To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Foundational assumptions.
Journal articles on the topic 'Foundational assumptions'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Foundational assumptions.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Regmi, Kapil Dev. "Foundational Models of Development, Underlying Assumptions and Critiques." Social Change 48, no. 3 (September 2018): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085718781688.
Full textAbstract:
Several theories of development (mainly modernisation, dependency, world system and postcolonial) are found in the current body of literature. However, the similarities and differences of these theories are not clearly articulated. This article has reviewed key scholarly literature in this field and found that major theories of development stem from three foundational models: modernist, dependency and post-development. The modernist model assumes that development a form of positive change in human societies, occurs in stages and has a fixed route applicable to all societies. The dependency model, on the other hand, challenges the assumptions of the modernist model and argues that the socio-economic prosperity of developing countries is not possible without dismantling the global capitalistic system. Finally, the post-development model challenges the assumptions of the modernist and dependency models and argues that development is an ideological discourse constructed by the West and hence we need alternatives to development theories.
2
Regmi, Kapil Dev. "Lifelong learning: Foundational models, underlying assumptions and critiques." International Review of Education 61, no. 2 (March 4, 2015): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11159-015-9480-2.
Full text
3
Tetlow, Joanne. "Locke's Political Theology and the 'Second Treatise'." Locke Studies 17 (February 19, 2018): 197–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/ls.2017.885.
Full textAbstract:
It is a contested issue, particularly among modern and postmodern scholars, whether political theory requires a foundation—some set of background assumptions (about the nature of existence, the nature of agency, what is of value in human life and so forth) that is fundamental to and presupposed absolutely by it. Andrew Vincent, in his book The Nature of Political Theory (2004), analyzes different types of foundations based on the assumption that they are necessary and ubiquitous. He believes this is so because as a finite being, without absolute certainty and objective knowledge, man naturally seeks a foundation, which in a comprehensive and complete sense eludes him. In other words, political theory is permanently in search of ‘foundational arguments’ that ‘are intrinsically unresolvable’. According to Vincent, ‘[w]e may not be able to identify absolutes, but neither can we avoid foundationalism’. It is the nature of our being, he suggests, that we continually ask questions that cannot be absolutely resolved. Vincent takes it to follow that the foundations upon which political theory relies are and must be ‘ordinary and multiversal, rather than extraordinary and universal’. Lacking absolute certainty, we are confronted with ‘multiple foundational problems and answers, which are not finished’. This state of affairs, he suggests, ‘is deeply irritating for some, but is quite normal and ordinary for humanity, and should become normal and ordinary within political theory.’
4
Cozens, Simon. "Shame Cultures, Fear Cultures, and Guilt Cultures: Reviewing the Evidence." International Bulletin of Mission Research 42, no. 4 (September 20, 2018): 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396939318764087.
Full textAbstract:
Eugene Nida’s distinction between “shame cultures,” “fear cultures,” and “guilt cultures” has become a foundational assumption of the “global Gospel” / “honor-shame” streams of missiology. It is periodically necessary to test such assumptions, particularly in the light of later developments within the disciplines of anthropology and sociology and the availability of empirical evidence. I argue here that the shame/guilt division is not clearly demarcated and that subsequent critique has cast doubt on its validity as a categorical concept. Missiology operating under its assumptions needs to reflect both the conceptual complexity and the limited empirical evidence for such a distinction.
5
Meyers, Renee A., and David R. Seibold. "Making Foundational Assumptions Transparent: Framing the Discussion About Group Communication and Influence." Human Communication Research 35, no. 2 (April 2009): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01350.x.
Full text
6
Kusier, Amalie Oxholm, and Anna Paldam Folker. "The Well-Being Index WHO-5: hedonistic foundation and practical limitations." Medical Humanities 46, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2018-011636.
Full textAbstract:
Research and policymaking on positive mental health and well-being have increased within the last decade, partly fueled by decreasing levels of well-being in the general population and among at-risk groups. However, measurement of well-being often takes place in the absence of reflection on the underlying theoretical conceptualisation of well-being. This disguises the fact that different rating scales of well-being often measure very different phenomena because rating scales are based on different philosophical assumptions, which represent radically different foundational views about the nature of well-being. The aim of this paper is to examine the philosophical foundation of the Well-Being Index WHO-5 in order to clarify the underlying normative commitments and the psychometric compromises involved in the translation of philosophical theory into practice. WHO-5 has been introduced as a rating scale that measures the affective and hedonistic dimensions of well-being. It is widely used within public health and mental health research. This paper introduces the philosophical theory of Hedonism and explores how two central assumptions that relate to hedonistic theory are reflected in the construction of WHO-5. The first concerns ‘the hedonic balance’, that is the relation between positive and negative emotions. The second assumption concerns ‘the value of emotions’, that is, how to determine the duration and intensity of emotions. At the end, Hedonism is contrasted with Life Satisfaction Theory, an alternative foundational theory of well-being, in order to clarify that the outlook of WHO-5 is more a rating system of positive affect than a cognitive judgement of overall life satisfaction. We conclude that it is important to examine the philosophical foundation of rating scales of well-being, such as WHO-5, in order to be fully able to assess the magnitude as well as the limits of their results.
7
Hibberd, Fiona J., and Davood G. Gozli. "Psychology’s fragmentation and neglect of foundational assumptions: An interview with Fiona J. Hibberd." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 13, no. 2 (May 31, 2017): 366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v13i2.1403.
Full text
8
Ma, Lai. "Meanings of information: The assumptions and research consequences of three foundational LIS theories." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 63, no. 4 (March 30, 2012): 716–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.21711.
