Relevant bibliographies by topics / Found price

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Found price'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Found price"

1

Wang, Qiming. "Evolution of integer price clustering of IPOs in the aftermarket." Nankai Business Review International 5, no. 4 (October 28, 2014): 365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-01-2014-0008.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to, using a large sample of NASDAQ initial public offerings (IPOs), examine the evolution of integer price clustering of IPOs in the aftermarket trading. Design/methodology/approach – Consistent with Harris’s (1991) costly negotiation hypothesis, clustering on integer prices is a positive function of price level and various stock valuation uncertainty proxies, and it is a negative function of trading activities for IPOs and seasoned stocks. Findings – It was found that, after controlling for price level, daily return volatility, number of trades, trading volume, number of market makers and the effect of price support, the integer price frequency of IPOs converge to that of seasoned stocks immediately, and whether IPOs have integer offer prices does not affect their integer price clustering in the aftermarket trading after the effect of price support is controlled for. Originality/value – These results suggest that the IPO pricing process significantly reduce the differences between integer priced IPOs and non-integer priced IPOs in pre-offering valuation uncertainty.
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Pokrivčák, J., and M. Rajčaniová. "Crude oil price variability and its impact on ethanol prices." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 8 (August 23, 2011): 394–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/42/2010-agricecon.

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The world annual biofuel production has exceeded 100 billion litres in 2009. The development of the biofuel production is partly influenced by the government support programs and partly by the development of oil prices. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the statistical relationship between ethanol, gasoline and crude oil prices. We aim to check the correlation among these variables and to analyze the strength and direction of a possible linear relationship among the variables. We are interested in analyzing how each variable is related to another, so we evaluate the inter-relationship among the variables in the Vector Autoregression (VAR) and the Impulse Response Function (IRF). In order to achieve our goal, we first collected weekly data for each variable from January, 2000 to October, 2009. The results provide evidence of the cointegration relationship between oil and gasoline prices, but no cointegration between ethanol, gasoline and ethanol, oil prices. As a result, we used a VAR model on first differences. After running the Impulse Response Function, we found out that the impact of the oil price shock on the other variables is considerable larger than vice versa. The largest impact of oil price shock was observed on the price of gasoline.  
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Jankovics, Peter. "LONG -TERM CHANGES OF MAIN INPUT -OUTPUT PRICES IN THE HUNGARIAN BROILER SECTOR." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 1 (April 4, 2018): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.7228.

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The article presents changes of the main input-output prices in the Hungarian broiler industry over a period of 30 years, and associated correlations. For the processing of long-term data, a linear regression function, correlation and regression analysis were used. The cereal prices correlate and their changes also correspond with a change in compound feed prices. A close correlation can be found between cereal price and broiler price, whilst the correlation shown between the compound feed price and broiler price is very close. During the examined period, the feed prices increased at a higher rate than the broiler price. It was also established that the current feed and energy price significantly affect day-old chick prices which corresponds with an increase in price of the broiler. Furthermore, a close relation can be found between energy and feed compound prices.
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Xue, Huidan, Chenguang Li, Liming Wang, and Wen-Hao Su. "Spatial Price Transmission and Price Dynamics of Global Butter Export Market under Economic Shocks." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 9297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169297.

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Recently, the world has experienced striking economic and policy changes, and subsequent uncertainties have impacts on dairy trade price fluctuations. The Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) methodology was established in this paper to better understand international butter export prices transmission, the feedback between the economic context changes and price fluctuations, and the link between the global butter market, energy market, and other commodity markets. We assessed which key factors are typically associated with butter export price movements with regards to shocks to crude oil price, palm oil price, farm-gate raw milk price, exchange rates, and consumer price index (CPI) for food of the EU, New Zealand, the U.S., and the rest of world (RoW), respectively. Using generalized impulse response functions, this study found that decreases in farm-gate raw milk price could be swiftly transmitted to butter export prices of not only a home country but other foreign countries. However, palm oil price and crude oil price merely affects global butter export prices. We also found that U.S. dollar depreciations against the Euro will cause a decline in U.S. butter export price. It is concluded that butter export markets are not well-integrated, yet butter export prices of New Zealand and the U.S. are highly linked.
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Christandl, Fabian, and Tommy Gärling. "The Accuracy of Consumers’ Perception of Future Inflationary Price Changes." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 219, no. 4 (January 2011): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000074.

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Four laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the extent to which and how consumers encountering inflationary increases in product prices are able to accurately extrapolate future price increases. Between 32 and 48 undergraduates participated in the different experiments. In Experiment 1 it was found that participants were more able to extrapolate a proportional increase when presented with two consecutive proportional price increases compared to one price increase. This finding was not replicated for decreasing prices in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 showed that varying the time interval between prices counteracted an accurate extrapolation of proportional price increases despite that two price increases were presented. In Experiment 4 it was found that presenting the same (vs. different) proportional price increases for two products made participants able to extrapolate the common proportional price increase.
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DR. PRAFULLA K. DAS. "PRICE BEHAVIOUR IN INDIA'S COCONUT SECTOR." CORD 7, no. 01 (June 1, 1991): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v7i01.246.

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Coconut being a smallholder perennial crop, studies on the price behaviour of its products require serious consideration. A cursory look into the price structures of coconut, copra and coconut oil reveal that the price fluctuations are not only infrequent, but also most violent. The seasonal indices show different patterns for different products. The Compound Growth Rates of wholesale prices for coconut products are found to be around 10 per cent per annum between 1970 and 1989. The indices however suggest that the relative prices in coconut sector are declining even though the absolute prices show significant growths. The correlation coefficients (r) between wholesale prices of coconut products are assessed as, 0.99. The analysis of price behaviours in the important coconut product markets further reveals that those markets are highly competitive. Attempts have been made to predict the prices of copra with the use of coconut oil prices; and the prices of coconut with the use of prices of either copra or coconut oil in the same market or in different markets. The prediction models are found out to be very good fit with the value of r2 ranging between 0.98 and 0.99.
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Baek, Jungho. "Price linkages in the North American softwood lumber market." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 1527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-043.

