Academic literature on the topic 'Founder ownership'
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Journal articles on the topic "Founder ownership"
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Ljungkvist, Torbjörn, and Börje Boers. "The founder’s psychological ownership and its strategic implications." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 27, no. 1 (2019): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-12-2018-0386.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the change of the founder’s psychological ownership when s/he sells the business and its implications for the organization’s strategy. Design/methodology/approach The study contributes with a longitudinal study of psychological ownership, accounting for its development over time in a Swedish e-commerce company. By applying a case study methodology, conclusions are drawn from a vast amount of archival data and interviews. The empirical material covers the transition from a founder-run, family-owned to a first foreign-owned, and currently private-equity owned company. Findings Theoretically, it extends understandings of psychological ownership and its strategic implications by including former legal owners; that is, how psychological ownership changes after legal ownership ceases. Thereby, it develops the individual dimension (founder and former owner) of psychological ownership as well as its collective dimension (employees toward founder). The paper contributes to the psychological ownership founder and exit-literatures by highlighting continuity after the formal sale of legal ownership and its consequences for the organization. Practical implications It finds that new legal owners can use this heritage to signal continuity and launch strategic changes by transforming it into artifacts. Originality/value This study extends the understanding of development of psychological ownership of founders from foundation to exit and its consequences for the organization’s strategy. This extension sheds new light on founders as artifacts of organizations and thereby their role for the organizational heritage.
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Dawson, Alexandra, Imants Paeglis, and Nilanjan Basu. "Founder as Steward or Agent? A Study of Founder Ownership and Firm Value." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 42, no. 6 (2017): 886–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042258717725522.
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This study addresses the relationship between founder ownership and firm value in young and entrepreneurial businesses. We argue that a stewardship effect prevails when founders have low or high levels of ownership while an agency effect prevails at intermediate levels. Using a dataset of 1,269 firms with 11,645 firm-year observations, we find support for our hypothesis that there is a convex relationship between founder ownership and firm value. The agency effect at intermediate founder ownership is consistent with evidence indicating that these firms display lower leverage, greater unrelated diversification, and higher disproportionate board representation.
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Kim, Haksoon. "Managerial hedge (effort) incentive, ownership and firm performance: Evidence from founder-CEOs and non founder-CEOs." Corporate Ownership and Control 4, no. 3 (2007): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv4i3p6.
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This paper tries to test three different hypotheses for the relationship between firm performance and characteristics of founder-CEOs and non founder-CEOs using three econometric techniques: OLS, feasible GLS and piecewise linear regression. They are risk-averse hypothesis, ownership hypothesis and hedge (effort) incentive hypothesis. Firm performance increases as hedge (effort) incentive increases. Founder-CEOs’ ownership has positive effect on firm performance when their ownership is between five percent and twenty percent. This is consistent with ownership hypothesis. The risk aversion level of founder-CEOs is negatively correlated with firm performance which is consistent with risk-averse hypothesis. The ownership and risk-averse level of non founder-CEOs are not statistically correlated with firm performance
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Clark Muntean, Susan. "Political behavior in family- and founder-controlled firms." Journal of Family Business Management 6, no. 2 (2016): 186–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfbm-02-2015-0009.
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Purpose – The political behavior of founders, families and their firms in the form of campaign contributions has not been explored by family business scholars. Yet partisan and ideological campaign contributions raise a range of governance issues and hold implications for myriad stakeholders, including investors, employees, customers and the public. The purpose of this paper compares and contrasts the campaign contributions of founder- and family-controlled firms relative to managerially governed firms and develops theoretical explanations for observed differences. Design/methodology/approach – This paper develops a “principal owner” hypothesis based upon a typology of firm ownership characteristics (founder/family control or not; publicly traded or privately held). This hypothesis is tested by multivariate empirical analyses of the campaign contributions of 251 firms across 14 industries with four types of ownership structures. Findings – Founder- and family-controlled firms are more partisan and ideological relative to other firms in their industry and this finding is consistent across industries. Founders and family members influence political behavior, including in publicly traded firms. Practical implications – Given potential controversies raised by ideological and partisan campaign contributions and the unpredictable returns on political investment, it behooves founders and their family members to assess the impact of their political behavior on the business and on key stakeholders. Originality/value – This paper is the first to raise governance issues related to founders’ and families’ political spending and develops original insights into the ideological and political behavior of these businesses.
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Wang, Lihua, and Xiaoya Liang. "The effect of historical government affiliations on resource acquisition and organizing capability: evidence from Chinese private firms." Journal of Asia Business Studies 12, no. 4 (2018): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-10-2016-0141.
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PurposeGrounded in the structural and relational inertia literature, this paper aims to investigate how two types of founding conditions – prior state ownership and a founder’s state career history – may individually and interactively affect the resource acquisition and organizing capability of firms.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a unique, large-scale survey of 480 manufacturing firms in China.FindingsThe findings show that prior state ownership is positively related to a firm’s resource acquisition, and the founder’s state career history moderates the relationship between prior state ownership and a firm’s organizing capability such that a founder with a state career history can help a privatized firm overcome its structural inertia and achieve superior organizing capabilities. However, it is found that a founder’s state career history is not associated with a firm’s resource acquisition or organizing capability.Research/limitations/implicationsFirst, this study is cross-sectional. Second, this paper refocuses on Chinese manufacturing firms in two regions only. Third, the authors do not have information on how long founders had been in state sector. Fourth, the measure of resource acquisition and organizational capability is a self-reported perceptual measure.Practical implicationsFirst, this study suggests that founders’ state career history does not benefit firms in resource acquisitions. Once founders do not work for government organizations, they can lose the associated resource benefits. The founders may have to actively maintain their historical connections with the current government officials to continue to receive various information and resource benefits. Second, this study indicates that it is possible for privatized firms to have resource acquisition advantages resulting from their historical heritage and at the same time overcome the inferior organizing capabilities from their histories by having a founder with a prior state career history. Such founders tend to have the ability to overcome the unfavorable imprinting effect of previous histories and to help private firms develop better strategies and structures to fit the dynamic and competitive environment.Social implicationsThis study indicates that it is possible for state-owned enterprises to become efficient if they can employ capable managers with superior managerial skills.Originality/valueCurrent literature on the effect of government affiliations on firm behavior and outcomes typically focuses on existing government affiliations and their benefits on a firm’s economic and information resources, legitimacy and new venture performance. This study is one of the first to examine how historical government affiliations may affect both the resource acquisition and organizing capability of a firm. In addition, existing studies have rarely studied simultaneously how a firm’s and a founder’s historical government affiliations may independently and interactively affect a firm’s ability to acquire resources and develop capabilities critical for a firm’s performance and survival. This study fills this gap.
