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Academic literature on the topic 'Founder Effect'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Founder Effect"

Kongkaew, Tharitsaya, Supa Tongkong, and Sungworn Ngudgratoke. "Moderating Effects of Founders’ Role on the Influence of Internationalization on IPO Performance of Listed Companies in Thailand." International Journal of Financial Studies 9, no. 3 (2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9030037.

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Previous research suggests that internationalization affects initial public offering (IPO) performance in the short term, but it less is known about the founders’ role in the relationship between internationalization and IPO performance. The objectives of this study were to investigate moderating effects of the founders’ role on the impact of internationalization on IPO performance of newly listed companies. The samples included 80 international firms listed in Thailand stock markets from 2013 to 2020. Multiple regression analysis was employed to test the effects of internationalization on IPO performance, and the PROCESS macro was applied to test the moderating effects. Founder CEO as a proxy of a founders’ role was a moderator variable where internationalization was a predictor variable and IPO underpricing, a proxy of IPO performance, was the outcome variable. The results revealed that internationalization demonstrated no statistically significant effect on IPO underpricing. A non-founder CEO had a moderating effect on the influence of internationalization on IPO underpricing, whereas a founder CEO revealed no moderating effect. Specifically, internationalization had a negative effect on IPO underpricing once an international firm had a non-founder CEO. A decrease in IPO underpricing of international firm is clearly explained by the results of this study.

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Ouldchikh, Yasmine Ouldchikh, and Huatao Peng. "The Impact of Executive Turnover on Entrepreneurial Company’s Performance: The Moderating Role CEO’s Prior Work Experience in Algeria’s Entrepreneurial Business Companies." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 9, no. 1 (2022): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.91.1003.

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In this study, we examine the effect of executive turnover on the performance of entrepreneurial companies. Additionally, we evaluate the moderating impact of the CEO’s prior experiences to prove how founders’ firsthand knowledge reduces the adverse effects of executives’ departure. Our empirical research uses data from a company’s C-level survey, including 209 entrepreneurial companies in Algeria. The empirical findings demonstrate that executive churn lowers firm performance, which may affect longer-term investments in new initiatives. We also demonstrate that the longer the founder CEO’s prior employment history, the stronger the favorable impacts of executive change are. Our research indicates that the founder and CEO’s entrepreneurial spirit, founded on valuable prior practical knowledge, lessen organizational instability. Our results reveal how executives behave should also be considered, even though the firm’s component is crucial for a new entrepreneurial company’s longevity.

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Dawson, Alexandra, Imants Paeglis, and Nilanjan Basu. "Founder as Steward or Agent? A Study of Founder Ownership and Firm Value." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 42, no. 6 (2017): 886–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042258717725522.

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This study addresses the relationship between founder ownership and firm value in young and entrepreneurial businesses. We argue that a stewardship effect prevails when founders have low or high levels of ownership while an agency effect prevails at intermediate levels. Using a dataset of 1,269 firms with 11,645 firm-year observations, we find support for our hypothesis that there is a convex relationship between founder ownership and firm value. The agency effect at intermediate founder ownership is consistent with evidence indicating that these firms display lower leverage, greater unrelated diversification, and higher disproportionate board representation.

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CASELLAS, J., L. VARONA, N. IBÁÑEZ-ESCRICHE, R. QUINTANILLA, and J. L. NOGUERA. "Skew distribution of founder-specific inbreeding depression effects on the longevity of Landrace sows." Genetics Research 90, no. 6 (2008): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672308009907.

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SummaryInbreeding is a biological phenomenon of special relevance in domestic species in which its influence has been typically associated with reductions in animal fitness. Nevertheless, recent research suggests substantial founder-specific variability in terms of inbreeding depression on some productive traits, although this centred on a very reduced number of founders. This research focuses on the modelling of founder-specific inbreeding depression (FSID) effects from a more general point of view, characterizing the expected distribution of FSID effects on sow longevity. Under a change-point Weibull proportional hazards model solved through Bayesian inference, a skew-normal a priori distribution for the FSID effects of 19 founders was assumed. In terms of the deviance information criterion, this model was clearly preferred to other prior distributions for FSID effects as well as to a standard analysis of the overall inbreeding depression effect, although all models were consistent with an overall negative genetic effect of inbreeding on sow longevity. The joint posterior distribution of FSID effects showed a skewed pattern with substantial right-tail overexpression, in which the mean (0·036), mode (0·034), S.D. (0·032) and asymmetry parameter (0·045) reported a higher incidence of positive estimates (85·2%) with an unfavourable effect on sow longevity. The founder with the worst inbreeding depression effect reduced sow longevity by 32 days for 1% or 167 days for 10% partial inbreeding. As a whole, our analyses highlighted substantial variability in FSID effects, with unfavourable, neutral and even favourable influences on sow longevity. This heterogeneity could be related to an uneven distribution of the recessive deleterious genetic load among founder genomes, and also with the different selection pressures applied to each founder line. The implementation of skew-normal priors also proved an appealing way to bypass the strict scenario imposed by the standard symmetric-Gaussian distribution, allowing right- and left-tail overexpression as well as non-zero modal estimates.

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Shinagawa, Jun, Hideaki Moteki, Shin-ya Nishio, Yoshihiro Noguchi, and Shin-ichi Usami. "Haplotype Analysis of GJB2 Mutations: Founder Effect or Mutational Hot Spot?" Genes 11, no. 3 (2020): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11030250.

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The GJB2 gene is the most frequent cause of congenital or early onset hearing loss worldwide. In this study, we investigated the haplotypes of six GJB2 mutations frequently observed in Japanese hearing loss patients (i.e., c.235delC, p.V37I, p.[G45E; Y136X], p.R143W, c.176_191del, and c.299_300delAT) and analyzed whether the recurring mechanisms for each mutation are due to founder effects or mutational hot spots. Furthermore, regarding the mutations considered to be caused by founder effects, we also calculated the age at which each mutation occurred using the principle of genetic clock analysis. As a result, all six mutations were observed in a specific haplotype and were estimated to derive from founder effects. Our haplotype data together with their distribution patterns indicated that p.R143W and p.V37I may have occurred as multiple events, and suggested that both a founder effect and hot spot may be involved in some mutations. With regard to the founders’ age of frequent GJB2 mutations, each mutation may have occurred at a different time, with the oldest, p.V37I, considered to have occurred around 14,500 years ago, and the most recent, c.176_191del, considered to have occurred around 4000 years ago.

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Lau, James, and Joern H. Block. "Corporate cash holdings and their implications on firm value in family and founder firms." Corporate Ownership and Control 9, no. 2 (2012): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv9i2c2art2.

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This research investigates whether the presence of controlling founders and families has significant impact on the level of cash holdings, and their implications on firm value. The agency cost of cash holdings in founder firms is arguably less severe than family firms, due to founders’ economic incentives, strong psychological commitment and superior knowledge, whereas family firms are exposed to adverse selection and moral hazard as a result of altruism. Results indicate that founder firms hold a significantly higher level of cash holdings than family firms. In addition, there is a positive interaction effect between founder management and cash holdings on firm value, suggesting the presence of founders as managers helps to mitigate the agency costs of cash holdings.

