Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Found footage film'

In 2014, as the number of survivors dwindles, the representation of their memory and testimony after they have gone becomes increasingly important. Although it is critical to discuss the historical facts of the atrocities of World War II, those facts often do not reach the personal experiences of many survivors, who can only express many of the details of their experiences through an expression of their memories through testimony. One such testimony is that of Wanda Bielecka, a survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. This practice-based research (consisting of a film and accompanying thesis) explores her memories as they are expressed through her own testimony, and the testimony of her testimony of eleven members of her family. The practice element of the PhD consists of a 73-minute film called Wanda. Wanda is a found footage narrative, a new form of film developed to answer the following research question: how is survivor experience represented in the collective memory of a survivor’s family, and how can the form of the found footage narrative be used as a way of understanding the construction of that memory? This research will explore the collective memory of the Bielecka family around the events of Wanda’s life during World War II from her incarceration in Auschwitz to her eventual liberation and journey to Paris. This collective memory will be explored as a mythology around Wanda’s experience. The film itself will then reflexively reveal its’ own place in the construction of that mythology. A formal conception of the dialectical image is fundamental to the film’s form. This form has been developed through research into essayistic modes in literature and film. It will be shown that the found footage narrative is a form of film that can be used to research, not just the collective memory around Wanda’s experience, but also other instances of collective memory.

Este trabalho analisa os usos do material de arquivo, as construções discursivas e a visão historiográfica deles decorrentes em dois filmes dedicados a personagens da música popular brasileira, em particular do samba: o curta-metragem A voz e o vazio: A vez de Vassourinha (1998), de Carlos Adriano, e o longa-metragem Cartola, música para os olhos (2006), de Lírio Ferreira e Hilton Lacerda. Os dois filmes estão construídos a partir de uma perspectiva da estética found footage, com o material de arquivo operando como base indicial para novos arranjos de sentido na interpretação da história. A análise busca identificar os nexos criados pelas duas obras e a variada gama de diálogos culturais que podem ser inferidos de sua leitura. Em destaque, o lugar que a música popular ocupa na cultura urbana brasileira. Ao fazê-lo, o trabalho identifica matrizes estéticas comuns, como o cinema de invenção de Julio Bressane, mas que resultam em diferentes abordagens historiográficas: uma, signatária de uma visão pós-moderna; a outra, mais próxima a uma atualização da crônica histórica.
This dissertation analyses the use of archive material, the discursive constructions and the resulting historiographic vision in two films dedicated to personalities from Brazilian Popular Music, particularly from samba: the short film The voice and the void: Vassourinhas turn (1998), by Carlos Adriano, and the feature film Cartola, music for the eyes (2006), by Lírio Ferreira and Hilton Lacerda. Both films were assembled from the perspective of found footage aesthetic, in which the archive material indicates new arrangements of meaning for the interpretation of the story.The analysis aims to identify the nexuses created by the two works and the varied range of cultural dialogues that may be inferred from their interpretation. Special attention is given to the place of popular music in Brazilian urban culture. As a result, common aesthetic matrixes are identified, such as Julio Bressanes cinema of invention, resulting, however, in different historiographic approaches: one, signatory of a post-modern vision; the other, more similar to an update of historic chronicles.

Based on the premise that only in being accessible can the film reach its potential for history making, the contribution of the film archive to a particular film historical narrative is fragmented: the films that are extant are not necessarily available and the ones that are available are not necessarily publicly accessible. The contention of the thesis is that ‘doing’ film history in the context of the film archive should always be seen in light of an ever increasingly narrowing fragmentation of accessible material that takes place in the film archive. What is new about the contribution of this thesis is not that the film archive can be seen simultaneously as a result of a particular historical narrative as well as contributing to one, but that this debate is put in the context of copyright as a determining factor of why the accessible part of the film archive is only a partial picture. To this end, the thesis proposes a reorganisation of existing categories of analysis in the form of a cross-section of the film archive based on copyright ownership plotted against the material’s ‘availability’. By such practices as using a risk-managed approach to copyright clearance for archival digitisation projects, the film archive can be seen to act as a mediator between copyright and film historiography. On the one hand, the film archive is subjected to copyright law, against the constraints of which it can be seen to resist. On the other hand, the archive makes productive use of copyright in its involvement in the interplay between the ownership of the physical objects and the ability to control the subsequent use and dissemination of those objects. Some of these resistant and productive practices, such as found footage filmmaking as a historiographic intervention and providing access to public domain material, are analysed in the context of some of the digital access practices of EYE Film Institute Netherlands between 2002-2005, in which the film archive can be seen to actively shape access to its film archival holdings as well as a particular potential for film history writing.