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Achleitner, Ann-Kristin, Christoph Kaserer, and Tobias Kauf. "The dynamics of voting ownership in lone-founder, family-founder, and heir firms." Journal of Family Business Strategy 3, no. 2 (2012): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2012.02.003.
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Brune, Alexander, Martin Thomsen, and Christoph Watrin. "Family Firm Heterogeneity and Tax Avoidance: The Role of the Founder." Family Business Review 32, no. 3 (2019): 296–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894486519831467.
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Family business research suggests that the population of family firms cannot be regarded as a homogenous group. Therefore, with respect to tax avoidance, we analyze the role of the founder as one dimension of family firm heterogeneity. Specifically, we consider socioemotional wealth loss aversion and find that founders may affect the level of tax avoidance not only when they have direct influence (i.e., serving as CEO) but also when they possess solely indirect influence (i.e., having substantial ownership or a seat on the board). Overall, our results suggest that founders remain attached to their firms despite giving up executive positions.
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Libman, Alexander, Tatiana Dolgopyatova, and Andrei Yakovlev. "Board Empowerment: What Motivates Board Members of Founder-Owned Companies?" Journal of Management Inquiry 29, no. 2 (2018): 188–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056492618759603.
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This article investigates the role of boards in founder-managed firms with concentrated ownership in emerging markets. The literature frequently suggests that in this type of companies, boards have little influence on the corporate decision making. The article conducts a case study of AFK Sistema—a large Russian founder-managed firm with concentrated ownership. We observe that, contrary to the expectations, in this company, the founder provided real authority to the board, at the same time focusing on recruiting independent (mainly foreign) members. Based on this case, we argue that selectively empowering boards in this type of ownership setting could be beneficial for the firm: Selective empowerment is a source of intrinsic motivation for the independent board members, making them proactively search for new projects and assist in their implementation on behalf of the firm. As a result, the company can overcome a number of important barriers in its development.
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Shabbir, Aiza, and Shazia Kousar. "Impact of founder CEO and CEO ownership on entrepreneurial orientation, moderating role of CEO narcissism." Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 13, no. 2 (2019): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjie-10-2018-0057.
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Purpose This study aims to explore the moderating impact of narcissism overload on the relation between founder CEO and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in registered private schools of Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through a stratified random sampling method with the help of previously validated questionnaires. A sample of 121 replies was gathered for analysis. SPSS has been used to find the results. Findings Results depict that CEO narcissism moderates the relation between founder CEO and EO and does not moderate the relationship between and CEO ownership and EO. Originality/value Many studies focused on the founder personality characteristics (such as generalized self-efficacy or locus of control) are not directly observed, but rather inferred their effect indirectly. The study contributes to examine how the founder CEO variable interacts with CEO personality to influence EO. This study will propose a practical approach to investigate whether and how the narcissism constructs moderate the founder CEO–EO relationship. Direct association between stock ownership and EO will also be examined.
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Jaskiewicz, Peter, Joern H. Block, Danny Miller, and James G. Combs. "Founder Versus Family Owners’ Impact on Pay Dispersion Among Non-CEO Top Managers: Implications for Firm Performance." Journal of Management 43, no. 5 (2014): 1524–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206314558487.
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Emerging evidence suggests that pay dispersion among non-CEO top management team (TMT) members harms firm performance, which raises questions about why firms’ owners tolerate or even support it. Prior research shows that the key distinction between founder and family owners is that in addition to firm performance and growth goals, family owners pursue socioemotional goals. On the basis of this distinction, we develop and test theory linking founders’ and families’ ownership to TMT pay dispersion. Consistent with our theory, a Bayesian panel analysis of Standard & Poor’s 500 firms shows that founder owners use less TMT pay dispersion and that family owners, relative to founder owners, use more, although that declines across generations. We also provide evidence that TMT pay dispersion harms firm performance. Our theory and results are significant because they help to explain why some owners favor compensation practices that cause TMT pay dispersion, despite evidence that this harms firm performance.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Founder ownership"
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Kauf, Tobias [Verfasser], Ann-Kristin [Akademischer Betreuer] Achleitner, and Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Kaserer. "The Heterogeneity of Founding-Family Firms: Governance, Firm Policy, Economics, and Ownership Dynamics in Lone Founder, Family Founder, and Heir Firms / Tobias Kauf. Gutachter: Ann-Kristin Achleitner ; Christoph Kaserer. Betreuer: Ann-Kristin Achleitner ; Christoph Kaserer." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1052308082/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Founder ownership"
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Nayati, Pudak. Ownership rights over archaeological/historical objects found at sea: A study of the Republic of Indonesia's Act No. 5 of 1992 and related regulations. National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2002.
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Pearson, David. Book Ownership in Stuart England. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870128.001.0001.
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An account of the development and importance of private libraries and book ownership through the seventeenth century, based upon many kinds of evidence, including examination of many thousands of books, and a list of over 1,300 known owners from many backgrounds. It considers questions of evolution, contents, and size, and motives for book ownership, during a century when growing markets for both new and second-hand books meant that books would be found, in varying numbers, in the homes of all kinds of people, from the humble to the wealthy. Topics explored include the balance of motivation between books for use or for display; the relationship between libraries and museums; and cultures of collecting. While presenting a great deal of information in this field, conveniently brought together, the book also advances methodologies for book history. It challenges much received wisdom around our priorities for studying private libraries, and the terminology which is appropriate to use.
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Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann, Anna D. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039096.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to examine the public role of the immigrant press through the example of Antoni A. Paryski, the “Polish Hearst,” a successful immigrant businessman and founder of a large publishing empire. It specifically explores his Polish-language newspaper Ameryka-Echo, a weekly with an international circulation that came out between 1889 and 1971. Paryski and his followers used Ameryka-Echo to spread among the immigrant masses the notion of self-education and improvement through reading and writing. The weekly featured several sections based on readers' correspondence. Among them, the most popular and long-lasting was the “Corner for Everybody,” which printed readers' letters with little editorial intervention. The “Corner”'s participants negotiated the boundaries of the section's ownership with the editors, and formed a close-knit community of readers-writers, fiercely loyal to their forum. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
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Guthrie, Graeme. Overseeing the unseeable. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190641184.003.0003.