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This paper examines structural changes and the dynamics of price relationships in the United States (US), British Columbia, Quebec, and Ontario lumber markets. With monthly price series from 1981 to 2002, I used Perron's method to identify structural shifts and the Johansen cointegration analysis and vector-error correction model to determine both short- and long-run price relationships. I found that because of restrictions on federal timber harvests in the Pacific Northwest, price instability experienced in 1992 has caused structural shifts for the US and Canadian lumber prices. I also found that the North American lumber market is indeed integrated, with the US price significantly affecting Canadian prices in both the short and long run. This further indicates that the US market plays a dominant role in price setting in the North American lumber market, as Canadian prices respond to the US price change, but the reverse situation does not occur.
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Razzakova, C. M., and L. E. Ziganshina. "Medicine prices in 2017 and 2018 as a reflection of the effectiveness of government measures to ­ensure access to medicines." Kazan medical journal 101, no. 2 (April 13, 2020): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2020-256.

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Aim. To conduct a comparative analysis of medicine prices in 2017 and 2018 years in Kazan (The Republic of Tatarstan, The Russian Federation) to assess the effectiveness of government measures to ensure the accessibility of medicines. Methods. We conducted a comparative analysis of medicine prices according to methodology developed by Health Action International and World Health Organization (WHO/HAI). The analysis included 30 medicines at a preselected dosage form. We studied the accessibility and prices of original brands and lowest priced generic of each medicine in the public and private pharmacies of Kazan in 2017 and 2018, and analyzed the procurement prices of the same medicines in inpatient hospitals. Medicine prices were compared with international reference prices (The Management Sciences for Health (MSH) reference prices) and expressed as median price ratio (MPR). Results. Prices for originator and generic medicines in the public and private sectors tended to decrease in 2018 compared to 2017, but statistically significant price reduction occurred only for generic medicines in the private sector. For example, the median price ratio for originator products changed from 6.86 to 2.97 in the public sector and from 11.1 to 5.36 in the private sector in 2018 compared to 2017, but the changes were not statistically significant (p 0.05). Prices for generics medicines in the public sector did not change in the studied years and remained at the level of international reference prices (the median price ratio were 1.3 in 2017 and 1.27 in 2018). In the private sector, we found a twofold decrease in the prices of generics medicines in 2018 compared to 2017 [the median price ratio decreased from 3.25 to 1.44 (p 0.05)]. Procurement prices for generics medicines in public hospitals in 2017 and 2018 years did not show statistically significant changes with the median price ratio equal to 1.34 and 0.8, respectively. Conclusion. Government price control measures of medicines contributed to maintaining the price of generic medicines at the reference prices level in the public sector and to halving the price of generic medicines in the private sector in 2018 compared to 2017.
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Virbickas, Ernestas. "PRICE SETTING IN LITHUANIA: MORE EVIDENCE FROM THE SURVEY OF FIRMS." Ekonomika 90, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 76–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2011.0.923.

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The article examines price setting in Lithuania, based on the ad hoc survey “On Price and Wage Setting” of the Bank of Lithuania. The study extends the survey data analysis presented in Virbickas (2009). The article points to the incidence of both time-dependent and state-dependent price reviewing policies used by the firms under study, though the price reviewing practices appear to be somewhat tilted to the state-dependent pricing. Analysis provides evidence on the reasons for the upward and downward stickiness of prices. Delayed price adjustment is found to be related to the price adjustment rather than the price reviewing stage. The most momentous explanations for not adjusting prices upwards or downwards rest on the cost-based pricing and the explicit contracts. The study finds an asymmetric influence of some of the price factors. In particular, the cost factors are found to be decisive in invoking a price increase rather than a price decrease.
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Salassi, Michael E. "The Responsiveness of U.S. Rice Acreage to Price and Production Costs." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 27, no. 2 (December 1995): 386–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800028443.

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AbstractOrdinary least squares and seemingly unrelated regression procedures were used to analyze the impacts of changes in rice prices and production costs on U.S. rice planted acreage. National and regional response models were estimated over the 1970-92 period. Supply-inducing prices of rice were estimated as a function of effective rice support prices and seasonal average market prices. Expected production costs per acre were estimated using lagged actual total variable cash production expenses per acre adjusted by the previous 3-year average annual change in variable expenses. Estimated short-run price and production cost elasticities were found to be inelastic at the national level. However, the magnitude of the production cost elasticities were found to be greater than the price elasticities. Estimated long-run elasticities at the U.S. level were inelastic for changes in price but elastic for changes in production costs. Although acreage response varied across regions, similar relationships were found between price and production cost elasticities.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Found price"

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Šimášková, Ľubomíra. "Porovnání cen bytu v České republice a na Slovensku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233169.

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The objective of this Diploma Thesis is to benchmark prices of preselected types of flats in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Main aim of this exercise is to examine the pricing rules in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Other area of focus is to set prices for selected prices of flats in the suburb and in the city center of Brno and Bratislava and compare them with each other. Analyze which factors affect prices and how they differ from each other.
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Frühaufová, Petra. "Metodiky ocenění staveb dle vyhlášky č. 441/2013 Sb. a č. 419/2013 Sb." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233147.

