Academic literature on the topic 'Foundation directory (Online)'

The Silk Road, a major traffic route across the Eurasia continent, has been a convergence for the exchange, communication and dissemination of various cultures such as nations, materials, religions and arts for more than two thousand years. And the cultural heritage along the long and complicate route has been also attractive. In recent years, the Silk Road – the Road Network along the Chang’an-Tianshan Mountain has been listed in the Directory of World Cultural Heritage. The rare and rich cultural resources along the Silk Road, especially those in the territory of China, have attracted attentions of the world. <br><br> This article describes the research ideas, methods, processes and results of the planning design on the internet-based dissemination services platform system for cultural heritage resources. First of all, it has defined the targeting for dissemination services and the research methods applied for the Silk Road heritage resources, based on scientific and objective spatial measurement and research on history and geography, to carry on the excavation of values of cultural resource for the target users. Then, with the front-end art exhibit by means of innovative IT, time and space maps of cultural heritage resources, interactive graphics display, panoramic three-dimensional virtual tour, and the Silk Road topics as the main features, a comprehensive and multi-angle cultural resources dissemination services platform is built. The research core of the platform is a demand-oriented system design on the basis of cultural resources and features as the fundamental, the value of contemporary manifestation as the foundation, and cultural dissemination and service as a starting point. This platform has achieved, temporal context generalization, interest profiles extension, online and offline adaptation, and other prominent innovations. On the basis of routes heritage resource protection and dissemination services with complex relationship between time and space, and the Silk Road as the representative, practice and research of the platform in the internet context help to provide an application reference and theoretical basis.

Under environmental excitation and based on observability, an online model to predict the state of heavy-duty machine tool–foundation systems is proposed aimed to address the difficulties of directly measuring machine tool displacement states. The aim of the model is to address the difficulties associated with directly measuring machine tool displacements in real time. In this paper, to accurately obtain contact parameters of the joint surface, three states—elasticity, plasticity, and fracture—of concrete micro-bumps were studied. To obtain the equivalent elastic modulus of the secondary pouring material and reinforced concrete material, a composite foundation constitutive model is proposed to determine the equivalent elastic modulus of the concrete foundation. Surface topography features were reconstructed by truncating the peaks of curves, force balance relationships were defined at the joint surfaces, and a metal–concrete joint contact model based on fractal theory was deduced. Based on the joint contact model, a dynamic model of the heavy-duty machine tool–foundation system was established. The dynamic parameters were detected in real time and used to reconstruct the above dynamic model based on observation theory. Further, an estimation model was established to describe the state of a heavy-duty machine tool–foundation system, and online estimation of the machine tool displacement was realized. Finally, the estimation model was validated using an experimental setup of the heavy-duty machine tool–foundation system that considers joint surface factors. In conclusion, the model provides a theoretical basis for stable online control of heavy-duty machine tools.

This study aims to determine the form of transparency and financial accountability at the Coin Foundation Sumbawa. Using a qualitative approach with qualitative data analysis techniques as well. Where we collect data directly plunge into the field. Interviewing informants, studying the literature, and doing triangulation of sources, data, and research time. Our successful research result concludes that the Sumbawa Coin Foundation utilizes print and online media as a means of effective, efficient, transparent and accountable information dissemination.

This study aims to determine the form of transparency and financial accountability at the Coin Foundation Sumbawa. Using a qualitative approach with qualitative data analysis techniques as well. Where we collect data directly plunge into the field. Interviewing informants, studying the literature, and doing triangulation of sources, data, and research time. Our successful research result concludes that the Sumbawa Coin Foundation utilizes print and online media as a means of effective, efficient, transparent and accountable information dissemination.

