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1
Stephan, Pelikan, ed. Genetic diversity in establishing plant populations: Founder number and geometry. Science Publishers ; Boca Raton, FL : Distributed by CRC Press, 2011.
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2
Kelleher, Mary Jane. Influence of parasitoids on a population of diplolepis splinosa (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) found on rosa rugosa thunb. (Rosaceae) in Sudbury, Ontario. s.n.], 1988.
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3
Hess, Elizabeth. Lost and found: Dogs, cats, and everyday heroes at a country animal shelter. Harcourt Brace, 1998.
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4
Bessolicyn, Aleksandr. Cinema of the Modern Era (Joint-stock cinematographic companies in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century). INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2145830.
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Based on a wide range of sources, the monograph shows the activities of the main officially registered joint-stock cinematographic companies operating in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. Economic modernization, which flourished in Russia at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries, accelerated the process of formation of joint-stock cinematographic companies. This period turned out to be bright for Russia, but chronologically short. Having turned into a mass spectacle, cinema developed along the path of transformation into an art form that was technological in nature and focused largely on the broad masses of the population. This predetermined the interest of private business in this type of entertainment, which saw a real opportunity to make significant profits by involving democratic segments of the population, primarily cities, in this form of leisure activities. At the beginning of the twentieth century, branches of famous French film companies operated in Russia: Gaumont, Br Pathe, as well as about 20 officially registered domestic joint-stock companies, the largest of which was the joint-stock company A.A. Khanzhonkov and Co., which turned out to be the most effective in the pre-revolutionary film business. The paper examines the mechanism of approval of joint-stock cinematographic companies, the formation of management bodies and the participation of founders and shareholders in this process, as well as in the distribution of profits and payment of dividends.
6
Rogstad, Steven H., and Stephan Pelikan. Genetic Diversity in Establishing Plant Populations: Founder Number and Geometry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
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7
Rogstad, Steven H., and Stephan Pelikan. Genetic Diversity in Establishing Plant Populations: Founder Number and Geometry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
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8
Brisbane, Arthur. What Mrs. Eddy Said To Arthur Brisbane: The Celebrated Interview Of The Eminent Journalist With The Discoverer And Founder Of Christian Science. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2006.
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9
Kay, Chris, Emily Fisher, and Michael R. Hayden. Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199929146.003.0007.
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The prevalence and persistence of Huntington’s disease (HD) is crucially informed by the causative mutation. Diagnostic and predictive testing has enabled a new era of epidemiologic study of HD, whereby only those who carry an expanded CAG repeat are included in such measures. In Western populations, estimated prevalence of the disease is higher following the introduction of genetic testing, and prevalence may also be increasing in absolute terms. There are worldwide differences in the prevalence of HD by ethnicity and population, which may be accounted for in part by genetic diversity of the CAG repeat and the surrounding haplotype. HD is endemic to all populations, but is most common in populations of European ancestry in which specific disease haplotypes are found. New mutations maintain HD in a population, and genetic differences by population may contribute to differences in the de novo mutation rate.
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Anselmi, A. C. M., S. C. E. Gallon, P. Müller, and K. Reinhardt. Populationsgröße, Trichterdichte und Habitatpräferenz der Dünen-Ameisenjungfer Myrmeleon bore (Tjeder, 1941) im Gebiet der Dresdner Heide (Neuroptera). Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.402.
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Following the first record of Myrmeleon bore (Tjeder, 1941) in the Dresden Heath area in 2019 (KURTH 2020, Sächs. Entomol. Z. 10: 71-80), the population size and density of the species was determined. M. bore mainly was found in open, sparsely vegetated, sandy areas with direct sunlight exposure. The area-weighted density of the entire study site (4.05 hectares) was 0.177 larvae/m2. Population size estimates based on random quadrat counts lead to a figure of 4000-7000 individuals - the largest known population of this species. The positive correlation between larval size and pit diameter known for this species from laboratory trials was confirmed at our study site. This correlation may allow researchers to estimate the age structure of wild populations. Given the special responsibility of Germany for the protection of this species and the size of the population, we urge the protection of the site and a prioritisation over other protected species found in the area.
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Practical Considerations Founded on the Scriptures: Relative to the Slave Population of South-Carolina. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.
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12
Practical Considerations Founded on the Scriptures: Relative to the Slave Population of South-Carolina. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.
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13
Hundert, Gershon David, ed. Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 10. Liverpool University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774310.001.0001.