A pesquisa tem por objetivo evidenciar de que maneira a criação artística baseada exclusivamente em apropriação e montagem de registros pré-existentes de imagem e som pode ser considerada, simultaneamente, uma forma expressiva autônoma e um instrumento de crítica cultural, bem como a ocorrência dessa prática na produção audiovisual brasileira. Trata-se de uma investigação histórica, teórica e crítica dos conceitos e práticas de found footage e remix e sua presença no Brasil, que os apresenta legitimados enquanto proposta estética e dimensionados na amplitude de suas manifestações. Toma como fundamentação teórica da investigação as contribuições de Jay Leyda e de William C. Wees ao estudo dos filmes de compilação e de found footage e também teorizações mais amplas a respeito do remix como categoria da produção cultural e forma de expressão artística contemporâneas, tais como as realizadas por Lawrence Lessig e Eduardo Navas. Preliminarmente, a dissertação apresenta um levantamento dos antecedentes históricos da técnica e de suas inúmeras aplicações nos mais diversos gêneros e formatos da produção audiovisual, na qual é particularizada em termos de autores e obras em que se faz presente, com especial atenção ao cinema brasileiro. Segue-se um ensaio sobre seu uso como forma de mediação crítica da produção audiovisual no contexto sociocultural e patamar tecnológico atuais. Afinal, acaba reconhecendo como manifestações de pura metacrítica audiovisual no Brasil duas obras em que essa característica é proeminente e determinante na enunciação do discurso: São Paulo, sinfonia e cacofonia, de Jean-Claude Bernardet (1995) e Um dia na vida, de Eduardo Coutinho (2010). Esses dois exemplos da cinematografia brasileira são então descritos e comentados de maneira que revela como exploram as possibilidades narrativas, poéticas e metacríticas da montagem de material audiovisual alheio.
The research aims to show how the artistic creation based solely on appropriation and montage of pre-existing images and sounds can be considered both an autonomous form of expression and an instrument of cultural criticism, as well as the occurrence of this practice the Brazilian audiovisual production. It is a historical, theoretical and critical investigation on found footage and remix and its presence in Brazil, in which such concepts and practices are legitimized as aesthetic proposal and measured in terms of range of their manifestations. The research takes its theoretical guidelines from the contributions of Jay Leyda and William C. Wees to the study of compilation films and found footage and also from broader theories about remix as a contemporary category of cultural production and form of artistic expression, such as those conducted by Lawrence Lessig and Eduardo Navas. Preliminarily, the paper presents a survey of the historical background and numerous applications of the technique in the most diverse genres and formats of audiovisual production, particularized in terms of authors and works that make use of it, with special attention to its presence in Brazilian cinema. Such exposition is followed by an essay on its use as a form of critical mediation of audiovisual production in the present social and cultural context and current technological level. Two Brazilian films are presented as manifestations of pure audiovisual metacriticism in which this characteristic is prominent and featured fundamentally and decisively in their discourse: São Paulo, sinfonia e cacofonia (São Paulo, symphony and cacophony), by Jean-Claude Bernardet (1995) and Um dia na vida (A day in the life), by Eduardo Coutinho (2010). These two examples pulled from Brazilian cinematography are then described and discussed in a way that reveals how they explore the narrative, poetic and metacritical possibilities of found footage montage.