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Zaech, Simon, and Urs Baldegger. "Leadership in start-ups." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 35, no. 2 (2017): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242616676883.

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This article explores the role of leadership in start-ups and outlines a model of when, why and how leadership behaviour of founder-CEOs influences start-up performance. The model has been tested using a sample of 102 start-ups and their founder-CEOs and includes feedback from 372 employees, rating their leadership behaviour of founder-CEOs. The results indicate that transformational leadership has a significant and positive effect on start-up performance. However, no significant, direct effects on start-up performance were found for transactional leadership or laissez-faire leadership. Furthermore, the size of the start-up has a significant, positive, moderating effect on the relationship between laissez-faire leadership and start-up performance, as well as a significant, positive, moderating effect on the relationship between the transactional leadership dimension, management by exception and start-up performance. Results indicate that for start-ups and their performance, leadership behaviour is as important as their context. Today, leadership is neglected by most entrepreneurs and is not considered a motivation for founding a business. The results show that founders should focus more on leadership behaviour.

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Suryaningtyas, Lintang. "KEDUDUKAN YAYASAN : ANTARA PENDIRI DAN MASYARAKAT." Jurnal Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan 4, no. 01 (2020): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25170/paradigma.v4i01.1635.

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The foundation as a form of legal entity in Indonesia has a unique character because it is owned by the public, has no members, and is engaged in social, religious and humanitarian fields. The founder separates a portion of his personal assets and surrenders fully to the foundation he founded. After that, the founder may sit as the organ of the foundation that he founded, although that is not compulsory, as well as the family members of the founder of the foundation which are a completely separate part and may not have any interest in the foundation. The foundation’s establishment is relatively easy, but its management requires carefulness in order not to cause legal problems among the organs, the organs the founder and other legal problems that may effect the foundations themselves. The founding of the foundation since the era of Hindia Belanda without being regulated by laws and regulations in Indonesia, raises its own resistance for descendants of the founders of foundations and foundation managers who are accustomed to manage foundations with free play rules, when the birth of the Republic of Indonesia Law Number 16 of 2001 Concerning Foundations then amended by Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 28 of 2004 concerning Amendments to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2001 concerning Foundations, along with the implementing regulations. Efforts to enforce the provisions in the Law of the Foundation seem to indeed require some significant amount of time, so that within a period of almost two decades since the enactment of the Foundation Law, there are still many ignorance of the provisions regarding foundations and conflicts that resulted from such ignorance.

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Sölkner, J., L. Filipcic, and N. Hampshire. "Genetic variability of populations and similarity of subpopulations in Austrian cattle breeds determined by analysis of pedigrees." Animal Science 67, no. 2 (1998): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800010006.

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AbstractParameters based on probabilities of gene origin were used to evaluate the genetic variability of four Austrian cattle breeds. Effective numbers of founders, ancestors and remaining founder genomes showed that all four populations investigated are rather small genetically. Effective numbers of remaining founder genomes were 94 for Simmental, 41 for Braunvieh (Brown Swiss), 32 for Pinzgauer and 21 for Grauvieh (Grey cattle, a small mountain breed). As the value of 94 for Simmental was rather large in comparison with estimates from other populations in previous studies, the effect of population structure was investigated. A cosine measure of similarity based on differences in individual founder contributions to different subpopulations was defined and used for analysis. Subpopulations defined by regions were clearly more distinct for Simmental than for Braunvieh. The size of the cosine values depended on the method of calculating founder contributions and was overestimated when choosing the method not accounting for drift and bottlenecks (effective number of founders).

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Chakravarti, Aravinda. "Fragile X founder effect?" Nature Genetics 1, no. 4 (1992): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0792-237.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Founder Effect"

Kayim, Mehmet. "Founder Effect In Reintroduced Anatolian Mouflon Ovis Gmelinii Anatolica Valenciennes 1856 Populations." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610015/index.pdf.

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Reintroduction of Anatolian mouflon population at Bozdag Protection &amp Breeding Station to its former habitats(Emremsultan Wildlife Development Area in Ankara-Nallihan, and Karadag in Karaman) started in 2004. The magnitude of genetic change among Bozdag and reintroduced populations was evaluated by 11 microsatellite loci. Study populations revealed close results (&plusmn st.dev.) &ndash Bozdag population: nk = 2.9091 (&plusmn 1.1362), AE = 2.0250 (&plusmn 0.9537), Ho = 0.3830 (&plusmn 0.2717), He = 0.3956 (&plusmn 0.2746) Nallihan population: nk = 2.9091 (&plusmn 1.1362), AE = 2.0592 (&plusmn 0.9451), Ho = 0.4086 (&plusmn 0.2977), He = 0.4052 (&plusmn 0.2767) and Karadag population: nk = 2.5455 (&plusmn 1.1282), AE = 1.8809 (&plusmn 0.8758), Ho = 0.3388 (&plusmn 0.2775), He = 0.3607 (&plusmn 0.2716). Population differences for major genetic parameters were not significant (p &gt 0.05) by comparisons with paired t-test. Also, temporal change in genetic diversity for Bozdag population was investigated by comparison with temporal data. Temporal changes in genetic parameters were found to be not significant and possible causes for differences were argued. Additionally, genetic diversity and PI computations for different traps were verified and compared to uncover any potential bias due to the catching method. Comparisons did not reveal significant differences illustrating the homogeneity among traps. On the other hand, simulations detected the higher sensitivity of allelic diversity (A) to founder events than P and heterozygosity (Ho &amp He) levels which supports heterozygosity excess method for bottleneck analysis. With the same simulation analysis, observed genetic diversity within reintroduced samples were found to be in the ranges of expectation (99% CI) indicating that translocated individuals were chosen randomly. Bottleneck analysis based on heterozygosity excess method (one-tailed test for heterozygosity excess: pSMM = 0.28515, pTPM = 0.06445, pIAM = 0.02441) and allele frequency distributions method (normal L-shaped) could not detect a recent genetic bottleneck for Bozdag population. However, simulations determined that these two methods are prone to type II error. Bottleneck detection failure for the study population is probably due to type II error instead of other sources of error like violations of model assumptions.

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Väisänen, M. L. (Marja-Leena). "Fragile X syndrome in Northern Finland:molecular, diagnostic and population genetic aspects." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 1999. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514253779.