Full text
9
Younas, Ahtisham. "A Foundational Analysis of Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory and Evaluation of Its Significance for Nursing Practice and Research." Creative Nursing 23, no. 1 (2017): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1078-4535.23.1.13.
Full textAbstract:
In-depth understanding of the ontological and epistemological assumptions of nursing theories can be achieved through theory analysis. Several theory analysis criteria have been proposed for examining ontological and epistemological assumptions, but there are limited examples of actual analysis of these assumptions. This article presents an analysis of the ontological and epistemological assumptions of Dorothea Orem’s self-care theory and evaluates its significance for nursing practice and research.
10
Argue, Steven C., and Tyler S. Greenway. "Empathy with Emerging Generations as a Foundation for Ministry." Christian Education Journal: Research on Educational Ministry 17, no. 1 (April 2020): 110–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739891319899666.
Full textAbstract:
Ministry leaders’ concerns for young people’s spiritual and religious lives often lead them to adopt programmatic solutions in order to remain relevant to emerging generations. We speculate that a more foundational shift is needed. We argue that ministry leaders can support the spiritual quests of young people by reconsidering their teaching and learning assumptions, renewing their empathy skills, and reframing their assumptions about who young people are and what they truly need.
11
Poston, Ted. "IS FOUNDATIONAL A PRIORI JUSTIFICATION INDISPENSABLE?" Episteme 10, no. 3 (August 7, 2013): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2013.25.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractLaurence BonJour's (1985) coherence theory of empirical knowledge relies heavily on a traditional foundationalist theory of a priori knowledge. He argues that a foundationalist, rationalist theory of a priori justification is indispensable for a coherence theory. BonJour (1998) continues this theme, arguing that a traditional account of a priori justification is indispensable for the justification of putative a priori truths, the justification of any non-observational belief and the justification of reasoning itself. While BonJour's indispensability arguments have received some critical discussion (Gendler 2001; Harman 2001; Beebe 2008), no one has investigated the indispensability arguments from a coherentist perspective. This perspective offers a fruitful take on BonJour's arguments, because he does not appreciate the depth of the coherentist alternative to the traditional empiricist-rationalist debate. This is surprising on account of BonJour's previous defense of coherentism. Two significant conclusions emerge: first, BonJour's indispensability arguments beg central questions about an explanationist form of coherentism; second, BonJour's original defense of coherentism took on board certain assumptions that inevitably led to the demise of his form of coherentism. The positive conclusion of this article is that explanatory coherentism is more coherent than BonJour's indispensability arguments assume, and more coherent than BonJour's earlier coherentist epistemology.
12
Kensler, Lisa A. W., and Cynthia L. Uline. "Educational restoration: a foundational model inspired by ecological restoration." International Journal of Educational Management 33, no. 6 (September 9, 2019): 1198–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-03-2018-0095.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to articulate, and advocate for, a deep shift in how the authors conceptualize and enact school leadership and reform. The authors challenge fundamental conceptions regarding educational systems and call for a dramatic shift from the factory model to a living systems model of schooling. The authors call is not a metaphorical call. The authors propose embracing assumptions grounded in the basic human nature as living systems. Green school leaders, practicing whole school sustainability, provide emerging examples of educational restoration. Design/methodology/approach School reform models have implicitly and even explicitly embraced industrialized assumptions about students and learning. Shifting from the factory model of education to a living systems model of whole school sustainability requires transformational strategies more associated with nature and life than machines. Ecological restoration provides the basis for the model of educational restoration. Findings Educational restoration, as proposed here, makes nature a central player in the conversations about ecologies of learning, both to improve the quality of learning for students and to better align educational practice with social, economic and environmental needs of the time. Educational leaders at all levels of the educational system have critical roles to play in deconstructing factory model schooling and reform. The proposed framework for educational restoration raises new questions and makes these opportunities visible. Discussion of this framework begins with ecological circumstances and then addresses, values, commitment and judgments. Practical implications Educational restoration will affect every aspect of teaching, learning and leading. It will demand new approaches to leadership preparation. This new landscape of educational practice is wide open for innovative approaches to research, preparation and practice across the field of educational leadership. Originality/value The model of educational restoration provides a conceptual foundation for future research and leadership practice.
13
Frigg, Roman, Leonard A. Smith, and David A. Stainforth. "An assessment of the foundational assumptions in high-resolution climate projections: the case of UKCP09." Synthese 192, no. 12 (May 7, 2015): 3979–4008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-015-0739-8.
Full text
14
Baghramian, Maria. "Comments on Annalisa Coliva, Extended Rationality: A Hinge Epistemology." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 7, no. 4 (November 23, 2017): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-00704005.
Full textAbstract:
In Extended Rationality: A Hinge Epistemology, Annalisa Coliva aims to by-pass traditional sceptical challenges to the possibility of knowledge by arguing that all thinking and knowing ultimately rely on hinge assumptions which are immune from doubt because of their foundational role in the very framework that makes knowledge and rational thought possible. In defending her position Coliva also rejects the relativist challenge that there could be incompatible but equally plausible systems of justification relying on alternative hinges or assumptions. In this response to Coliva, I argue that even if we accept that we need to rely on some core assumptions in order to get the process of rational thought going, the question of the uniqueness of these assumptions remains open. I maintain that Coliva’s two argumentative strategies against the possibility of relativism, one based on empirical considerations and a second relying on considerations from logic do not guarantee the uniqueness of hinge assumptions and the possibility of at least a moderate form of relativism looms large.
15
Hall, Crystal C., Martha M. Galvez, and Isaac M. Sederbaum. "Assumptions About Behavior and Choice in Response to Public Assistance." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1, no. 1 (October 2014): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732214550833.