Le projet de doctorat dès arts Le cinéaste comme archiviste explore à l’aide de matériel d’archives existant le lien entre les représentations objective et artistique de l’histoire. Cette recherche s’appuie sur la collection de films d’archives consacrés à Bruxelles conservée à la Cinémathèque royale de Belgique (Cinematek). J’ai utilisé ce matériel d’archives de diverses manières au cours de ma recherche artistique.Un premier défi a consisté à établir, pour le DVD Bruxelles, ville en images, une sélection de films d’archives parmi la collection de la Cinematek consacrée à Bruxelles. Une sélection qui illustre le passé de Bruxelles, dans une perspective historique et esthétique. En tant que scénariste duDVD, j’ai joué le rôle d’archiviste, restant en ce sens fidèle au matériel original, d’un point de vue tant historique qu’esthétique.Au double titre de chercheur et réalisateur, j’ai entrevu un autre défi: réaliser un film de fiction basé sur ce même matériel d’archives consacré à Bruxelles. Il en est résulté le film en found footage Night has come, conçu comme une mosaïque de souvenirs du protagoniste. Le matérield’archives donne une forme visuelle à ces souvenirs. La façon dont le film matérialise les souvenirs est une métaphore du fonctionnement de la mémoire. Celle du protagoniste n’est pas univoque; ses souvenirs sont en proie à la sélection, à la distorsion, à la fragmentation, à la répétition et à l’oubli.Enfin, un troisième défi résidait dans l’écriture du livre Restitution. Tout en y relatant la vie de Raymond Devaux, le réalisateur d’une série de films familiaux que j’ai utilisés dans le long métrage Night has come, j’y explore le rapport entre fiction historique et histoire dans la représentation des sources historiques. J’explore également le rapport entre fiction et vérité en faisant appel à des sources virtuelles, comme le manuscrit de Raymond Devaux que j’ai moi-même écrit, ou au matériel existant qui prend une nouvelle signification dans un autre contexte, comme Tipping Point, ma série de portraits que Devaux aurait peints.
Doctorat en Art et Sciences de l'Art
Les œuvres artistiques suivantes appartiennent à cette thèse :- Le Film Night has come (63 min.)- Le livre Restitutie (71 pages)- La série de peintures 'Tipping Point' (14)
Cotutelle également réalisée au sein de la ERASMUSHOGESCHOOL BRUSSEL
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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A conceptual overview about documentaries made from archival footage, named foundfootage films. The main reference for the analysis of cinematographic production for the period prior to the year 1960 is the book Films Beget Films, published in 1964 by the American researcher Jay Leyda. This essay seeks to complement the research of Jay Leyda addressing aspects of the biography and work of American filmmaker Emile De Antonio, pointing out the relevance of your audiovisual production in the field of documentary from the use of archival material. The documentary In The Year of the Pig (1968) and his fragmentary, enigmatic and somewhat didatic historical narrative, are subjected to analysis. The goal of this study is an approximation of the De Antonio`s narrative with the concept of historical allegory in the film, according to Brazilian researcher Xavier, based on the ideas of Walter Benjamin on modernity and the role of allegory in the process of reinterpreting history and culture.
Um panorama conceitual sobre filmes documentais realizados a partir de images de arquivo, os chamados found-footage films. A principal referência para análise da produção cinematográfica do período anterior aos anos 1960 é o livro Films Beget Films, publicado em 1964, pelo pesquisador norte-americano Jay Leyda. Esta dissertação procura complementar a pesquisa de Jay Leyda com uma abordagem sobre aspectos da biografia e da obra do cineasta norte-americano Emile De Antonio, evidenciando a relevância de sua produção audiovisual no campo do documentário, a partir da utilização de materiais de arquivo. O documentário In The Year of The Pig (1968) - sua narrativa histórica fragmentária, enigmática e pouco didática - é submetido à análise. O objetivo desta pesquisa é uma aproximação das características narrativas de De Antonio com o conceito de alegoria histórica no cinema, segundo o pesquisador brasileiro Ismail Xavier, com base nas ideias de Walter Benjamin sobre a modernidade e o papel da alegoria dentro do processo de reinterpretação histórica e cultural.