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Abstract Fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited form of mental retardation syndrome, is caused by an expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat in the 5' UTR of the FMR1 gene, with concurrent hypermethylation of the region, which represses FMR1 expression. The syndrome is associated with the folate-sensitive chromosomal fragile site at Xq27.3 (FRAXA), where the gene responsible for the syndrome was first localized by linkage analysis using RFLP markers. In this study the linkage relationships of the RFLP markersat Xq27-28 and the characteristics of the CGG repeat expansion were investigated in northern Finnish fragile X families and molecular diagnostic methods were applied in order to improve diagnosis of the syndrome. Furthermore, the origin of fragile X mutations in the northern part of Finland was studied by haplotype analysis. Linkage studies were performed in 34 northern Finnish fragile X families/pedigrees using a total of 15 RFLPs (defining 11 loci). A refined genetic map around FRAXA including five RFLP markers having recombination fractions of 0.04 or less with FRAXA was obtained in an international study of 112 affected families, containing linkage data on twelve northern Finnish families. Linkage analysis significantly improved carrier detection in fragile X families compared with previous cytogenetic methods used in diagnosis. The most efficient RFLP-based protocol for carrier detection was proposed, which is based on use of the most adjacent markers and a minimum number of restriction enzymes. CGG repeat expansion of the FMR1 gene was investigated in original families collected for linkage studies and additional new ones. Large CGG repeat expansions (Δ > 500 bp) with concomitant methylation of the adjacent CpG island, i.e. full mutations, were found to be associated with mental retardation completely in males, but only 50% of the females having a full mutation were mentally impaired. Premutations (Δ < 700 bp) were found in healthy carriers. There was a size range of Δ = 500 to 700 bp, where the expansions could be either abnormally methylated or non-methylated, and it appeared that methylation is more important in determining the phenotype than the exact size of an expansion. Instability of the enlarged CGG repeats was detected, leading preferentially to size increases in successive generations. The instability of premutations was found to be stronger and the size increases larger in maternal than in paternal transmissions, and transition to a full mutation occurred only in female transmissions. In addition, the size of a maternal premutation was shown to have an important influence on the risk of its transition to a full mutation when transmitted. The critical premutation size leading invariably to full mutation in the offspring was found to be between Δ = 175 to 200 bp. In one of the studied families a rare contraction of a paternal premutation to a normal CGG repeat number in one of the daughters and further in her son was detected. Direct mutation analysis including measurement of the CGG repeat size and hypermethylation allowed unambiguous diagnosis of carriers and affected individuals in most cases. Haplotype analysis using two tightly linked microsatellite markers flanking the CGG repeat mutation was performed in 60 unrelated northern and eastern Finnish fragile X families. A significant difference was found in allelic and haplotypic distributions between normal X and fragile X chromosomes. A single haplotype, which was present only in 8% of the normal X chromosomes, accounted for 80% of the fragile X chromosomes. This enrichment of one fra(X) mutation in the Finnish population suggests founder effect.

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Love-Gregory, Latisha Debrett. "Investigation of the origin of the Y393N allele in old order mennonite and non-mennonite maple syrup urine disease patients : analysis of the branched chain [alpha]-keto acid dehydrogenase complex E1[alpha] gene /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3012999.

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Osmers, Karl Benjamin. "Genetic structuring between gemsbok (oryx gazella) populations and the impact of the founder effect on isolated populations." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/746.

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Thesis (M.Sc. (Zoology)) --University of Limpopo, 2012 A microsatellite-based study was performed on five populations of Gemsbok (Oryx gazella). This study was aimed at estimating genetic diversity in introduced South African gemsbok populations (an opportunity that arose when additional animals from the same source were imported into South Africa), and determine genetic structure. Population sizes at the time of sampling were: Namibia (n = 6500), Cohen (n = 70), Tempelhof (n = 55), STS Kalahari Game Ranch (n = 1000) and Elias (n = 35). The purpose of the study was to determine the genetic structure of the aforementioned O. Gazelle populations, and to assess the impact of the founder effect on isolated populations. The following primers (BMS1237, MAF46, OARFC304, OARHH64, ETH225, RBP3, MAF50, HDZ8) developed for commercial purposes in the bovine group were used. Genetic diversity were calculated as Expected Heterozygosity (He), proportion of polymorphic loc (P) and number of alleles per locus (A). Conformation to expected Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of genotypes was also determined, using a Chi-square test. Tests for the signature of bottlenecks in the populations studied were also performed. Genetic drift/differentiation was tested by using FST and RST coefficients. Assignment tests were performed to identify the true number of genetic populations (clusters). Genetic distance was used as an additional measure of differentiation. The results indicated that all loci showed allelic polymorphism in all the populations except one (at the OARHH64 locus). The South African Cohen population displayed the highest level of genetic diversity, with He = 0.595 ± 0.247. This population also did not show evidence of a bottleneck. Genetic distance values indicated the greatest similarity between the Cohen and Namibian populations, in line with the Namibian origin of the Cohen group. Greatest distance was observed between the STS and Tempelhof populations. conclusion, results from this study reflects the origins of populations and suggest that inbreeding in small isolated populations may be less than previously estimated.

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Broders, Hugh G. "Population genetic structure and the effect of founder events on the genetic variability of moose (Alces alces) in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0035/MQ47418.pdf.

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Parsons, Donald Williams. "Intragenic SMN mutations : frequency, distribution, evidence of a founder effect, and modification of SMA phenotype by centromeric copy number /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488190109869324.

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Norgren, Nina. "Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR V30M) : from genes to genealogy." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Medicin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-84494.

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Background: Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis is an autosomal dominant disease with a reduced penetrance. The most common mutation in Sweden is the V30M mutation in the transthyretin gene. Clustering areas of the disease can be found in Northern Sweden, Portugal, Brazil and Japan, although sporadic cases exist worldwide. Despite being caused by the same mutation, there are large differences in onset, penetrance and symptoms of the disease. Swedish V30M patients typically have a later onset with a lower penetrance compared to those from the clustering Portuguese V30M areas. The reasons for these differences have not been fully understood. The aim of this thesis is to study mechanisms that may influence onset and symptoms and investigate why patients carrying the same mutation have different phenotypes. Methods: Genealogy studies were performed on all known V30M carriers in Sweden using standard genealogy methods. DNA samples from patients, asymptomatic carriers and controls from different countries were collected and the transthyretin gene was sequenced. Liver biopsies from patients were used for allele specific expression analysis and a cell assay was used for miRNA analysis with the mutated allele. Gene expression analysis was performed on biopsies from liver and fat from patients and controls. Results and conclusions: Genealogic analysis of all known Swedish V30M carriers managed to link together 73% of the Swedish ATTR V30M population to six different ancestors from the 17th and 18th century, thus dating the Swedish V30M mutation to be more than 400 years old. A founder effect was also visible in descendants to one of the ancestors, producing a later age at onset. Sequencing of the transthyretin gene revealed a SNP in the 3’ UTR of all Swedish V30M carriers that was not found in any of the Japanese or French V30M carriers. The SNP was present on the Swedish transthyretin haplotype and defined the Swedish V30M population as separate from others. However, the SNP itself had no effect upon phenotype or onset of disease. Gene expression analysis of liver and fat tissue revealed a change in genetic profile of the patients’ livers, in contrast to the unchanged profile of the fat tissue. A changed genetic profile of the liver could explain why domino liver recipients develop the disease much earlier than expected.