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A wide separation of ownership and control causes managers’ interests to diverge from those of shareholders. The asymmetry of information between a firm’s board and its managers gives managers the means to behave in ways that benefit themselves if they choose to do so. This chapter uses two episodes in the history of Yahoo to explain the potential for conflict between managers and shareholders, starting with attempts to raise capital when Yahoo was in its infancy and the fact that the managers owned the entire firm meant there was no conflict. The second episode involves Microsoft’s attempt to acquire Yahoo in 2008, when the founders’ much smaller ownership stake led to accusations that the firm’s management was not working in shareholders’ best interests.
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Llewellyn, David T. Conversion from Stakeholder Value to Shareholder Value Banks. Edited by Jonathan Michie, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.39.
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There is merit in having a diversity of ownership structures in a financial sector and mutuals and similar ownership models have a substantial contribution to make to diversity. The chapter considers the arguments in the UK in favour of conversion of mutuals to shareholder value institutions and reviews the outcomes. They are shown to have been largely bogus and have been found to be irrelevant. Members of converting institutions voted for conversion because the ‘windfalls’ implied an inter-generation transfer of wealth from previous and potentially future members to the current cohort. Comparison is made between the UK and other European countries with regard to conversions: in most other European countries such conversions are impossible because residual net worth is regarded as being held in perpetuity within the institution rather than a saleable asset owned by the current cohort of members.
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Chidester, David. Space. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.23.
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Theories of religious space can be divided between those that focus on poetic meaning, political power, or material production. Religious space can be based on structural oppositions, such as the indigenous opposition between home and wild space and the colonial opposition between land and sea. The production of religious space commonly establishes barriers, but instances of shared religious space can be found in Africa, India, and elsewhere. Competition over the ownership of a place is a recurring feature of the dynamics of religious space, as illustrated by the conflict between Hindus and Muslims over the site in Ayodhya in India. With the rise of modern nations, religious space is increasingly managed by state apparatuses, and at the same time dispersed through transnational social networks in diaspora. Religious space is also powerful as an arena for asserting claims to access, control, and ultimately ownership of the sacred.
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Lim, Timothy H. 6. Who owned the scrolls? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198779520.003.0006.
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‘Who owned the scrolls?’ attempts to determine the ancient ownership of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The prevailing theory, with some modifications, is the Qumran–Essene theory, which posits that the Essene people lived in the site and were responsible for the creation of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Various evidence from the scrolls themselves, the archaeological Khirbet Qumran site, and primary historical sources support this. For instance, Pliny the Elder located a tribe living at Qumran during his travels in his Historia Naturalis that matched historical descriptions. Handwriting matches between the scrolls and inscriptions at Khirbet Qumran have also been found. Alternative but refuted theories suggest different uses for the site.
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Lowther, Minnie Kendall. Mount Vernon, Arlington and Woodlawn: History of These National Shrines from the Earliest Titles of Ownership to the Present, with Biographical Sketches, Portraits, and Interesting Reminiscences of the Families, Who Founded Them. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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Schoeman, Alex. Southern Africa. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.007.
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Excavations of Southern African farming community sites have yielded two figurine types. The first comprises coarse clay figurines found in clusters in central areas in homesteads. These clusters contained anthropomorphic and animal figurines that resemble material culture used in twentieth-century southernmost African initiation schools. The second figurine type, associated with domestic areas, is finer and included toys and stylized human figurines. The stylized human figurines resemble historical figures that embodied ideas about male ownership over the female body, procreative powers, and spirit. The decorations on the stylized female figurines resemble body scarification that might have been used to express personhood. This chapter suggests that the production and use of these clay figurines were enmeshed in ideas about sex and gender, and that figurines materialized ideas, in both ceremonial and domestic contexts, about the adult body as sexed and gendered.
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Lichtenstein, Nelson. Supply-Chain Tourist; or, How Globalization Has Transformed the Labor Question. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037856.003.0003.
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This chapter, which yanks the reader from mid-twentieth-century Detroit to early twenty-first-century Guangdong Province, recounts the author's discovery that the labor question can have many different configurations, especially when some of the most important and characteristic enterprises of our day are the big-box retailers, whose employee rolls and annual revenues now far outrank those of the largest manufacturing companies. It appears that the essence of the twenty-first-century labor question no longer resides at the point of production in a struggle between workers and the owners of the factories in which they labor. Instead, the site of value production is found at every link along a set of global supply chains, in which the manufacturer and the warehouse operator, the ports and the shipping companies, as well as the retailers and their branded vendors jockey for power and profit. In this disaggregated system, legal ownership of the forces of production has been divorced from operational control, making accountability for labor conditions diffuse and knowledge of the actual producers far from transparent.
Book chapters on the topic "Founder ownership"
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Maderová, Karla. "Právní vztah příspěvkové organizace zřízené územním samosprávným celkem k dlouhodobému majetku a jeho interakce s rozpočtem, hospodařením a financováním příspěvkové organizace ze strany zřizovatele." In Interakce práva a ekonomie. Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.m210-9934-2021-10.
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The article is a reflection on the legal regulation of property management of a contributory organization established by a territorial self-governing unit and the practical problems that the current legislation brings. It deals with the various legal relationships that these organizations may have to the long-term assets, which the contributory organizations use most often due to the transfer to the founder, but also due to the right of ownership, and very often also on the basis of a loan agreement. In the article I will deal with the legal regulation of these institutes and their mutual comparison.
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Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Thierry Volery, Heiko Bergmann, and Cornelia Amstutz. "Ownership Structures." In Masterpieces of Swiss Entrepreneurship. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65287-6_3.
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AbstractThis chapter details how ownership structures evolved, starting from the early stages of a company to unfolding over time as ownership invariably passed on from one generation to another. Examples are offered on how and under what circumstances companies go public and how founders recruit new owners when ready to pass on the company. Specifically covered are single ownership and family ownership. To provide ownership stability and ownership control, the text describes efforts to keep control within the founding family, ways of passing ownership on to another family, and the process of shareholder agreements. Examples are provided on how companies recruit new owners and how companies approach the decision to go public vs. remaining privately owned.