À partir de l’œuvre du cinéaste et artiste hongrois Péter Forgács, la thèse aborde plus généralement la question du remontage de films amateurs dans le documentaire contemporain et examine les enjeux esthétiques, historiques et politiques du remploi des films de famille. Les concepts de déterritorialisation et de reterritorialisation développés par Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari nous permettent d’interroger la manière dont la pratique « archéologique » du remontage ouvre les films de famille à de multiples resignifications. Comment traversent-ils des territoires esthétiques, géographiques, institutionnels et politiques, de mémoire, d’histoire et de pensée ? Comment, à travers le temps, les histoires que contiennent ces rouleaux des pellicules substandard sont-elles traversées par l’Histoire ? Comment ces films peuvent-ils, rétrospectivement, subvertir la construction officielle de l’histoire et de la mémoire et renégocier la perception du temps historique ? Quelle métahistoire construisent-ils ?L’analyse de la déterritorialisation et de la reterritorialisation des films de famille par le remploi, nous permet d’interroger la manière dont la pratique du remontage crée un nouveau territoire cinématographique, où la mémoire et l’histoire du passé comme de l’avenir peuvent être creusées dans et par l’image. Ici apparaissent les enjeux poét(h)iques et politiques du remploi
Through the work of Hungarian artist and filmmaker Péter Forgács, the thesis addresses the question of the reuse (remontage) of amateur films in contemporary documentary and examines the aesthetic, historical and political implications of the appropriation of home movies. The concepts of deterritorialization and reterritorialization developed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari allow us to question how the “archeological” practice of reassembly exposes home movies to multiple significations. How can they traverse aesthetic, geographical, institutional and political territories as well as territories of memory, history and thought? How are the stories contained in these rolls of substandard film traversed by History? How can these films subvert the official construction of history and memory and renegotiate the perception of historical time? What metahistory do they establish?The analysis of deterritorialization and reterritorialization of home movies allows us to question how the practice of reassembly creates a new cinematographic territory, in which memory and history of the past, as of the future, can be mined in and by the image. Thus remontage implicates poet(h)ical and political issues

La recherche interroge la valorisation des archives du Nederlands Filmmuseum [NFM] à partir du travail de compilation du cinéaste Peter Delpeut. Ce corpus de dix films [1989-1999] se situe à cheval entre deux ambitions qui ne sont pas toujours compatibles, entre une volonté d'archiviste de rendre accessible des films muets [1895-1931] parfois de simples fragments, en restituant leur couleur, en créant une sonorisation et une quête artistique, plus personnel et liée à un cinéaste. Convoquant des sources audiovisuelles mais également écrites et orales, il s'agit d'abord de se demander comment le NFM en vient à produire ces compilations afin de mettre en valeur ses collections, de tracer l'histoire de cette cinémathèque et de suivre la trajectoire de Delpeut, en somme de comprendre la rencontre entre cet homme riche d'une expérience de recherche, de critique et de réalisation et une institution en plein bouleversement de sa philosophie dans les années 1990. Le questionnement s'oriente ensuite sur le processus de fabrication lui-même et de la façon dont fonctionnent ces compilations en vue de montrer comment elles sont prises en tension entre le sensoriel et l'analytique, étant au-delà et en deçà d'une stricte valorisation des films muets du NFM. La dernière partie interroge les usages des compilations, la manière dont elles sont liées à la politique de programmation du NFM, comment elles affectent la dynamique de l'institution et du cinéaste, mais aussi comment elles sortent du cadre de la cinémathèque, évaluant à chaque fois les apports et les limites en terme de transmission d'un patrimoine cinématographique.

