Dissertations / Theses: 'Foundry waste'

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Xie, Yiran. "Recycling of foundry waste materials." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6737/.

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The recycling of a foundry ceramic waste from investment casting has been investigated. The waste was reduced in size by fly pressing and disc milling to d50 < 20 μm and cleaned by magnetic separation and acid leaching. The powder contained zircon, alumina and amorphous silica with 37, 38 and 24 wt. % (ZrSiO4: Al2O3: SiO2) respectively. Two products were targeted: zirconia toughened mullite (ZTM) ceramics produced with an addition of alumina and zircon based pigments developed by the removal of alumina and reaction with colourant ions. With an addition of 23.5 wt. % Al2O3, a ZTM containing 30 wt. % zirconia and 70 wt. % mullite exhibiting strength, hardness, thermal shock resistance and toughness commensurate with data reported in the literature were developed. Milling in isopropanol, dry pressing and sintering at 1600 ℃ for two hours optimised the properties. The transition to ZTM appeared to be through an intermediate glassy phase and limited by the dissociation of ZrSiO4. It was estimated that 70 % of the ZrO2 was transformable tetragonal without the addition of Y2O3. With Y2O3 non-transformable tetragonal ZrO2 was produced. It was shown that a clean zircon powder free of Al2O3 was generated by reaction with K2S2O7. Dissociation-synthesis and direct-synthesis routes were used to produce pigment. It was found that higher reaction temperature and the introduction of flux can significantly increase yellowness. The yellow produced from waste materials performed as well as those from commercial grade feeds.

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Blackshaw, Alison Jane. "Characterisation and reclamation of foundry landfills." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391133.

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Larwood, Andrew John. "Cleaner production : promoting and achieving it in the South Australian foundry industry." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envl336.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 123-130. The literature search and the findings from the investigation have been used to provide recommendations for a sector specific cooperative approach using regulation, self-regulation, voluntary agreements, economic incentatives and educational/information strategies to promote and acheive cleaner production in the South Australian foundry industry.

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Alekseev, Kirill. "Hazardous bauxite residue, blast furnace slag, and foundry sand application as the main components for environmentally friendly red ceramics production." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2868.

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Nesta pesquisa foram utilizados resíduos da produção de alumínio e ferro. Resíduo de bauxita, que também é chamado de rejeitos de bauxita ou lama vermelha, e escória siderúrgica são os principais resíduos da indústria metalúrgica. Também foi utilizada areia de fundição, que é um resíduo do processo de fundição. Estes três componentes foram utilizados em conjunto para desenvolver material cerâmico de construção. A idéia principal era usar apenas resíduos industriais, sem materiais naturais tradicionais. Os residuos de vidro e as cinzas de madeira foram adicionados às composições para deminuir o ponto de fusão das amostras. Na pesquisa, 24 composições foram queimadas a 800-1225°C e suas propriedades foram estudadas. As características mecânicas das amostras foram analisadas através do teste de resistência à flexão, medindo-se a absorção de água, densidade e retração linear. As propriedades físico-quimicas foram estudadas por XRF, XRD, AAS, SEM, EDS, LAMMA, mapeamento, DTA e TGA. O principal motivo para os resultados elevados de resistência à flexão (19,78 MPa) das amostras foi identificado como o desenvolvimento de novas formações amorfas. Como resultado da pesquisa, algumas composições foram sugeridas para a produção específica de materiais de construção. Composições contendo lama vermelha (40- 100%), escória siderúrgica (0-50%), areia de fundição (0-50%), resíduo de vidro (0-20%) e cinzas de madeira (0-20%), atenderam normas e regulamentos brasileiros para materiais de construção, podem substituir materiais cerâmicos tradicionais, que envolvem a enorme exploração de recursos naturais. In the presented research were used residues of aluminum and iron production. Bauxite residue, which is also called bauxite tailings or red mud, and blast furnace slag are the key wastes of metallurgical industry. There was also used foundry sand, which is a residue of casting process. These three components were used together to develop ceramic construction material. The main idea was to use industrial wastes only, no traditional natural materials. The waste glass and wood ash were added to the compositions in order to decrease melting point of the samples. In the research 24 compositions were sintered at 800-1225°C and their properties were studied. Their mechanical characteristics were analyzed using flexural strength test, measuring water absorption, density, and linear shrinkage. Physicochemical properties were studied by XRF, XRD, AAS, SEM, EDS, LAMMA, mapping, DTA, and TGA. The main reason for high results of flexural strength (19.78 MPa) of the samples was identified as a development of new amorphous formations. As a result of research, some compositions were suggested for specific construction materials production. Compositions containing red mud (40-100%), blast furnace slag (0-50%), foundry sand (0-50%), waste glass (0-20%), and wood ash (0-20%), according to Brazilian Norms and regulations for construction materials, may substitute traditional ceramic materials, which involve enormous exploration of natural resources.

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Silva, Leila Maria Sotocorno e. "Utilização de areia descartada de fundição e resíduos inorgânicos de indústria de papel e celulose – grits e lama de cal – na produção de materiais vitrocerâmicos /." Presidente Prudente, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192704.

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Orientador: Sílvio Rainho Teixeira Resumo: A falta de sincronismo entre o desenvolvimento industrial e a conscientização ambiental trouxe inúmeros impactos adversos ao meio ambiente. A quantidade de resíduos industriais gerados diariamente aumenta, enquanto a adoção de sistemas de gerenciamento ainda falha em muitos aspectos. Assim, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é desenvolver materiais vitrocerâmicos através da mistura de Areia Descartada de Fundição (ADF) com resíduos sólidos oriundos da indústria de papel e celulose (grits e lama de cal), visando o desenvolvimento de novos produtos que sejam ecologicamente corretos. Os materiais vitrocerâmicos obtidos a partir da cristalização do vidro com os resíduos de ADF, grits e lama de cal foram preparados utilizando o método tradicional, de fusão do composto, para a produção dos vidros; e, posterior cristalização, para obtenção das vitrocerâmicas. De acordo com a composição química dos materiais precursores e das misturas, os vidros foram obtidos à temperatura de 1450 °C. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas principais: caracterização dos materiais precursores e preparação e caracterização dos vidros e vitrocerâmicas. Os estudos de caracterizações foram feitos através das técnicas de análises granulométrica, morfológica, mineralógica, química, térmicas e tecnológicas. Foram obtidos 6 materiais vítreos distintos, intitulados de vidros I, II, III, IV, V e VI. Os vidros foram caracterizados por Difração de Raios X (DRX), Fluorescência de Raios X (FRX) e análise de ca... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) Abstract: The lack of synchronism between industrial development and environmental awareness has brought numerous adverse impacts to the environment. The amount of industrial waste generated daily increases, while the adoption of management systems still fails in many ways. Thus, the main objective of this work is to develop glass-ceramic materials by mixing Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) with solid residues from the cellulose and paper industry (grits and lime mud), aiming at the development of new products that are environmentally friendly. The glass were obtained using the traditional melting-quenching method. The produced glasses were controlled by the crystallization process to obtain the glass-ceramics materials. According to the chemical composition of the precursor materials and the chemical composition of the mixtures, the glasses were fused at 1450 °C. The work was developed in two main stages: characterization of the precursor materials and preparation and characterization of glasses and glass-ceramics. The characterization studies were made through the techniques of particle size, morphological, mineralogical, chemical, thermal and technological analysis. Six distinct vitreous materials were obtained, entitled glasses I, II, III, IV, V and VI. The glasses were characterized by the analysis of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorecence (XRF) and differential scanning calorimetry. After identifying the crystallization peaks of each glass, heat treatment was given (temperatures high... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) Doutor

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Penkaitis, Gabriela. "Impacto ambiental gerado pela disposição de areias de fundição: estudo de caso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-29032012-121843/.