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Jewish society in Poland–Lithuania in the second half of the eighteenth century was by no means insular: Jews numbered about 750,000, and comprised about half the urban population of the country. The contact between Jews and the wider Polish society found expression in the languages Jews knew, in their marriage patterns, even in their synagogue architecture and decoration, but also in Polish accusations of Jewish ritual murder. All these aspects are here systematically reviewed. Internal factors influencing developments within Jewish society are discussed: treatments of the medieval rabbinic ban on polygamy, as well as various influences of the growing interest in kabbalah — its impact on synagogue structure, on prayer, and on the spiritual world of women. The growth of hasidism is considered through critical analysis of the legends about its founder, Israel Ba'al Shem Tov. This wealth of topics helps to fill the gaps in our understanding of Jewish life in this important period. The New Views section of the volume incorporates valuable studies on other topics.
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Kropf, Nancy P., and Sherry M. Cummings. Introduction to the Aging Population. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190214623.003.0001.
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Chapter 1, “Introduction: The Aging Population,” discusses the prevalent mental health disorders experienced by older adults, including depression, dementia, substance abuse, and severe mental illness. This chapter also sets the context for practice with older clients by examining the factors that influence psychological well-being in late life. As individuals age, they become increasingly diverse. Gender and race differentials found throughout life are accompanied and heightened by disparities in later-life health, physical functioning, and cognitive status. Variations in older adult cohorts, from those who were raised during the Great Depression to baby boomers who came to age during a period of growing prosperity and substance use, are also discussed. Finally, elements of practice with a diverse population of adults are presented.
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Goldstone, Jack A. Population Movements and Security. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.277.
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Population movements can affect security in a variety of ways. Aside from altering a society’s overall balance of population and physical resources, they exert a considerable influence on the institutions of society—the state, elite recruitment and social status, the military, labor organizations and peasant villages—in a way that undermines political and social order. The consequences of population movements for security can also be seen in differential population growth and migration, differential aging of different populations, and issues of resource allocation and climate change. The work of T. R. Malthus in the early nineteenth century advanced the argument that more people would put an undesirable burden on societies, and weaken them. Julian Simon turned the Malthusian argument on its head with his claim that people were the “ultimate resource,” and that the more people were around to work on solving the globe’s problems, the more likely it was that powerful solutions would be found. The debate between Malthusians, represented by Paul Ehrlich, and Cornucopians, represented by Simon, from the 1960s to the 1990s was primarily about the impact of population on economic growth. In the 1990s, a new direction emerged in the debate on population and security. This was the argument that population growth would lead to local shortages of critical resources such as farmland, water, and timber, and that these could trigger internal conflicts and even civil wars. These conflicts arise only where states and economies are relatively weak and unable to respond to population growth.
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Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. The Components of Population Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0008.
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Scotland and England had broadly similar fertility and mortality trends, but Scotland’s net emigration far exceeded England’s at all periods, and in most decades was the highest in western Europe after Ireland. Analysis at local authority level shows net out-migration from almost every county in every decade until at least the 1990s, with high net outflows not just from highland and island areas but spread across most of rural Scotland and, much earlier than in England, even from the cities and largest towns. From the 1950s, Scotland had no local authorities which shared the significant net inflows found across large areas of the English south and the midlands. Graphical analysis shows major differences in crude birth and death rates in different parts of Scotland, with birth rates persistently high in the manufacturing areas of the Central Belt and low in the crofting and textile manufacturing counties.
17
Novak, Stephen John. Multiple introduction and founder effects in Bromus tectorum L.: An analysis of Eurasian and North American populations. 1990.
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18
Kennedy, John James, and Yaojiang Shi. Lost and Found. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917425.001.0001.
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Between 1979 and 2010 local leaders and rural families across China concealed the existence of millions of girls from government officials and the national census. The single child policy (1979–2015) was introduced in 1979, and the central government’s goal was to reduce population growth through strict birth control. Yet, at the same time, many rural parents had strong incentives not to comply with the birth control policy because under economic reforms in the 1980s and 1990s, larger families meant increased labor and income. However, most journalists and scholars reported that the combination of a strictly enforced central policy and a historical preference for sons had led to a stark gender imbalance, with an abnormally higher number of males being born than females. The result was an estimated 20 million “missing girls” in the population from 1980 to 2010. Most demographers have believed that this dearth of girls has been due to widespread sex-selective abortion and infanticide. Yet quantitative analysis of China census data and qualitative interviews with rural parents and local leaders suggest that at least half of the “missing girls” were hidden in China. This was due to two key factors. First was the discretion to implement central policy that street-level bureaucrats and local leaders have. There was mutual noncompliance between rural families and village leaders, such that rural parents did not immediately register additional children and local leaders underreported illegal births to higher authorities. Second is the increasing value of daughters and equal preference for sons and daughters over the last several decades.
19
Jones, Emily. Learning Conservatism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198799429.003.0007.