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Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Thierry Volery, Heiko Bergmann, and Cornelia Amstutz. "Achieving Ownership Stability." In Masterpieces of Swiss Entrepreneurship. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65287-6_4.
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AbstractStability of ownership is a big issue among SME owners. This chapter deals with strategies to preserve and guarantee ownership stability. The experience of founders and owners in applying foundation structures are described. Approaches to provide ownership stability as a public company are described. Special situations covered are employee ownership, and how to maintain stability in ownership with private investors. Examples are provided for situations when ownership stability fails. Finally, the chapter concludes with a differentiation between independence of a firm vs. autonomy in making key decisions.
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Toman, John, Ren Siqi, Kohei Suenaga, Atsushi Igarashi, and Naoki Kobayashi. "ConSORT: Context- and Flow-Sensitive Ownership Refinement Types for Imperative Programs." In Programming Languages and Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44914-8_25.
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AbstractWe present ConSORT, a type system for safety verification in the presence of mutability and aliasing. Mutability requires strong updates to model changing invariants during program execution, but aliasing between pointers makes it difficult to determine which invariants must be updated in response to mutation. Our type system addresses this difficulty with a novel combination of refinement types and fractional ownership types. Fractional ownership types provide flow-sensitive and precise aliasing information for reference variables. ConSORT interprets this ownership information to soundly handle strong updates of potentially aliased references. We have proved ConSORT sound and implemented a prototype, fully automated inference tool. We evaluated our tool and found it verifies non-trivial programs including data structure implementations.
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Tollin, Clas. "Demesne Farms and Parish Formation in Western Östergötland: A Spatial Study of Church Catchment Areas and Ownership Structures when Alvastra Abbey was Founded." In The Medieval Countryside. Brepols Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.tmc-eb.4.1009.
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Caba, Stefan, Justus von Freeden, Jesper de Wit, and Oliver Huxdorf. "Use Case 3: Modular Car Parts Disassembly and Remanufacturing." In Systemic Circular Economy Solutions for Fiber Reinforced Composites. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22352-5_17.
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AbstractCars designed for reuse are a novelty. The disassembly and remanufacturing of major vehicle structures is not an established process yet. This means new tasks and within that, new business models must be found to close the loop. New facilities and logistics are part of the process chain. In this chapter the processes will be outlined on basis of a car-sharing vehicle as an example of a fleet ownership. The reusable platform and the seat structure are the basis of this model-based consideration. The technical issues and obstacles will be discussed as well as economic and ecologic questions.
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Järvinen-Tassopoulos, Johanna. "State-Owned Gambling Operation in a Global Competitive Environment." In The Global Gambling Industry. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35635-4_3.
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AbstractThis qualitative study examines what factors and measures may contribute to the success of a state-owned gambling company online. As each jurisdiction restricts online gambling offer and demand according to domestic legislation, there are few tools to limit the competition of online operators.In order to understand how different stakeholders want to limit online competition and preserve the benefits guaranteed by a monopolistic gambling system, thematic interviews (N = 17) were conducted among the state-owned gambling company Veikkaus’ representatives and among public servants engaged in gambling regulation, ownership steering, the prevention of gambling harm, or the distribution and reception of gambling proceeds. Chantal Mouffe’s theorisation on ‘antagonism’ and ‘agonism’ is used to examine the impact of competition of these stakeholders.The results show that the challenges of the Finnish state-owned gambling operator were related to competition (e.g., losing customers and proceeds to international competitors) and to regulation (e.g., channelling gambling and preventing gambling harms). The results also indicated that Veikkaus’ representatives seem to have an agonistic relationship with the regulators and the public servants interested in prevention of gambling harms. The only antagonism found in this study is based on the conflicting power relations of Veikkaus and the international online gambling companies.
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Spector, Regine A. "Adapting to Bazaar Ownership through Diplomacy." In Order at the Bazaar. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501709326.003.0005.
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This chapter shifts the focus from the previous chapter on the work of traders at Dordoi bazaar to that of the main owner. The chapter discusses how, in light of some in society who viewed bazaar owners as oligarchs, he actively sought to reframe his role as a bazaar founder, job provider, and guarantor of honorable work in an otherwise corrupt society. He described his own approach as “business diplomacy,” and collaborated with the trade union, got elected to political office, and decided when to engage in protest (and when not to). Instead of perspectives that view him as a predatory, stationary bandit, the chapter argues instead that we must take seriously how he sought to survive and adapt in an inauspicious political context by building relationships within the state and among different businesses, societal groups, and constituents to increase possibilities for action in challenging situations.
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Haywood, D'Weston. "Go to It, My Southern Brothers." In Let Us Make Men. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643397.003.0002.
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This chapter reinterprets the Great Migration as a call to manhood for black men led by the Crisis and, in particular, the Chicago Defender. Their promotion of the migration along these lines gave rise to the modern black press, as well as the personal quests of W. E. B. DuBois, founder of the Crisis, and Robert Abbott, founder of the Defender, to achieve their own manhood through newspaper publishing. Yet, unlike DuBois, Abbott deployed sensationalism in order to amplify his paper’s particular call to manhood, politicizing and en-gendering the migration through riveting rhetoric that asserted that urbanity was the new maker and marker of manhood over the emasculating south’s older models of manhood connected to land ownership and self-produced commodities. The Defender’s construction of an urban-based black manhood helped set the tone for emerging New Negro sensibilities. Additionally, the Defender’s use of a gendered sensationalism helped establish black newspapers’ role in framing racial advancement within masculine terms throughout the twentieth century black freedom struggle.
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Jaime, Karen. "Walking Poetry in Loisaida." In The Queer Nuyorican. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479808281.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the relationship between the writing, performance, and sexuality of Nuyorican Poets Cafe co-founder Miguel Piñero alongside the contemporary changes to the demography and culture of the Lower East Side/Loisaida beginning with the 1970s. Specifically, chapter 1 argues that Piñero’s queer stride functions as a performance that marks and claims racial-sexual space as he takes ownership of his geographic surroundings by thinking, naming, and calling out as he walks. By attending to Piñero’s “Lower East Side Poem,” this chapter ensures that his queerness, like his street walking and random thinking, is now included in the Cafe’s storied and canonical history.