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A disposição de areia de fundição em áreas não licenciadas foi uma prática até pouco tempo empregada por muitas empresas do setor. Em função dessa prática estuda-se nessa dissertação um passivo ambiental produzido em uma área no estado de São Paulo, que recebeu resíduos de fundição e pouco se sabe sobre o impacto ao meio ambiente ocasionado pela disposição inadequada desse material. O presente trabalho propõe avaliar potenciais impactos no meio ambiente pela disposição deste resíduo em um aterro não controlado de uma indústria de fundição e promover análise crítica diante das atuais normas e ferramentas de análises de impactos ambientais e classificação de resíduos sólidos, verificando eventuais conflitos entre as atuais ferramentas aplicadas. Para essa avaliação, foram empregadas algumas ferramentas de investigação científica como Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura compreendendo análise morfológica e química qualitativa do resíduo depositado, análise granulométrica e análise química das águas subterrâneas, a partir de amostragens realizadas em campo e dados fornecidos por empresa de recuperação ambiental que atua na área. Assim foram obtidos dados que permitiram caracterizar a área, monitorar a qualidade das águas subterrâneas dentro e no entorno do aterro e caracterizar o resíduo sólido em questão, onde se analisou as questões ambientais e legais com base nas atuais normas e ferramentas de gestão de áreas contaminadas e resíduos sólidos. Os dados obtidos a partir das análises das amostras de água e resíduo demonstram clara e forte concentração de metais nas águas (ferro, manganês, boro e selênio) e no resíduo (cromo, cobre, cobalto, níquel, zinco, alumínio, ferro, manganês), no caso desse último, dentro dos limites da atual normatização para classificação, identificando-o como resíduo não perigoso. Ainda que esse não seja considerado perigoso, a identificação de elementos nas águas em concentrações acima do permitido compromete a qualidade ambiental do local, colocando em risco a população do entorno, visto que em suas adjacências algumas propriedades realizam cultivo agrícola, além de extrair água do subsolo. Evidenciase, a partir desse cenário, a necessidade de estreitamento técnico entre as atuais normas e ferramentas de análises de impacto ambiental e classificação de resíduos sólidos, permitindo realizar avaliações de passivos gerados pela disposição inadequada de resíduos que levem em consideração suas possíveis interações com o ambiente ao longo de seu tempo de exposição. The disposal of foundry sand illegal areas was a practice until recently employed by many companies. Because this practice is studied in this dissertation an environmental liability produced in a land in the state of São Paulo that received foundry waste and little is known about the environmental impact caused by inadequate disposal of this material. This issue proposes detected the real effect in the environment by the disposal of this waste in an uncontrolled landfill foundry industry and promote critical analysis before the current standards and tools of environmental impact analyses and classification of solid waste, checking possible conflicts between the current tools applied. For this evaluation, some scientific research tools were employed as Electronic Microscopy of Scan including morphological and chemical waste analyses, particle size analysis and chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected from the field and data provided by an environmental recovery company that operates in the area. Thus data were obtained which allowed to characterize the area, monitor the groundwater quality in and around the landfill and to characterize the solid waste in question, which examined the environmental and legal issues based on current standards and management tools of contaminated lands and solid waste. The data from the analyzes of samples of water and waste show a clear and strong concentration of metals in water (iron, manganese, boron and selenium) and in the waste (chromium, copper, cobalt, nickel, zinc, aluminum, iron, manganese), in the last one according to current regulation for classification, identifying it as not dangerous. Although the waste is not considered dangerous, the identification of elements in water at concentrations above permitted to compromise the quality of the local environment, endangering the surround population, since in its surrounding some properties carry out agricultural, in addition extracting groundwater. It is evident from this scenario, the need for technical narrowing between the current standards and environmental impact analyzes tools and classification of solid waste, permitting carry out evaluations of liabilities generated by inadequate disposal of waste that take into account their possible interactions with the environment over time of exposure.

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Moosher, Leandro. "Utilização de resíduos sólidos de fundição como matérias- primas para fabricação de blocos de concreto para pavimentação." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2013. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3460.

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Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-05-07T17:06:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Moosher.pdf: 3103618 bytes, checksum: f239d2771f04dbfaee064ee603b2bc29 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T17:06:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Moosher.pdf: 3103618 bytes, checksum: f239d2771f04dbfaee064ee603b2bc29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-15 CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Milton Valente NUCMAT - Núcleo de Caracterização de Materiais A geração de resíduos sólidos nos centros urbanos está relacionada principalmente com o aumento da população e com a intensificação dos processos de industrialização. O gerenciamento desde sua origem, produção, processamento, destino final e reciclagem desses resíduos é atualmente um dos maiores desafios de empresas geradoras, de instituições de pesquisa, órgãos governamentais e empresas afins que buscam uma solução para minimizar ou até eliminar a geração de resíduos ou a sua reciclagem e posterior uso em diversas áreas da indústria, ou até transformando-os em produtos de interesse comercial. Neste sentido, os resíduos de fundição gerados durante a produção de ligas fundidas vêm sendo estudado para seu uso como co-produto em diferentes segmentos industriais, tais como a própria fundição e o da construção civil. Este trabalho objetiva avaliar a viabilidade de aplicação de dois diferentes resíduos, as areias fenólica e verde usadas de fundição, como matéria-prima com valor agregado, esta sendo usada na fabricação de blocos de concreto para pavimentação, avaliando sua transformação para co-produto. Alguns estudos já demonstraram o potencial de aplicação desses resíduos de diversas formas e em diferentes setores da indústria. A aplicabilidade específica desses resíduos dependerá das suas caracterizações, seja ambiental, química, física ou de fases, sendo essa uma etapa fundamental para avaliar a viabilidade de reciclagem e econômica. Desta forma a caracterização destes resíduos configurou-se na etapa essencial do trabalho para depois destiná-los a uma melhor aplicação tecnológica. Foram produzidos blocos com 0%, 25% e 50% de substituição parcial da areia natural pelo co-produto. Esses blocos foram ensaiados quanto a resistência mecânica à compressão aos 7 e 28 dias de cura, absorção de água, resistência ao desgaste por abrasão, índice de porosidade, MEV, avaliação ambiental e viabilidade financeira dos blocos gerados com o uso dos resíduos de fundição. O traço com ter de substituição de 25% da combinação dos resíduos foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados, tanto na resistência à compressão quanto a resistência ao desgaste à abrasão. Os blocos com uso da combinação dos dois resíduos foram classificados ambientalmente como Classe II A – Não Inerte e apresentaram menor custo na produção de blocos de concreto para pavimentação. The generation of solid waste in urban centers is related mainly to the increase in population and the intensification of the processes of industrialization. The management since its origin, production, processing, recycling and final destination of such waste is currently one of the biggest challenges of generating companies, research institutions, government agencies and companies alike who seek a solution to minimize or even eliminate the generation of waste or recycling and subsequent use in various fields of industry, or even turning them into products of commercial interest. In this sense, the foundry waste generated during the production of cast alloys have been studied for use as a by-product in different industries, such as own foundry and construction. This study evaluates the feasibility of applying two different residues of foundry, spent phenolic sand and spent green sand as raw material with value added, this being used in the manufacture of concrete block paving, evaluating its transformation to co-product. Some studies have demonstrated the potential application of the wastes in various forms and in different industry sectors. The specific applicability of these residues depend on their characterizations, whether environmental, chemical, physical or phases, this being a fundamental step to assess the feasibility of recycling and economic. Thus the characterization of this waste was configured in the key step of the work and then consign them to a better technological application. Blocks were made with 0%, 25% and 50% replacement of natural sand per by-product. These blocks were analysed for compressive strength at 7 and 28 days of curing, water absorption, abrasion strength, porosity index, SEM, environmental assessment and financial feasibility of the blocks generated with the use of the by-product. The mark with having to replace 25% of combination of two foundry waste showed the best results in both compression strength as the abrasion strength. Blocks using the combination of foundry waste were environmental ly classified as Class II A - Not Inert and had lower costs in producing concrete block paving.