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Jonasson, Jenni. "Genetic and Molecular analysis of the Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) disease gene." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Medicinsk och klinisk genetik, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1900.

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Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder affecting the cerebellum, pons and retina. SCA7 patients present with gait ataxia and visual impairment as the main symptoms. Anticipation, commonly observed in SCA7 families, is a phenomenon where an earlier age at onset and a more severe progression of disease is seen in successive generations. In order to identify the gene responsible for SCA7, we performed linkage analysis on a Swedish SCA7 kindred. Evidence for linkage of the SCA7 disease locus to a 32 cM region on chromosome 3p12-21.1, between markers D3S1547 and D3S1274, was established. A number of neurodegenerative disorders associated with anticipation are caused by expanded (CAG)n repeats in their respective disease genes. In order to isolate the SCA7 disease gene we, therefore, screened a human infant brain stem cDNA library for CAG repeat containing clones, mapping to chromosome 3. Four candidate clones were isolated and analysed, but could all be excluded as the SCA7 disease gene. In 1997, the SCA7 disease gene was identified and, as expected, shown to harbour a CAG repeat, expanded in SCA7 patients. Analysis of the SCA7 CAG repeat region in Swedish SCA7 patients demonstrated that CAG repeat size was negatively correlated to age at onset of disease. Furthermore, patients with larger repeats presented with visual impairment, whereas patients with smaller repeats presented with ataxia as the initial symptom. SCA7 is the most common autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia in Sweden and Finland, but rare in other populations. In order to investigate if the relatively high frequency of SCA7 in these countries is the result of a founder effect in the region, a haplotype analysis was performed on all SCA7 families available. All 7 families shared a common haplotype of at least 1.9 cM surrounding the SCA7 locus. In addition, strong linkage disequilibrium was demonstrated for marker D3S1287 closely linked to the SCA7 gene, suggesting a founder effect for the SCA7 mutation in Sweden and Finland. The function of the SCA7 protein, ataxin-7, is not known and it does not show significant homologies to any previously known proteins. In order to gain insight into the function of ataxin-7 we analysed the expression of ataxin-7 in brain and peripheral tissue from SCA7 patients and controls. In brain, expression was found to be mainly neuronal with a nuclear subcellular localisation. Ataxin-7 expression was found throughout the CNS, not restricted to sites of pathology. We also confirmed previously reported findings of neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIls) in the brains of SCA7 patients. Based on our findings, we conclude that the cell type specific neurodegeneration in SCA7 is not due to differences in expression pattern in affected and non-affected tissue or the distribution pattern of aggregated protein.

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Deus, Daiane Beneduzzi de. "Estudo do gene do receptor de GnRH (GNRHR) no hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico isolado normósmico e atraso constitucional do crescimento e desenvolvimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5135/tde-02012014-165016/.

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Mutações inativadoras do receptor de GnRH (GNRHR) são a causa genética mais frequente de hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico isolado (HHI) normósmico. Os genes envolvidos da patogênese do HHI, incluindo o GNRHR, estão associados a um amplo espectro fenotípico, variando de HHI parcial a completo. O atraso constitucional do crescimento e desenvovimento (ACCD) poderia constituir uma variante fenotípica leve do HHI. Neste estudo avaliamos a frequência de mutações no gene GNRHR em pacientes com HHI normósmico e ACCD, bem como correlacionamos o genótipo/fenótipo nesses pacientes. Além disso, avaliamos o efeito fundador de uma mutação do GNRHR (p.R139H) frequente na população brasileira com HHI normósmico. Para esse estudo, selecionamos 116 pacientes com HHI normósmico e 51 com ACCD. Um grupo de 130 indivíduos com desenvolvimento puberal normal foi utilizado como controle. A região codificadora do gene GNRHR foi amplificada por PCR e sequenciada. Análises in silico e in vitro foram realizadas nas duas novas variantes (p.V134G e p.Y283H). Três marcadores de microssatélites (D4S409, D4S2387, D4S3018) foram amplificados e analisados nos pacientes portadores da mutação p.R139H, familiares e controles. No grupo de HHI normósmico, nove mutações (p.N10K,p.Q11K, p.Q106R, p.R139H, p.C200Y, p.R262Q, p.Y284C, p.Y283H, p.V134G) foram identificadas em onze pacientes (9,5%). Entre as mutações identificadas no GNRHR, duas foram descritas pela primeira vez no estudo atual: p.Y283H e p.V134G, cuja análise in vitro demonstrou inativação completa do receptor. Em geral, uma boa correlação genótipo-fenótipo foi observada. Pacientes portadores de mutações inativadoras apresentavam HHI completo e mutações com perda parcial de função causavam HHI parcial, incluindo dois pacientes que evoluíram com reversão do hipogonadismo após reposição androgênica. Por outro lado, não houve diferença fenotípica entre os casos com e sem mutação do GNRHR. Análise de ancestralidade genética da mutação p.R139H demonstrou que todos os casos brasileiros apresentaram o mesmo haplótipo, sugerindo que a mutação p.R139H possui um ancestral comum na população brasileira. Por outro lado o caso familial proveniente da Polônia apresentou apenas um marcador em comum com as famílias brasileiras e estudos mais abrangentes seriam necessários para determinar a origem da mutação p.R139H em indivíduos não Brasileiros. Na casuística de ACCD apenas a mutação p.Q106R foi identificada no gene GNRHR em heterozigose em um paciente. Em conclusão, o GNRHR foi o gene mais comumente afetado, apresentando uma boa correlação genótipo-fenótipo, e deve ser o primeiro candidato para análise genética em HHI normósmico. Os resultados sugerem que a mutação p.R139H possui um ancestral comum na população brasileira. Mutações no GNRHR parecem não estar envolvidas na patogênese do ACCD GnRH receptor (GNRHR) inactivating mutations are the most common genetic cause of normosmic IHH. The genes involved in the IHH, including GNRHR, have been associated with a large phenotypic spectrum, varying from partial to complete IHH. Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) might represent a mild phenotypic variant of IHH. In this study we investigated novel variants and characterized the frequency and phenotype-genotype correlation of GNRHR mutations in normosmic IHH and CDGP patients. Additionally, we determined de cause of the recurrence of GNRHR p.R139H mutation in patients with normosmic IHH. We studied 116 patients with normosmic IHH and 51 with CDGP. The control group was composed by 130 adults with normal pubertal development. The coding region of GNRHR was amplified and automatically sequenced. The two novel variants identified (p.Y283H, p.V134G) were submitted to in silico and in vitro analysis. Three microsatellite markers (D4S409, D4S2387, D4S3018) were amplified by PCR and analyzed in the patients with the p.R139H mutation. In the CDGP group, the previously described mutation p.Q106R was identified in the heterozygous state in one boy. The p.Q106R mutation has been identified in heterozygous state in individuals with normal pubertal development and does not appear be involved on the CDGP phenotype in this patient. In the normosmic IHH group, nine variants were identified (p.N10K, p.Q11K, p.Q106R, p.R139H, p.C200Y, p.R262Q, p.Y284C, p.Y283H, p.V134G) in eleven patients (9.5%). In vitro analysis of the novel variants p.Y283H and the p.V134G demonstrated that both of them cause complete loss of function of the receptor. The founder effect study revealed that all the p.R139H affected Brazilian patients presented the same haplotype, suggesting that the this mutation has a common ancestor in the Brazilian population. Nevertheless the affected Polish family presented a different haplotype, with only one marker in common with the Brazilian families and further studies would be necessary to determine the origin of the p.R139H mutation in the European population. In conclusion this study demonstrated that GNRHR was the most commonly affected gene in normosmic IHH, with a good genotype-phenotype correlation, and should be the first candidate gene for genetic screening in this condition. The results of the founder effect study suggested that the p.R139H mutation has a common ancestor in the Brazilian population. Finally, mutations in the GNRHR do not appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of CDGP