Conference papers on the topic "Founder ownership"
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Valiya Purayil, Priyesh, and Jijo Lukose P. J. "Founder ownership and earnings management: evidence from Indian IPOs." In 4th International Conference on Opportunities and Challenges in Management, Economics and Accounting. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/4omea.2019.02.02.
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Zheng, Weijun. "Ownership Influences on Vertical B2B E-marketplaces’ Survival." In InSITE 2009: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3336.
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A vertical electronic marketplace (EM) is an inter-organizational intermediary within a single industry that enables participating buyers and sellers to exchange information about price and product offerings and to cooperate on commodity exchange. Using a Relational View (RV) perspective, this paper develops theoretical arguments that explain the impact of ownership on the likelihood of vEM survival. With a survival analysis, this paper provides empirical support for the theoretical arguments using data collected on 159 vEMs across six industries. The paper found that EM ownerships with industry ties will have higher survival rates than those without.
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RUFAI, Hafsat Olubukanla. "Impact Assessment of Corporate Governance on Performance Of Selected Listed Companies in Nigeria." In 28th iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary Research Conference AIUWA The Gambia. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v28n3p12.
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The erosion of trust has put pressure on corporations to improve their performance. Due to widespread corporate scandals and failures around the world, there has been a renewed interest in the effect of corporate governance on firm performance. This study investigated the effect of corporate governance dimensions particularly board size and ownership concentration on performance and market share of selected listed companies in Nigeria. The study utilized secondary data for fifteen companies from the Financial Services, Consumer Goods and Industrial Goods Sectors of the Nigerian Stock Exchange for the period of 2014 to 2019. For data analysis, the study adopted the ordinary least multiple regression analysis. The study found that as board size and ownership concentration increase, ROE decreases. However, the study found that, to a significant extent, market share of listed firms in Nigeria increases as both board size and ownership concentration increase. This study concluded that board size and ownership concentration do not have significant effect on return on equity (ROE) of listed firms in Nigeria. Also, it concluded that board size and ownership concentration has significant effect on market share of listed firms in Nigeria. Although without significant effect, the study specifically found that as board size increases, return on equity (ROE) of listed firms in Nigeria decreases and as ownership concentration increases, ROE of listed companies in Nigeria also decreases.The study recommended that the board of the companies should always be of a size relative to the scale of its operation, allow for diversity and formation of necessary board committees in order to improve performance. Also, board of directors should ensure that ownership concentration is not too high even as board of the companies needs to ensure that they continuously subject themselves to ownership diversity and board size appropriateness in order for the business to be profitable and increase market share. Keywords: Board Size, Board Ownership, Corporate Governance, Performance, Nigeria
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Sakai, Rena, and Christine Bakke. "Student Ownership of Learning: A Student’s Experience." In InSITE 2022: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences. Informing Science Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4992.
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Aim/Purpose: This study reports the outcome of Student Ownership of Learning (SOL) through developing a shopping application. This research aims to describe embedding agile career-like experiences into software development courses in order to improve perceived educational value. Background: Many classes consist of lectures, homework, and tests; however, most students do not remember what they learn through passive instruction. The re-searchers of this study believe that SOL and Scrum can be combined to guide students as they take an active and leading role in their learning. Methodology: This study implemented SOL and Scrum to promote learning through teacher and student collaboration. Iterative development of an ill-defined and complex software project progressed through goal setting, task determination, prioritization, and timeboxing. Following Scrum, the complex project was first broken down into small units. The development followed short periods of independent work followed by meetings; each timeboxed development cycle is modeled after a Scrum sprint. Weekly instructor-student meetings emphasized planning and reflection through code review, discussions of progress and challenges, and prioritization for the next iteration. The project followed the agile philosophy of soft-ware development flow through iterative development rather than focusing on a defined end date. Contribution: This study provides a practical guide for successful student learning based on SOL and Scrum through project details such as project successes and iterative challenges. Findings: This study found that SOL, when combined with Scrum, can be used to provide a career-like software development experience. Student perceptions reflect regular interactions with a subject matter expert for the development of a complex software project increased willingness to learn, helped clarify goals, and advanced development of independent programming skills. Recommendations for Practitioners: Practitioners can share this research with faculty members from different faculties to develop the best solutions for SOL using Scrum. Recommendations for Researchers: Researchers are encouraged to explore different disciplines and different perspectives where SOL and Scrum methods might be implemented to increase active learning through teamwork or project-based learning. Impact on Society: This study is beneficial for creating or redesigning a course to include career-like experiences. Readers can understand that the high level of engagement and achievement achieved through SOL and Scrum are the driving forces for project success. Future Research: Practitioners and researchers can expand the current body of knowledge through further exploration of Scrum and SOL in educational settings where the emulation of real career experiences is desired. Future research examining best practices, tools, and methods for embedding complex software development projects into programming courses would benefit instructional faculty in many technical disciplines.
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Hogan, Karen M., and Alexander Kostyuk. "Corporate governance: Discovering the new research horizons." In Corporate governance: Fundamental and challenging issues in scholarly research. Virtus Interpress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgfcisred.
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The global reduction in individual or retail ownership of stocks toward a movement to more institutional ownership has had many effects on the financial markets, stock prices, and corporate structure over time. The new-found fields will sow the research agendas for the future of corporate governance. To that end, the papers presented at the international online conference, “Corporate Governance: Fundamental and Challenging Issues in Scholarly Research” represent some of that research that is starting to take bloom. The conference forum united the ideas of more than 40 scholars from many countries of the world who participated with their comments delivering more value to the research presented at the conferences.
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Peng, Aoran, Jessica Menold, and Scarlett R. Miller. "Does It Translate? A Case Study of Conceptual Design Outcomes With U.S. and Moroccan Students." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22623.
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Abstract High globalization in the world today results in the involvement of multi-discipline, multi-cultural teams, as well as the entrance of more economic powers in the market. Effective innovation strategies are critical if emerging markets plan to become economic players in this increasingly connected global market. The current work compares the design processes of designers from emerging and established markets to understand how design methods are applied across culture. Specifically, the design decisions of designers from Morocco, one of the four leading economic power in Africa, and the U.S. are investigated. Concept generation and selection are the focus of the current study as they are critical steps in the design process that can determine project outcomes. Previous studies have identified three factors, ownership bias, gender, and idea goodness as influential during concept selection. The effect of these three factors on designers in the United States is well established. The current study expands upon previous findings to examine the influence of these factors across two cultures — U.S. and Morocco. The results of this study, although preliminary, found that U.S. students had a higher idea fluency than Morocco students. It also found a significant difference in idea fluency between genders in the U.S. but not in Morocco. In addition, it was found that overall, participants exhibited ownership bias toward ideas with high goodness.