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The construction of Burke as the ‘founder of conservatism’ was also a product of developments in education. The increasing study of Burke arose out of several converging movements: in publishing and technology; in philosophical thought; in the increasing disposable income and leisure time of greater portions of the population; and in education movements for men and women at all levels. The popularity of topics such as the French Revolution, Romanticism, and late eighteenth-century history meant that Burke became a feature of lectures and examinations. At university, Burke was of particular interest to philosophical Idealists, English literature professors and students, and a generation of historians who taught increasingly modern courses. By analysing how Burke was studied at this much more popular, general level it is possible to pinpoint how Burke’s ‘conservative’ political thought was taught to swathes of new students—it took more than gentlemanly erudition to establish a scholarly orthodoxy.
20
Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon, and Aki Tsuchiya. Methods for obtaining health state utility values: generic preference-based measures of health. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0007.
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This chapter describes the six most widely used generic preference-based measures of health (GPBMs) (also known as multiattribute utility scales): EQ-5D, SF-6D, HUI, AQoL, 15D, and QWB. GPBMs have become the most widely used method for obtaining health state utility values. They contain a health state classification with multilevel dimensions that together describe a universe of health states and a set of values (where full health = 1 and dead = 0) for each health state obtained by eliciting the preferences (typically) of members of the general population. These measures are reviewed in terms of their content, methods of valuation, the scores they generate, and the possible reasons for the differences found. Their performance is reviewed using published evidence on their validity across conditions, and the implications for their use in policy making discussed. The chapter also reviews the generic measures available for use in populations of children and adolescents.
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Burgard, Michael, and Robert Kohn. Substance Use Disorders in the Elderly. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0030.
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Substance use disorders in older adults remains lower than in younger adults; however, the prevalence is rising in the elderly population. In the United States, the lifetime prevalence of an alcohol use disorder among persons age 65 and older is 16.1%. Studies of Veteran’s Administration nursing home residents have found that 29% to 49% of those admitted have a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorder. A sizable proportion of the elderly acknowledge driving under the influence. In 2013, 1.5% of the elderly had used illicit drugs. The number requiring treatment for substance abuse is expected to double by 2020. The populations with the fastest increase in opiate mortality are those age 55 and older, including those 65 and older. This chapter presents the epidemiology of substance use among older adults and discusses issues related to elders’ substance use, including use in nursing homes, impaired driving and arrests, use of non-prescription medications, screening for substance use, and treatment.
22
Scott, Naomi. The epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0062.
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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter describes a retrospective study examining the epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome in the Dutch general population. The researchers accessed patient data by means of the Integrated Primary Care Information project, which provided a large representative sample of the general population inclusive of all ages. They found an incidence of 26.2 per 100,000 person-years from a source population of 190,902 people. In those patients diagnosed by a specialist, three contemporaneous diagnostic criteria were applied, one of which was that of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). The authors demonstrated that there were marked differences in the proportions of cases fulfilling different criteria and thus highlighted problems with case diagnosis. When the 1994 IASP criteria were strictly applied, the incidence was found to be 16.8 per 100,000 person-years.
23
Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. Prey selection and the impact of cheetah predation on prey populations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0004.
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Small springbok lambs were killed more frequently than expected and large lambs and subadults in more or less expected proportions. Adults were killed less frequently than expected, although old animals, females in late pregnancy, and males were vulnerable. A similar selection process was observed in steenbok, except medium-sized lambs, not small lambs, were usually killed, and there was no selection for sex. Cheetah predation was found to have an important density-dependent regulatory role on these two species. Analyses of prey preference using Jacob’s index showed that springbok were the most preferred species, although their distribution was limited, and springhares the most important avoided species, despite their prevalence in solitary cheetahs’ kills. Examples of diet flexibility in the cheetah occurred during an eland influx into the study area, when coalition males killed a number of calves, and when an emaciated female took to preying on unpalatable bat-eared foxes.
24
Dangerfield, Paul, Andrew Austin, and Graeme Baker. Biology, Ecology and Systematics of Australian Scelio. CSIRO Publishing, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100763.
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Parasitic wasps of the genus Scelio play an important role in the regulation of orthopteran populations and are implicated in suppressing numbers of numerous pest locusts and grasshoppers. This landmark volume provides a full taxonomic treatment of the sixty species of Scelio found on the Australian continent and reviews in detail the biology and ecology and host relationships of Scelio on a worldwide basis.
 Taking an international perspective, the text outlines our current knowledge on topics such as host finding, population biology, and methods and techniques for collection and study in the field. The use of Scelio as biological control agents is discussed and comprehensive checklists document the recorded host relationships of each known species worldwide.
 There is a full taxonomic revision of all Australian species of Scelio, half of which are newly described. Each species description is complemented with high-quality line drawings, micrographs and distribution maps. In addition, an illustrated key to species enables easy identification of species by non-taxonomists. Biology, Ecology and Systematics of Australian Scelio provides wasp taxonomists, researchers of orthoptera and biological control workers with a basis for detailed studies elsewhere on this economically important group of insects.
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Hurt-Thaut, Corene. Clinical practice in music therapy. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0047.