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Folmann, Raquel. "Estudo da aplicação de areia descartada de fundição em tijolos de solo-cimento." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2012. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1605.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cap 1.pdf: 354743 bytes, checksum: 0343c49a38673dd157dcd55a3475b0c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The environmental efficiency permeates all production sectors through a closed cycle of production and consumption of materials. The recycling of solid waste should be priorized against the consumption of natural raw materials as long as environmental and technical viability have been proved. The foundries are great ferrous scrap recyclers, but generate huge amount of waste, especially the foundry sand. In order to contribute to the sustainability of foundry and construction industries this work investigates the possibility of recycling spent foundry sand (ADF) in soilcement (SC) bricks. The soil-cement construction uses soil as natural raw material, sand and gravel if necessary correction, and cement as a stabilizer. The research involves the characterization of the raw materials by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, particle size, leaching and solubilization tests. In blends cement makes up 10% by weight and the soil, predominantly clayey, was partially replaced by spent foundry sand and gravel in different percents. The influence of the residue on the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the mixtures was analyzed through compaction tests, isothermal conduction calorimetry, compressive strength, durability and water absorption in cylindrical specimens and modular bricks. The interface between the components was observed by electron microscopy scanning. The addition of spent foundry sand decreases the water absorption of the mixture and increases the maximum density with small changes in mechanical strenght. The bricks produced have water absorption and mass loss in the durability test in accordance with the current technical standards. The addition of ADF combined with gravel rises mechanical resistance to acceptable levels of soil-cement standards. The results attest the technical and environmental feasibility for the use of spent foundry sand in soil-cement bricks for masonry seal. A eficiência ambiental permeia todos os setores produtivos através de um ciclo fechado de produção e consumo de materiais. A reciclagem de resíduos sólidos deve ser priorizada frente ao consumo de matérias-primas naturais, desde que comprovada viabilidade ambiental e técnica para tal. As fundições são grande recicladoras pois utilizam sucatas ferrosas como matéria-prima, porém geram enorme quantidade de resíduos, com destaque para as areias de moldagem. Buscando contribuir para a sustentabilidade das indústrias de fundição e da construção civil esse trabalho investiga a possibilidade da reciclagem de areia descartada de fundição (ADF) em tijolos de solo-cimento (SC). A construção com solo-cimento utiliza o solo como matéria-prima natural, se necessário areia e pedrisco para correção e o cimento como estabilizante. O estudo passa pela caracterização das matérias-primas utilizadas por difração de raios-X, análise térmica, granulometria, lixiviação e solubilização. Nas misturas o cimento compõe 10% em peso e o solo, de predominância argilosa, foi parcialmente substituído por areia descartada de fundição e pó de brita em diferentes percentuais. Assim foi analisada a influência da adição do resíduo nas propriedades físico-químicas e mecânicas das misturas através de ensaios de compactação, calorimetria de condução isotérmica, resistência à compressão, durabilidade e absorção de água em corpos de prova cilíndricos e tijolos modulares. A interface entre os materiais constituintes do solo-cimento foi observada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A adição do resíduo de areia de fundição diminui a absorção de água da mistura e aumenta a densidade máxima com pequenas alterações na resistência mecânica. Os tijolos produzidos apresentam absorção de água e perda de massa no ensaio de durabilidade em conformidade com as normas técnicas vigentes. A adição combinada de ADF e de pó de brita eleva a resistência mecânica a níveis aceitos pelas normas de solo-cimento. Os resultados obtidos atestam a viabilidade técnica e ambiental para a utilização da areia descartada de fundição em tijolos de solo-cimento para alvenaria de vedação.

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Klinsky, Luis Miguel Gutiérrez. "Avaliação do reaproveitamento de areia de fundição residual em camadas de pavimentos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18143/tde-17052013-095052/.

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O crescimento do setor industrial brasileiro, na última década, tem demandado a fabricação de maior volume de máquinas e peças metálicas. Como resultado, a produção de fundidos metálicos aumentou e foi acompanhada da geração de maiores volumes de resíduos. O processo de fundição mais comum emprega areia natural, misturada com ligantes orgânicos e inorgânicos, para conformar os moldes que dão forma às peças metálicas. Após certo número de ciclos de fundição, a areia não apresenta mais as características apropriadas para seu emprego nessas indústrias e passa a ser o principal resíduo das siderúrgicas. Assim, a areia de fundição residual (AFR) deve ser descartada em aterros sanitários licenciados a elevados custos. Por tal motivo, pesquisadores e engenheiros têm procurado alternativas que permitam reaproveitar esse resíduo em atividades da construção civil. A construção de estradas consume elevados volumes de recursos naturais, portanto, fornece a oportunidade de reutilizar o resíduo em quantidades significativas. Nesse sentido, nesta pesquisa, o objetivo principal foi avaliar a possibilidade de reaproveitar a areia de fundição residual na construção de camadas de bases e sub-bases de pavimentos de baixo volume de tráfego. A areia de fundição residual utilizada foi coletada no município de Piracicaba/SP, que apresenta elevada concentração de siderúrgicas. Esse resíduo foi utilizado na composição de misturas do tipo solo areia, solo areia cal e areia asfalto usinada a quente (AAUQ). Essas misturas foram avaliadas à luz das propriedades de interesse à engenharia rodoviária para determinar a viabilidade de seus empregos em camadas estruturais de pavimentos. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios mecânicos mostram que composições de solo areia e solo areia cal com AFR de 20% a 60% poderiam ser utilizadas em bases e sub-bases de pavimentos, assim como as misturas de AAUQ, que consumiriam quantidades consideráveis de areia residual, também poderiam ser utilizadas em bases de pavimentos. Ensaios ambientais também foram executados na AFR e em algumas misturas para determinar o risco de poluição do meio ambiente. Os resultados mostraram que a AFR atende aos requisitos exigidos para seu reuso; contudo algumas misturas apresentaram concentração de poluentes superior aos valores máximos permitidos. Portanto, concluiu-se que a areia de fundição residual apresenta características para ser reaproveitada nas atividades de construção de pavimentos de baixo volume de tráfego, mas recomenda-se a construção de trechos experimentais para monitoramento por longos períodos de tempo para garantir que o resíduo não comprometa a segurança ambiental. The Brazilian industry grew up considerably last decade, increasing the needing of machinery and metal production. As a result, the metal casting production raised and also the amount of the residues. The most common foundry system uses natural sand mixed with organic and inorganic binders, to produce the cores of the metal products. After a certain number of foundry cycles, the sand losses its properties and remain as the main residue of the foundry industry. Thereby, the waste foundry sand (WFS) must be discarded in licensed landfills at high costs. Hence, researchers and engineers have researched for alternative solutions to reuse this residue in civil construction activities. Pavement construction uses high volumes of natural resources, thus, provides an opportunity to reuse significant amounts of WFS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of use the waste foundry sand as construction material of pavement bases and sub-bases courses with low volume traffic. The waste foundry sand used here was collected close to the city of Piracicaba/SP, region which has a high concentration of foundry industries. The residue was used to compose soil-sand, soil-sand-lime and sand-asphalt mixtures. Tests commonly used in pavement research were used to evaluate the mixtures containing waste foundry sand and determine their potential as road construction material. The results showed that mixtures of soil-sand and soil-sand-lime containing 20% to 60% of WFS could be used as pavement bases and sub-bases courses. On the other hand, sand-asphalt-hot-mix could consume higher volumes of the residue and also could be used as bases courses. The waste foundry sand and some mixtures were also analyzed through environmental tests. The results showed that the WFS has suitable characteristics to be reused in alternative activities. However, some metals were detected in the mixtures at higher concentrations than the allowed by specifications. Therefore, it is concluded that the waste foundry sand has characteristics that encourage its reuse in low volume traffic pavements, but, it is recommended the construction of experimental pavement sections using WFS to assess the environmental impact of the residue in long term periods.