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DePold, Hans R., and Jason Siegel. "Using Diagnostics and Prognostics to Minimize the Cost of Ownership of Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-91183.
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In general, health management technologies observe features associated with anomalous system behavior and relate these features to useful information about the system’s condition. In the case of prognostics, this information is then related to the expected condition at some future time. The ability to estimate the time to conditional or to mechanical failure is of great benefit in health management systems. Inherently probabilistic in nature, prognostics can be applied to system/component failure modes governed by material condition and by functional loss. Like diagnostic algorithms, prognostic algorithms tend to be generic in design but specific in application. Today, elements of turbine gas generator condition based maintenance, module and part life analysis, and soft removal times play essential roles in sustaining safe operations and effective equipment maintenance. When intelligently combined with value chain analysis they provide the decision support system needed to undertake the maintenance actions which minimize total cost of ownership. The methodologies and mathematical constructs for performing optimization require the system designer to clearly define a useful cost or objective function, which when minimized mathematically produces the parametric design combination that we call optimized. In the specific cases where parametric constraints exist, our optimized system typically will be found along those boundary conditions.
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Cole, Courtney, Jacqueline Marhefka, Kathryn Jablokow, Susan Mohammed, Sarah Ritter, and Scarlett Miller. "How Engineering Design Students’ Psychological Safety Impacts Team Concept Generation and Screening Practices." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22585.
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Abstract Psychological safety has been shown to be a consistent, generalizable, and multilevel predictor of outcomes in performance and learning across fields. While work in this field has suggested that psychological safety can impact the creative process, particularly in the generation of ideas and in the discussions surrounding idea development, there has been limited investigations of psychological safety in the engineering domain. Without this knowledge we do not know when fostering psychological safety in a team environment is most important. This study provides the first attempt at answering this question through an empirical study with 53 engineering design student teams over the course of a 4- and 8-week design project. Specifically, we sought to identify the role of psychological safety on the number and quality (judged by goodness) of ideas generated. In addition, we explored the role of psychological safety on ownership bias and goodness in the concept screening process. The results of the study identified that while psychological safety was not related to the number of ideas a team developed, it was positively related to the quality (goodness) of the ideas developed. In addition, while no relationship was found between psychological safety and ownership bias during concept screening, the results showed that teams with high psychological safety selected a higher percentage of their team members ideas.
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Chavat, J. P., and S. Nesmachnow. "Data analysis approach for characterizing residential energy consumption based on statistics of household appliances ownership." In 1st International Workshop on Advanced Information and Computation Technologies and Systems 2020. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47350/aicts.2020.02.
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Worldwide, residential electricity demand has increased constantly, expecting to double in 2050 the demand of 2010. Different policies have been proposed to achieve a smart use of electricity. This article presents a data-analysis approach to evaluate the potential household electricity consumption from statistical data. The main axis of the study are statistics of appliance ownership and information of the appliance characteristics, gathered from census surveys and local shops. An index to estimate the electricity consumption is performed. The validation of the proposed index is carried out using real consumption data from the Electricity Consumption Data set of Uruguay and Ordinary Least Square linear regressions. Jupyter notebooks, Python language and well-know libraries such as Pandas and Numpy were used during the implementation. The main results show that administrative regions located on the West/Southwest coastlines present the highest index scores. In turn, census sections/segments on the West/Southwest coastlines of Montevideo performed the highest scores while the lowest scores can be found at the outskirts of the city. The proposed methodology can be applied for electricity consumption estimation in other regions/countries where census data is publicly available.
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Robinson Beachboard, Martine, and John C. Beachboard. "Implications of Foreign Ownership on Journalistic Quality in a Post-Communist Society: The Case of Finance." In InSITE 2006: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3029.
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When freedom from Communism largely eliminated overt government censorship of newspapers, other political and business pressures appeared. Consequently, Southeastern European newspaper publishers faced threats to financial viability and editorial integrity. The editor-in-chief of one newspaper in the former Yugoslavian republic of Slovenia claims to have found freedom from political and advertiser influence after a global media conglomerate invested in the publication. Notably, the business daily Finance is the only hard-news start-up to survive in the eleven years since Slovenia gained independence from the Republic of Yugoslavia. This research paper offers a provocative example where international investment appears to have contributed to the democratizing of media in a post-communist society. The paper is not intended to argue that foreign media investments are necessarily beneficial but to suggest some circumstances in which foreign media investment can be advantageous to the democratic aspirations of a society.
Reports on the topic "Founder ownership"
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Finkelshtain, Israel, and Tigran Melkonyan. The economics of contracts in the US and Israel agricultures. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695590.bard.