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Borges, Luciana Moreira. "VALOR PREDITIVO DA MUTAÇÃO R337H DO GENE TP53 COMO UM MARCADOR CLÍNICO EM PACIENTES COM CÂNCER." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2014. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2379.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:38:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANA MOREIRA BORGES.pdf: 1848721 bytes, checksum: 3b9777e8d534e26ba687aa1328ac6555 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-07 Introduction: the R337H mutation of the TP53 gene was originated in the Brazilian population through a founder effect and is considered a molecular defect of low penetrance. In combination with some polymorphisms, the R337H mutation can increase the susceptibility to tumor. The frequency of the R337H mutation in Brazilian families is considered high when compared to the observed frequencies in other countries. The unambiguous association between the mutation, the emergence of different tumor types and the high number of individual that carry the mutation makes the R337H a relevant factor in public health, particularly in the prediction of cancer. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of the R337H mutation of the TP53 gene as a clinical marker in cancer patients. Method: a systematic literature review (SLR) was carefully performed, by searching electronic scientific literature in LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE, Pubmed and SciELO. Twelve articles, published in English between the years 2006 to 2013, were selected by performed the relevance tests I and II. Extraction of detailed data was independently performed by two investigators, following on extraction data protocol. Results: the R337H mutation was found in 287 of 1,548 patients with cancer, two of 750 women considered healthy, 200 of 887 family members of patients with adrenocortical tumor (ACT) carrying the R337H mutation, 12 of 647 health controls and in 442 of 171 630 newborns. Eight of the twelve selected references associated the R337H mutation with family history of 411 patients with the mutation. Four studies associated the R337H mutation prognosis. Conclusion: the frequency of the R337H mutation of the TP53 gene is considerably higher in the south and southeast regions of Brazil compared to other countries. The mutation was associated with family history of cancer, the increase of the positive predictive value and the decreased of negative predictive value at diagnosis, and poor prognosis in ACT and CPC patients with with the mutation. Introdução: a mutação R337H do gene TP53 foi originada na população brasileira por efeito fundador e é considerada um defeito molecular de baixa penetrância. Em combinação com alguns polimorfismos, a mutação R337H, pode aumentar a susceptibilidade ao desenvolvimento do tumor. A frequência da mutação R337H em famílias brasileiras é considerada elevada, quando comparada com as frequências observadas em outros países. A inequívoca associação entre a mutação, o surgimento de diferentes tipos tumorais e o alto número de indivíduos portadores da mutação fazem da R337H um relevante fator de saúde pública, em especial na predição do câncer. Objetivos: este estudo objetiva de investiga o valor preditivo da mutação R337H do gene TP53 como um marcador clínico em pacientes com câncer. Método: revisão bibliográfica sistemática (RBS) criteriosa foi realizada, através de busca eletrônica de artigos científicos nas bases de dados LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE, Scielo e Pubmed. Doze artigos selecionados foram publicados em língua inglesa entre os anos de 2006 à 2013, foram selecionados para aplicação dos testes de relevância I e II. Extração de dados detalhada foi realizada de forma independente por dois investigadores seguindo o protocolo para extração de dados. Resultados: a mutação R337H foi encontrada em 287 dos 1.548 portadores de câncer, duas das 750 mulheres consideradas saudáveis, 200 dos 887 familiares de pacientes portadores de tumor do córtex adrenal (TCA) com a mutação R337H, doze dos 647 controles e 442 dos 171.630 recém-nascidos. Oito das doze referências selecionadas associaram a mutação R337H com histórico familiar de 411 pacientes com a mutação. Quatro estudos associaram a mutação R337H com o prognóstico. Conclusão: a frequência da mutação R337H do gene TP53 é consideravelmente mais elevada no sul e sudeste do Brasil quando comparada com os demais países do mundo. A mutação foi associada com: histórico familiar de câncer, aumento do valor preditivo positivo e diminuição do valor preditivo negativo no diagnóstico e mal prognóstico em pacientes com ACT e CPC com a mutação.

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Books on the topic "Founder Effect"

Association of Iron and Steel Engineers., ed. Effects of clean-steel ladle linings on ladle design. Association of Iron and Steel Engineers, 1988.

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Scotland, Life Association of, ed. Class B, important to persons purposing to effect life assurances: Founded 1838, Life Association of Scotland. s.n., 1986.

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Bytnerowicz, Thomas Adam. Exploring the mechanisms that control the success of symbiotic nitrogen fixers across latitude: Temperature, time-lags, and founder effects. [publisher not identified], 2020.

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V, Smillie M., Great Britain. Department of Health., and University of Birmingham. Instituteof Occupational Health., eds. Criteria document to review the effects on health of airborne substances in the ferrous foundry environment. HSE, 1994.

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ill, Hanson Eric, ed. Tad and me: How I found out about fetal alcohol syndrome. Hazelden, 1991.

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Lambert, J. T. Ferrous Foundry Industry Scheme: An assessment of the effects of selective assistance under the Industry Act 1972. Department of Trade and Industry, 1985.

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Potter, David. The non-ferrous foundry scheme: An assessment of the effects of selective assistance under the IndustryAct 1972. Department of Trade and Industry, 1985.

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Ballachey, Brenda Elizabeth. Hydrocarbons in hair, livers, and intestines of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) found dead along the path of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Founder Effect"

Arnemann, J. "Founder effect." In Springer Reference Medizin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_3482.

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Arnemann, J. "Founder effect." In Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_3482-1.

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Krafsur, E. S., R. D. Moon, R. Albajes, et al. "Founder Effect." In Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3880.

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Ringo, J. M. "The Effect of Successive Founder Events on Mating Propensity of Drosophila." In Evolutionary Genetics of Invertebrate Behavior. Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3487-1_8.

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Gavarró, Anna, and Myriam Cantú-Sánchez. "A study on an alleged case of Spanish SLI and the founder effect." In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.235.08gav.

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Leonelli, Sabina. "Founders Effect." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_1609.