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Moore, Tiffany Len. "Treatment of inorganic hazardous waste constituents found in electric arc furnace dust by solidification/stabilization." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41698.

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In this study, solidification and stabilization processes were evaluated for use as a treatment method for electric arc furnace dust. Specific objectives were (1) to develop a solidified material capable of meeting EPA requirements for heavy metal leaching, and (2) to develop a solidified material that could be used for construction. Results from the studies of the untreated electric arc furnace dust showed that the solubility of cadmium is controlled by the hydroxide species. Lead solubility is more complex because its solubility is controlled by a species other than hydroxide and therefore it is more difficult to predict. Studies also indicated that approximately 1.9% of the composition of the electric arc Furnace dust is made up of lead. This study demonstrated that solidification and. stabilization is a viable treatment process for electric arc. furnace dust. Success in treating the electric arc furnace dust by this method, however, depends upon such factors as the compressive strength of the solidified waste, the amount of electric arc furnace dust incorporated in the concrete, and the ability of the solidified waste to remain intact during the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). Based on these factors, approximately 165 lb dust/cu yd concrete was determined to be the upper limit on the amount of electric arc furnace dust that can be incorporated in such a system. Efforts to improve the quality of the concrete by the addition of a chelating agent was moderately successful; however, the addition of salts to speed the concrete set times was not successful. A model was developed which predicts the required compressive strength of the solidified dust based upon the amount of electric arc furnace dust that is incorporated in the concrete. The model effectively predicts, without performing the TCLP test, whether the solidified material will meet limits for heavy metal required by the EPA. Master of Science

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Pichorim, Andréia. "Cerâmica vermelha a partir de lodo galvânico, lodo de anodização do alumínio e areia de fundição." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2018. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/3148.

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Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) O principal objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um compósito cerâmico e uma tecnologia de laboratório para a produção de materiais de construção com maior percentual de lodo galvânico, lodo de anodização do alumínio, areia de fundição e argila taguá. Os corpos de prova foram confeccionados com 20 g e 16 g em molde de 20 x 60 mm e prensados utilizando-se uma uniaxial de 10 MPa. Os corpos de prova foram sinterizados a temperaturas de 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200 e 1250°C durante 6 horas. Foram realizadas análises de densidade, perda ao fogo, FRX, DRX, MEV/EDS, TGA/DSC, retração linear após queima, absorção de água, resistência de ruptura à flexão e lixiviação, a fim de caracterizar as matérias primas e o material cerâmico desenvolvido. A concentração destes resíduos, utilizados como matérias-primas, variou nos seguintes limites: lodo galvânico 0-10%, lodo de anodização do alumínio 0- 75%, areia de fundição de 0-20% e a argila Taguá de 0-80%. Os valores de resistência de ruptura à flexão na composição 1 a 900 °C alcançaram 5,87 MPa e a 1250 °C alcançaram 12,99 MPa, na composição 7 a 900 °C – 1,40 MPa, e a 1250 °C – 26,82 MPa. Através de métodos de MEV, observou-se que a temperatura de 900 °C a interação das particulas é mecânica e a temperatura de 1250 °C esta interação tornou-se coesa e a argila funde-se transforma-se em um material semelhante ao vidro. Os resultados do ensaio de lixiviação apontaram que os materiais cerâmicos após a sinterização apresentaram traços de Pb, Cu, Al e Fe, tendo imobilizado apenas parte dos metais pesados analisados, o que os classifica como resíduos perigosos. Em comparação com as normas brasileiras, no quesito resistência, as cerâmicas atenderam aos parâmetros para uso em blocos cerâmicos para alvenaria estrutural nas categorias A, B e C e tijolos maciços comuns para alvenaria, respectivamente, no entanto, a imobilização de metais pesados carece de ajustes para que se alcance um material cerâmico ambientalmente amigável. The main objective of this study is to develop a ceramic composite and laboratory technology for the production of building materials with higher percentage of galvanic sludge, aluminium anodizing sludge, foundry sand and clay Taguá. The bodies of proof (CPs) were made with 20 g and 16 g in 20 x 60 mm mould and with uniaxial press of 10 MPa. The CPs were sintered at temperatures of 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200 and 1250° C for 6 hours. Density analyses were performed, fire loss, FRX, DRX, SEM/EDS, TGA/DSC, linear firing shrinkage, water absorption, flexural strength and leaching in order to characterize raw materials and developed ceramic material. The concentration of these residues, that were used as raw materials, varied in the following boundaries: galvanic sludge 0-10%, aluminium anodizing sludge 0- 75%, 0-20% foundry sand and clay Taguá of 0-80%. The values of flexural strength in composition 1 were 900 °C reached 5.87 MPa and 1250 °C reached 12.99 MPa, and composition 7 to 900 °C – 1.40 MPa, and 1250 °C – 26.82 MPa. SEM to the temperature of 900 °C showed the interaction of particles is mechanical and to the one of 1250 °C exhibited the cohesive interaction and clay fusion produced a material similar to glass. The results of the leaching indicated that the ceramic materials after sintering showed traces of Pb, Cu, Al and Fe, having immobilised just part of heavy metals present in the composition, which classifies it as hazardous waste. In comparison with the Brazilian standards, resistance aspect met the requirement for use in ceramic blocks for structural masonry in categories A, B and C, and solid bricks for masonry, respectively, however, the immobilization of heavy metals requires adjustments to achieve an environmentally friendly ceramic material.

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Ribas, Hélverton Emílio. "Novos compósitos cerâmicos com base em caulim, borra de tinta, areia de fundição e vidros residuais." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2574.

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Resíduos industriais têm sido um dos grandes problemas ambientais discutido na atualidade. Muitos trazem em suas composições metais pesados de diversos teores, sendo necessária uma análise de cada resíduo, a fim de que se busquem soluções práticas apropriadas da destinação, e se torne um benefício ao meio ambiente. Foram elaboradas diversas composições com borra de tinta, areia de fundição, vidro e caulim, em moldes de 60mmx20mm, prensados uniaxialmente em prensa hidráulica a 10 MPa e sinterizados em forno elétrico nas temperaturas 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C e 1275ºC. Os compósitos passaram por ensaios de resistências a flexão, absorção de água, densidade aparente, retração linear, FRX, DRX, MEV, EDS, lixiviação e análise de materiais particulados. Posteriormente no material sinterizados, verificaram-se novas propriedades físicas e mecânicas, mostrando a fundição de seus materiais e resistência à flexão que chegou a 12,29 Mpa, 10,85% de absorção de água. 6,04% de retração linear e 1,39% de densidade aparente, na composição que se utilizou de 7% de resíduos e incinerados a 1275°C. Identificou a presença dos minerais montmorillonita, illita, caulinita, gibbsita, rutila e cristobalita e suas influências na cerâmica. Essa pesquisa apresentou uma solução cabível aos resíduos de tinta, areia de fundição e vidro, utilizandoos como matéria-prima para cerâmica branca. Industrial waste has been one of the major environmental problems discussed today. Many contain in their compositions heavy metals of various contents, and an analysis of each residue is necessary in order to find appropriate practical solutions of the destination, and become a benefit to the environment. Several compositions were made with paint sludge, cast sand, glass and kaolin, in 60mmx20mm molds, uniaxially pressed in a hydraulic press at 10 MPa and sintered in an electric oven at temperatures of 1100 ° C, 1150 ° C ° C, 1200 ° C, 1250 ° C and 1275 ° C. The composites underwent tests of resistance to bending, water absorption, apparent density, linear retraction, FRX, DRX, SEM, EDS, leaching and analysis of particulate materials. Subsequently, in the sintered material, new physical and mechanical properties were found, showing the casting of its materials and flexural strength of 12.29 Mpa, 10.85% of water absorption. 6.04% linear retraction and 1.39% apparent densities, in the composition that was used of 7% of residues and incinerated at 1275 ° C. It identified the presence of the minerals montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, gibbsite, rutila and cristobalite and their influences on ceramics. This research presented a suitable solution for waste ink, sand casting and glass, using them as raw material for white ceramics.