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The thesis deals with the differences in the valuation of buildings by valuation public notices no. 441/2013 Coll. and no. 419/2013 Coll. and explanation of differences in valuation on the example of a house in listed cities and villages in 2,000 and over 2,001 residents with final execute decision-making schemes for the selection of the different methodologies in regions and districts of the Czech Republic. The theoretical part focuses on the basic concepts and the use of various valuation methodologies. The practical part is honored family house without land using the reference method in accordance with Decree no. 441/2014 Coll. and in accordance with Decree no. 419/2013 Coll. The results are applied in the decision scheme for the selection of individual valuation methodology.
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Babinská, Petra. "Srovnání cen rodinného domu ve vybraných lokalitách v okrese Olomouc v letech 2016 a 2017." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-317084.

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The diploma thesis deals with the comparison of prices of a family house in years 2016 and 2017 in the Olomouc district and in three different locations – north from the statutory city of Olomouc, the surrounding area from the statutory city of Olomouc and the outskirts of Olomouc. The family house is located in the village of Bělkovice-Lašťany. This village is located in the northern area of the statutory city of Olomouc. Next, I will place a family house fictitiously in the town of Náměšť na Hané and in the town district Nemilany, which is the peripheral part of the statutory city of Olomouc. For specified locations, the price is determined and the usual price is compared and determines factors influencing the house price. In the theoretical part, I will explain the terminology, familiarize myself with the law, the comparative method on the basis of which I will determine the usual price and the comparative method according to the valuation order, which will determine the price determined.
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Ondráček, Daniel. "Analýza vybraných způsobů ocenění bytů v Brně Králově Poli a v Žabovřeskách." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241361.

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This thesis presents a comparison of valuation methods for property type apartment in selected locations Brno Královo Pole and Žabovřesky. This thesis also describes the market situation immovable things in selected locations including a comparison of supply and demand. The valuation is according to the applicable valuation regulations for current price and established methods based on market valuation to determine the price as found. The result of this work is to estimate the current price of 10 selected apartments and assessment of the various valuation methods and their suitability
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Kliment, Daniel. "Srovnání cen rodinného domu ve vybraných lokalitách v okrese Ostrava-město v letech 2017 a 2018." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377504.

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The diploma thesis deals with comparison of family prices in selected localities in the Ostrava-city district in the years 2017 and 2018. These are the localities of Hošťálkovice and Slezská Ostrava, which make up town districts and the village of Šenov. For these locations, I will determine the price and the usual price for 2017 and 2018. Based on the project documentation provided for the new family house, I will also prepare an itemized budget and evaluate it all. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with the introduction and explanation of terminology, with the introduction of legal regulations, a comparative method, on the basis of which I will determine the price of the usual and comparative method according to the valuation rules, which will determine the price determined. There is also generally mentioned the method of determining the price of the building work.
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Koudelková, Tereza. "Vliv změny účelu užití na hodnotu bývalé hasičské zbrojnice na jižní Moravě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-408049.

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The thesis deals with value of an immovable cultural monument with different purposes of use. With help of analysis of the highest and the best use of property (HABU) are individual suggestions of use of the object examined. The theoretical part defines basic concepts, indivual methods of appraisement and explains analysis HABU. The first half of the practical part is about acquaintance with territory solution and property and the second part is about HABU method application. The aim of the work is based on analysis’ results that defines what use is the most appropriate. Value comparison of property with current purpose of use and property that appears as the best shows what effect has the change of purpose of use on property’s value.
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Hermanová, Jana. "Oceňování okrasných rostlin, charakteru stromy – porovnání oceňovacích metod v ČR – cena zjištěná a cena obvyklá." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377502.

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The aim of thesis was to explore current approaches using for valuation trees on non – forest lands. Another aim was compare usual price and price assessed determined accordin to Valuation Decree. Methodics used for valution trees was valuation according to the valution regulation, Koch´s methodic and Methodic for valution tress growing out of forest.Market price wasfound out as a research at specialized subjects (trees numery, garden – tillages etc.) In practical part was evaluace price found of three pine trees and three leafy trees in three age phases. Discovered informations are commented and summarazied in final chapter.
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Rumanová, Jana. "Oceňování lesa." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-367506.

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The aim of the thesis was to explore current approaches used for valuation according to the valuation regulation. The next aim was to choose appropriate method for finding usual price and compare it with the price assessed determined by administrative methods according to Valuation Decree. Comperative method was the chosen method. There are six forest properties from The Czech Republic evaluated in the practical part of the study. The conclusion of the thesis summarizes detected information from the area of valuation of forest.
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Štěpánová, Jana. "Analýza projektů realizovaných úřady práce." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-204077.

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Dissertation is focused on the analysis of projects realised by employment offices during program period 2007-2013. In theoretical part of this dissertation are presented teoretical findings relating to social policy, the employment´s policy of Czech Republic inclouded. Theoretical part includes also findings of social policy in context of policy of togetherness EU, where dissertation is focused on its targets and engines. This part of dissertation also characterizes operation program Human resources and employment. In practical part are presented the results of questionnaire survey and there are proposed concrete actions oriented to improvement of realisation of projects realised by employment agency of Czech Republic. Practical part of this document compares projects Educate yourselves for growing in region Vysočina and Educate yourselves for growing in region Vysočina II. and evaluates also economical side of both projects. Marginal chapter of practical part is comparation of the costs for one participant of welding course from the project Educate yourselves for growing in region Vysočina II. with the same course which is organised through the requalification secured by employment agency Czech Republic.
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Mélin, François. "La connaissance de la loi étrangère par les juges du fond : recherches sur l'infériorité de la loi étrangère dans le procès civil." Reims, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REIMD005.