Full textAbstract:
Assumptions about decision making and consumer preferences guide programs and products intended to help low-income households achieve healthy outcomes and financial stability. Despite their importance to service design and implementation, these assumptions are rarely stated explicitly, or empirically tested. Some key assumptions may reflect ideas carried over from an earlier era of social-service delivery. Or they may reflect research on decision making by higher income populations that do not hold or have not been tested in a low-income context. This disconnect between assumptions and evidence potentially results in less effective policy design and implementation—at substantial financial and social cost. This piece examines how insights from psychology can help policymakers analyze the core assumptions about behavior that underlie policy outcomes. Three policy areas serve as case studies, to examine some implicit and explicit assumptions about how low-income individuals make decisions under public and nonprofit assistance: banking, nutrition, and housing. Research on preferences and decision making evaluates these foundational assumptions. This perspective provides a unique and under-utilized framework to explain some behavioral puzzles, examine and predict the actions of individuals living in poverty, and understand what are often disappointing program outcomes. Recommendations suggest how psychology and behavioral decision making can impact policy research and design.
16
BURTON-ROBERTS, NOEL, and GEOFFREY POOLE. "‘Virtual conceptual necessity’, feature-dissociation and the Saussurian legacy in generative grammar." Journal of Linguistics 42, no. 3 (October 13, 2006): 575–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226706004208.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is a critique of two foundational assumptions of generative work culminating in the Minimalist Program: the assumption that, as a matter of conceptual necessity, language has a ‘double-interface property’ and the related assumption that phonology has a realizational function with respect to syntax-semantics. The issues are broached through a critique of Holmberg's (2000) analysis of Stylistic Fronting in Icelandic. We show that, although empirically motivated, and although based on the double-interface assumption, this analysis is incompatible with that assumption and with the notion of (phonological) realization. Independently of Stylistic Fronting, we argue that the double-interface assumption is a problematic legacy of Saussure's conception of the linguistic sign and that, conceptually, it is neither explanatory nor necessary. The Representational Hypothesis (e.g. Burton-Roberts 2000) develops a Peircian conception of the relation between sound and meaning that breaks with the Saussurian tradition, though in a way consistent with minimalist goals. Other superficially similar approaches (Lexeme–Morpheme Base Morphology, Distributed Morphology, Jackendoff's Parallel Architecture) are discussed; it is argued that they, too, perpetuate aspects of Saussurian thought.
17
Horgan, Terence, and John Tienson. "Levels of Description in Nonclassical Cognitive Science." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 34 (March 1993): 159–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100002496.
Full textAbstract:
David Marr (1982) provided an influential account of levels of description in classical cognitive science. In this paper we contrast Marr'ent with some alternatives that are suggested by the recent emergence of connectionism. Marr's account is interesting and important both because of the levels of description it distinguishes, and because of the way his presentation reflects some of the most basic, foundational, assumptions of classical AI-style cognitive science (classicism, as we will call it henceforth). Thus, by focusing on levels of description, one can sharpen foundational differences between classicism and potential non-classical conceptions of mentality that might emerge under the rubric of connectionism.
18
Taschetto, Diana. "On Explaining Everything." Metatheoria – Revista de Filosofía e Historia de la Ciencia 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.48160/18532330me9.236.
Full textAbstract:
This work explores foundational issues related to many-worlds theories in Cosmology. It is argued that the metaphysical picture drawn by these theories arise from metaphysical assumptions made during their formulation—most of which are problematic. I elucidate the nature of these assumptions and examine their legitimacy. I conclude the metaphysical presuppositions responsible for the apparent reliability of many-worlds theories in Cosmology are unmotivated and unwarranted by evidence. On this basis, the questions many-worlds models in Cosmology attempt to solve turn out to be a non-starter because their presupposed metaphysical grounding is ill-founded.
19
B. Dent, Eric, and Pamela Bozeman. "Discovering the foundational philosophies, practices, and influences of modern management theory." Journal of Management History 20, no. 2 (April 8, 2014): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-09-2012-0056.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to discuss the factors that influenced the establishment of modern management into the pervasive force it is today. It briefly describes modern management and discusses the reasons for this gap in knowledge in such a critical area. The main analysis of the paper focuses on the following social ideas and influences that created the conditions for modern management to be formed and established: social Darwinism and religion, the rise of social science, the promise of the scientific method, and the perspectives of the business tycoons. Design/methodology/approach – This paper analyzes the prevailing trends of the late 1800 s to determine which had the greatest influence on the formation of modern management. Findings – This paper concludes that the greatest factors on the establishment of modern management were social Darwinism and the promise of the scientific method. These, then, provided the perfect environment for Frederick W. Taylor to become the embodiment and popularizer of modern management. Perhaps, surprisingly, Christianity had little influence. Originality/value – Now that the prevailing influences of modern management have been surfaced, scholars and practitioners can more effectively critique the current state of management and determine whether legacy assumptions and influences are still valid, or whether modern management should change in some way(s) to better reflect accurate assumptions and influences operative today. The anonymous reviewers of this paper have found this analysis to be provocative and challenging. They have also concluded that a single article cannot do justice to such an important, yet relatively unexplored area. Consequently, the authors hope that other researchers will also be provoked to join in this important task.
20
Boari, Mircea. "Fitness extraction and the conceptual foundations of political biology." Politics and the Life Sciences 24, no. 1-2 (September 2005): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400007590.
