual operations, and analytical methods). The merits and limitations of the individual method and their approaches are discussed, thereby providing industry practitioners with a view to appreciating academic research outputs. The review shows opportunities for improving compressor washing effectiveness through computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This is presented in the form of addressing the factors influencing compressor washing efficiency. Pertinent questions from academic research and operational experiences are posed, on the basis of this review.

Abstract The pressure on the universities to take a visible place in the rankings has caused anachronistic policies and practices in evaluating the performance of universities. The value attributed to the rankings results in policies prioritizing the criteria imposed by rankings while evaluating the performance of academics, which successively causes several issues in assessing the real impact of the academic practices. Considering these criticisms and concerns about the impact assessment, this study aimed at exploring the perceptions of academics about the impact of their academic practices. Adapting the interpretive phenomenological design, the data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 participants from the field of education in five flagship universities of Turkey. The findings of the study revealed that, although impact assessment understanding of the academics and their institutions go parallel with covering the practices around three basic missions of the university, many activities go in between without recognition by the same impact assessment practices. Interestingly, the academics exhibited their commitment to institutional policies in impact assessment practices; however, they exhibit resentment for the same policies due to failing to recognize the localized mission of the university, threatening the deeply rooted values of the academy, fouling the academy with ethical violations, and causing further detachment between academic practices and societal needs. The concerns and criticism of the current impact assessment are likely to alter the priorities of the universities and push them to adapt an impact assessment, which is less relevant to the local needs of their societies.

Fouling afflicts gas turbine operation from first time application. Filtration systems and washing operations work against air contaminants in order to limit the particles entering the compressor inlet and remove the existing deposits. In this work, a global overview of the operational experience of the manufacturer, the filtration systems, and the particle deposition of the compressor are reported. The data reported in this review have been collected from 60 years (1956–2015) of ASME Turbo Expo proceedings. This conference is recognized as the must-attend event for turbomachinery professionals. Through the years, many issues have been resolved by the contributions of this conference. Regarding the compressor fouling phenomenon, the contributions presented at the ASME Turbo Expo mark the high level of development in this field of research, thanks to the simultaneous presence of manufacturers, government, and academia attendees. The goal of the authors is to describe the technological evolution and challenges faced by manufacturers and researchers through the years, highlighting the state of the art in the knowledge of fouling, and defining the background on which further studies will be based.

The current research work aims to explore major activities performed by the university students during academic misconducts and their perception regarding such activities. The study further explores the ethical limits drawn by the students about academic dishonesty. Case study methodology is utilized in this research. Sixty-one post graduate and doctoral students were interviewed. Pattern analysis is conducted to analyze the information received through structured interviews of the participants. Study founds the key activities through which students are involved in such misconducts and make a comprehensive agreement on academic dishonesty that has become the normal part of life in education system of Pakistan. Furthermore, students opined that these activities are ethically wrong habits and may be avoided.

This report documents a large scale joint research project with the aim of improving the efficiency of ship operations and management by providing a methodology and technology that can quantify the emission and fuel usage penalty due to bio-fouling on ship hull. This can be obtained through better understanding of turbulent boundary layer flows over rough surfaces that cause skin friction drag. Here six different institutions from four countries (Australia, Denmark, Indonesia, and UK) that consist of universities, a passenger ship company, a manufacturer of anti-fouling coatings, and the Indonesian Classification Society are formed. They represent three fields, namely: academic, industrial, and an independent party that supports policy makers. Each of them has different objectives and interests that are interconnected. The research collaboration uses an in-situ laser-based measurement technique of the water flow over the hull of an operating ship combined with under-water image-based surface scanning techniques. The shipboard experiments are accompanied by detailed laboratory experiments to provide further validation. This paper will discuss the importance and challenges of managing such collaboration and the significance of satisfying individual objectives from each three fields in order to achieve the overarching aim.