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Le droit international prive postule que le juge peut etre amene a appliquer une loi etrangere dans le for. Ce principe d'applicabilite de la loi etrangere pose de multiples problemes. Il conduit en particulier a s'interroger sur les roles respectifs du juge et des parties dans le processus de recherche de la teneur de la loi etrangere. De nombreux systemes juridiques ont pose et continuent de poser qu'il doit revenir aux parties d'eclairer le juge sur la norme etrangere applicable. Cette orientation apparait toutefois critiquable. Des considerations theoriques et pratiques militent en effet en faveur d'un elargissement de l'office du juge en ce domaine, en particulier la necessite d'assurer l'egalite des plaideurs ainsi que l'effectivite du droit international prive. Il est par consequent a souhaiter que le juge se voit imposer l'obligation de mettre en Ŭvre la loi etrangere
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Books on the topic "Found price"

1

Price, Tony. Tony Price: Atomic art. Santa Fe, N.M: Museum of Fine Arts, 2004.

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Price, Lisa. Success never smelled so sweet: How I followed by nose and found my passion. New York: One World, 2004.

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Peter, Kavanagh. Little Prince and the Great Dragon chase. Hemel Hempstead: Simon & Schuster Young Books, 1994.

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The Little Prince and the great dragon chase. Hauppauge, N.Y: Barron's, 1995.

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Monson, Daniel H. Age distributions of sea otters found dead in Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, 1995.

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Monson, Daniel H. Age distributions of sea otters found dead in Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, 1995.

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Monson, Daniel H. Age distributions of sea otters found dead in Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, 1995.

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Holleman, Marybeth. The heart of the sound: An Alaskan paradise found and nearly lost. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2010.

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Le temps des cardinaux: Richelieu, Mazarin : de l'assassinat d'Henri IV à la prise de pouvoir de Louis XIV..., de la guerre de Trente Ans à la fronde des princes..., de régentes jalouses en favoris décadents..., d'un cardinal de fer à un prélat de velours..., naissance de l'absolutisme royal sur fond de complots et débuts du Grand Siècle sur fond de misère. Toulouse: Privat, 2002.

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Reaffirming support for the legitimate democratically-elected government of Lebanon under Prime Minister Fouad Siniora; expressing condolences and sympathy to the people of the PRC for the loss of life and destruction caused by the massive earthquake centered in Sichuan Province; and Merida Initiative to Combat Illicit Narcotics and Reduce Organized Crime Authorization Act of 2008: Markup before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, on H. Res. 1194, H. Res. 1195 and H.R. 6028, May 14, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Found price"

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Compeau, Larry D., Dhruv Grewal, and Joan Lindsey-Mullikin. "An Analysis of Consumers’ Interpretations of the Semantic Phrases Found in Comparative Price Advertisements." In New Meanings for Marketing in a New Millennium, 100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11927-4_29.

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Mokhtarzadeh, Fatemeh, and G. Cornelis van Kooten. "Economic analysis of a softwood lumber quota regime and a policy to subsidize biomass generation of electricity." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 83–109. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0083.

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Abstract The REPA spatial price equilibrium model developed in Chapter 4 is used to investigate the regional welfare impacts of a quota on exports of Canadian softwood lumber to the U.S. In the model, Canada is divided into seven regions and the U.S. into five regions, with the rest of the world constituting a 13th region; the model is calibrated to the bilateral trade flows that existed in 2016 when there was free trade in lumber. Various quota levels are examined in terms of their impact on producers and consumers in both countries. Canadian producers are found to be better off with a hard quota compared with free trade, although the quota leads to a reduction in market share while driving a wedge between Canadian and U.S. prices, both of which are aggravated with harder quotas. Overall, the loss of export sales to the U.S. is not recouped with sales to the rest of the world. The REPA model is also used to examine the impact of EU demand for wood pellets to generate electricity. Results indicate that pellet prices will approximately double.
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Mokhtarzadeh, Fatemeh, and G. Cornelis van Kooten. "Economic analysis of a softwood lumber quota regime and a policy to subsidize biomass generation of electricity." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 83–109. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0005.

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Abstract The REPA spatial price equilibrium model developed in Chapter 4 is used to investigate the regional welfare impacts of a quota on exports of Canadian softwood lumber to the U.S. In the model, Canada is divided into seven regions and the U.S. into five regions, with the rest of the world constituting a 13th region; the model is calibrated to the bilateral trade flows that existed in 2016 when there was free trade in lumber. Various quota levels are examined in terms of their impact on producers and consumers in both countries. Canadian producers are found to be better off with a hard quota compared with free trade, although the quota leads to a reduction in market share while driving a wedge between Canadian and U.S. prices, both of which are aggravated with harder quotas. Overall, the loss of export sales to the U.S. is not recouped with sales to the rest of the world. The REPA model is also used to examine the impact of EU demand for wood pellets to generate electricity. Results indicate that pellet prices will approximately double.
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Ponce-de-León, Hernán, Thomas Haas, and Roland Meyer. "Dartagnan: Leveraging Compiler Optimizations and the Price of Precision (Competition Contribution)." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 428–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_26.

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AbstractWe describe the new features of the bounded model checkerDartagnanforSV-COMP’21. We participate, for the first time, in theReachSafetycategory on the verification of sequential programs. In some of these verification tasks, bugs only show up after many loop iterations, which is a challenge for bounded model checking. We address the challenge by simplifying the structure of the input program while preserving its semantics. For simplification, we leverage common compiler optimizations, which we get for free by using LLVM. Yet, there is a price to pay. Compiler optimizations may introduce bitwise operations, which require bit-precise reasoning. We evaluated an SMT encoding based on the theory of integers + bit conversions against one based on the theory of bit-vectors and found that the latter yields better performance. Compared to the unoptimized version ofDartagnan, the combination of compiler optimizations and bit-vectors yields a speed-up of an order of magnitude on average.
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Shirakawa, Keiichi, and Toshiyuki Okoshi. "Dual Agency, Commission Levels, and the Effect on Sale Price in Residential Real Estate Market: A Questionnaire Survey on Real Estate Brokers in Japan." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 165–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_12.