Full textAbstract:
In well known formulations, political science, classical and neoclassical economics, and political economy have recognized as foundational a human impulse toward self-preservation. To employ this concept, modern social-sciences theorists have made simplifying assumptions about human nature and have then built elaborately upon their more incisive simplifications. Advances in biology, including advances in evolutionary theory, notably inclusive-fitness theory, have for decades now encouraged the reconsideration of such assumptions and, more ambitiously, the reconciliation of the social and life sciences. I ask if this reconciliation is feasible and test a path to the unification of politics and biology, called here “political biology.” Two new notions, “fitness extraction” and “fitness exchange,” are defined, then differentiated from each other, and lastly contrasted to cooperative gaming, the putative essential element of economics.
21
Hyland, Patrick, Anthony W. Caputo, and David Reeves. "Understanding New Era Workplace Relationships: Insights From Employee Engagement Research." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 11, no. 3 (September 2018): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2018.106.
Full textAbstract:
In their focal article, Chernyak-Hai and Rabenu (2018) argue that the foundational assumptions of social exchange theory (SET) should be revisited and revised because of recent changes in the workplace and the workforce. Using employee engagement data from recent research projects conducted in applied settings, we investigated a series of questions based on Chernyak-Hai and Rabenu's working hypotheses.
22
Hursthouse, Rosalind. "Human Nature and Aristotelian Virtue Ethics." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 70 (April 12, 2012): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246112000094.
Full textAbstract:
Given that it relies on claims about human nature, has Aristotelian virtue ethics (henceforth AVE) been undermined by evolutionary biology? There are at least four objections which are offered in support of the claim that this is so, and I argue that they all fail. The first two (Part 1) maintain that contemporary AVE relies on a concept of human nature which evolutionary biology has undercut and I show this is not so. In Part 2, I try to make it clear that Foot's Aristotelian ethical naturalism, often construed as purporting to provide virtue ethics with a foundation, is not foundationalist and is not attempting to derive ethics from biology. In Part 3, I consider the other two objections. These do not make a misguided assumption about Aristotelian ethical naturalism's foundational aspirations, nor question AVE's use of the concept of human nature, but maintain that some of AVE's empirical assumptions about human nature may well be false, given the facts of our evolution. With respect to these, I argue that, as attempts to undermine AVE specifically, they fail, though they raise significant challenges to our ethical thought quite generally.
23
Kar, Guruprasad, and Manik Banik. "Several foundational and information theoretic implications of Bell’s theorem." International Journal of Quantum Information 14, no. 06 (September 2016): 1640027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021974991640027x.
Full textAbstract:
In 1935, Albert Einstein and two colleagues, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen (EPR) developed a thought experiment to demonstrate what they felt was a lack of completeness in quantum mechanics (QM). EPR also postulated the existence of more fundamental theory where physical reality of any system would be completely described by the variables/states of that fundamental theory. This variable is commonly called hidden variable and the theory is called hidden variable theory (HVT). In 1964, John Bell proposed an empirically verifiable criterion to test for the existence of these HVTs. He derived an inequality, which must be satisfied by any theory that fulfill the conditions of locality and reality. He also showed that QM, as it violates this inequality, is incompatible with any local-realistic theory. Later it has been shown that Bell’s inequality (BI) can be derived from different set of assumptions and it also find applications in useful information theoretic protocols. In this review, we will discuss various foundational as well as information theoretic implications of BI. We will also discuss about some restricted nonlocal feature of quantum nonlocality and elaborate the role of Uncertainty principle and Complementarity principle in explaining this feature.
24
Vest, Matthew. "Beyond Re-enchantment: Christian Materialism and Modern Medicine." Christian bioethics: Non-Ecumenical Studies in Medical Morality 25, no. 3 (November 5, 2019): 266–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cb/cbz011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article explores enchantment, disenchantment, and re-enchantment in reference to modern medicine’s view of the body. Before considering Weber’s enchantment paradigm, I question some core assumptions regarding sociology as methodologically scientific and value-free. Furthermore, I draw on Jenkins who helps to illustrate the difficulty of rooting terms such as enchantment, disenchantment, and re-enchantment; the question remains “which” historical and cultural period is employed as the basis for such sociological terms. Such questions are critical, but not entirely dismissive of modern medicine as “disenchanted”; with some more explicit foundational and presuppositional context, disenchantment can be a helpful notion for approaching questions of the “new body.” St. Gregory Palamas’ Christian materialism and mystical anthropology present such an explicit foundation. Moreover, this Patristic foundation moves past the postmodern aporia of emphasizing either immanence or transcendence—two polar attractions that factor heavily in the way modern medicine views the body.
25
Coole, Diana. "Constructing and Deconstructing Liberty: A Feminist and Poststructuralist Analysis." Political Studies 41, no. 1 (March 1993): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1993.tb01639.x.
Full textAbstract:
Debates about liberty have been dominated by discussion about the relationship between its negative and positive conceptions. In accepting this framework, political theorists have left unquestioned certain foundational ideas that both concepts share but which actully constrain our thinking about freedom. This relates in particular to subjectivity and our assumptions about the free self. This critique uses feminist and poststructuralist approaches and explores the implications of the spatial metaphors which both concepts of liberty invoke.
26
Mitchell, George E., and Thad D. Calabrese. "Proverbs of Nonprofit Financial Management." American Review of Public Administration 49, no. 6 (April 30, 2018): 649–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074018770458.