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Teixeira, Paulo José. "Avaliação ambiental e biológica da exposição ocupacional aos hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA\'s) gerados em processos produtivos onde ocorre a combustão de matéria orgânica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-05052017-154636/.

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Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) são uma classe de substâncias químicas que podem ser geradas na combustão de matéria orgânica, e 17 destas substâncias são consideradas como poluentes prioritários pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos EUA (US EPA), em função de seu potencial tóxico e carcinogênico. Para identificar e quantificar os HPAs no ambiente de trabalho por cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massas, foram realizadas coletas de amostras ambientais em um incinerador de resíduos de serviços de saúde localizado na região da grande São Paulo e em três fundições de metais nas cidades de Loanda e Santa Isabel do Ivaí, no Estado do Paraná. A concentração de HPAs totais nas amostras ambientais coletadas no Incinerador foi de 0,36 - 1,72 µg/m3; na Fundição 1 de 0,72 - 4,56 µg/m3; na Fundição 2 de 2,32 - 6,52 µg/m3; na Fundição 3 de 0,19 - 3,72 µg/m3. Foi realizada também a coleta de amostras biológicas de trabalhadores expostos e não expostos, para a identificação e quantificação do indicador biológico de exposição o 1-hidroxipireno por cromatografia líquida com detector de fluorescência. A concentração de 1-hidroxipireno nas amostrados biológicas dos trabalhadores no Incinerador apresentou diferença estatisticamente siginificante entre o grupo exposto e o grupo controle; na Fundição 1 houve diferença estatisticamente pouco significante entre os grupos estudados; nas Fundições 2 e 3 não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos estudados. The Polycyclic Aromatics Hydrocarbons (PAH) are a class of chemicals that can to be generated by organic matter burning, and 17 of that chemicals are considered priority pollutant by Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), because their toxicity and carcinogenicity potentials. To identify and to quantitify the PAH at workplace atmosphere by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), it was conducted a environmental sampling in a waste incinerator, settled in the metropolitan São Paulo Region, and at three metals foundry settled in the Loanda City and Santa Isabel do Ivaí City, at Paraná State. The concentration of total PAH in the environmental samples collected in a waste incinerator was 0,36 - 1,72 µg/m3; at metals foundry 1 was 0,72 - 4,56 µg/m3; at metals foundry 2 was 2,32 - 6,52 µg/m3; at metals foundry 3 was 0,19 - 3,72 µg/m3. The biological samples of the workers was collected to identify and to quantitify the biological indicator urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-Pyr) by high performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence detector (HPLC-Flu). The 1-OH-Pyr concentration in the biological samples of the exposed and control group in a waste incinerator presented a statistical significant difference; in the metals foundry 1 was observed a slight statistical significant difference; and in the metals foundry 2 and metals foundry 3 was not observed statistical significant difference.

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Hedman, Angela M. "What is the significance of functional found object art? : found object purses inspired by 1970's and 1980's design." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1345341.

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The central focus for this creative project was to explore the possibilities of found object and recycled art with emphasis on function and design. After researching the art and the artists who made/make it, a collection of functional art was created. The project resulted in a body of work that consisted of thirteen bags and purses that were made from gift cards and gameboards. The design of 1970's and 1980's art was used as inspiration. Traditional metalsmithing techniques were required for the completion of each work. Copper wire was used as both a structural and ornamental element. The awareness of recycled art will be heightened. Found object and recycled art is significant, purposeful, and important in both the history and future of art. Department of Art

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Pablos, Javier Mazariegos. "Estudo para a reutilização do resíduo sólido constituído pelas areias de fundição aglomeradas com argila, através da técnica de solidificação/estabilização em matrizes de cimento Portland, para aplicação no setor da construção civil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18141/tde-27022009-093112/.

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A presente pesquisa realizou um estudo que investiga a viabilidade técnica para a reciclagem do resíduo sólido gerado pelo descarte das areias de fundição aglomeradas com argila, para aplicação no setor da construção civil. Para isso, o trabalho estabelece uma metodologia, a qual avalia a estabilização do resíduo em matrizes solidificadas de cimento Portland, melhoradas através de adições de argila bentonita sódica e/ou sílica ativa. A estabilização do resíduo foi verificada através de ensaio de solubilização, o qual submete as matrizes solidificadas a contatos dinâmico e estático com água destilada. Os desempenhos mecânico e físico das matrizes foram avaliados em ensaios de resistência à compressão, absorção de água e permeabilidade ao ar. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, tanto a bentonita sódica, quanto a sílica ativa contribuem para o aumento da eficiência de fixação dos metais \'AL\', \'FE\' e \'CR\' por parte das matrizes de cimento Portland. As composições que obtiveram os melhores desempenhos mecânico, físico e químico foram utilizadas na confecção de tijolos maciços, visando aplicação na execução de alvenarias. Para a moldagem dos tijolos foi empregada uma prensa hidráulica, o que possibilitou manter a regularidade dimensional das faces. Ao mesmo tempo, o formato dos tijolos foi concebido com design diferenciado, proporcionando modulação e encaixes que podem reduzir significativamente o consumo da argamassa de assentamento. Os tijolos foram submetidos aos ensaios de solubilização, resistência à compressão e absorção de água, apresentando resultados satisfatórios e comprovando a viabilidade técnica para aplicação na execução de alvenarias. In this research, a study that investigates the technical feasibility for the recycling of solid waste generated by the disposal of the foundry sands bonded with clay, for implementation in the construction industry, was conducted. For this reason, the work establishes a method, which assesses the stabilization of waste in solidified matrices of Portland cement, improved by the additions of sodium bentonite clay and/or silica fume. The stabilization of the waste was verified by solubilization test, which puts the solidified matrices in static and dynamic contacts with distiled water. The mechanical and physical performances of the matrices were evaluated in tests of resistance to compression, absorption of water and air permeability. The results show that both the sodium bentonite, and the active silica contribute to increase the fixation efficiency of the metals \'AL\', \'FE\' and \'CR\' by the matrices of Portland cement. The compositions that have the best mechanical, physical and chemical performance were used in the manufacture of massive bricks, seeking their use in the implementation of masonry. For the molding of bricks a hydraulic press was used, which allowed to keep the dimensional regularity of the faces. At the same time, the format of the bricks was designed with different shapes, providing modulation and fitting that can significantly reduce the consumption of settlement mortar. The bricks were subjected to tests of solubilization, resistance to compression and absorption of water, showing satisfactory results that confirm the technical feasibility for being used in the implementation of masonry.

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Monteiro, Marcella Martins Cará. "Características físicas, químicas e geoquímicas de um depósito de areia descartada de fundição (ADF) e sua implicação ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44137/tde-03062015-091318/.