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AbstractIn residential real estate market, agents have an incentive to steer their clients to their own listings or buyers rather than offering the best value transaction, which is derived from allowing dual agency and information asymmetry among buyers, sellers, and agents. We estimated the commission levels and sale prices of real estate brokers through a questionnaire survey and found that seven out of ten brokers are closing dual-agency deals and lowering sale prices. We could not find any effects of the number of employees, location of office, and major types of contract on dual agency.
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Sett, Kiranjit, and Debabrata Mukhopadhyay. "The Role of Market Sentiment in Stock Price Movements." In Handbook of Research on Globalization, Investment, and Growth-Implications of Confidence and Governance, 24–43. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8274-0.ch002.

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In an efficient capital market, the prices of securities always fully reflect all available information implying that prices always reflect the fundamental values. When there is under reaction or over reaction to new information, competition among the arbitrageurs quickly brings the price of an asset back to its fair value. But, if the asymmetry of information about a stock is high and there is a ‘limit to arbitrage', sentiment of the noise traders is likely to influence the price of that stock. This chapter aims at studying the role of market sentiment, during the period which starts with June 2003 and ends with July 2011, in influencing the return from investment in small capitalization stocks listed on Indian stock exchanges. We have found the presence of ARCH (1) in the time series on returns. Market sentiment, rate of interest and inflation are found to have significant influence on return from investment in small capitalization stocks. The presence of month effects in returns from such stocks has also been detected.
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Sampaio, Carlos A. F., Ricardo G. Rodrigues, and José M. Hernández-Mogollón. "Competitor Orientation, Pricing Strategy, and Business Performance." In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, 115–28. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3628-5.ch008.

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This study proposes to study the nature of the relationship between competitor orientation, a strategy based on low prices and hotel business performance, and to test if a low-price strategy plays a mediating role in the relationship between competitor orientation and business performance. A structural equation modeling approach is used, and a sample from the Italian hotel industry is used to evaluate the proposed hypotheses. Results show that competitor orientation is positively related to business performance and to a strategy based on low prices. Furthermore, it is found that a low-price strategy has adverse effects on business performance. Additionally, the mediating role of the low-price strategy is not confirmed.
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Sisodia, Dilip Singh, and Sagar Jadhav. "Machine Learning Models for Forecasting of Individual Stocks Price Patterns." In Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, 111–29. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3870-7.ch008.

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Stock investors always consider potential future prices before investing in any stock for making a profit. A large number of studies are found on the prediction of stock market indices. However, the focus on individual stock closing price predictions well ahead of time is limited. In this chapter, a comparative study of machine-learning-based models is used for the prediction of the closing price of a particular stock. The proposed models are designed using back propagation neural networks (BPNN), support vector regression (SVR) with SMOReg, and linear regression (LR) for the prediction of the closing price of individual stocks. A total of 37 technical indicators (features) derived from historical closing prices of stocks are considered for predicting the future price of stock in a time window of five days. The experiment is performed on stocks listed on Bombay Stock Exchange (BSS), India. The model is trained and tested using feature values extracted from the past five-year closing price of stocks of different sectors including aviation, pharma, banking, entertainment, and IT.
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Givens, Terryl, and Brian M. Hauglid. "“Not to Be Trammeled”." In The Pearl of Greatest Price, 241–70. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190603861.003.0005.

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Christian creeds go back to the first Christian centuries. Catholics produced creeds largely to establish the lines demarcating orthodoxy and heresy. Protestants at first were hostile to creeds and often invoked the Bible as the lone and sufficient creed for Christians. Joseph Smith’s hostility to creeds was common, especially among other restorationists. Eventually virtually all Protestants realized that without a creed, boundary maintenance was impossible. Early missionaries of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints found it necessary to summarize and define the uniqueness of their message—effectively creating the first creeds. Joseph Smith, explicitly hostile to creeds as too circumscribing of belief, found himself forced by the same imperative to articulate his own summation of Mormon teachings. His Thirteen Articles of Faith are, however, wholly inadequate as a creed, since they omit many of the most core doctrines of the church. They are best understood, in Rodney Stark’s formula, as establishing an optimum tension with competing religious faiths—not too radical and not too familiar.
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Lahmiri, Salim. "Prediction of International Stock Markets Based on Hybrid Intelligent Systems." In Handbook of Research on Innovations in Information Retrieval, Analysis, and Management, 110–24. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8833-9.ch004.

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This paper compares the accuracy of three hybrid intelligent systems in forecasting ten international stock market indices; namely the CAC40, DAX, FTSE, Hang Seng, KOSPI, NASDAQ, NIKKEI, S&P500, Taiwan stock market price index, and the Canadian TSE. In particular, genetic algorithms (GA) are used to optimize the topology and parameters of the adaptive time delay neural networks (ATNN) and the time delay neural networks (TDNN). The third intelligent system is the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) that basically integrates fuzzy logic into the artificial neural network (ANN) to better model information and explain decision making process. Based on out-of-sample simulation results, it was found that contrary to the literature GA-TDNN significantly outperforms GA-ATDNN. In addition, ANFIS was found to be more effective in forecasting CAC40, FTSE, Hang Seng, NIKKEI, Taiwan, and TSE price level. In contrary, GA-TDNN and GA-ATDNN were found to be superior to ANFIS in predicting DAX, KOSPI, and NASDAQ future prices.
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Conference papers on the topic "Found price"

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Tengiz, Yusuf Ziya, and Zehra Meliha Tengiz. "A Study on Beef Price in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02213.