Abstract Soccer analytics is attracting increasing interest in academia and industry, thanks to the availability of sensing technologies that provide high-fidelity data streams for every match. Unfortunately, these detailed data are owned by specialized companies and hence are rarely publicly available for scientific research. To fill this gap, this paper describes the largest open collection of soccer-logs ever released, containing all the spatio-temporal events (passes, shots, fouls, etc.) that occured during each match for an entire season of seven prominent soccer competitions. Each match event contains information about its position, time, outcome, player and characteristics. The nature of team sports like soccer, halfway between the abstraction of a game and the reality of complex social systems, combined with the unique size and composition of this dataset, provide an ideal ground for tackling a wide range of data science problems, including the measurement and evaluation of performance, both at individual and at collective level, and the determinants of success and failure.

Reverse osmosis (RO) by polymeric membranes is known to be among the successful technologies for brackish and seawater desalination. For the development of these polymeric RO membranes, two different techniques have been used – the phase inversion method for asymmetric membranes, such as cellulose acetate membrane and the interfacial polymerization for thin film composite (TFC) membranes. Despite the high quality of the water produced by TFC–RO process, TFC membranes are susceptible to fouling. After a long period of academic and industrial researches, it is generally accepted that hydrophilicity, surface charge, and surface roughness of the TFC membrane surface are the major factors which affect the membrane susceptibility to fouling. As a result, several recent studies have focused on tailoring these properties with the aim of producing TFC membranes with reduced fouling as well as enhanced flux and salt rejection for use in desalination.In this study, authors present a comprehensive summary of the most recent findings in the literature focusing on the enhancement of TFC RO and nanofiltration membrane performance in desalination applications, by tailoring membrane characteristics. The authors would then present a new concept for the preparation of TFC membranes by interfacial polymerization on porous polysulfone support using novel additives, namely, surface modifying macromolecules (SMMs). Hydrophilic SMMs (LSMMs) were synthesized both ex–situ and in–situ within the organic solvent of the TFC system. The RO performance results showed that the addition of the ex–situ LSMM significantly decreased the salt rejection of the membrane and slightly reduced the flux, while in the case of the in–situ LSMM, salt rejection was improved but the flux declined at different rates for different LSMM concentrations. The membrane prepared by the in–situ LSMM exhibited less flux decay over an extended operational period.

Purpose. Reliability of knowledge about the ocean dynamics and climate variability is largely limited for lack of systematic in situ observations of the sea surface layer salinity, which is one of the basic hydrological parameters determining circulation and stratification of the water masses. The study is aimed at developing an autonomous device for long-term monitoring of salinity in the seawater upper layer. Methods and Results. One of the most effective tools for in situ observations of the ocean upper layer is the global network of surface drifting buoys – drifters. At present, the network consists of more than 1500 buoys, but only a few of them provide sea surface salinity observations within the framework of a limited number of pilot experiments. In the drifters, salinity is calculated by the traditional method using the results of the electrical conductivity and temperature measurements. There are a few problems related both to the principle of determining salinity by this method and to providing longterm stable running of conductivity sensors under the conditions of pollution and biological fouling. A drifter equipped with the module for the sound velocity and temperature measurements used for calculating salinity by an alternative method just aboard the drifter, was developed in Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. The sound velocity and temperature module includes a specially designed time-of-flight sound velocity sensor with the fixed base and a quartz temperature sensor. In course of two years, numerous laboratory and in situ tests of several prototypes of the sound velocity and temperature module were performed. The laboratory tests showed that the repeatability limits for the results of the sound velocity measurements in the distilled water were ± 0.02 m/s. According to the data of the long-term in situ tests performed at intensive biological fouling, the error of salinity estimation resulted from of the sound velocity and temperature measurements were within ± 0.05 ‰. This result permits to expect that the sound velocity and temperature module parameters will remain stable in real conditions of long-term autonomous operation. Conclusions. The obtained results make it possible to recommend application of the drifters equipped with the modules for the sound velocity and temperature measurements as an effective tool for regular operational monitoring of the salinity field of the upper sea layer