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The field of music therapy has grown substantially since it was founded in 1950. The advances in research and medical knowledge continue to help explain the therapeutic effects of music on behaviour based on scientific evidence, providing the framework to systematically and creatively transform musical responses into therapeutic responses. This article begins with descriptions of music therapy and the music therapy treatment process. It then discusses the application of music therapy to clinical populations and music therapy in neurological rehabilitation.
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Hunter, Fraser. Beyond Hadrian’s Wall. Edited by Martin Millett, Louise Revell, and Alison Moore. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.011.
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Britannia’s northern frontier varied considerably over the Roman period, stabilizing only in the early third century. This variation leads to a fascinating archaeological record of the changing Roman military presence and its relation to the local population. This chapter examines the local Iron Age societies, considers military aspects of the invasion, and presents a wider view of life on the frontier. It then turns to the relationship between the indigenous population and Rome over four centuries. Historical sources for conflict indicate an uneasy relationship, but archaeological evidence uncovers other aspects: Roman material culture found varied uses in Iron Age societies, while the long and often difficult relationship had a series of unexpected consequences on both sides.
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Fowler, William R. A Historical Archaeology of Early Spanish Colonial Urbanism in Central America. University Press of Florida, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813069128.001.0001.
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Founded as a military encampment in 1525, abandoned, and refounded in 1528 as an early Spanish colonial town, the town of San Salvador had an indigenous population perhaps twenty times greater in number than its Spanish population. Abandoned 1545-60, its brief occupation spans the crucial years of the early colonial period in Central America. The well-preserved ruins of this town, known today as the site of Ciudad Vieja, afford a rare opportunity for archaeological study of the dynamics of early Spanish-indigenous interaction and entanglement. Approximately two dozen Spanish cities were founded in Central America during the early colonial period. Few have been investigated archaeologically, and Ciudad Vieja is unique among them for its integrity, preservation, visibility, and accessibility. The landscapes of these urban settlements formed the spatial matrices within which their inhabitants embodied the habitus of social and physical relations of their lives, structuring social encounters through the production and reproduction of social relationships. Their habitus and relationships were products of actions crystallized at prescribed places and materialized in the plans, layouts, architecture, and material culture objects of the towns. The present book emphasizes a modern-world archaeological approach featuring detailed spatial analysis of the town, viewing it as an urban landscape and emphasizing the mutual interactions of the individuals and different cultural groups that shared the urban space. The study is set within a dialectical historical framework for the development of urbanism in medieval and early modern Spain and the early Spanish colonial Caribbean and Central America.
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Dezzani, Raymond J., and Christopher Chase-Dunn. The Geography of World Cities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.423.
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World cities are a product of the globalization of economic activity that has characterized post-World War II capitalism, and exhibit characteristics previously found in primate cities but with influence extending far beyond the range of the metropolitan state. They are the culmination of postwar urbanization mechanisms coupled with the rise of transnational corporations that have served to concentrate unprecedented population and economic power/potential. The potential for both human development advantage and disadvantage is historically unprecedented in these new and highly interconnected urban amalgams. In general, human settlement systems are usually understood to include the systemic (regularized) ways in which settlements (hamlets, villages, towns, cities) are linked with one another by trade and other kinds of human interaction. Geographers, historians, and economists have developed models of urban structure and patterning incorporating population location/movement and the location of economic activity to be able to rationally explain and predict urban growth and allocate resources so as to implement equitable distributions. The resulting models served to illustrate the importance of the interactions between specific geographic location, population concentrations, and economic activity. But given the development of world cities, there is the relationship between the size of settlements and political power in intergroup relations to consider. The spatial aspect of population density is, after all, one of the most fundamental variables for understanding the constraints and possibilities of human social organization.
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Matsuda, Ikki, Cyril C. Grueter, and Julie A. Teichroeb, eds. The Colobines. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108347150.
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The Colobines are a group of Afroeurasian monkeys that exhibit extraordinary behavioural and ecological diversity. With long tails and diverse colourations, they are medium-sized primates, mostly arboreal, that are found in many different habitats, from rain forests and mountain forests to mangroves and savannah. Over the last two decades, our understanding of this group of primates has increased dramatically. This volume presents a comprehensive overview of the current research on colobine populations, including the range of biological, ecological, behavioural and societal traits they exhibit. It highlights areas where our knowledge is still lacking, and outlines the current conservation status of colobine populations, exploring the threats to their survival. Bringing together international experts, this volume will aid future conservation efforts and encourage further empirical studies. It will be of interest to researchers and graduate students in primatology, biological anthropology and conservation science. Additional online resources can be found at www.cambridge.org/colobines.
30
Hess, Elizabeth. Lost and Found: Dogs, Cats, and Everyday Heroes at a Country Animal Shelter. Harvest Books, 2000.