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Porfirio, Berardino, Roberta Sestini, Greta Gorelli, et al. "A Founder Effect for the HGD G360R Mutation in Italy: Implications for a Regional Screening of Alkaptonuria." In JIMD Reports. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/8904_2016_534.

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Albrecht, Eduardo. "Kenya." In Political Automation. Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197696989.003.0014.

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Abstract This chapter includes interviews with Alphonce Shiundu, editor of the Kenyan office of the organization Africa Check, and Lilian Olivia Orero, founder of Safe Online Women Kenya, an organization empowering women and girls through digital literacy education. In the interview with Shiundu he describes the impact of disinformation on public debate in Kenya, the potential misuse of data-collection technologies and their effect on civil rights, and the sensitive role of multilateral organizations in the region. In Orero’s interview she discusses the use of data-collection technologies by foreign actors and the potential for interference and rights violations. She also expresses concern about bias in data collection, and details the need for digital literacy and new regulatory frameworks.

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Oldenburg, J., J. Schröder, T. Albert, et al. "Founder Effect of the Factor-IX-Propeptide-Val-10 Variant Is Responsible for Most Marcumar-lnduced Severe Haemophilia B Cases During Oral Anticoagulant Therapy — Consequences for Monitoring." In 28. Hämophilie-Symposion Hamburg 1997. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59915-6_26.

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Kagawa, Akio, and Taira Okamoto. "Partition of Alloying Elements in Freezing Cast Irons and its Effect on Graphitization and Nitrogen Blowhole Formation." In Foundry Processes. Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1013-6_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Founder Effect"

Pribulova, Alena, Peter Futas, Patrik Fedorko, Maria Mihalikova, and Maria Mihalikova. "THE EFFECT OF THE AMOUNT OF BINDER ON THE PROPERTIES OF BRIQUETTES PREPARED FROM FOUNDRY DUST." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s18.41.

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Briquetting is the pressing of dusty materials into pieces of the same shape and size. Briquetting can be done without a binder or with the addition of a binder to the briquetting mixture. Briquettes can have any shape, but the most common is the shape of a cylinder. The briquettes must be strong enough to eliminate the possibility of damage during transport and must be strong enough even at high temperatures. The briquettes have a regular shape, have the same weight, are more durable and easier to transport. They are ecologically safe and it is possible to use carbon filling in briquettes to activate the process in metallurgical furnaces. Among the most important properties of briquettes are compressive strength and resistance to abrasion when falling. The briquettes were prepared from 4 types of dust from different parts of the foundry process. Dust from blasting castings cast into bentonite molding compounds was used. It is the dust caught in the catch box under the cyclone of the separator (B). The second dust (Bmp) was separated magnetic component of dust B. Dust (GF) captured in the collection reservoirs from the filter devices from the pendulum grinders. Dust (BF) from blasting castings cast in furan mixtures. Dust (G/Bmp) was a mixture of dust G and Bmp in a 2:1 ratio, and dust (G/BF) was a mixture of dusts G + BF in a 2:1 mass ratio. Bentonite and molasses were used as binders. The best properties were obtained from briquettes prepared from dust from grinding castings (G) and from a mixture of dust from grinding castings with dust from blasting castings cast into furan molds (G/BF)

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Hang, Jianfeng, Rundong Jia, Kaifeng Wang, et al. "Time-dependence Dielectric Breakdown of Novel Dopant-Segregated Tunneling Field Effect Transistors Based on Foundry Platform." In 2025 Conference of Science and Technology of Integrated Circuits (CSTIC). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/cstic64481.2025.11017817.

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Panahi, Abbas, Sebastian Magierowski, and Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh. "Towards A Computer-Aided Design Tool Dedicated to Foundry Open Gate Junction Field-Effect Transistor Sensor’s Process." In 2024 IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccece59415.2024.10667181.

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Tominaga, Akihiro, Jiayi Shen, Chang Liu, Atsushi Shinoda, Tetsu Tanaka, and Takafumi Fukushima. "Temporary Adhesive Effect on Multichip Thinning for Rapid Prototyping of 3D-IC from 2D-IC Fabricated in Foundry Shuttle Services." In 2024 International 3D Systems Integration Conference (3DIC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/3dic63395.2024.10830079.

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Lächele, Johannes, Joost Venrooij, Paolo Pretto, and Heinrich Bülthoff. "Effects Of Vehicle- And Task-Related Motion Feedback On Operator Performance In Teleoperation." In Vertical Flight Society 72nd Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0072-2016-11568.

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In this paper we present the results of two experiments performed using a teleoperation setup where operators control a simulated quadrotor in a virtual environment while perceiving visual and inertial motion feedback. Participants of this study performed a series of precision hover tasks. The experiments focused on how different motion feedback definitions affect operator performance and control effort. In the first experiment the effect of including different components of the quadrotor motion in the motion feedback was studied (referred to as "vehicle-related" motion feedback). In the second experiment, the effect of including task-related information in the motion feedback, in the form of a roll motion representing the offset between the desired and actual quadrotor position, was investigated (referred to as "task-related" motion feedback). In both experiments the effects of degraded visual quality was investigated. For both vehicle-related lateral motion feedback and task-related roll motion feedback, we found a significant increase in operator performance. Vehicle-related roll motion feedback showed no effect on operator performance. Control effort, defined as the overall stick deflection during the trials, decreased in vehicle-state roll motion conditions and increased in task-related motion feedback. The results show the applicability and benefits of providing task-related motion feedback in teleoperation.

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Havn, Torfinn, and Harald Osvoll. "Corrosion Fatigue of Steel in Seawater." In CORROSION 2002. NACE International, 2002. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2002-02431.

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Abstract The purpose of the work is to investigate the dual effect of cathodic protection regarding fatigue of steel in seawater. Based on crack growth rate tests carried out under various conditions, the detrimental effect of hydrogen embrittlement is detected. Also the good effect of cathodic protection is seen. Results from tests in air are compared with tests under free corrosion and under cathodic protection at various R- ratios and loading frequencies. Included are tests under pulsed cathodic protection where the cathodic current is switched on and off during each mechanical load cycle. These results are used to explain diffusion rate effects of hydrogen in steel. The beneficial effect of cathodic protection was found to be due to the calcareous deposits. Effects of very low potentials (-1.5 V SCE) and protection in deep water are briefly discussed with respect to fatigue engineering.

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Chen, Andrew, Christopher J. Zopf, Jing-Tao Wu, Wen Chyi Shyu, and Arijit Chakravarty. "Abstract 3759: Xenograft rebound kinetics are consistent with the founder effect." In Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-3759.

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Anagnostopoulou, Pinelopi, Pavlos Fanis, Panayiotis Kouis, et al. "Possible founder effect and prevalence of the p.Cys1400Ter pathogenic CFTR mutation in Cyprus." In ERS International Congress 2023 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.pa3385.