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A falta de regulamentação ambiental no passado levou muitas indústrias, incluindo as de fundição (geradoras de grandes quantidades de areia de fundição), a destinarem seus resíduos de forma inadequada ao longo dos anos, criando passivos ambientais que perduram até hoje. A periculosidade destes passivos muitas vezes não está diretamente ligada à periculosidade dos resíduos depositados, pois acredita-se que ao longo dos anos, sob a ação do intemperismo, muitas reações químicas ocorrem levando à mobilidade dos elementos químicos presentes no depósito de resíduos. Este trabalho propõe avaliar o comportamento de um depósito de resíduos de areia de fundição não controlado, com mais de 30 anos e a mobilidade de elementos inorgânicos potencialmente tóxicos ao longo de um perfil vertical do depósito, como parte da gestão ambiental de uma área impactada. Para este objetivo foram utilizadas ferramentas como análise de umidade, análise granulométrica, análise morfológica por MEV, análise química qualitativa e quantitativa por MEV-EDS e por FRX. Os elementos químicos analisados foram divididos em grupos de forma a encontrar similaridades. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que os alcalinos, alcalinos terrosos, calcófilos e alguns litófilos (Al, Zr, P, Mn, Ti e V) migraram para a base do perfil e o comportamento do depósito de resíduos pode ser comparado ao comportamento diagênico clássico de evolução pedológica de perfis de solo em rochas em condições tropicais. Além disso, do ponto de vista micromorfológico, granulométrico e químico esse depósito de resíduo não é o mesmo ao longo do perfil vertical escavado e a divisão em blocos (base, meio e topo) só é verificada na análise granulométrica. E, apesar do resíduo ADF não ser considerado classe I, o mesmo pode apresentar risco ao meio ambiente quando depositado em locais não controlados e submetidos a condições climáticas supérgenas tropicais. The lack of environmental regulation in the past has led many industries, including foundries (that generates large amounts of foundry sand), to place their waste improperly over the years, creating environmental passives that endure today. The danger of these passives is often not directly related to the dangerousness of waste landfilled because it is believed that over the years, under the action of weathering, many chemical reactions occur leading to mobility of chemical elements present in the waste deposit. This work proposes to evaluate the behavior of an uncontrolled waste foundry deposit, with more than 30 years, and the mobility of potentially toxic inorganic elements along a vertical profile of the deposit as part of the environmental management of an impacted area. For this purpose were used tools such as humidity analysis, granulometric analysis, morphological analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis by SEM with Energy Dispersive X-ray Detector (EDX) and X-ray Fluorescence. The chemicals analyzed were divided into groups in order to find similarities. From the results obtained it was concluded that the alkali, alkaline earth, chalcophile and some lithophile (Al, Zr, P, Mn, Ti e V) migrated to the base of the profile and behavior of the waste deposit can be compared to the classic diagenic behavior of pedological evolution of soil profiles in rocks in tropical conditions. Furthermore, from the standpoint of micromorphology, particle size and chemical this waste deposit is not the same along the vertical profile excavated and the three divisions (base, middle and top) is only checked on granulometric analysis. And despite the foundry sand residue is not considered class I, it may present a risk to the environment when deposited in non-controlled area and subject to tropical supergens weather conditions.

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Tuckwell, Rebecca. "The impact on receiving waters of pharmaceutical residues and antibiotic resistant faecal bacteria found in urban waste water effluents." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2015. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/18521/.

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Pharmaceuticals intended for human use are frequently detected in the aquatic environment. This is predominantly from their excretion following ingestion and subsequent discharge in domestic sewage. Wastewater treatment provides an opportunity to control their release to surface waters however, their removal is often incomplete. This thesis addresses this pharmaceutical pathway and the potential impact on the aquatic environment. The progress of bezafibrate, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin were monitored through the treatment stages (screened sewage, settled sewage and final effluent) of a large urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and in surface waters up-stream and down-stream of the effluent discharge point. All except clarithromycin were detected in the screened sewage (369 – 2696 ng/L). Reductions in the pharmaceutical concentrations throughout the WWTP (22.5 – 94.3 %) indicate the removal of these compounds is variable. Bezafibrate and carbamazepine were observed at higher concentrations (67.5 - 305.5 ng/L) in surface water down-stream of the effluent discharge point compared to up-stream (31.0 – 116.7 ng/L). The presence of antibiotics in the environment may contribute to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. The second part of this thesis monitors the prevalence of resistant faecal bacteria through WWTPs and in surface waters. Determination of antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for E.coli and E.faecium indicated that the WWTP did not influence the proportions of the resistant bacterial species. Elevated levels of E.coli with acquired ciprofloxacin resistance increased from not detectable in surface waters up-stream to 9.3% down-stream of the WWTP discharge point. The need for standardisation of the interpretation of MIC data is addressed. The potential of ciprofloxacin within surface water to select for ciprofloxacin resistant E.coli were investigated through microcosm studies in the third part of this study. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in the level of resistant E.coli was observed in microcosms exposed to ≥ 5 μg/L ciprofloxacin. At the ciprofloxacin levels typically detected in surface waters receiving treated effluent (<300 ng/L), the levels of resistance amongst E.coli were maintained.

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Polli, Elise. "Incorporação da areia descartada de fundição (ADF) na fabricação de vitrocerâmicos do sistema SiO2 CaO MgO Al2O3." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2014. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1654.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Resumo - Elise Polli.pdf: 19187 bytes, checksum: e7f2882716d14778996d1b91cbfee632 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-07 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The foundry is the fastest way to obtain metals pieces through the casting of liquid metal in green sand moulds. The main components of foundry sands are natural sand, bentonite and carbonaceous additive. During the foundry process, the components lose their mixture characteristics, in addition to the decrease in volume, becoming necessary the discard part of the foundry sand, generating the wasted foundry sand (WFS). In Brazil are discarded approximately 2.76 millions of tons annually and this number has become an environmental concern due to the difficulty of dispose of the residue. In this context, several lines of research aimed at waste recycling has been studied, among than the use of WSF in glass and glassceramic. This work studies the incorporation of calcined WFS replacing the pure silica in percentages 25, 50, 75 e 100% in manufacturing of glass and glassceramic belonging to the quaternary system SiO2 CaO MgO Al2O3. The samples were melted in alumina crucibles at 1400 °C for one hour. After obtaining, the vitreous samples were underwent annealing at 750 °C for half hour and after, were submitted to spectroscopy ultraviolet visible and heat treatment to 900, 950 and 1000 °C to 90 minutes. After heat treatment, the samples were sent for X ray diffraction analysis, optical microscopy, and only the samples 50 and 100% were sent to scanning electron microscopy, in order to analyze the recrystallization of the samples. For the heat treatment to 900 ° C, the crystalline phases were found akermanita and diopside. As the temperature increased to 950 ° C, the first crystals gehlenita and melilite began to appear and crystallization increased with higher heat treatment temperature. The images obtained by both microscopies relate to the formation of a dendritic structure for the samples 25, 50 and 75% for the three heat treatments. For the heat treatment at 900 ° C crystallization is related to the diopside, and for treatment at 950 to 1000 ° C is related to melilita. For the sample was 100% on both the crystallization heat treatment. A fundição é a maneira mais rápida para a obtenção de peças metálicas através do vazamento do metal líquido em moldes de areia verde. Os principais componentes das areias de fundição são as areias bases, bentonita e pó de carvão. Durante o processo de fundição, os componentes perdem as suas características de mistura, além da diminuição de volume, tornando- se necessário o descarte de parte dessa areia de fundição, gerando a areia descartada de fundição (ADF). No Brasil são descartadas aproximadamente 2,76 milhões ton de areia anualmente e esse número passou a ser uma preocupação ambiental devido à dificuldade do descarte do resíduo. Nesse âmbito, diversas linhas de pesquisa que visam à reciclagem do resíduo vêm sendo estudadas, entre elas a utilização de ADF em vidros e vitrocerâmicos. Este trabalho estuda a incorporação de ADF calcinada em substituição a sílica pura nas porcentagens de 25, 50, 75 e 100% na fabricação de vidros e vitrocerâmicos pertencentes ao sistema quaternário SiO2 Cão MgO Al2O3. As amostras foram fundidas em cadinhos de alumina a 1400 °C durante uma hora. Após da obtenção, as amostras vítreas foram recozidas a 750 °C por meia hora e após, foram submetidas a análise de espectroscopia de ultravioleta visível e também a tratamentos térmicos a 900, 950 e 1000 °C durante 90 min. Após os tratamentos térmicos todas as amostras foram encaminhadas para a análise de difração de raios X, microscopia óptica e apenas as amostras 50 e 100% de ADF foram encaminhadas para a microscopia eletrônica de varredura, a fim de analisar a recristalização das amostras. Para o tratamento térmico de 900 °C, as fases cristalinas encontradas foram a akermanita e o diopsídio. À medida que a temperatura aumentou aos 950 °C começaram a surgir os primeiros cristais de gehlenita e melilita e a cristalização aumentou com a maior temperatura de tratamento térmico. As imagens obtidas por ambas às microscopias relatam a formação de uma estrutura dendrítica para as amostras 25, 50 e 75% ADF para os três tratamentos térmicos. Para o tratamento térmico a 900 °C a cristalização está relacionada com o diopsídio, e para os tratamentos a 950 e 1000 °C está relacionada à melilita. Para a amostra 100% ADF houve a cristalização em ambos os tratamentos térmicos.