Full textAbstract:
Whereas the field of public administration has benefited from periods of critical reflection and reform aimed at reexamining the field’s traditional management paradigms, the related field of nonprofit management has generally lacked such an analogously explicit and sustained research program to reevaluate its own conventional wisdoms. Meanwhile, accumulated findings from the last several decades of nonprofit management research have problematized many traditional assumptions and practices in nonprofit management, specifically regarding the soundness of nomothetic management theory, the unintended negative consequences of certain management norms, and underlying assumptions about the nature and purpose of nonprofit management. This article critically reexamines four well-known “proverbs” of nonprofit financial management—minimize overhead, diversify revenues, be lean, and avoid debt—to demonstrate the need for a critical and reflective research program that takes stock and reconsiders the field’s foundational principles and assumptions. Implications are derived for scholars and practitioners, as well as for information intermediaries that evaluate nonprofits based on financial information.
27
Chen, Chen, Gerhard Sonnert, Philip M. Sadler, and Susan Sunbury. "The Impact of High School Life Science Teachers’ Subject Matter Knowledge and Knowledge of Student Misconceptions on Students’ Learning." CBE—Life Sciences Education 19, no. 1 (March 2020): ar9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.19-08-0164.
Full textAbstract:
One of the foundational assumptions in education is that greater teacher knowledge contributes to greater gains in student knowledge, but empirical evidence in support of this assumption is scarce. Using a U.S. sample of 79 biology teachers and their 2749 high school students, we investigate whether teachers’ subject matter knowledge (SMK) and knowledge of students’ misconceptions (KOSM) in high school life science are associated with students’ posttest performance on multiple-choice test items designed to reveal student misconceptions, after controlling for their pretest scores. We found that students were more likely to answer an item on the posttest correctly if their teachers could answer the question correctly, themselves (SMK). Teachers’ ability to predict students’ most common wrong answer (KOSM) for an item predicted even better student performance. Items for which a particular wrong answer rose above others in popularity saw an even greater benefit for teacher KOSM.
28
Pezanoski-Browne, Alison. "The Tragic Art of Eco-Sound." Leonardo Music Journal 25 (December 2015): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/lmj_a_00925.
Full textAbstract:
In this article, the author analyzes the work of two artists, Miki Yui and Jana Winderen, who respond to unprecedented ecological change by using nature field recordings as the foundational element of their compositions and installations. Their works replicate environmental dissolution and dislodge listeners from the habits and assumptions of everyday life. The author draws upon the work of sociologist Henri Lefebvre, defining rhythmanalysis, the everyday, and, in Lefebvre’s words, the “dialectical dynamic between tragedy and daily life.”
29
Ahmed, Farrah, Richard Albert, and Adam Perry. "Judging constitutional conventions." International Journal of Constitutional Law 17, no. 3 (July 2019): 787–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moz060.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The study of constitutional conventions is anchored in three assumptions that have so far remained largely unchallenged: that there is a shared “Commonwealth approach” to constitutional conventions; that Commonwealth courts will recognize and employ conventions but never enforce them; and that conventions are always distinguishable from rules of law. After setting out a new taxonomy of modes of judicial engagement with constitutional conventions, we overturn each of these assumptions. We draw on recent case law from Canada, India, and the United Kingdom to show that there is no shared “Commonwealth approach” to the treatment of constitutional conventions. We show that some Commonwealth courts do, in fact, enforce conventions. Finally, we show that at least some constitutional conventions have crystallized into law. These insights disrupt much of what is foundational in the study of constitutional conventions.
30
Onah, Ikechukwu. "Gadamer’s Philosophical Hermeneutics: Investigating the Nexus between Culture and African Philosophy." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 20, no. 2 (March 17, 2020): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v20i2.3.
Full textAbstract:
This article attempts to uncover a foundational drive in Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics and its importance in steeping the tension of the philosophical link of culture and African Philosophy. In his work Gadamer presents culture as the foundation of philosophy. Okere rising from the latter posits that hermeneutics is the mediator between culture and African philosophy. The polemical argument of the rationality of African philosophy though interwoven with skeptical epistemological assumptions which increasingly emphasizes in the ethno decade-long debate is aggregated in mediating stance of hermeneutics as adduced by Okere and other notable African scholars. This article shows that in his most popularity oriented epistemological work, Gadamer did not mute the obstacles that epistemic uncertainty poses to the quest for mere ethno dimension in the light of critical ratiocination in order to avoid acceptance of views without examination .This article pursues this mediating strategy not just for rhetorical but also for a substantive reason on the rational foundation of African Philosophy against the nauseating position that African philosophy is mere cultural beliefs.
Keywords: Hermeneutics, Culture and Mediation
31
Guetterman, Timothy C. "Basics of statistics for primary care research." Family Medicine and Community Health 7, no. 2 (March 2019): e000067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2018-000067.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this article is to provide an accessible introduction to foundational statistical procedures and present the steps of data analysis to address research questions and meet standards for scientific rigour. It is aimed at individuals new to research with less familiarity with statistics, or anyone interested in reviewing basic statistics. After examining a brief overview of foundational statistical techniques, for example, differences between descriptive and inferential statistics, the article illustrates 10 steps in conducting statistical analysis with examples of each. The following are the general steps for statistical analysis: (1) formulate a hypothesis, (2) select an appropriate statistical test, (3) conduct a power analysis, (4) prepare data for analysis, (5) start with descriptive statistics, (6) check assumptions of tests, (7) run the analysis, (8) examine the statistical model, (9) report the results and (10) evaluate threats to validity of the statistical analysis. Researchers in family medicine and community health can follow specific steps to ensure a systematic and rigorous analysis.
32
Jacoby, Nori, Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis, Martin Clayton, Erin Hannon, Henkjan Honing, John Iversen, Tobias Robert Klein, et al. "Cross-Cultural Work in Music Cognition." Music Perception 37, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2020.37.3.185.