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SANTOS, DENISSON DE CARVALHO, ISMAEL JÚNIOR VALÉRIO DE LIMA, CAROLINE GRISBACH MEISSNER, et al. "FOUNDER EFFECT FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN SOUTH BRAZILIAN MENNONITES REVEALED BY A WHOLE-EXOME EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FIELD STUDY." In 36º Congresso Brasileiro de Reumatologia. Editora Blucher, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/sbr2019-450.

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Siraj, AK, R. Bu, I. Kaleem, et al. "225 Prevalence, spectrum and founder effect of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in epithelial ovarian cancer from middle east." In IGCS Annual 2019 Meeting Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2019-igcs.225.

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Reports on the topic "Founder Effect"

Fridman, Eyal, Jianming Yu, and Rivka Elbaum. Combining diversity within Sorghum bicolor for genomic and fine mapping of intra-allelic interactions underlying heterosis. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597925.bard.

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Heterosis, the enigmatic phenomenon in which whole genome heterozygous hybrids demonstrate superior fitness compared to their homozygous parents, is the main cornerstone of modern crop plant breeding. One explanation for this non-additive inheritance of hybrids is interaction of alleles within the same locus. This proposal aims at screening, identifying and investigating heterosis trait loci (HTL) for different yield traits by implementing a novel integrated mapping approach in Sorghum bicolor as a model for other crop plants. Originally, the general goal of this research was to perform a genetic dissection of heterosis in a diallel built from a set of Sorghum bicolor inbred lines. This was conducted by implementing a novel computational algorithm which aims at associating between specific heterozygosity found among hybrids with heterotic variation for different agronomic traits. The initial goals of the research are: (i) Perform genotype by sequencing (GBS) of the founder lines (ii) To evaluate the heterotic variation found in the diallel by performing field trails and measurements in the field (iii) To perform QTL analysis for identifying heterotic trait loci (HTL) (iv) to validate candidate HTL by testing the quantitative mode of inheritance in F2 populations, and (v) To identify candidate HTL in NAM founder lines and fine map these loci by test-cross selected RIL derived from these founders. The genetic mapping was initially achieved with app. 100 SSR markers, and later the founder lines were genotyped by sequencing. In addition to the original proposed research we have added two additional populations that were utilized to further develop the HTL mapping approach; (1) A diallel of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that was tested for heterosis of doubling time, and (2) a recombinant inbred line population of Sorghum bicolor that allowed testing in the field and in more depth the contribution of heterosis to plant height, as well as to achieve novel simulation for predicting dominant and additive effects in tightly linked loci on pseudooverdominance. There are several conclusions relevant to crop plants in general and to sorghum breeding and biology in particular: (i) heterosis for reproductive (1), vegetative (2) and metabolic phenotypes is predominantly achieved via dominance complementation. (ii) most loci that seems to be inherited as overdominant are in fact achieving superior phenotype of the heterozygous due to linkage in repulsion, namely by pseudooverdominant mechanism. Our computer simulations show that such repulsion linkage could influence QTL detection and estimation of effect in segregating populations. (iii) A new height QTL (qHT7.1) was identified near the genomic region harboring the known auxin transporter Dw3 in sorghum, and its genetic dissection in RIL population demonstrated that it affects both the upper and lower parts of the plant, whereas Dw3 affects only the part below the flag leaf. (iv) HTL mapping for grain nitrogen content in sorghum grains has identified several candidate genes that regulate this trait, including several putative nitrate transporters and a transcription factor belonging to the no-apical meristem (NAC)-like large gene family. This activity was combined with another BARD-funded project in which several de-novo mutants in this gene were identified for functional analysis.

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Gur, Amit, Edward Buckler, Joseph Burger, Yaakov Tadmor, and Iftach Klapp. Characterization of genetic variation and yield heterosis in Cucumis melo. United States Department of Agriculture, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600047.bard.

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Project objectives: 1) Characterization of variation for yield heterosis in melon using Half-Diallele (HDA) design. 2) Development and implementation of image-based yield phenotyping in melon. 3) Characterization of genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional variation across 25 founder lines and selected hybrids. The epigentic part of this objective was modified during the course of the project: instead of characterization of chromatin structure in a single melon line through genome-wide mapping of nucleosomes using MNase-seq approach, we took advantage of rapid advancements in single-molecule sequencing and shifted the focus to Nanoporelong-read sequencing of all 25 founder lines. This analysis provides invaluable information on genome-wide structural variation across our diversity 4) Integrated analyses and development of prediction models Agricultural heterosis relates to hybrids that outperform their inbred parents for yield. First generation (F1) hybrids are produced in many crop species and it is estimated that heterosis increases yield by 15-30% globally. Melon (Cucumismelo) is an economically important species of The Cucurbitaceae family and is among the most important fleshy fruits for fresh consumption Worldwide. The major goal of this project was to explore the patterns and magnitude of yield heterosis in melon and link it to whole genome sequence variation. A core subset of 25 diverse lines was selected from the Newe-Yaar melon diversity panel for whole-genome re-sequencing (WGS) and test-crosses, to produce structured half-diallele design of 300 F1 hybrids (MelHDA25). Yield variation was measured in replicated yield trials at the whole-plant and at the rootstock levels (through a common-scion grafted experiments), across the F1s and parental lines. As part of this project we also developed an algorithmic pipeline for detection and yield estimation of melons from aerial-images, towards future implementation of such high throughput, cost-effective method for remote yield evaluation in open-field melons. We found extensive, highly heritable root-derived yield variation across the diallele population that was characterized by prominent best-parent heterosis (BPH), where hybrids rootstocks outperformed their parents by 38% and 56 % under optimal irrigation and drought- stress, respectively. Through integration of the genotypic data (~4,000,000 SNPs) and yield analyses we show that root-derived hybrids yield is independent of parental genetic distance. However, we mapped novel root-derived yield QTLs through genome-wide association (GWA) analysis and a multi-QTLs model explained more than 45% of the hybrids yield variation, providing a potential route for marker-assisted hybrid rootstock breeding. Four selected hybrid rootstocks are further studied under multiple scion varieties and their validated positive effect on yield performance is now leading to ongoing evaluation of their commercial potential. On the genomic level, this project resulted in 3 layers of data: 1) whole-genome short-read Illumina sequencing (30X) of the 25 founder lines provided us with 25 genome alignments and high-density melon HapMap that is already shown to be an effective resource for QTL annotation and candidate gene analysis in melon. 2) fast advancements in long-read single-molecule sequencing allowed us to shift focus towards this technology and generate ~50X Nanoporesequencing of the 25 founders which in combination with the short-read data now enable de novo assembly of the 25 genomes that will soon lead to construction of the first melon pan-genome. 3) Transcriptomic (3' RNA-Seq) analysis of several selected hybrids and their parents provide preliminary information on differentially expressed genes that can be further used to explain the root-derived yield variation. Taken together, this project expanded our view on yield heterosis in melon with novel specific insights on root-derived yield heterosis. To our knowledge, thus far this is the largest systematic genetic analysis of rootstock effects on yield heterosis in cucurbits or any other crop plant, and our results are now translated into potential breeding applications. The genomic resources that were developed as part of this project are putting melon in the forefront of genomic research and will continue to be useful tool for the cucurbits community in years to come.