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Beef prices in Turkey is increased for long time. That outcome is caused to find out the reasons which are variables related to beef prices. The target of this study is to clarify relationship of beef price and its independent variables with a regression model. Data analyzed with SPSS 23.0. Based on the model’s equation, the independent variables which are average world beef unit price (USD), per capita beef consumption in Turkey (kg), government livestock incentives (TRY), consumer price index on beef (%), exchange rate (USD/TRY), real effective exchange rate (%) and gross domestic national product (%) are found as direct proportion with beef prices. On the other hand, poultry meat as an alternative to beef has inverse proportion with the prices.
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Lii, Yuan-Shuh, and Chieh Lun Lin. "The Effects of Product Line Prices and Competitors' Prices on Consumers’ Evaluations of Reference Price Advertisements." In Japan International Business and Management Research Conference. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/jibm.v1i1.218.

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This study presents empirical evidence on the effect of product-line prices and competitors' prices on consumers' price judgments as well as on consumers' use of advertised reference price (A.R.P.) as reference across two product categories. Using a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design experiment, the findings indicated that consumers did not consider product line prices as an important reference. Competitors' prices were found to be a significant reference in the case of frequently purchased product categories. The moderating roles of product line prices and competitors' prices in reference price advertisements were not found. A.R.P. still exerted the greatest influence on consumers' evaluations of a promotional offer across two product categories.
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Kibara Manyeki, John, Izabella Szakálné Kanó, and Balázs Kotosz. "Livestock product supply and factor demand responsiveness." In The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szeged: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2020.proc.9.

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Despite there being incredible challenges in enhancing livestock development in Kenya, this article isolates product supply and factors input demand responsiveness as the main constraints facing the smallholder. A flexible-Translog profit function permits the application of dual theory in the analysis of livestock product supply and factor demand responsiveness using farm-level household data. The results indicate that own-price elasticities were elastic for cattle, while goat and sheep were inelastic. Cross-price and scale elasticities were found to be within inelastic range in all cases, with the goat being a preferred substitute for cattle. All factor inputs demand elasticities were inelastic with the exception of elastic cattle output prices and labour cost. Thus, the recommended policy option would be supportive pro-pastoral price policies, enhanced investment in pastureland improvement and an increasing wage rate, since these assume key significance in improving the livestock production/marketing.
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Karataş, Togan, and Emre Ürkmez. "Dynamics Affecting Gold Prices in the Global Crisis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00714.

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Gold prices have been one of the most observed financial indicators in the global economy. Various macro dynamics that historically determine the price of gold, as a precious metal have been initiated. In this scope, gold price fluctuations are closely linked to the global economic conjuncture. In this study, the role of gold in the global economy and historical gold prices are examined briefly, and in the course of global finance crisis, the elements Dow- Jones Index, petrol prices and silver prices as assigning gold prices are dealt with. An economic and econometric analysis is carried out for these indicators since it is regarded that they are crucially instrumental in gold prices. Study period is determined monthly and covers between 2007:01 and 2013:02. Johansen co-integration test, VECM and impulse response analyses are used in the econometric analysis. According to VECM analysis, it has been found out that the indicators do not act in unison in the short term, but the results of co-integration analysis reveal that gold prices are associated with the related economic indicators in the long term. As a result of impulse response analysis, it is seen that gold prices are more influenced by the fluctuations in petrol prices than other indicators. Within the frame of findings, it has been revealed that gold prices unsurprisingly increase during the crisis periods and are influenced by the indicators stated above.
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Cao, Jiacong, and Cheng Liu. "Study of Optimal Retrofit Design for the BCHP System Equipped With Gas-Fired Absorption Chillers." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54252.

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In this study, the retrofit project describes the conversion of the air-conditioning system at No.4 College Building in Donghua University in Shanghai China, to a building cooling heating and power (BCHP) system. This includes the optimal retrofit design models of the BCHP system, of which the exergetic efficiency and annual costs (AC) of the system are the separate objective functions. The retrofit scheme is planned to insert gas engines as prime movers into the original system, which have adopted gas-fired absorption chillers. The solutions of the optimization problems show that such retrofit can result in a remarkable rise in exergetic efficiency but is not currently viable with current fuel prices. The contradictory solutions reveal a gap between the current energy prices system of the country and the present energy situation. It is really an urgent task to reform the energy prices system in China. Further investigation gives the critical lines of which each divides the coordinate plane of natural gas-electric prices into 2 parts, viz., of benefit and deficit. It is found if the electric price rises to a certain extent, say a rise of USD0.0238, the retrofit will reach both a positive benefit and a remarkable increase in exergetic efficiency. Discussion and conclusions have been given and may be helpful for other similar retrofit projects that aim to both energy saving and benefits.
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Go´mez, Rafael, Lesme Corredor, Adrian A´vila, Jorge Mendoza, and Antonio Bula. "Analysis and Energy Optimization for Biomethanol Production Using Palm Oil Biomass Residues." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54663.

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Palm oil extraction generates a great amount of biomass residues; i.e. kernel pieces, fiber and fruit bunches. The last is the major quantity, but it has limited usage as an energetic source due to physical-chemical characteristics and high humidity. Biodiesel production requires methanol, which is mainly produced form natural gas in very large industrial plants, oscillating between 700×103 to 1400 x103 tons per year. This paper presents an economical and technical analysis for production of biometanol from oil palm biomass residues, considering the requirements for the year 2019 in Colombia, which are expected to be 92.5 x103 tons. Different technological approximations are considered and the different parts for the selected process are dimensioned, due to the small size of the plant required. The process simulation is carried out using ASPENPLUS™, giving a global efficiency around 48%, and a yield of 43% for the biomass used. The production simulation allows comparing with the international price for methanol, and the cutting point is U$ 152/Ton. This value is compared with the international price of crude oil and it was found that it is only superior when the oil price is under U$ 20. Due to the tendency for oil prices to increase, it is feasible, at least form the economical point of view, to develop a small scale biometanol plant.
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Fyffe, John R., Stuart M. Cohen, and Michael E. Webber. "Comparing Flexible CO2 Capture in Gas- and Coal-Dominated Electricity Markets." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54359.