Full textAbstract:
Many foundational questions in the psychology of music require cross-cultural approaches, yet the vast majority of work in the field to date has been conducted with Western participants and Western music. For cross-cultural research to thrive, it will require collaboration between people from different disciplinary backgrounds, as well as strategies for overcoming differences in assumptions, methods, and terminology. This position paper surveys the current state of the field and offers a number of concrete recommendations focused on issues involving ethics, empirical methods, and definitions of “music” and “culture.”
33
Lewis, Tyson E., and James Owen. "Posthuman Phenomenologies: Performance Philosophy, Non-Human Animals, and the Landscape." Qualitative Inquiry 26, no. 5 (April 13, 2019): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800419836694.
Full textAbstract:
Western philosophical traditions have been haunted by an intellectualist thesis supported by two foundational assumptions: first, that humans can be defined in virtue of their minds, and second, that having a mind separates humans from non-human animals. Many phenomenologists have complicated this thesis, but there is nevertheless a tendency in phenomenology to remain fully within a human-centric research paradigm. This article will explore the possibilities of a posthuman phenomenology for unsettling this human-centeredness and suggest that certain forms of performance philosophy are the most effective methods for investigating this new terrain.
34
Parks, Lisa. "Field Mapping: What Is the “Media” of Media Studies?" Television & New Media 21, no. 6 (July 26, 2020): 642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527476420919701.
Full textAbstract:
This short article explores the changing meanings of “media” in media studies in relation to emerging technologies and critical paradigms in the field. After brief discussion of various media studies approaches, including media ecologies and algorighmic cultures, the article discusses the institutional rise of data sciences and compares this field to media studies. The author argues that while the foundational assumptions, methodological frameworks, and mindsets of data sciences and media studies differ, curious co-existences can morph into lively collaborations rather than turf battles, and concludes by pointing to research that explemplies a productive synthesis.
35
Friedrich, Daniel. "“We Brought It Upon Ourselves”: University-Based Teacher Education and the Emergence of Boot-Camp-Style Routes to Teacher Certification." Education Policy Analysis Archives 22 (January 13, 2014): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v22n2.2014.
Full textAbstract:
The proliferation of boot-camp-style routes to teacher certification in the last two decades is seen by many university-based teacher educators as the result of the advancement of conservative interests aimed at de-professionalizing teaching. This essay argues that this view only accounts for one piece of the answer, the other one being that some of the foundational assumptions embedded in most university-based teacher education programs actually opened the doors for the boiling down of teacher preparation to the bare minimum. By situating the psychological sciences at the foundations of pedagogical knowledge and positioning them as the privileged lens to understand the learning subject, university-based teacher education has paved the way to its own disappearance. Both traditional and alternative routes to teaching can be understood, then, as part of the same system of thought, one that needs to be cracked open in order to be able to imagine other possibilities.
36
JESSEE, STEPHEN A. "Spatial Voting in the 2004 Presidential Election." American Political Science Review 103, no. 01 (February 2009): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305540909008x.
Full textAbstract:
The theory of spatial voting has played a large role in the development of important results across many areas of political science. Directly testing the foundational assumptions of spatial voting theory, however, has not been possible with existing data. Using a novel survey design, this article obtains estimates of voter ideology on the same scale as candidate positions. The results of this scaling demonstrate that voters possess meaningful ideologies and, furthermore, that these beliefs are strongly related to the sorts of policy proposals considered in Congress. These ideology estimates are then used to uncover the actual relationships between ideology and vote choice for citizens of various types in the 2004 presidential election. Although the choices of independent voters are shown to be largely consistent with the assumptions of spatial voting theory, the decision rules used by partisans differ strongly from what unbiased spatial voting would imply. Although partisans do converge toward the behavior of independents, and hence toward the assumptions of spatial voting theory, as information levels increase, we see that even highly informed partisans show significant differences from what would be implied by unbiased spatial voting theory.
37
Bubna-Litic, David, and Suzanne Benn. "The MBA at the Crossroads: Design Issues for the Future." Journal of Management & Organization 9, no. 3 (January 2003): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200004685.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTHow appropriate is the MBA as the major vehicle for management education in Australia as we enter this new century? This question is explored from two perspectives. First, the implications of the changing social, economic and political context of management education, particularly the emerging needs for a sustainable and reflexive society. The second perspective will explore the recent debates around epistemology and their potentially important implications for related curriculum design issues. Assumptions about the nature of knowledge dominant in the 1960s formed the very rationale behind the design. At this time the assumption that knowledge was cumulative and each discipline had an uncontested knowledge, which could be taught in foundational subjects was central to the MBA's development. We question the ability of such subjects to capture the diversity of the disciplines they seek to represent and whether this design is the best way to develop graduates with the ability for reflexivity in action, who can broach different worldviews and have skills that can negotiate the transformations required of corporate Australia. The MBA is at the crossroads - can it regenerate through an incremental changing of curricula, to incorporate the active engagement of students with these issues? Or do we acknowledge the contested nature of knowledge creation and that the MBA is fundamentally a child of modernism which is no longer appropriate, and create a new holistic and integrated curriculum which is separate from the wide range of assumptions that currently underpin the MBA.