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31
Durakov, I. A., and L. N. Mylnikova. At the Dawn of Metallurgy: Bronze Casting Production of the Ob-Irtysh Forest-Steppe Population in the Early Bronze Age. IAET SB RAS Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/7803-0318-3.2021.
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Th e monograph is devoted to the problems of studying the bronze casting production of the Ust-Tartasskaya, the Odinovskaya and the Krotovskaya cultures of the Barabinsk forest-steppe Early Bronze Age. Th e work was carried out within the framework of an integrated analytical approach, which includes the use of traditional archaeological methods and data obtained as a result of the application of natural sciences methods. A method for determining the functional purpose of technical ceramics fragments is proposed. Th e archaeological context of the fi nds is described in detail and the characteristics of the bronze casting sites are given. Products of the foundry set of production equipment are represented by fragments of nozzles, molds and crucibles. For each item, full descriptions, analogies, the results of binocular analysis of molding masses and thermal studies are given. An assessment to the cultural, chronological and innovative traditions of bronze casting in certain periods of the Bronze Age is given. Th e book is addressed to specialists-archaeologists, ethnographers and everyone who is interested in the most ancient industries among the population of Siberia.
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Shulga, P. I., and D. P. Shulga. Xinjiang Mohuchahan cemetery (Chawuhu culture) in the Tien Shan foothills. IAET SB RAS Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/7803-0311-4.2020.
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Th is study is the third book of the author’s series dedicated to the Scythian-like cultures in China. Th e book investigates China materials from the Mohuchahan cemetery belonging to the Chawuhu culture in the period of 9th–8th centuries BC. Th is cemetery is one of the earliest sites found in the Eastern Scythian world. Th e representative data on funeral rite and goods used by the Chawuhu population that had lived a century earlier than anticipated was fi rst obtained at this site containing 235 burials. Th e relative chronology of four burial groups identifi ed in the cemetery with the goods being gradually modifi ed in the 9th–8th centuries BC is of particular importance. Th e Caucasian population who left the Mohuchahan cemetery was found to maintain ties with the Southern Siberian and Kazakhstan cultures at an early stage, which suggests a much wider distribution of such transitional sites. Th e monograph is intended for archaeologists and scientists engaged in studying the history of the Eastern Scythian world as well as the features of transition from the late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age.
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Fisher, Jonathan R. B. Global agricultural expansion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0011.
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This chapter asks whether evidence supports the widely held belief that land used for agriculture around the world has continued to rapidly expand via conversion of natural habitat in response to the demands created by recent human population growth. Contrary to conventional wisdom, global agricultural land use peaked in 1998 and has since declined. While habitat continues to be cleared for agriculture, on a global net basis, more agricultural land has been converted to other uses than vice versa. This analysis also found that national trends in agricultural expansion are driven by factors other than population growth. Although this does not mean agriculture is “sustainable,” these findings challenge the dominant narrative around global agricultural expansion and highlight other important issues that must be addressed. Looking at data at national and subnational scales is essential to understand the implications of global trends in agriculture, where improvements and interventions are most needed.
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Chowdhury, Arjun. Europe as an Other. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190686710.003.0003.
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This chapter offers an alternative view of the formation of the modern centralized state in Europe. It locates European state formation as occurring primarily in the nineteenth century, through escalating interstate warfare and colonialism. The challenge these phenomena presented was an increase in the cost of war, which necessitated that the centralized state emerge to protect the population by restricting warfare to peripheral areas. However, these bargains were predicated on shifting and epistemically unsound racial categories of who could found a state and who could not. These categories originally excluded non-Europeans but could quite easily exclude Europeans as well. Indeed, as imperial competition escalated, these categories broke down, and so did the bargains restricting European competition to non-European areas. Warfare escalated beyond the state’s ability to protect the population, and the war-making state proved self-undermining. The formation of modern states is more unstable than currently appreciated.
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Reed, Christopher Robert. Demography and Ethos. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036231.003.0002.
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The political economy of the 1920s were intricately linked to the demographic changes, emerging social structure, level of racial consciousness, cultural and aesthetic expressions, and religious practices and activities of this pivotal period in Chicago's history. This chapter focuses on demographics and the thinking accompanying the expansion of this population. Between 1910 and 1920, the African American population of Chicago increased by 148.5 percent. By 1927, a head count around the city in all three of the major geographical divisions found 196,569 persons of African descent in residence. The demographic growth of the Black Metropolis rested firmly on the continuous in-migration of primarily adults from the South—not only from the plantations of the Deep South and small towns but also cities such as Birmingham, New Orleans, Atlanta, and Mobile. Chicago's new Negro personality also bloomed and grew enormously in terms of an expanded African American worldview, expectations, and accomplishments.
36
Teoh, Karen M. A Little Education, a Little Emancipation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495619.003.0002.