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Neto, Benedito Coutinho. "Avaliação do reaproveitamento de areia de fundição como agregado em misturas asfálticas densas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18137/tde-10022011-101639/.

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A areia de fundição é um resíduo sólido industrial oriundo da etapa de desmoldagem de peças metálicas no processo de produção de fundidos. Esse resíduo, dependendo do processo de fundição utilizado (moldagem a verde, moldagem em casca, moldagem com resina sintética e outros) e do material moldado, pode conter elementos e/ou compostos químicos que podem causar impacto ambiental. As substâncias que podem estar presentes na areia de fundição são provenientes, em parte, do tipo de metal moldado e, em parte, do aglomerante utilizado no processo. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estudo de alternativa para utilização desse rejeito com a finalidade de contribuir para a minimização do problema, reutilizando-o na composição dos agregados para concreto asfáltico. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de classificação de resíduos em amostras de areias virgem e de fundição e em misturas asfálticas, contendo areia virgem e de fundição, não compactadas, para verificar se este resíduo, quando incorporado à massa asfáltica, poluiria o meio ambiente. Realizou-se, também, ensaio de lixiviação com extrator soxhlet em corpo-de-prova de mistura asfáltica com 15% de areia de fundição para avaliar o comportamento, em termos ambientais, desse material a longo prazo. Para verificar o desempenho, da massa asfáltica contendo esse resíduo, na pavimentação, foram realizados ensaios de dosagem Marshall, dano por umidade induzida, cantabro, resistência à tração, módulo de resiliência e fluência estática. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pôde-se concluir, em linhas gerais, que a reutilização de areia de fundição em pavimentação asfáltica é viável, pois as misturas asfálticas contendo esse resíduo apresentaram boas propriedades mecânicas de interesse à pavimentação. Além disso, os ensaios de classificação de resíduos sólidos realizados na massa asfáltica com areia de fundição, cuja classificação original é Classe II - não inerte, ) classificaram a massa asfáltica como resíduo Classe III - inerte, o que sugere um encapsulamento deste resíduo pela massa asfáltica. Foundry sand is an industrial solid waste resulting from sand casting process in foundry industries. Depending on the type of foundry process (green sand molding, shell sand molding, molding using synthetic resin and others) and of the type cast metal, this waste may contain elements and/or chemical compounds that may cause environmental impact. The substances that may be found in foundry sand proceed partly from the type of the metal and partly from the agglutinant used on the process. The purpose of this research is to present an alternative study for the use of the foundry sand, reusing it in the composition of the aggregate for asphalt concrete and thus to contribute to minimize the environmental impact caused for this waste. To reach this purpose, classification tests of solid wastes were run in virgin sand and foundry sand and asphaltic mixtures not compacted containing both types of sand. This investigation considered the possibility of this waste when incorporated to asphaltic mixture to pollute the environment. Leaching with soxhlet extractor test in specimen of asphaltic mixture with 15% of foundry sand was also realized to evaluate the performance of this material a long-term period in environmental terms. In order to verify the performance in paving, the mixtures were submitted to Marshall method of mix design and to the tests of resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, cantabro, resistance of compacted bituminous mixture to moisture-induced damage and static creep. Based on the results, it could be concluded that, in a general way, the reuse of foundry sand in asphaltic paving is viable, once the asphaltic mixtures containing this residue presented good mechanical properties. Besides the classification tests of solid wastes realized in asphaltic mixture containing foundry sand, which original classification as class II - no inert, passed to a classification of asphaltic mixture class III - inerte, what suggests that the waste was encapsulated in hot mix asphalt.

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Cooke, Christina Elizabeth. "The Second-Hand Society." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1133.

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The Second-Hand Society tells the stories of people in Portland, Oregon who redefine waste by making use of objects others discard. The author spends time in repair shops watching craftsmen hammer and polish broken typewriters, vacuum cleaners and shoes back to life. She follows book scouts, clothes pickers and liquidators as they gather merchandise to resell and spends hours at nonprofits that collect and redistribute unwanted electronics and building supplies. She watches junk artists and fashion designers assemble found objects into display pieces, accompanies Dumpster divers and "freegans" along their regular collection routes and visits the homeless encampment by the airport to see how an entire community of people survives on nothing but reclaimed materials. The members of the second-hand society challenge the traditional conception of things as "broken" or "unwanted" and assert that forward movement and new-new-new is not always optimal. By examining the motivations and practices of the people who make use of our discards and looking at the contradictions they run up against, this thesis develops a more complete understanding of the reality that's possible if we think differently about our waste.

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Raby, Erica M. "Accumulation." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1240255325.

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Thesis (M.F.A.)--Kent State University, 2009. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Jan. 22, 2010). Advisor: Darice Polo. Keywords: Installation; assemblage; mixed-media; drawing; playful arrangements; doodling; envrionmental art; intuitive process; mixed-media drawings; environmental concerns; ecological concerns; fragile environment; site-specific; craft-based methods; post-consumer. Includes bibliographical references (p. 28).

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Dillingham, Joel C. "Wisconsin foundry solid waste handling and disposal." 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/41298351.html.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1998. Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-122).

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Dada, Opeoluwa Rotimi. "Characterization and beneficiation of foundry greensand waste from ferrous foundries." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14630.

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M.Tech. (Extraction Metallurgy) The beneficiation of foundry green sand waste has become a major concern especially within South Africa and the world at large due to the increasing quantity of green sand waste generated by foundries. The process of beneficiating this waste is enormous and challenging due to the fact that many analyses must be conducted and also the characterization of the waste must be done so as to determine if it is economically viable or not. As a result of this, there is a need to develop environmentally friendly and cost effective techniques for the beneficiation of foundry green sand waste. In this project, foundry green sand waste was collected from three different ferrous foundries locations namely: Benoni, Eastrand and Alberton all within the Gauteng province of South Africa...

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Shih, Hsin-Hung, and 施信宏. "The Study of Waste Foundry Sand Recycling and Reutilization－Iron Recovery and Foundry Sand Separation of Green-Sand." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/txnkv9.