38
Bubna-Litic, David, and Suzanne Benn. "The MBA at the Crossroads: Design Issues for the Future." Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 9, no. 3 (January 2003): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2003.9.3.25.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTHow appropriate is the MBA as the major vehicle for management education in Australia as we enter this new century? This question is explored from two perspectives. First, the implications of the changing social, economic and political context of management education, particularly the emerging needs for a sustainable and reflexive society. The second perspective will explore the recent debates around epistemology and their potentially important implications for related curriculum design issues. Assumptions about the nature of knowledge dominant in the 1960s formed the very rationale behind the design. At this time the assumption that knowledge was cumulative and each discipline had an uncontested knowledge, which could be taught in foundational subjects was central to the MBA's development. We question the ability of such subjects to capture the diversity of the disciplines they seek to represent and whether this design is the best way to develop graduates with the ability for reflexivity in action, who can broach different worldviews and have skills that can negotiate the transformations required of corporate Australia. The MBA is at the crossroads - can it regenerate through an incremental changing of curricula, to incorporate the active engagement of students with these issues? Or do we acknowledge the contested nature of knowledge creation and that the MBA is fundamentally a child of modernism which is no longer appropriate, and create a new holistic and integrated curriculum which is separate from the wide range of assumptions that currently underpin the MBA.
39
Vosler, Matthew S., and Jasper Hunt. "Academic institutions and field based practitioners: Using the Delphi method to analyze foundational philosophical assumptions in the field of survival." Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7768/1948-5123.1163.
Full text
40
DRUCKMAN, JAMES N. "Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the (Ir)relevance of Framing Effects." American Political Science Review 98, no. 4 (November 2004): 671–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055404041413.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most contested questions in the social sciences is whether people behave rationally. A large body of work assumes that individuals do in fact make rational economic, political, and social decisions. Yet hundreds of experiments suggest that this is not the case. Framing effects constitute one of the most stunning and influential demonstrations of irrationality. The effects not only challenge the foundational assumptions of much of the social sciences (e.g., the existence of coherent preferences or stable attitudes), but also lead many scholars to adopt alternative approaches (e.g., prospect theory). Surprisingly, virtually no work has sought to specify the political conditions under which framing effects occur. I fill this gap by offering a theory and experimental test. I show how contextual forces (e.g., elite competition, deliberation) and individual attributes (e.g., expertise) affect the success of framing. The results provide insight into when rationality assumptions apply and, also, have broad implications for political psychology and experimental methods.
41
Hofmänner, Alexandra, and Elisio Macamo. "The Science Policy Script, Revised." Minerva 59, no. 3 (February 10, 2021): 331–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11024-020-09427-0.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe paper considers the notion of Science Policy from a postcolonial perspective. It examines the theoretical implications of the recent trend to include emerging and developing countries in international Science Policies by way of the case study of Switzerland. This country’s new international science policy instruments and measures have challenged the classical distinction between international scientific cooperation and development cooperation, with consequences on standards and evaluation criteria. The analysis reveals that the underlying assumptions of the concept of Science Policy perpetuate traditional asymmetries in the global political economy of science. The paper suggests that the present legacy of Science Policy institutions and practices needs to be transformed to reflect an increasingly diverse spectrum of scientific purposes and traditions. It offers a revised set of foundational assumptions on Science Policy and, more broadly, proposes a fresh point of entry for the field of Science & Technology Studies (STS) to contribute to the Science Policy discourse.
42
Tasar, Eren. "Mantra: a Review Essay on Islam in Soviet Central Asia." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 63, no. 3 (April 13, 2020): 389–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341515.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper traces the development of the historiography of Islam in Soviet Central Asia from the Cold War’s outset to the present by illustrating its uncritical reproduction of modernist and communist templates for describing Muslim religiosity, and its debt to two foundational frames of Soviet antireligious propaganda: “survivals” and “nationalized Islam.” It highlights the important implications of these frames for this scholarship’s development, i.e., its assumptions concerning “normativity” and the “poverty” of Central Asian Islam, as well as the urban-rural divide’s salience in religious life. The essay concludes with a survey of recent scholarship on the subject.
43
Swanson, Jane L. "Understanding the Complexity of Clients’ Lives." Counseling Psychologist 30, no. 6 (November 2002): 815–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001100002237756.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses training issues related to the new paradigm proposed by Robitschek and DeBell, in which vocational topics in counseling psychology are viewed as primary issues and contextual factors in people’s lives. Specifically, the new paradigm is conceptualized as a truly integrative career-personal perspective in the training of delivery of counseling services. Existing literature regarding the overlap of career and social-emotional counseling is reviewed in the context of the new integrative paradigm, with particular focus on evidence related to foundational assumptions underlying the paradigm. Suggestions for how to implement a truly integrative career-personal perspective throughout graduate training are offered.
44
Abeni, El-Amin. "Andragogy: A Theory in Practice in Higher Education." Journal of Research in Higher Education 4, no. 2 (December 19, 2020): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jrhe.2020.2.4.
Full textAbstract:
Adult learning principles develop through an analysis and synthesis of adult education, andragogy, teaching, and learning in higher education. This research investigates foundational assumptions relevant to the field of adult education with a focus on andragogy in higher education. Characteristics of adult learners and principles of adult learning in higher education bear focus through the lens of andragogy. As such, andragogy as the preferred learning style of adults, andragogy vs. pedagogy, and cognitive learning develop relational significance to adult learners in higher education. As a result, the implications of linking learning styles and reflections of andragogy as a learning style are considered.
45
Jull, Janet E. G., and Audrey R. Giles. "Health Equity, Aboriginal Peoples and Occupational Therapy." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 79, no. 2 (April 2012): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2182/cjot.2012.79.2.2.