Purpose. Reliability of knowledge about the ocean dynamics and climate variability is largely limited for lack of systematic in situ observations of the sea surface layer salinity, which is one of the basic hydrological parameters determining circulation and stratification of the water masses. The study is aimed at developing an autonomous device for long-term monitoring of salinity in the seawater upper layer. Methods and Results. One of the most effective tools for in situ observations of the ocean upper layer is the global network of surface drifting buoys – drifters. At present, the network consists of more than 1500 buoys, but only a few of them provide sea surface salinity observations within the framework of a limited number of pilot experiments. In the drifters, salinity is calculated by the traditional method using the results of the electrical conductivity and temperature measurements. There are a few problems related both to the principle of determining salinity by this method and to providing long-term stable running of conductivity sensors under the conditions of pollution and biological fouling. A drifter equipped with the module for the sound velocity and temperature measurements used for calculating salinity by an alternative method just aboard the drifter, was developed in Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. The sound velocity and temperature module includes a specially designed time-of-flight sound velocity sensor with the fixed base and a quartz temperature sensor. In course of two years, numerous laboratory and in situ tests of several prototypes of the sound velocity and temperature module were performed. The laboratory tests showed that the repeatability limits for the results of the sound velocity measurements in the distilled water were 0.02 m/s. According to the data of the long-term in situ tests performed at intensive biological fouling, the error of salinity estimation resulted from of the sound velocity and temperature measurements were within 0.05 ‰. This result permits to expect that the sound velocity and temperature module parameters will remain stable in real conditions of long-term autonomous operation. Conclusions. The obtained results make it possible to recommend application of the drifters equipped with the modules for the sound velocity and temperature measurements as an effective tool for regular operational monitoring of the salinity field of the upper sea layer.

Decision-making for maintenance of engineering assets is a common challenge in the process industry due to ongoing degradation. With an increasing company-size, this problem becomes more complex from an operational and computational point of view. This paper introduces a case study to the academic community that represents the problem of optimal decision-making in the context of large asset fleets. The case study poses a large fleet of offshore compressors for gas production with a specific network structure. Two exemplary discrete-time mixed integer linear programming models following the Resource Task Network framework are presented. They address asset deterioration due to effects such as fouling by suggesting specific maintenance actions as a set of different countermeasures. Novel enumerator formulations are a computationally efficient and extendable way to model the various degradation types. Results show the benefit of optimal maintenance in the application to asset fleets. The decision-support that is delivered by the scheduling and planning approach helps to determine which maintenance type should be conducted and at what time. The paper demonstrates the benefits of optimal (long-term) schedules for maintenance, but indicate at the same time the need for efficient algorithms in the context of large asset fleets, in contrast to common industrial case studies that are rather small-scale.

The Beatrice oilfield is the first nearshore development in United Kingdom waters. Situated in an area of major ecological and nature-conservation importance, the development of Beatrice has demanded thorough attention to environmental planning and monitoring through all stages. Assessment of the environmental implications of the development was a major concern from the earliest stages of project planning. A range of baseline studies was performed to provide a basis for future monitoring. During the planning phase, as later in the field’s development, consultation and communication with the statutory bodies and local community was a priority. The environmental assessment and its component studies were discussed with all concerned. As well as providing the detailed scientific data, the work was also presented in summary form to the local communities. The local community as well as the authorities needed to be reassured that the environment would be protected. Monitoring of the marine environment of the Moray Firth is a continuing activity involving a wide range of studies by specialist teams in four main areas: (1) ornithological studies; (2) intertidal monitoring; (3) sublittoral studies; (4) others, including structural fouling by marine growth. The long-term monitoring programme is built on extensive baseline data gathered before oil was produced at Beatrice. The scope of this work will be outlined in this paper and examples given of some of the results. In addition to the monitoring aspects, the data is often of considerable academic interest, and Britoil encourages publication of scientific papers arising from the programme. The overall conclusions are that only very localized environmental impact has been caused beneath and in the immediate vicinity of the drilling platforms and that development and operation of the Beatrice field has not damaged the marine environment and resources of the Moray Firth.