Debates concerning the veracity, ethics and politics of the documentary form circle endlessly around the function of those who participate in it, and the meaning attributed to their participation. Great significance is attached to the way that documentary filmmakers do or do not participate in the world they seek to represent, just as great significance is attached to those subjects whose participation extends beyond playing the part of eyewitness or expert, such that they become part of the very filmmaking process itself. This Ph.D. explores the interface between documentary practice and participatory culture by looking at how their practices, discursive fields and histories intersect, but also by looking at how participating in one might mean participating in the other. In short, the research is an examination of participatory culture through the lens of documentary practice and documentary criticism. In the process, however, this examination of participatory culture will in turn shed light on documentary thinking, especially the meaning and function of ‘the participant’ in contemporary documentary practice. A number of ways of conceiving of participation in documentary practice are discussed in this research, but one of the ideas that gives purpose to that investigation is the notion that the participant in contemporary documentary practice is someone who belongs to a participatory culture in particular. Not only does this mean that those subjects who play a part in a documentary are already informed by their engagement with a range of everyday media practices before the documentary apparatus arrives, the audience for such films are similarly informed and engaged. This audience have their own expectations about how they should be addressed by media producers in general, a fact that feeds back into their expectations about participatory approaches to documentary practice too. It is the ambition of this research to get closer to understanding the relationship between participants in the audience, in documentary and ancillary media texts, as well as behind the camera, and to think about how these relationships constitute a context for the production and reception of documentary films, but also how this context might provide a model for thinking about participatory culture itself. One way that documentary practice and participatory culture converge in this research is in the kind of participatory documentary that I call the ‘Camera Movie’, a narrow mode of documentary filmmaking that appeals directly to contemporary audiences’ desires for innovation and participation, something that is achieved in this case by giving documentary subjects control of the camera. If there is a certain inevitability about this research having to contend with the notion of the ‘participatory documentary’, the ‘participatory camera’ also emerges strongly in this context, especially as a conduit between producer and consumer. Making up the creative component of this research are two documentaries about the reality television event Band In A Bubble, and participatory media practices more broadly. The single-screen film, Hubbub , gives form to the collective intelligence and polyphonous voice of contemporary audiences who must be addressed and solicited in increasingly innovative ways. One More Like That is a split-screen, DVD-Video with alternate audio channels selected by a user who thereby chooses who listens and who speaks in the ongoing conversation between media producers and media consumers. It should be clear from the description above that my own practice does not extend to highly interactive, multi-authored or web-enabled practices, nor the distributed practices one might associate with social media and online collaboration. Mine is fundamentally a single authored, documentary video practice that seeks to analyse and represent participatory culture on screen, and for this reason the Ph.D. refrains from a sustained discussion of the kinds of collaborative practices listed above. This is not to say that such practices don’t also represent an important intersection of documentary practice and participatory culture, they simply represent a different point of intersection. Being practice-led, this research takes its procedural cues from the nature of the practice itself, and sketches parameters that are most enabling of the idea that the practice sets the terms of its own investigation.