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Research Objectives 1) Reviewing the rich economic literature on contracting and agricultural contracting; 2) Conducting a descriptive comparative study of actual contracting patterns in the U.S. and Israeli agricultural sectors; 3) Theoretical analysis of division of assets ownership, authority allocation and incentives in agricultural production contracts; 4) Theoretical analysis of strategic noncompetitive choice of agricultural production and marketing contracts, 5) Empirical studies of contracting in agricultural sectors of US and Israel, among them the broiler industry, the citrus industry and sugar beet sector. Background Recent decades have witnessed a world-wide increase in the use of agricultural contracts. In both the U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many crops, fruits, vegetables and livestock commodities. The increased use of agricultural contracts raises a number of important economic policy questions regarding the optimal design of contracts and their determinants. Even though economists have made a substantial progress in understanding these issues, the theory of contracts and an empirical methodology to analyze contracts are still evolving. Moreover, there is an enormous need for empirical research of contractual relationships. Conclusions In both U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many agricultural commodities. In the U.S. more than 40% of the value of agricultural production occurred under either marketing or production contracts. The use of agricultural contracts in Israel is also ubiquitous and reaches close to 60% of the value of agricultural production. In Israel we have found strategic considerations to play a dominant role in the choice of agricultural contracts and may lead to noncompetitive conduct and reduced welfare. In particular, the driving force, leading to consignment based contracts is the strategic effect. Moreover, an increase in the number of contractors will lead to changes in the terms of the contract, an increased competition and payment to farmers and economic surplus. We found that while large integrations lead to more efficient production, they also exploit local monopsonistic power. For the U.S, we have studied in more detail the choice of contract type and factors that affect contracts such as the level of informational asymmetry, the authority structure, and the available quality measurement technology. We have found that assets ownership and decision rights are complements of high-powered incentives. We have also found that the optimal allocation of decision rights, asset ownership and incentives is influenced by: variance of systemic and idiosyncratic shocks, importance (variance) of the parties’ private information, parameters of the production technology, the extent of competition in the upstream and downstream industries. Implications The primary implication of this project is that the use of agricultural production and marketing contracts is growing in both the US and Israeli agricultural sectors, while many important economic policy questions are still open and require further theoretical and empirical research. Moreover, actual contracts that are prevailing in various agricultural sectors seems to be less than optimal and, hence, additional efforts are required to transfer the huge academic know-how in this area to the practitioners. We also found evidence for exploitation of market powers by contactors in various agricultural sectors. This may call for government regulations in the anti-trust area. Another important implication of this project is that in addition to explicit contracts economic outcomes resulting from the interactions between growers and agricultural intermediaries depend on a number of other factors including allocation of decision and ownership rights and implicit contracting. We have developed models to study the interactions between explicit contracts, decision rights, ownership structure, and implicit contracts. These models have been applied to study contractual arrangements in California agriculture and the North American sugarbeet industry.
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Nyirongo, Godwin, Chiya Mangwele, Hugh Bagnall-Oakeley, et al. Malawi Stories of Change in Nutrition: Funding for Nutrition. Save the Children, Civil Society Agriculture Network (CISANET), and Institute of Development Studies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.078.
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Malawi has strong policies and frameworks for nutrition but insufficient funding to implement them. Analyses of government budgets at national level and in 10 districts from financial years 2016/17 to 2022/23, found that domestic budget allocations for nutrition are still well below the 5% of national budget target set by the government. National budget allocations ranged between 0.5% to 3.7% depending on the year. At district level, they ranged from 0.2% to 1.6%, with only one district, in one financial year, exceeding the 1.5% target for district level nutrition budget allocations. Over 95% of nutrition activities in Malawi are currently funded by external donors. The absence of sufficient, consistent and dedicated domestic budget for nutrition at national and district level, means nutrition policies and plans will continue to be driven by, and dependent on, externally funded pilot-scale projects without national reach or ownership. Budget tracking is essential, as it provides data, which all actors can use to hold government to account on their commitments and funding targets.
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Kislev, Yoav, Ramon Lopez, and Ayal Kimhi. Intergenerational Transfers by Farmers under Different Institutional Environments. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604936.bard.
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This research studies the issues of intergenerational transfers in general and farm succession in particular in two different institutional environments. One is the relatively unregulated farm sector in the United States, and the other is the heavily regulated family farms in Israeli moshavim. Most of the analysis is based on modern economic theory dealing with inheritance and other intergenerational issues. However, we start with two background studies. One is a review of the legal system affecting farm succession in the moshav, which, as we claim throughout the report, is of major importance to the question in hand. The second is an ethnographical study aimed at documenting various inheritance and succession practices in different moshavim. These two studies provide insight for most of the economic studies included here. The theoretical studies mostly deal with various aspects of two major decisions faced by farmers: who will succeed them on the farm, and when will succession take place. The first decision clearly depends on the institutional structure: for instance, Israeli farmers are limited to one successor while American farmers are not. The second decision can be taken in three stages: sharing farm work with the successor, sharing farm management, and eventually transferring the ownership. The occurrence and length of each stage depend on the first decision as well as on the institutional structure directly. The empirical studies are aimed at analyzing the practices and considerations of Israeli and American farmers regarding various intergenerational transfers-related issues. We found that American farmers' decisions are mainly driven by the desire to let the farm prosper in future generations and by a preference for equal treatment of heirs, and not at all by old-age support considerations. In contrast, we demonstrate the significant effect of old-age support on the value of the transferred farm in a sample of Israeli farms. Using Israeli census data, we find that the time of farm ownership transfer responds to economic incentives. A smaller Israeli panel data set shows that controlling for the occurrence of succession, farm size rises with operator's age and eventually falls, while intensity of production seems to decline steadily. This explains another finding, that farm transfer contributed significantly to farm growth when farming was attractive to successors. This finding supports our main conclusion, that the succession decisions are of major importance to the viability and profitability of family farms over the long run.
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Rarasati, Niken, and Rezanti Putri Pramana. Giving Schools and Teachers Autonomy in Teacher Professional Development Under a Medium-Capability Education System. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2023/050.