Full textAbstract:
Background. In Canada, Aboriginal peoples are affected by colonial relations of power that result in poor health outcomes. Despite occupational therapists' efforts to work in a safe and competent manner with people experiencing challenges to participating in daily life, Western healthcare models reflect values that often undermine Aboriginal peoples' health and well-being. Purpose. Meaningful, effective, and culturally appropriate healthcare practices cannot be fully implemented by occupational therapists without an ongoing and critical examination of occupational therapy's foundational belief systems. Only a critical examination of these foundational belief systems will enable occupational therapists to take action towards addressing these inequities, which is an important step in moving towards culturally safe care. Key Issues. Canadian health professions, including occupational therapy, have the potential to create positive change at a systems level through the critical exploration of underlying professional assumptions. Implications. To advance dialogue about Aboriginal peoples' health, occupational therapists must engage in exploration of their profession's underlying theoretical concepts or risk participating in the perpetuation of health inequities for already at-risk populations.
46
Taylor, John R. "Why Construction Grammar is radical." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 2 (December 31, 2004): 321–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.2.12tay.
Full textAbstract:
This article reviews some of the foundational assumptions of Croft'sRadical Construction Grammar. While constructions have featured prominently in much recent work in cognitive linguistics, Croft adopts the ‘radical’ view that constructions are the primary objects of linguistic analysis, with lexical and syntactic categories being defined with respect to the constructions in which they occur. This approach reverses the traditional view, according to which complex expressions are compositionally assembled through syntactic rules operating over items selected from the lexicon. The ubiquity of idioms, especially so-called constructional idioms, provides compelling evidence for the essential correctness of the radical constructional view. The possibility of a radical constructional approach to phonology is also discussed.
47
Fieberg, John R., Kelsey Vitense, and Douglas H. Johnson. "Resampling-based methods for biologists." PeerJ 8 (May 7, 2020): e9089. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9089.
Full textAbstract:
Ecological data often violate common assumptions of traditional parametric statistics (e.g., that residuals are Normally distributed, have constant variance, and cases are independent). Modern statistical methods are well equipped to handle these complications, but they can be challenging for non-statisticians to understand and implement. Rather than default to increasingly complex statistical methods, resampling-based methods can sometimes provide an alternative method for performing statistical inference, while also facilitating a deeper understanding of foundational concepts in frequentist statistics (e.g., sampling distributions, confidence intervals, p-values). Using simple examples and case studies, we demonstrate how resampling-based methods can help elucidate core statistical concepts and provide alternative methods for tackling challenging problems across a broad range of ecological applications.
48
Barter Moulaison, Jane. "Missteps on The Way to Nicea: A critical reading of Lonergan's theory of the development of Nicene doctrine." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 38, no. 1 (March 2009): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000842980903800103.
Full textAbstract:
This article explores the foundational assumptions which govern Bernard Lonergan's reading of the ante-Nicene Fathers and the development of doctrine on "the way to Nicea." In contrast to Lonergan, I examine an alternative and non-foundationalist position on the Nicene Creed and its development by considering the approach offered by postliberal theologian, George Lindbeck. This article engages Lindbeck's famous regulative theory of doctrine therapeutically against the position of Lonergan. In so doing, I hope to point out not only the shortcomings of Lonergan's approach, but also the abiding ecumenical promise of George Lindbeck's study of doctrine, not only as it describes its "nature," but also, the "development" and normativity of trinitarian doctrine.
49
Carmichael, Bethune. "Supporting Indigenous rangers’ management of climate-change impacts on heritage sites: developing an effective planning tool and assessing its value." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 6 (2015): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj15048.
Full textAbstract:
Australian rangelands are rich in Indigenous cultural heritage sites and Indigenous rangers increasingly manage them. It is well documented that climate-change adaptation planning on a local scale benefits from a stakeholder-led or bottom-up process. However, to date, few bottom-up, practical adaptation pathways exist for Indigenous Australians. This paper describes the development of a planning tool that supports Indigenous rangers’ plan for climate-change impacts on cultural heritage sites. To date, a limited number of methodologies for managing climate-change impacts on heritage sites have been developed internationally. Importantly these are not geared to a bottom-up planning process. By contrast, many generic adaptation decision-support tools exist that support bottom-up planning. These tools commonly begin with a scoping phase. The scoping phase of a tool that supports Indigenous rangers manage climate-change impacts on heritage sites is described. A validation model, consisting of central assumptions behind each element of the scoping phase, is then set out. Future testing in the field would involve assessment of the tool through confirmation or otherwise of these assumptions. The first two assumptions in the validation model are then addressed: that Indigenous rangers perceive climate-change impacts on heritage sites and that planning for them is a priority need. Previous literature has not addressed these questions in detail. Only if positive responses are gained for these foundational assumptions can future testing of the tool be justified. Results from preliminary fieldwork undertaken in northern Australia found Indigenous rangers in two out of three case studies perceive impacts on heritage sites, and regard addressing these impacts as a priority.
50
Chetty, Raj. "Behavioral Economics and Public Policy: A Pragmatic Perspective." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151108.
Full textAbstract:
The debate about behavioral economics–the incorporation of insights from psychology into economics–is often framed as a question about the foundational assumptions of economic models. This paper presents a more pragmatic perspective on behavioral economics that focuses on its value for improving empirical predictions and policy decisions. I discuss three ways in which behavioral economics can contribute to public policy: by offering new policy tools, improving predictions about the effects of existing policies, and generating new welfare implications. I illustrate these contributions using applications to retirement savings, labor supply, and neighborhood choice. Behavioral models provide new tools to change behaviors such as savings rates and new counterfactuals to estimate the effects of policies such as income taxation. Behavioral models also provide new prescriptions for optimal policy that can be characterized in a non-paternalistic manner using methods analogous to those in neoclassical models. Model uncertainty does not justify using the neoclassical model; instead, it can provide a new rationale for using behavioral nudges. I conclude that incorporating behavioral features to the extent they help answer core economic questions may be more productive than viewing behavioral economics as a separate subfield that challenges the assumptions of neoclassical models.