For the last few decades, media theorists have been faced with the understanding that the networked digital computer is the meta-medium to end all mediums. This places researchers in the curious position where online platforms, such as YouTube, cannot legitimately and directly be contrasted with traditional analogue mediums, such as cinema and television. To address this inconsistency, I developed the theory of foundation technologies and their respective proto-affordances, which demonstrates the existence of past periods of ‘new media’. These were brought about by the introduction of key technologies that each offered, at the time, a new and unique underlying affordance to a society. Each new ‘proto-affordance’ inspired social disruption, as new specific mediums were spawned – each remediating existing mediums of similar mode. This framework shows digitality as another evolutionary step in a line of foundation technologies, which includes the artefact, the machine and electricity. The theory of foundation technologies permits software-based online platforms, such as YouTube, SoundCloud and Twitter, to be called digital mediums, and thus aids in understanding their technological substrate and unique affordances. Justifying this relation between old mediums and new, digital, ones equips us to more effectively comprehend and analyse these platforms as to their social adoption and uses, cultural practices, implications and effects. This allows us to better understand and control our present, and even guide our potential future.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to the cancellation of visiting medical student electives and in-person residency interviews in Canada. Orthopedic surgery residency programs are now curtailed in their ability to self-promote and select optimal applicants. Online and social media tools should be adopted to promote programs. Faculty, residents and trainees should aim to attend virtual social and program information events. Applicants should make efforts to learn about the programs by attending events and reaching out to residents, and strengthen their application through research and other activities to demonstrate their interest and commitment to the field of orthopedic surgery. These efforts may help avoid the prospect of qualified candidates being unranked by programs or residency positions being unfilled. These difficult circumstances may serve to engender collaboration and cooperation across residency programs and medical schools and lay the foundation for a thriving interconnected ecosystem of future orthopedic surgeons.

With the publication in 2020 of the fifth edition of the Society of Indexers’ training course, the current Training Director traces the development of training in the Society of Indexers (SI) since its foundation in 1957. From lectures held in London, through a paper-based course relying on the postal service, to a modern online course using digital technology to deliver a more immediate and personalized experience, indexing training has been through many transformations. Throughout, an emphasis on rigour and the maintenance of standards has been paramount.

Endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians, the American College of Sports Medicine, the American Physical Therapy Association, the Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation, the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, the Inter-American Heart Foundation, the National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists, the Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. This document was approved by the American College of Cardiology Foundation Executive Committee in April 2010, by the American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee in April 2010, and by the AACVPR Document Oversight Committee and Board of Directors in June 2010. The American College of Cardiology Foundation requests that this document be cited as follows: Thomas RJ, King M, Lui K, Oldridge N, Piña IL, Spertus J. AACVPR/ACC/AHA 2010 update: performance measures on cardiac rehabilitation for referral to cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention services. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1159–1167. This article is copublished in Circulation and the Journal of Cadiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention. Copyright ©2010 by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, American College of Cardiology Foundation, and American Heart Association, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. CPT™ contained in the online data supplement is ©2009 American Medical Association.

Over the past few decades, college sport in the United States has increasingly adopted a commercial institutional logic when engaging in an athletics “arms race.” With decisions by some athletic directors to eliminate certain nonrevenue Olympic sport programs for spending reallocation, it stands to reason that programs such as men’s wrestling will need to enhance their revenue streams to remain viable in future years. The purpose of the study was to investigate the motivational preferences of online wrestling consumers (N = 451) to provide a core foundation for the development of strategies to enhance interest in the college-wrestling product. In addition to illustrating that online consumers responded most favorably to the sport-related wrestling motives, the data also supported the notion that the motivational preferences of consumers varied when focusing on the demographic information of participants.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into individual's online shopping continuance intention. The research uses the Expectation Confirmation Theory and Technology Acceptance Model as theoretical foundations to develop a model to achieve this aim. Design/methodology/approach – The research uses a cross-sectional survey research design approach. An online marketplace web site that connects buyers and sellers in Malaysia serves as the research context. Data were collected using convenience approach. Findings – Results suggest satisfaction contributes to individual online shopping continuance intention. Consistent with extant research, perceived usefulness of web site links to online shopping continuance intention. Contrary to past findings, perceived ease of web site use does not directly contribute to online shopping continuance intention. Individual's price-oriented lifestyle, perceived ease of web site use and usefulness contributed to individual's satisfaction with online shopping experience. People with time-oriented, net-oriented and price-oriented lifestyles and preference for a web site contribute to perceived ease of web site use. Extraverts have online shopping intention while emotional stability moderates the relationship between perceived usefulness of web site and satisfaction in online shopping. Originality/value – Findings aid web service provider and internet retailers when explaining individual continuance intention of online shopping. This research advances understanding of the role of satisfaction, perceived ease of web site use and perceived web site usefulness regarding online shopping continuance intention. The research also sheds light on individual attributes as contributors to online shopping experience, continuance and perceptions of web site.