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From the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries, British colonial policies toward Chinese female students in Malaya and Singapore were driven more by political than social considerations. An early period of inattention to female education by the British created spaces for missionary societies and the local Chinese community to establish linguistically plural, private girls’ schools. The colonial administration increasingly intervened in female education several decades after these schools had been founded, with different agendas depending on each institution’s language of instruction: in English schools, to bring the curriculum in line with racialized notions of femininity, and in Chinese schools, to fight the perceived threat of rising Chinese nationalism. Governmental concerns over managing the ethnic Chinese population outweighed the gender-specific assumptions that characterized educational policies for female students of other ethnicities.
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Gold, Roberta. “A Time of Struggle”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038181.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the unprecedented housing crisis that erupted in New York City at the end of World War II. At the end of the war, New Yorkers faced their worst housing shortage ever. The housing supply that had already been inadequate for the city's population and contained many substandard tenements had fallen even further behind, as construction virtually ceased during the Great Depression and the war. Meanwhile, demand was rising. Even the worst slum apartments found a market among African Americans who were moving north and discovering that de facto segregation confined them to a few crowded neighborhoods. By 1950, census figures showed that the city required an additional 430,000 dwelling units to properly house its population. This chapter looks at the rise of tenant activists and how they addressed the housing crisis via grassroots mobilizations in concert with leftist and liberal organizations, allowing them not only to retain, but also to institutionalize, the signal achievements of rent control and public housing.
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Fierro, Maribel. The Religious Policy of the Almohads. Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.018.
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The Almohads’ rule over the Islamic West—twelfth–thirteenth centuries, from western Lybia to the Iberian Peninsula—involved the imposition of their founder’s profession of faith stressing God’s unity (tawḥīd) on the population at large, including not only Jews and Christians who were forced to convert, but also Muslims. The original uncompromising rejection of anthropomorphism underwent changes as Almohad rule evolved from its Messianic (Mahdist) origins to the official support of philosophical inquiry. Discussion of Ibn Tūmart’s profession of faith and its links with Ibn Ṭufayl’s and Averroes’ work is complemented by an overview of the Almohad religious and intellectual elites (ṭalaba) and the development of law, theology and Sufism.
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Banyard, Ashley C., and Anthony R. Fooks. Rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0042.
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Rabies virus is epidemic in most parts of the world. It can replicate in all warm-blooded animals in which it causes a devastating neurological illness, which almost invariably results in death. Rabies is a disease of animals and human infection is a ‘spillover’ event occurring most commonly following a bite from an infected dog. Infection is seen in different patterns; rabies with little or no wildlife involvement, sometimes known as urban or street rabies, or in the wildlife population with spillover into domesticated animals (sylvatic).Eleven distinct species of lyssavirus are now recognized: species 1 is the most common strain found predominately in terrestrial animals. Species 2-7 are found in bat species with the exception of Mokola virus (species 4). Despite the availability of effective vaccines significant mortality still occurs, mostly in the tropics. The majority of rabies free countries are islands which are able to remain rabies free by import controls. Effective animal vaccines are available and dog rabies is well controlled in most parts of the developed world with dog vaccination. However, it remains an intractable problem in many countries in Asia and Africa due to lack of infrastructure, cost of vaccines and difficulty to control dog population. In recent years progress in controlling wildlife rabies has been achieved in west Europe using vaccine in bait, which offers promise for other regions with complex epidemiology.
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Fain, Cicero M. ,. III. Black Huntington. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042591.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book studies the multi-generational transition of rural and semi-rural southern black migrants to life in the embryonic urban-industrial town of Huntington, West Virginia, between 1871 and 1929. Strategically located adjacent to the Ohio River in the Tri-state region of southwestern West Virginia, southeastern Ohio, and eastern Kentucky, and founded as a transshipment station by financier Collis P. Huntington for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad in 1871, Huntington grew from a non-descript village to the state’s most populated city by 1930. Huntington’s black population grew in concert: by 1930, the city’s black population comprised the second largest in the state, behind Charleston, the state capital. The urbanization process posed different challenges, burdens, and opportunities to the black migrant than those migrating to the rural-industrial southern West Virginia coal mines. Direct and intensive supervision marked the urban industrial workplace, unlike the autonomy black coal miners’ experienced in the mines. Forced to navigate the socioeconomic and political constraints and dynamics of Jim Crow Era dictates, what state officials euphemistically termed, “benevolent segregation,” Huntington’s black migrants made remarkable strides. In the quest to transition from slave to worker to professional, Huntington’s black migrants forged lives, raised families, build black institutions, purchased property, and become black professionals. This study centers the criticality of their efforts to Huntington’s growth as a commercial, manufacturing, industrial, and cultural center.