A tese investiga como se estabelece o dispositivo do olhar enquanto experiência estética no cinema de horror found footage a partir da materialidade cinematográfica. Realiza-se uma discussão acerca do modo como esses filmes circulam no gênero horror com o cruzamento de teorias de cinema, tecnologia e da Comunicação. A concepção de dispositivo do olhar é pensada, especialmente, a partir de Jonathan Crary, Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, Laurent Mannoni, Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, Vilém Flusser e Philippe Dubois. O dispositivo do olhar é, portanto, delineado como o comportamento visual e de uso de artefatos tecnológicos que aparece nos filmes e o modo como esse olhar de dentro do filme pode afetar a forma de ver do espectador. Não é como a tecnologia é representada nos filmes, mas a estratégia dessa e seus respectivos discursos em intentar o apelo sensível do público. O problema de pesquisa é: Como se constitui o dispositivo do olhar nos filmes de horror found footage e o que esse fenômeno pode indicar da nossa relação com o cinema e a tecnologia na contemporaneidade? De que modo é possível discutir a experiência estética com o cinema de horror a partir dessas produções? Assim, o objetivo geral da pesquisa é compreender como opera o dispositivo do olhar no cinema de horror found footage e a maneira como ele propõe experiências estéticas, a fim de perceber características da nossa relação com o cinema e a tecnologia na contemporaneidade. Já os objetivos específicos são os seguintes: a) Problematizar o dispositivo do olhar no cinema, sua produção imagética nos respectivos aspectos tecnológicos, sociais e culturais, a partir do horror contemporâneo; b) Estudar aspectos estéticos e narrativos do gênero horror com ênfase nos filmes found footage; c) Discutir especificidades da imagem no found footage; d) Analisar os filmes que compõem o corpus, discutindo-os a partir das movimentações do dispositivo do olhar no horror e das experiências estéticas que potencializam. Entre alguns pressupostos abordados pela tese estão os de que o horror found footage é um fenômeno pós-sala de cinema, ainda que muitas produções circulem em grandes espaços de shopping centers e sejam lançadas em 3D. Ou seja, ver filmes é cada vez mais uma atividade privada e individual. O espectador está sozinho, do mesmo modo que as personagens que correm pela noite escura com uma câmera na mão. A visualidade dos games, a navegação pelas interfaces computacionais ou dispositivos móveis, também deixam marcas nas narrativas com esse estilo. Há ainda diversos tipos de imagens, texturas, cores diferentes que até o desenvolvimento do found footage não haviam sido exploradas no gênero horror. Essas imagens intentam ambiências, conceito de Gumbrecht (2014) que auxiliou a análise. As texturas estranhas, as falhas, ruídos, os “erros” dos equipamentos potencializam as experiências a partir de atmosferas, muitas dessas de aparelhos visuais que não são mais consumidos massivamente, como o VHS. Há sim uma presentificação do passado desses artefatos, dos modos como eram usados, um retorno de hábitos que são reconfigurados pelo contexto do horror. As ambiências possíveis pelas imagens, a perseguição pela experiência tátil com a narrativa, marcam um fenômeno contemporâneo de busca pela apreensão do tempo, das memórias, da vida. Um desejo de possuir as imagens e seus mundos, algo que se sobrepõe à intenção de registro ou de representação do mundo. Podemos afirmar ainda que a ideia de Gumbrecht (2015) do presente amplo se aplica aos filmes estudados nesse aspecto.
This thesis investigates the establishment of the apparatus of seeing as an aesthetic experience within found footage horror movies, from their cinematographic materiality. A discussion about the way as these movies circulate in horror genre is made through crossing film, technology and Communication theories. The apparatus of seeing conception is thought, especially, from authors such as Jonathan Crary, Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, Laurent Mannoni, Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, Vilém Flusser and Philippe Dubois. The apparatus of seeing is, therefore, thought as a behavior, both visual and regarding the usage of technological artifact, that appears within the movies and in the way how this seeing from inside the film can affect the spectator habit of viewing. This is not about the representation of technology, but its strategy and its discourses to propose sensitive appeal in the public. The research problem is: How the apparatus of seeing is composed in found footage horror movies and what can this phenomenon denote about our relation with cinema and technology in contemporaneity? How is it possible to discuss the aesthetic experience with horror movies from these productions? Thus, the main objective is to understand how the apparatus of seeing operates in found footage horror movies and how it proposes aesthetic experiences, in order to see characteristics of our relation with cinema and technology in contemporaneity. The specific objectives are: a) To problematize the apparatus of seeing in cinema, its imagistic production in the respective technological, social and cultural aspects, from contemporary horror genre; b) To study aesthetics and narrative aspects of the horror genre, especially the found footage films; c) To discuss the specificities of the image within found footage; d) To analyze the corpus of films, discussing them from changes of apparatus of seeing and the aesthetic experiences that it potentiates. Among the assumptions the thesis approaches, are that the found footage is a post-cinema phenomenon, although many productions circulate in large spaces of shopping centers and are released in 3D. In other words, watching movies is increasingly a private and individual activity. The spectator is alone, just like the characters that run through the dark night with a camera in their hands. The game visuality, the navigation through computational interfaces or mobile devices, also leave marks in the narratives marked by this style. There are still several types of images, textures, different colors that, until the development of found footage, had not been explored in the horror genre. These images attempt to establish ambiences, a concept of Gumbrecht (2014) that aided the analysis. The strange textures, the flaws, the noises, the "errors" of the equipments potentiate experiences from atmospheres, many of them of visual devices that are no longer massively consumed nowadays, like the VHS. There is rather a presentiment of the past of these artifacts, the ways that they were used, a return of habits that are reconfigured by the context of horror. The possible ambiences of the images, the persecution for a tactile experience with the narrative, mark a contemporary phenomenon of search for the apprehension of the time, the memories, the life. A desire to possess the images and their worlds, something that overlaps the intention of recording or representing the world. We can also affirm that the idea of Gumbrecht (2015) of the broad present applies to the films studied in this aspect.