Denna rapport beskriver och undersöker olika sätt att använda online 3D i webbpresentationer. 3D ställs emot vad som ibland brukar kallas 2,5D (Man fotograferar en produkt ur olika vinklar för att få en serie med bilder som kan ge en fiktiv 3D upplevelse). Rapporten ger bakgrund och historia över online 3D teknologi, ger en översikt över marknaden för online produktpresentationer idag och försöker ge en ögonblicksbild av situationen i andra kvartalet 2007 över en snabb föränderlig marknad. Fyra olika 3D system ställs mot varandra med hjälp av praktiska kodexempel och avslutas med en helhetslösning för dynamisk generering av webbsidor. Målgruppen är programmerare och webbutvecklare som tar fram material för små och medelstora företag.

Modern court systems can be traced directly to bodies that came into being around 900 years ago. There were of course much earlier courts (for example, the rabbinical courts known as ‘Sanhedrin’, in the first century BC) and certainly there were people in antiquity performing decision-making roles that we would recognize today as judicial in nature (in the works of Aristotle, for instance, and the magistrates and jurists of classical Roman Law). But today’s judges in England and Wales descend more directly from their predecessors of the twelfth century who, in the first instance, were court officials charged with the responsibility of advising the King on the resolution of disputes. Henry II (1154– 89) formalized proceedings and laid the foundations for the modern justice system by establishing an assembly of twelve local knights to settle disagreements over the ownership of land.

Some of the fundamental concepts we use to frame our theories of online education have undergone a meaning shift since the advent of the computer age. As such, online educators need to update their understanding of such concepts in the light of the changes their meanings have undergone. This chapter examines the changes in three such concepts: ‘personalisation', ‘presence', and ‘communication' by examining the shifts in three of the more fundamental concepts upon which they depend: ‘mind', ‘self' and ‘others'. It outlines a framework based on a ‘discontinuous' theory of the latter notions; one in which the presumed continuity between these concepts and online reality is challenged. Thus the chapter works toward a new conceptualisation of the terms of our enquiry that responds directly to the way in which shifts in their presumed or default meanings may have led us astray over the past few decades.

This research study examined the best interactive practices of effective health care education faculty from six major universities that offer online health care programs. Program directors from six major universities identified effective faculty, from which twelve faculty members were interviewed to uncover effective practices and an additional thirty faculty participated in a Delphi study to identify and prioritize effective practices. The findings for this study indicate that different types of facilitation approaches are needed to generate adequate interaction in four distinct types of health care courses, i.e., foundational classes, skills classes, analysis/synthesis classes, and hybrid type courses.

What is it? Open badges are a 21st-century solution to the shortcomings of paper certificates in the age of digital, online identity management. These small visual signifiers which carry hard-coded meta-data can be issued by anyone in order to recognise achievement or participation in formal or informal activities. They link back directly to the issuer, the criteria for award, and the evidence. The learner can collect and display their open badges online to reveal their journey and discover new opportunities. Open badges emerged from the Badges for Lifelong Learning Competition in 2011 funded by the MacArthur Foundation and administered by HASTAC in collaboration with the Mozilla Foundation (MacArthur Foundation, 2012). The aim was to provide a “powerful new tool for identifying and validating the rich array of people's skills, knowledge, accomplishments, and competencies […to] inspire new pathways to learning and connect learners to opportunities, resources, and one another” (HASTAC, 2020, n.p.). The open badge infrastructure is based on an open source set of standards which have enabled the ‘baking’ of meta-data within a digital image through the use of an open badge platform. Open badge platforms are free to access, at least initially, offering educators the opportunity to create visual, shareable micro-credentials which recognise a learner’s journey.

In the Web 1.0 era, users were passive consumers of a read-only Web. However, the emergence of Web 2.0 redefined the way people use information and communication services—users evolved into prosumers that actively participate and collaborate in the ecosystem of a read-write Web. Consequently, marketing is one among many areas affected by the advent of the Web 2.0 paradigm. Web 2.0 enabled the global proliferation of social networking, which is the foundation for Social Media Marketing. Social Media Marketing represents a novel Internet marketing paradigm based on spreading brand-related messages directly from one user to another. This is also the reason why Social Media Marketing is often referred to as the viral marketing. This chapter will describe: (1) how social networking became the most popular Web 2.0 service, and (2) how social networking revolutionized Internet marketing. Both issues will be elaborated on two levels—the global and the Croatian level. The chapter will first present the evolution of social networking phenomenon which has fundamentally changed the way Internet users utilize Web services. During the first decade of 21st century, millions of people joined online communities and started using online social platforms, about 1.5 billion members of social networks globally in 2012. Furthermore, the chapter will describe how Internet marketing provided marketers with innovative marketing channels, which offer marketing campaign personalization, low-cost global access to consumers, and simple, cheap, and real-time marketing campaign tracking. Specifically, the chapter will focus on Social Media Marketing, the latest step in the Internet marketing evolution. The three most popular Social Media Marketing platforms (i.e., Facebook, Twitter, and Foursquare) will be described, and examples of successful marketing case studies in Croatia will be presented.