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Coal-fired power plants are a source of inexpensive, reliable electricity for many countries. Unfortunately, their high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions rates contribute significantly to global climate change. With the likelihood of future policies limiting CO2 emissions, CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) could allow for the continued use of coal while low- and zero-emission generation sources are developed and implemented. This work compares the potential impact of flexibly operating CO2 capture systems on the economic viability of using CCS in gas- and coal-dominated electricity markets. The comparison is made using a previously developed modeling framework to analyze two different markets: 1) a natural-gas dominated market (the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, or ERCOT) and 2) a coal-dominated market (the National Electricity Market, or NEM in Australia). The model uses performance and economic parameters for each power plant to determine the annual generation, CO2 emissions, and operating profits for each plant for specified input fuel prices and CO2 emissions costs. Previous studies of ERCOT found that flexible CO2 capture operation could improve the economic viability of coal-fired power plants with CO2 capture when there are opportunities to reduce CO2 capture load and increase electrical output when electricity prices are high. The model was used to compare the implications of using CO2 capture systems in the two electricity systems under CO2 emissions penalties from 0–100 US dollars per metric ton of CO2. Half the coal-fired power plants in each grid were selected to be considered for a CO2 capture retrofit based on plant efficiency, whether or not SO2 scrubbers are already installed on the plant, and the plant’s proximity to viable sequestration sites. Plants considered for CO2 capture systems are compared with and without inflexible CO2 capture as well as with two different flexible operation strategies. With more coal-fired power plants being dispatched as the marginal generator and setting the electricity price in the NEM, electricity prices increase faster due to CO2 prices than in ERCOT where natural gas-plants typically set the electricity price. The model showed moderate CO2 emissions reductions in ERCOT with CO2 capture and no CO2 price because increased costs at coal-fired power plants led to reduced generation. Without CO2 prices, installing CO2 capture on coal-fired power plants resulted in moderately reduced CO2 emissions in ERCOT as the coal-fired power plants became more expensive and were replaced with less expensive natural gas-fired generators. Without changing the makeup of the plant fleet in NEM, a CO2 price would not currently promote significant replacement of coal-fired power plants because there is minimal excess capacity with low CO2 emissions rates that can displace existing coal-fired power plants. Additionally, retrofitting CO2 capture onto half of the coal-based fleet in NEM did not reduce CO2 emissions significantly without CO2 costs being implemented because the plants with capture become more expensive and were replaced by the coal-fired power plants without CO2 capture. Operating profits at NEM capture plants increased as CO2 price increased much faster than capture plants in ERCOT. The higher rate of increasing profits for plants in NEM is due to the marginal generators in NEM being coal-based facilities with higher CO2 emissions penalties than the natural gas-fired facilities that set electricity prices in ERCOT. Overall, coal-fired power plants were more profitable with CO2 capture systems than without in both ERCOT and NEM when CO2 prices were higher than USD25/ton.
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Townsend, Aaron K., and Michael E. Webber. "Optimization of Technical and Operational Characteristics of a CAES Facility in West Texas to Balance Intermittent Wind Power." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54366.

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An optimization model was created to optimize the input power capacity and storage capacity relative to the output power capacity of a compressed air energy storage (CAES) facility in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) grid. Historical electricity and non-spinning reserve prices were used to calculate the economic feasibility of CAES in each of the zones in ERCOT. The analysis found that with perfect knowledge of future prices a CAES facility would be economically attractive over the period of years considered, and the non-spinning reserve ancillary service market provided a substantial contribution to the overall revenue of the facility. Optimal input power capacity for the entire period of 2002 through 2010 was found to be about one-quarter of the output capacity in the Houston, South, and North zones in ERCOT and one-half the output power capacity in the West zone in ERCOT. Optimal storage capacity was found to be about 17 hours in the Houston, South, and North zones and 31 hours in the West zone. Optimal values for individual years varied significantly, as did revenues. The negative electricity prices that have occurred historically in the West zone are the consequence of wind generators and lack of transmission capacity to export electricity; this effect gives CAES greater opportunity to perform price arbitrage and improves the economics of such a facility.
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Özkan, Turgut, and Çiğdem Kolay. "The Empirical Analysis of the Basic Factors Effecting the Gold Market in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01728.

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The gold which is the most important metal known since seven thousand years and is located in the first place among the precious metals protects being the saving mean. Gold increasingly preferred in industry due to the technological purposes, and because of its mentioned specifications creates the significant price fluctuations within its specific market structure. In this study, the basic national factors effecting the gold market in Turkey were tested in terms of empiric. Weighted average gold prices used as a dependent variable; whereas basket exchange rate, BIST 100 index, deposit interest rate and inflation rate used as an independent variable. The data related to these variables were dealed on a monthly basis, between the years of January 1999- December 2014. Taking the advantage of the e-views package program, multiple regression model was performed in the analysis. In the final result of the analysis, the impacts of all independent variables but BIST 100 index values, on gold market prices were statistically found to be significant.
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Geçit, Barış Batuhan, and Murad Kayacan. "Effect of Price and Brand on Purchase Decision – An Application on Turkish Smart Phone Consumers." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01960.