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Maier, Harry O. The City and Its Residents. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190264390.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter discusses the administration, economics, population, poverty, life expectancy, and practices of Roman imperial urban life and New Testament intersections with them, focusing chiefly on the eastern Mediterranean. It describes the Roman Empire as a network of cities hierarchically arranged according to differing kinds of privileges. It treats the architecture usually found in cities and the usual offices of city administration. It presents typical urban demography and population density. It considers taxation, urban poverty, and wealth distribution, presenting Christians as impoverished as a corrective to scholarship that has exaggerated their wealth. It discusses the artisan economy of cities and the lives of tradespeople as a backdrop for the settings of Christianity. The administration and organization of differing types of associations are considered as an analogy for conceiving Christian assemblies. It describes the integration of Jews in urban life, together with ad hoc rather than empire-wide policies of toleration. It discusses “god-fearers” as a term to describe non-Jews affiliated with synagogues, as well as a word used to describe the piety of devotees of other religions.
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White, Peter. New Guinea. Edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.005.
Full textAbstract:
New Guinea, inhabited for approximately 50,000 years, has been the focus of far less archaeological research compared to Australia and Polynesia, to the south and east, respectively. However, the archaeology of this island is significant to perennial archaeological topics including the development of agriculture and social complexity, the explanation and effects of human interaction, the archaeological relevance of paleoenvironmental research, and the intersection of different dimensions of human variation, linguistic, biological, and cultural. This chapter focuses on both the changing subsistence practices of New Guinean populations over some 50 millennia, and the development of interaction and social networks between and within highland and lowland populations over the same time. Although Lapita pottery, often considered a marker of Austronesian migrants, is found in relatively small quantities on New Guinea, post-Lapita ceramics, document production, and exchange systems over the last two thousand years.
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McCormack, Robert B. Guide to Australia's Spiny Freshwater Crayfish. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643103870.
Full textAbstract:
Referred to as the 'Spiny Crayfishes' due to impressive arrays of spines on their hard armoured shells, Euastacus crayfish are the largest of the 10 genera of Australian freshwater crayfish. This book discusses 50 species found in Australia, from the iconic giant Murray lobster that is fished by recreational fishers, to the exceedingly rare and tiny species Euastacus maidae. 
 These uniquely Australian species range from Cooktown in far north Queensland to Wilsons Promontory in Victoria. Many are found in or around our major population areas. The book discusses basic crayfish anatomy, moulting and growth, morphology, breeding, threats and diseases. It includes colour photographs for each species, as well as a glossary and further reading list.
 A Guide to Australia’s Spiny Freshwater Crayfish will be of interest to researchers, conservationists, land managers, libraries and crayfish enthusiasts.
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Grieve, Victoria M. The Accidental Political Advantages of a Nonpolitical Book Program. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675684.003.0004.
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In the early years of the Cold War, the US government devoted substantial energy and funds to using books as weapons against the Soviet Union. Books and the principles they represented were to counter Soviet accusations of American materialism and spread American ideals around the globe. Founded in 1952, Franklin Books Program, Inc. was a gray propaganda program that operated at the nexus of US public–private cultural diplomacy efforts. USIA bureaucrats believed Franklin successfully carried out diplomatic objectives by highlighting the positive aspects of American culture and those who ran Franklin emphasized the “nonpolitical” aspects of cultural diplomacy, many of which directly targeted children. Franklin’s textbooks and juvenile science books cultivated a literate population friendly to the United States, reaching out to foreign young people through books, which like art, seemed to transcend the written word and represent abstract ideals of freedom and democracy.
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Saylor, Deanna, and John C. Probasco. Nutritional Deficiencies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0184.
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Nutritional deficiencies are estimated to affect at least one third of the world’s population. Although they are most common in developing countries, they are also found in the developed world where they often occur in the setting of alcoholism, eating disorders, post bariatric surgery, and malabsorptive disorders. Neurologic manifestations of vitamin deficiencies are varied, reflecting the diversity of biochemical activity of vitamins throughout the nervous system. Here the neurological manifestations of common vitamin deficiencies are examoned, beginning with a discussion of relevant biochemistry and pathophysiology of each respective vitamin. Several micronutrients are included in the tables within this chapter.
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Prusin, Alexander. Living with the Enemy. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041068.003.0010.
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Explores the life of the “silent majority” – the population at large - which found itself literally squeezed between the forces or occupation and resistance, coping daily with economic shortages, requisitions, and violence. By and large, economic deprivations and fear of German terror left little time for political activities. To provide for one’s family, one had to work and had to go back to his daily routines that accorded a minimum economic security and a modicum of social stability. In other words, living with the enemy effectively meant laboring for the enemy and entailed threading a dangerous balance between accommodation and collaboration.
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Bowen, Deborah J., Jennifer M. Jabson, and Steven S. Coughlin. Psycho-Oncology Interventions and Programs for Sexual and Gender Minorities (DRAFT). Edited by Youngmee Kim and Matthew J. Loscalzo. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190462253.003.0012.