The Atlas of Early Printing is an online resource built with GIS tools to depict the spread and development of printing during the incunable period in Europe. It has been online since 2008 and continues to be developed. The site uses data from the Incunabula Short Title Catalog (ISTC) and other sources, providing a visualisation of the databases from which the data is retrieved. The data being visualised is the result of many decades of cataloguing, arranging, publishing, and migrating; the work that followed was informed by material constraints and has left material traces. For the ISTC, an important period in the development of data formats was the work Margaret Bingham Stillwell undertook from 1924 to 1940 for the bibliography Incunabula in American Libraries, a Second Census. The data she gathered were meticulously coordinated through mailing campaigns and organised on cards, and then translated into print according to the publisher’s requirements. The decisions underlying Stillwell’s descriptions were migrated to Frederick Goff’s Third Census and eventually directly into the first version of the ISTC. The structures she developed serve as the foundation for modern efforts to expand beyond the limitations of the short-title format, and to provide the data for geographic and other visualisations.

The dawn of GeoWeb 2.0, the geographic extension of Web 2.0, has opened new possibilities in terms of online dissemination and sharing of geospatial contents, thus laying the foundations for a fruitful development of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) systems. The purpose of the study is to investigate the extension of VGI applications, which are quite mature in the traditional bi-dimensional framework, up to the third dimension by means of virtual globes. Inspired by the visionary idea of Digital Earth, virtual globes are changing the way people approach to geographic information on the Web. Unlike the 2D visualization typical of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), virtual globes offer multi-dimensional, fully-realistic content visualization which allows for a much richer user experience. The proposed system should couple a powerful 3D visualization with an increase of public participation thanks to a tool allowing data collecting from mobile devices (e.g. smartphones and tablets). The participative application, built using the open source NASA World Wind virtual globe, is focused on the cultural and tourism heritage of Como city, located in Northern Italy. Users can create and manage customized projects and populate a catalogue of cartographic layers which is available to the entire community. Together with historical maps and the current cartography of the city, the system is also able to manage geo-tagged data, which come from user field-surveys performed through mobile devices in order to report POIs (Points Of Interest). Users can also extend POIs information adding more textual and multimedia contexts (e.g. images, audios and videos) directly on the globe. All in all, the resulting application allows users to create and share contributions as it usually happens on social platforms, additionally providing a realistic 3D representation enhancing the expressive power of data.

Cased-hole acoustic-wave modeling using the slip-interface theory is applied to cement bond evaluation, allowing for characterizing various bonding issues caused by poor bonding, lack of a cement, interface roughness and irregularity, micro-annulus, etc. The new theory models the interface between casing and cement (or cement and formation) as a slip boundary governed by normal and tangential coupling stiffness parameters. With the new theory and the stiffness parameters, we can model various wave phenomena for bond quality variation between the free-pipe and well bonded conditions. The modeling shows that wave amplitude variation is primarily controlled by the tangential (or shear) coupling stiffness, providing the theoretical foundation for developing an inversion procedure to estimate this parameter from field acoustic logging data. In the inversion procedure, the maximum stiffness value is first determined by matching the modeled and measured waveform data for the well bonded condition. Using the stiffness value as a reference, the stiffness values for the borehole section of interest are inverted by minimizing the modeled and measured waveform data, resulting in a continuous coupling stiffness curve to characterize the cement bond quality of the borehole section of interest. Because the stiffness parameter is directly related to the cement bond strength, the new stiffness-based method is advantageous over the existing wave-amplitude-based method and can thus better characterize and quantify the cement bond quality.

The phenomenon of globalization that concerns the modern era, pushed by technological evolution, has led to several changes in the field of education. Not only are education policies of the single States adapting by directing towards European models: the possibility for a student to choose a university is increasing all over the world, too. In order to facilitate students who want to enroll at a European university and who come from countries with less than 12 years of compulsory schooling, our University designed the Foundation Programme. This is an additional year that allows to earn 60 ECTS to reach the 12 years of schooling, a basic requirement for university access in Europe. The main feature of this project is that it is delivered online; this allows to reduce the costs of enrollment and allows students to attend it directly from home in their country. The design, structure and methodologies of the project are described and discussed in this article.

This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.