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Guzman-Finol, Karelys, Angela C. Lyons, Sandy Dall’erba, and Jorge Eiras-Barca. The sensitivity of rice yields to weather variation in Colombia. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/be.1299.

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We estimate the effects of annual temperature and precipitation on rice yields in Colombia from 1987 to 2016. The analysis explores the degree of variation in response to climate changes across the country’s diverse topography. Since there are two growing seasons in Colombia, the effects of the weather conditions for these two seasons are independently investigated. Additionally, rice yields are projected for two periods (2046-2065 and 2081-2100) based on the RCP 4.5, 6.5, and 8.0 of future climate scenarios. We found a positive effect of rainfall and temperature on yields, although one variable attenuates the effect of the other. The early season temperature and the later season precipitation were the main drivers of the yield. Effects were larger in departments with higher altitudes. Projections show that temperature and precipitation changes will cause rice yields to increase by 10% over 2046-2065, and 2081-2100, with respect to the reference period 1987-2016.

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Bonilla-Mejía, Leonardo, Luz Adriana Flórez, Didier Hermida, et al. Is the Covid-19 Pandemic Fast-Tracking Automation in Developing Countries? Evidence from Colombia. Banco de la República, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1209.

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This paper assesses whether the Covid-19 pandemic accelerated automation in developing countries. We studied the case of Colombia, a country with low R&D and productivity and with high labor informality and unemployment. We estimated event-study models to assess the differential effect of the pandemic on job openings and salaried employment by the potential degree of automation of each occupation. Our results suggest that both vacancies and salaried employment fell more in highly automatable occupations during the pandemic and have since experienced a slower recovery. The effect of the pandemic on automation is mostly driven by sectors that were affected by mobility restrictions. We also found heterogeneous effects by age and gender. The acceleration of automation is mainly affecting the labor market for females and individuals over the age of 40. Finally, we explored the differential effect on occupations with wages around the minimum wage. We found that occupations with wages close to the minimum wage exhibit the highest effect, especially at the onset of the pandemic.

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Torero, Máximo, and Jaime Saavedra-Chanduví. Union Density Changes and Union Effects on Firm Performance in Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011249.

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The paper documents the sharp reduction in union density in Peru between 1986 and 1998, in a context of large macroeconomic fluctuations, structural reforms and changes in the Collective Bargaining Law in 1993. The authors find that a blue-collar job, a permanent contract, higher education and working in a large firm increase the likelihood of unionization, but only before the legislative change. Using a panel of firms for the manufacturing sector for the period 1994-1996, a negative impact of unions on profits for all firm sizes is found. In the econometric analysis, a significant negative effect even after controlling for firm and sector characteristics and firm fixed effects is found. There is some evidence that this effect diminishes over time, consistent with the reduction in union density during that period, but the reduction is not robust to different specifications.

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Ronconi, Lucas, Hernán Ruffo, and Martín González Rozada. Protecting Workers against Unemployment in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evidence from Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011366.

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This paper takes advantage of several reforms that provide time and cross sectional variation to identify the effects of unemployment insurance and severance payments on the duration of unemployment and on the separation probability in Argentina. Administrative data permits analysis of the duration of unemployment of covered spells with detailed information about transfers and their duration, while household surveys permit the study of separation probability and transitions to informal jobs, which are not observed in administrative data. It is found that unemployment duration increases significantly when unemployment insurance transfers are higher or are provided for a longer period; the effects of severance pay on unemployment duration are less robust. On the other hand, higher severance pay is found to reduce separation probability, while unemployment insurance transfers have a positive but small effect on separations.

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Aboal, Diego, and Paula Garda. Does Public Financial Support Stimulate Innovation and Productivity? Inter-American Development Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006982.

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The aim of this paper is to contribute to the scarce empirical literature that evaluates the effects of public financial support to innovation on innovation expenditures, innovation, and productivity in developing countries. Propensity score matching techniques and innovation survey data are used to analyze the impacts of public financial support to innovation on Uruguayan firms. The results indicate that there is no crowding-out effect of private innovation investment by public funds, and that public financial support in Uruguay seems to increase private innovation expenditures. Financial support also appears to induce increased R&D expenditures and innovative sales, and these effects are more important for service firms. Public funds do not, however, significantly stimulate private expenditures by firms that would carry out innovation activities even in the absence of financial support. Probably due to the short time frame in which the evaluation was conducted, little evidence of an effect on applications for patents or productivity was found.

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García-Cicco, Javier, and Enrique Kawamura. Effects of Foreign-Currency Debt on Non-Financial Latin American Firms: Evidence from the 2000s. Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009316.

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This paper empirically tests the effects of foreign currency debt on economic performance and investment behavior in non-financial firms in six Latin America and Caribbean countries. It is found find that domestic-currency depreciations may surprisingly increase the exchange-rate induced profits of particularly highly foreign currency-indebted firms (especially those that are foreign owned and others with foreign links). Such depreciations have only a mild correlation with gross profits. Foreign-currency debt seems to have ambiguous effects on fixed investment purchases behavior, possibly attributable to non-financial firms' behavior as financial intermediaries. This effect tends to vanish when financial derivatives are considered.

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Ponce, Juan, Mercedes Onofa, and Paul E. Carrillo. Information Technology and Student Achievement: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011199.

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This paper studies the effects of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the school environment on educational achievement. To quantify these effects, the impact is evaluated of a project run by the municipality of Guayaquil, Ecuador, which provides computer-aided instruction in mathematics and language to students in primary schools. Using an experimental design, it is found that the program had a positive impact on mathematics test scores (about 0. 30 of a standard deviation) and a negative but statistically insignificant effect on language test scores. The impact is heterogeneous and is much larger for those students at the top of the achievement distribution.

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Aboal, Diego, Paula Garda, Bibiana Lanzilotta, and Marcelo Perera. Firm Size, Knowledge Intensity and Employment Generation: The Microeconometric Evidence for the Service Sector in Uruguay. Inter-American Development Bank, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008971.

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The employment impact of innovation in the heterogeneous universe of services was studied using data from the 2004-2009 Uruguayan service innovation surveys. The empirical evidence shows that the impact of product innovation on employment is positive, while process innovation appears to have no effect. The effect varies according to the skill level of the labor force, across sectors, and the type of innovation strategy pursued by firms. Process innovation activities tend to substitute low-skilled jobs with higher-skilled jobs, while product innovation allows for more gains in efficiency in the production of new products with unskilled labor and no gains with the skilled labor force. Producing technology in-house has in most cases no impact on employment, while the combined strategy of acquiring technology outside the firm and producing it in-house has strong positive effects. The results found for knowledge-intensive business services and small firms, with some exceptions, are similar to the ones found for whole sample.

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