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This chapter discusses the literature on cancer-related interventions for sexual and gender minority women and men and identifies directions for future research and practice. The authors divide the field up into interventions that operate in each of the four areas of cancer control: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary prevention. The main interventions developed for primary prevention of cancer for sexual minority women and men involve tobacco reduction and obesity reduction. Interventions for preventing HIV infection in LGBT populations have informed more recent efforts to address cancer. A few interventions have been evaluated for secondary prevention of cancer, and a few interventions have targeted sexual minority women and men during the treatment period. We found no interventions on quaternary prevention in sexual and gender minority populations and no evaluated interventions to improve the cancer-related health of gender minority individuals. There are multiple directions for future research in this area.
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Lézine, Anne-Marie. Vegetation at the Time of the African Humid Period. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.530.
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An orbitally induced increase in summer insolation during the last glacial-interglacial transition enhanced the thermal contrast between land and sea, with land masses heating up compared to the adjacent ocean surface. In North Africa, warmer land surfaces created a low-pressure zone, driving the northward penetration of monsoonal rains originating from the Atlantic Ocean. As a consequence, regions today among the driest of the world were covered by permanent and deep freshwater lakes, some of them being exceptionally large, such as the “Mega” Lake Chad, which covered some 400 000 square kilometers. A dense network of rivers developed.What were the consequences of this climate change on plant distribution and biodiversity? Pollen grains that accumulated over time in lake sediments are useful tools to reconstruct past vegetation assemblages since they are extremely resistant to decay and are produced in great quantities. In addition, their morphological character allows the determination of most plant families and genera.In response to the postglacial humidity increase, tropical taxa that survived as strongly reduced populations during the last glacial period spread widely, shifting latitudes or elevations, expanding population size, or both. In the Saharan desert, pollen of tropical trees (e.g., Celtis) were found in sites located at up to 25°N in southern Libya. In the Equatorial mountains, trees (e.g., Olea and Podocarpus) migrated to higher elevations to form the present-day Afro-montane forests. Patterns of migration were individualistic, with the entire range of some taxa displaced to higher latitudes or shifted from one elevation belt to another. New combinations of climate/environmental conditions allowed the cooccurrences of taxa growing today in separate regions. Such migrational processes and species-overlapping ranges led to a tremendous increase in biodiversity, particularly in the Saharan desert, where more humid-adapted taxa expanded along water courses, lakes, and wetlands, whereas xerophytic populations persisted in drier areas.At the end of the Holocene era, some 2,500 to 4,500 years ago, the majority of sites in tropical Africa recorded a shift to drier conditions, with many lakes and wetlands drying out. The vegetation response to this shift was the overall disruption of the forests and the wide expansion of open landscapes (wooded grasslands, grasslands, and steppes). This environmental crisis created favorable conditions for further plant exploitation and cereal cultivation in the Congo Basin.
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Reinecke, Holger. Epidemiology and global burden of peripheral arterial disease and aortic aneurysms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0068.
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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) and aortic aneurysms are common diseases which show an increasing prevalence and incidence. From community-based trials assessing ankle–brachial indices, 2–4% of the general population have been shown to be affected by PAD, which increases up to 15% in those above 70 years of age. About 30–40% of the in-hospital cases with PAD have critical limb ischaemia and suffer from a 1-year mortality of 20–40%. Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) also show a relatively high prevalence of about 1–2% in the general population as found by large-scale, systematic duplex screening. Of these, about 5% come to hospital admittance with a ruptured AAA which is still associated with an in-hospital mortality of up to 50%. The prevalence of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) was reported to be at about 0.16–0.34% in selected subgroups of the general population. The incident cases of TAAs have risen from 10/100,000 cases in the late 1980s up to about 17/100,000 cases in the first decade of this millennium. It is noteworthy that PAD and aortic aneurysms as well as their associated co-morbidities remain in many cases underdiagnosed and undertreated. This leads to a high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality which could not be obviously markedly reduced in the recent decades. Since nearly all vascular disorders are systemic diseases, not only the specific vessel bed which leads to a presentation should be assessed but also all other possible vascular manifestations should be thoroughly examined to reduce adverse events.
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O’Reilly, Éilis J. Epidemiology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0025.
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The epidemiology of ALS is an emerging field and, like the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease and cancer in the mid last century, requires time for convergence of findings. There appears to be a genetic influence, and one study of twins found that heritability of sporadic ALS is 60%. At present it is thought that 60$ to 70% of genetic mutations responsible for fALS in populations of European ancestry are known. SOD1 mutations were the earliest discoveries in fALS. Subsequently, mutations were identified in TARDBP, which encodes TDP-43 protein found in neuronal inclusions in fALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). High rates of ALS have also been reported in military personnel and in certain groups of elite athletes such as soccer players.