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Purpose of this study is to discuss whether brand and price has a significant effect on consumers’ smart phone purchase decision in Turkey. For this purpose; a survey has been conducted to the Turkish smart phone consumers about the factors affecting their smart phone purchase decision. The results obtained from the survey has been analyzed by using IBM SPSS program. According to the results obtained from the survey the model is accepted as p value of the model is smaller than 0,05. According to the analyze both brand and price has a significant effect on Turkish consumers’ smart phone purchase decision as both variables' p values has been found to be smaller than 0,05. Brand has a positive effect on consumers' smart phone purchase decision whereas price has a negative effect on consumer's smart phone purchase decision.
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Reports on the topic "Found price"

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Ismail, Zenobia. Interaction Between Food Prices and Political Instability. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.091.

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This report reviews the literature on links between international food prices and political instability (including protests, riots and social unrest). The literature on food prices and protests, riots, unrest, or violent incidents consists mainly of peer-reviewed scholarly articles that utilise econometric modeling. Some early studies examined the links between international food prices and political instability and found conflicting results. Some assessments concluded that there were links between international food prices or food insecurity and the number of violent incidents, while others found that such a link was tenuous. This literature review covers some of the main arguments and findings in the recent literature on food prices and political instability or conflict. The majority of the econometric studies in this review find that there is a link between food price increases and a greater probability of protests, riots or social unrest. However, there are still a few studies that have contradictory results. So, the debate on the effect of food prices on political stability continues. Food subsidies, cash transfers, price controls, and the elimination of trade barriers are some of the policy interventions that may address rising food prices and mitigate the rise of violent collective action. However, the literature questions the effectiveness of such policies in cases where violence or protest action stems from deeper, underlying economic or political grievances.
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Rincón-Torres, Andrey Duván, Kimberly Rojas-Silva, and Juan Manuel Julio-Román. The Interdependence of FX and Treasury Bonds Markets: The Case of Colombia. Banco de la República, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1171.

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We study the interdependence of FX and Treasury Bonds (TES) markets in Colombia. To do this, we estimate a heteroskedasticity identified VAR model on the returns of the COP/USD exchange rate (TRM) and bond prices, as well as event-analysis models for return volatilities, number of quotes, quote volume, and bid/ask spreads. The data under analysis consists of 5-minute intraday bid/ask US dollar prices and bond quotes, for an assortment of bond species. For these species we also have the number of bid/ask quotes as well as their volume. We found, also, that the exchange rate conveys information to the TES market, but the opposite does not completely hold: A one percent COP depreciation leads to a persistent reduction of TES prices between 0.05% and 0.22%. However, a 1% TES price increase has a very small effect and not entirely significant on the exchange rate, i.e. a COP appreciation between 0.001% and 0.009%. Furthermore, TRM return volatility increases do not affect bond return volatility but its liquidity, i.e. the bid/ask quote number and volume. These results are coherent with the fact that the FX market more efficiently reflects the effect of shocks than the TES market, which may be due to its low liquidity and concentration on a specific habitat. These results have implications for the design of financial stability policies as well as for private portfolio design, rebalancing and hedging.
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Putriastuti, Massita Ayu Cindy, Vivi Fitriyanti, and Muhammad Razin Abdullah. Leveraging the Potential of Crowdfunding for Financing Renewable Energy. Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/br.002.

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• Renewable energy (RE) projects in Indonesia usually have IRR between 10% and 15% and PP around 6 to 30 years • Attractive return usually could be found in large scale RE projects, although there are numerous other factors involved including technology developments, capacity scale, power purchasing price agreements, project locations, as well as interest rates and applied incentives. • Crowdfunding (CF) has big potential to contribute to the financing of RE projects especially financing small scale RE projects. • P2P lending usually targeted short-term loans with high interest rates. Therefore, it cannot be employed as an alternative financing for RE projects in Indonesia. • Three types of CF that can be employed as an alternative for RE project funding in Indonesia. Namely, securities, reward, and donation-based CF. In addition, hybrid models such as securities-reward and reward-donation could also be explored according to the project profitability. • Several benefits offer by securities crowdfunding (SCF) compared to conventional banking and P2P lending, as follows: (1) issuer do not need to pledge assets as collateral; (2) do not require to pay instalment each month; (3) issuer share risks with investors with no obligation to cover the investor’s loss; (4) applicable for micro, small, medium, enterprises (MSMEs) with no complex requirements; and (5) there is possibility to attract investors with bring specific value. • Several challenges that need to be tackled such as the uncertainty of RE regulations; (1) issuer’s inability in managing the system and business; (2) the absence of third parties in bridging between CF platform and potential issuer from RE project owner; (3) the lack of financial literacy of the potential funders; and (4) lastly the inadequacy of study regarding potential funders in escalating the RE utilisation in Indonesia.
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Yamano, Takashi, Noriko Sato, and Babur Wasim Arif. The Impact of COVID-19 and Locust Invasion on Farm Households in Punjab and Sindh: Analysis from Cross-Sectional Surveys in Pakistan. Asian Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210259-2.

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This paper presents the results of two mobile phone surveys conducted by the Asian Development Bank among farmers in Punjab and Sindh provinces in Pakistan in mid-2020 during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The surveys collected information about how COVID-19-related measures and economic and transport disruptions affected farmers’ harvests, marketing efforts, input prices, and financial needs. The surveys found that the COVID-19 pandemic had significant negative impacts on farm households in both provinces. The paper provides additional context on COVID-19-related effects on local and regional economies and food supply chains. It also covers a simultaneous locust invasion along the India–Pakistan border, which has created “crisis within a crisis” in the surveyed provinces and exacerbated conditions that could lead to famine, disease, and increased poverty.
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