En primer lugar, esta tesis establece un hiperarchivo semántico de las obras audiovisuales found footage del siglo XX que trabajan el material de archivo desde la imagen dialéctica y el pulso alegórico. Se han incluido aquellas obras que releen la historia buscando en los fragmentos de la memoria colectiva, en lo que fluctúa fuera o después de la versión oficial del poder económico y político. También se han incluido aquellas obras que rompen con el flujo económico del capital simbólico de la “imagen-mercancía”; y, finalmente, aquellas que trabajan desde los archivos para historizar las imágenes desde el anacronismo y el remontaje y hacerlas significativas de nuevo en un contexto de “imagen global”. En segundo lugar, el trabajo aborda cómo las prácticas audiovisuales found footage transforman la noción de “autor”, de “obra”, de “archivo” y de “memoria colectiva”, y los nuevos problemas y nuevas responsibilidades que añade a esto la migración a un nuevo contexto basado en lo digital, en el superávit audiovisual y en la red.
Firstly, this thesis provides a semantic hiperarchive of the found footage audiovisual works of the 20th century that use archival footage from the perspective of the dialectic image and the allegorical impulse. It have been included those works that reread history searching in the fragments of collective memory, in what flows outside or after the official version of the economic and political power. Also it have been included those works that break with the economic flow of the simbolic capital of the “image-commodity”; and, finally, those works that operate from the archives to historicize the images from the anacronism and the recut perspective in order to make them significant again in a “global image” context. Secondly, this investigation deals with how the found footage audiovisual practices transform the notions of “author”, “work”, “archive” and “collective memory”, and the new problems and new responsabilities that brings this new context based on the digital, on the audiovisual surplus and on the network.

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Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie
This thesis discusses and analyzes particularities and sound nuances present in essay films, demonstrating the aesthetic uniqueness of this type of contemporary audiovisual production. It is noticed that the debate about the essay-film has deepened in the questions related to the image, thus, the work sought to organize the international and national bibliography on the subject, evidencing the absence of approaches in the sonic field and bringing a questioning that dialogues and contributes to the discussions about sound in the cinema. It is an interdisciplinary work that involves sound language in the audiovisual field and the technologies that produce it.
Essa tese discute e analisa particularidades e nuances sonoras presentes em filmes-ensaio, demonstrando a singularidade estética desse tipo de produção audiovisual contemporânea. Percebe-se que o debate sobre o filme-ensaio tem se aprofundado nas questões referentes à imagem, assim, o trabalho buscou organizar a bibliografia internacional e nacional a respeito do assunto, evidenciando a ausência de abordagens no campo sônico e trazendo um questionamento que dialoga e contribui com as discussões sobre o som no cinema. Trata-se de um trabalho interdisciplinar que envolve a linguagem sonora no âmbito audiovisual e as tecnologias que a produzem.

Ce travail a pour objet le found footage, analysé en tant que pratique de recyclage culturel et comme important mouvement cinématographique de notre époque. L’étude trace d’abord un parallèle entre la fabrication du film d’images trouvées et le processus de recyclage industriel. Ensuite, le travail aborde les influences artistiques de ce mouvement du cinéma expérimental initié dans les années 1960, qui s’intensifie de plus en plus depuis l’avènement des dernières technologies numériques. En dernier lieu, l’étude propose une mise au point sur le found footage à l’ère des technologies numériques, en analysant les causes et conséquences de la (re)montée du mouvement, et en tenant compte de sa présence qui se multiplie sur l’Internet, par le biais du mashup.
This research deals with the found footage, analyzed here as a practice of cultural recycling and as a major cinematographic movement of our time. The study first draws a parallel between the manufacturing of "found images" and the process of industrial recycling. The thesis then discusses the artistic influences of the experimental film movement initiated in the 1960s, which has been increasing its presence more and more since the introduction of the latest digital technologies. Finally, the study proposes an investigation of found footage in relation to the digital technology era, analyzing the causes and consequences of the [re]rise of the movement, and taking into account the multiplication of its format on the Internet through the practice of mashup.