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A mature teacher who continuously seeks improvement should be recognised as a professional who has autonomy in conducting their job and has the autonomy to engage in a professional community of practice (Hyslop-Margison and Sears, 2010). In other words, teachers’ engagement in professional development activities should be driven by their own determination rather than extrinsic sources of motivation. In this context, teachers’ self-determination can be defined as a feeling of connectedness with their own aspirations or personal values, confidence in their ability to master new skills, and a sense of autonomy in planning their own professional development path (Stupnisky et al., 2018; Eyal and Roth, 2011; Ryan and Deci, 2000). Previous studies have shown the advantages of providing teachers with autonomy to determine personal and professional improvement. Bergmark (2020) found that giving teachers the opportunity to identify areas of improvement based on teaching experience expanded the ways they think and understand themselves as teachers and how they can improve their teaching. Teachers who plan their own improvement showed a higher level of curiosity in learning and trying out new things. Bergmark (2020) also shows that a continuous cycle of reflection and teaching improvement allows teachers to recognise that the perfect lesson does not exist. Hence, continuous reflection and improvement are needed to shape the lesson to meet various classroom contexts. Moreover, Cheon et al. (2018) found that increased teacher autonomy led to greater teaching efficacy and a greater tendency to adopt intrinsic (relative to extrinsic) instructional goals. In developed countries, teacher autonomy is present and has become part of teachers’ professional life and schools’ development plans. In Finland, for example, the government is responsible for providing resources and services that schools request, while school development and teachers’ professional learning are integrated into a day-to-day “experiment” performed collaboratively by teachers and principals (Niemi, 2015). This kind of experience gives teachers a sense of mastery and boosts their determination to continuously learn (Ryan and Deci, 2000). In low-performing countries, distributing autonomy of education quality improvement to schools and teachers negatively correlates with the countries’ education outcomes (Hanushek et al., 2011). This study also suggests that education outcome accountability and teacher capacity are necessary to ensure the provision of autonomy to improve education quality. However, to have teachers who can meet dynamic educational challenges through continuous learning, de Klerk & Barnett (2020) suggest that developing countries include programmes that could nurture teachers’ agency to learn in addition to the regular content and pedagogical-focused teacher training materials. Giving autonomy to teachers can be challenging in an environment where accountability or performance is measured by narrow considerations (teacher exam score, administrative completion, etc.). As is the case in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, teachers tend to attend training to meet performance evaluation administrative criteria rather than to address specific professional development needs (Dymoke and Harrison, 2006). Generally, the focus of the training relies on what the government believes will benefit their teaching workforce. Teacher professional development (TPD) is merely an assignment for Jakarta teachers. Most teachers attend the training only to obtain attendance certificates that can be credited towards their additional performance allowance. Consequently, those teachers will only reproduce teaching practices that they have experienced or observed from their seniors. As in other similar professional development systems, improvement in teaching quality at schools is less likely to happen (Hargreaves, 2000). Most of the trainings were led by external experts or academics who did not interact with teachers on a day-to-day basis. This approach to professional development represents a top-down mechanism where teacher training was designed independently from teaching context and therefore appears to be overly abstract, unpractical, and not useful for teachers (Timperley, 2011). Moreover, the lack of relevancy between teacher training and teaching practice leads to teachers’ low ownership of the professional development process (Bergmark, 2020). More broadly, in the Jakarta education system, especially the public school system, autonomy was never given to schools and teachers prior to establishing the new TPD system in 2021. The system employed a top-down relationship between the local education agency, teacher training centres, principals, and teachers. Professional development plans were usually motivated by a low teacher competency score or budgeted teacher professional development programme. Guided by the scores, the training centres organised training that could address knowledge areas that most of Jakarta's teachers lack. In many cases, to fulfil the quota as planned in the budget, the local education agency and the training centres would instruct principals to assign two teachers to certain training without knowing their needs. Realizing that the system was not functioning, Jakarta’s local education agency decided to create a reform that gives more autonomy toward schools and teachers in determining teacher professional development plan. The new system has been piloted since November 2021. To maintain the balance between administrative evaluation and addressing professional development needs, the new initiative highlights the key role played by head teachers or principals. This is based on assumption that principals who have the opportunity to observe teaching practice closely could help teachers reflect and develop their professionalism. (Dymoke and Harrison, 2006). As explained by the professional development case in Finland, leadership and collegial collaboration are also critical to shaping a school culture that could support the development of professional autonomy. The collective energies among teachers and the principal will also direct the teacher toward improving teaching, learning, and caring for students and parents (Hyslop-Margison and Sears, 2010; Hargreaves, 2000). Thus, the new TPD system in Jakarta adopts the feature of collegial collaboration. This is considered as imperative in Jakarta where teachers used to be controlled and join a professional development activity due to external forces. Learning autonomy did not exist within themselves. Hence, teachers need a leader who can turn the "professional development regulation" into a culture at schools. The process will shape teachers to do professional development quite autonomously (Deci et al., 2001). In this case, a controlling leadership style will hinder teachers’ autonomous motivation. Instead, principals should articulate a clear vision, consider teachers' individual needs and aspirations, inspire, and support professional development activities (Eyal and Roth, 2011). This can also be called creating a professional culture at schools (Fullan, 1996). In this Note, we aim to understand how the schools and teachers respond to the new teacher professional development system. We compare experience and motivation of different characteristics of teachers.
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Global Food 50/50: Hungry for gender equality. Global Health 50/50, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56649/wiqe2012.
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Across the world, populations are facing severe threats and rising inequalities due to a combination of climate change, environmental degradation, COVID-19 and conflict. Food systems, as a result, are in crisis and people are increasingly feeling the impact on their everyday lives. For women, globally and across regions, the impact of the food systems crisis is more severe than for men, and women are more food insecure than men. Women, historically and now, have less access to healthy food, land ownership and resources for food production than men. Gender inequalities are woven through food systems, and contribute to unjust food production, access and consumption. Global food systems organizations are working to address some of the critical issues facing populations’ access to food and nutrition. The second annual Global Food 50/50 Report assesses whether and how such organizations are integrating gender and equality considerations in their work. It reviews the policies and practices of 51 organizations as they relate to two interlinked dimensions of inequality: inequality of opportunity in career pathways inside organizations and inequality in who benefits from the global food system. The primary aim of the Global Food 50/50 Report is to encourage food systems organizations to confront and address gender inequality both within their organizations and governance structures, and in their programmatic approaches across food systems. A second aim is to increase recognition of the role that gender plays in who runs and benefits from food systems for everybody: women and men, including transgender people, and people with nonbinary gender identities. Key findings from this year’s report show that gender and geographic diversity are severely lacking in the boards of major global food organizations, with leadership positions dominated by men from the global north. This matters because representation from a narrow section of the global population will not result in policies and programmes that meet the needs and interests of all people, across all regions, including women. The review of board composition of 51 organizations showed that more than 70% of board seats are held by nationals of high-income countries. Just 8% of board seats are held by women from low- and middle-income countries. However, there is room for hope. Our findings show an increase in women board chairs from 26% in 2021 to 35% in 2022. More organizations are publishing board diversity policies—policies were found in 30% of organizations, a 10% increase since 2021. Moreover, the review located five new board diversity policies across the sample. A high proportion of organizations (49/52) have made formal and public commitments to gender equality and this has increased since 2021. In 2022, there was an increase of five organizations with gender-transformative programmatic approaches, from 60% to 70% and a decrease in the number of organizations with gender-blind approaches. Despite some advances among some global food systems organizations, the sector has a long way to go to achieve gender equality in the boardroom, in the workplace and in who benefits from their work. The data in this report can equip leaders at all levels—from communities to workforces to boards—to take action, drive change, measure progress, and hold those in power accountable to their commitments to advance gender equality and transform food systems. A fairer, more gender-equal system will be best placed to end hunger, poverty, and inequality around the world.