Ce mémoire portera sur le réemploi d’images dans le cinéma politique d’une manière générale dans un premier temps, puis plus spécifiquement dans l’oeuvre du cinéaste québécois Pierre Falardeau. Il s’agit donc d’abord de regarder comment, d’un point de vue historique, l’image fut réemployée dans le cinéma documentaire classique. Il sera ensuite question de la réutilisation de l’image à des fins politiques dans le cinéma expérimental à travers une analyse du found footage film. Dans un deuxième temps, nous verrons le réemploi d’images dans le cinéma militant, engagé politiquement (voire révolutionnaire) dans le cinéma d’Amérique latine (Santiago Alvarez, Fernando Solanas et Octavio Getino) et en France (Guy Debord, Chris Marker et Jean-Luc Godard). Par la suite, nous verrons comment Pierre Falardeau recyclera des images principalement dans trois de ses documentaires : Pea Soup, Speak White et Le temps des bouffons. Nous allons voir où il se situe dans les différentes traditions de réemploi d’images que nous avons vu précédemment et comment il se rapprochait et se distinguait de ses prédécesseurs.
This thesis is concerned with the reuse of images in political cinema in general and, specifically, in the work of Quebec filmmaker Pierre Falardeau. We will first see how, from a historical point of view, archival images have been recycled in traditional documentary and then how they were used or reused for political purposes in found footage experimental films. We will then discuss the use of found footage in militant or revolutionary cinema both in Latin America (Santiago Alvarez, Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino) and France (Guy Debord, Chris Marker and Jean-Luc Godard). We will then analyse Pierre Falardeau’s reuse of images in three of his documentaries: Pea Soup, Speak White and Le temps des bouffons. We will try and see how Falardeau fits within this tradition of the found footage film and the distinctive features of this aspect of his work.

Tendo como ponto de partida um conjunto de trailers cinematográficos, provenientes de salas de cinemas em declínio, este trabalho de investigação artística explora uma série de códigos, imagens gráficas e informações industriais, encontradas na periferia dessas bobinas fílmicas, que servem de orientação aos técnicos laboratoriais e aos projeccionistas. Sustentado nos conceitos de esconderijo (Bazin), intervalo (Vertov) e obtuso (Barthes), Head, Tail, Rail procura reflectir sobre o que está para além daquilo que os filmes, normalmente, mostram. Com recurso ao found footage e a várias técnicas de montagem, este trabalho pretende transformar as matérias fílmicas (película, imagem e som) em novas e regeneradas composições audiovisuais, sem qualquer referencial, extraindo daí o obtuso das imagens fílmicas.
Universidade de Lisboa: Faculdade de Belas Artes

Contém: Anexos: Jacarepaguá (2017). Tabú (2018). À memória de Nilda (2019) apenas consultável na Biblioteca da Faculdade de Belas-Artes
La thèse Found Footage à l'ère numérique, le montage avec les films d'archives amateurs et familiaux a pour objectif étudier la pratique du found footage, en particulier la création de films réalisés avec des archives amateur et de famille à l'ère du numérique, en faisant attention aux particularités du montage dans de telles oeuvres audiovisuelles. L'étude approfondit les connaissances sur ce sous-genre du film de montage, le film créé à partir d'archives amateurs, remettant en question les archives et les documents historiques, les mémoires personnelles et les mémoires collectives, la représentation et l'évolution technologique, la sphère privée et la sphère publique et la dissolution de frontières entre cinéma amateur, cinéma expérimental et documentaire. Dans le cadre d`une recherche théorique et pratique, j’ai réalisé trois courts métrages qui ont servi de fil conducteur à cette étude, à savoir : Jacarepaguá (2017), Tabu, propriedade privada (2018) et À memória de Nilda (2019). Les films ont été créés à partir de vieilles images d’amateur et de familles, recueillies par moi ou bien provenantes de l`archives privé portugais Ideias no Escuro. Cette thèse théorico-pratique s'inscrit dans la continuité de ma recherche de maîtrise sur les films de montage d'archives, intitulée Found Footage, mouvement cinématographique contemporain. La thèse Found Footage à l'ère numérique, le montage avec les films d'archives amateurs et familiaux s'inscrit dans un mouvement académique en faveur de l'élargissement de la connaissance des archives amateurs et familiales au cinéma, en tenant compte la réalité contemporaine des technologies et des écosystèmes numériques, autrement dit de la disponibilité et de la circulation dans le réseau numérique des archives photographiques et audiovisuelles, ainsi que des oeuvres créées avec ce matériau en ligne.