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碩士 國立臺北科技大學 資源工程研究所 98 This research chose the Waste Foundry Sand sampling from the Foundry as the object of study. The samples were divided into four groups according to different screen sizes. The first samples are over 8 mesh; the second samples are between 8 mesh and 30 mesh; the third samples are between 30 mesh and 50 mesh; the fourth ones are between 50 mesh and 100 mesh. The further methods for sample separation include magnetic separation, shaking table and hydrocyclone separation; and its separation effects will be further discussed. The experiment results have shown that those of +8 mesh, the Fe wt% achieving 67% can be recycled directly. As for those between -8 mesh and +30 mesh, processed with the wet magnetic separation, the sand grains and the iron grains can be effectively separated, with the Fe wt% achieving 63.22%. Regarding the samples which grain size between -30 mesh ~ +50 mesh and -50 mesh ~ +100 mesh, conducted with shaking table can get better separation efficiency than others by using the feature of gravity difference, with the Fe wt% achieving 55.80% and 56.10% individually.

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Lin, Ming-Feng, and 林明鋒. "Use of waste foundry sand and stone sludge as cement raw materials." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76830147834400639562.

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碩士 國立中央大學 環境工程研究所 94 The goal of this study is to find the optimal conditions of cement making in order to maximize the replacement of cement clay by ash obtaining from waste foundry sand(including Core sand and glass sand), stone sludge, limestone and ferrate as raw materials. A computational model was used to formulate the composition of the raw clinkers. In this study, the hydration characteristics of these eco-cements and the engineering properties of their pastes, including their compressive strength, speciation and degree of hydration, were studied and compared to those of ASTM type I ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The amount of free CaO less than 1% and LOI all met the criteria of all eco-cement. The heavy metal leaching concentrations for different clinkers complied with the Taiwan Environmental Protection Agency’s regulatory thresholds. The study demonstrates the feasibility and safety to apply waste foundry sand and stone sludge as a cement replacement material. Results indicate that the major components of OPC such as C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF were found in the all ECO clinkers. The FEC series pastes had a retard of initial setting time and final setting time to those of the OPC. Nevertheless, the REC series pastes had shorten of initial setting time and final setting time to those of the OPC. The compressive strength of the FEC series pastes was less than the OPC cured at the first 28 d and the strength an apparently development from 28 to 90 d. For the REC series pastes were greater than that of the OPC paste cured at the first 28 d. However, from 28 to 90 d, the compressive strength could cause an insignificant development. The XRD analyses of the hydrates of the OPC and the two series of eco-cement pastes were Ca(OH)2 and C-S-H gels. In the REC eco-cement pastes, the hydration products showed Mg(OH)2 Brucite. The FTIR analysis for eco-cement pastes cured for 90 d have three wavenumbers. The first wavenumber is located at about 990 - 970 cm-1, and was mainly due to the Si-O bond of calcium silicate hydrates (CSH). The second wavenumber can be observed at about 1424 – 1436 cm-1 and represents the C-O bond of the calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The third wavenumber is located at about 3650 - 3640 cm-1 and represents the decomposition of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). The 29Si MAS/NMR spectra of the hydrated samples of the OPC and the eco-cement pastes, the results show the increased intensity of signals from Q1 and Q2 silicone sites in the hydrated pastes. The degree of hydration and the average length of the linear polysilicate anions of OPC pastes, as well as the eco-cement pastes increased with time, up to 90 days.

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Lee, Taeyoon. "Using waste foundry sands as a reactive media in permeable reactive barriers." 2002. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.

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Chiang, Chu-Chen, and 江奇成. "The Application of Electric Arc Furnace Reduction Slag and Waste Foundry Sand to Concrete." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73763684991788580507.

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博士 國立臺灣科技大學 營建工程系 93 This paper investigates the effect of arc furnace reduction slag (RS) to partial replacement of Portland cement and waste foundry sand to replacement of fine aggregate on the property of high performance concrete (HPC).The HPC with different water-to-binder ratio (W/B ratio) and different quantity of reduction slag are studied. The fresh and harden property of HPC with RS is emphasized and the difference with that of blast-furnace slag (BF slag) is then compared. Results show the addition of RS may improve the workability, the 2 years compressive strength, and long-term properties of HPC. The result indicates RS had good effect on HPC. But the waste foundry sand replacement of fine aggregate may decrease flow-ability and compressive strength also increased pores to permeability on HPC. However, if treated of the waste foundry sand may improve the fresh and hardness properties. Mixture waste foundry sand (MWFS) is a combination of various percentages of industrial wastes which include waste foundry sand, slag and dust and are basically produced from foundry factories. This research is mainly focused on the application of such MWFS material on Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM). A local CLSM coded describing the application and workability of CLSM is used, and in order to meet such requirements, proper mixture proportions of CLSM have to be designed by using materials of not only MWFS and river sand but also cement, fly ash, clay, air entraining agent and CaCl2. The test results show that the more the amount of river sand replaced by MWFS in CLSM, the lower the slump and slump flow of CLSM. Some mixtures of CLSM have the results of high slump flows with dry loose density under 2000kg/m3. As the amount of CaCl2 exceeds 15% of cementitious materials, the initial settings of some CLSMS can be shorten to within 3.5 hours. As the amount of cement at 200 kg/m3, some groups of CLSM meet the standards of high early compressive strengths and low 28 days compressive strengths.

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Fox, John Thomas Cannon Fred S. "Reclaiming foundry waste green sand and baghouse dust via ultrasonic irradiation, advanced oxidation, induced cavitation and discrete particle settling." 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-3445/index.html.

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Gonçalves, Carina Raquel Cruz. "Incorporação de areias e escórias de fundição em argamassas e betões." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/70575.

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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil Sendo originados por todas as atividades humanas, os resíduos, tanto em relação à sua composição como à quantidade produzida, variam em função das práticas de consumo e dos métodos de produção. As principais preocupações centram-se nas consequências dos seus efeitos no que concerne à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente, seguindo-se as questões de carácter social e económico. Os resíduos produzidos pela indústria são particularmente preocupantes, pois quando incorretamente orientados transformam-se numa grave ameaça. O aumento da produção destes resíduos tem exigido soluções eficazes e investimentos por parte das entidades gestoras. Além disso, a crescente industrialização nos países em desenvolvimento tem influência sobres estes resíduos, pois passam a ser produzidos em regiões nem sempre preparadas para processá-los ou, pelo menos, para armazená-los adequadamente. Até pouco tempo atrás, depositá-los em aterros industriais era a única maneira encontrada pelas empresas para dar destino a esses resíduos, porém, atualmente, a indústria da construção civil apresenta-se como grande potencial na solução desses problemas, através da sua incorporação nos materiais de construção. Assim, a substituição de parte da areia natural por areias e escórias de fundição em argamassas e betões pode vir a diminuir o custo da produção dos mesmos, e também vir a melhorar algumas das suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas. Diante deste contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o efeito da incorporação de areias e escórias de fundição em argamassas e betões, prevendo-se a sua aptidão para produtos de construção de matriz cimentícia, por intermédio da análise dos resultados duma campanha experimental entretanto realizada. Para o efeito, em argamassas e betões, fez-se variar a percentagem de substituição de areia por uma areia de fundição ou escória, e comparou-se o desempenho obtido com o de uma composição padrão, cujo fabrico não implicou o uso de resíduos. São assim comparados e analisados os resultados de ensaios de caracterização física e mecânica de argamassas produzidas com areia natural como agregado fino, com os correspondentes obtidos em argamassas em que se substituiu parcialmente a areia por areias e escórias do setor da fundição, nas percentagens de 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% em massa e, posteriormente, em betões cuja substituição da areia natural foi feita por uma escória de fundição. Relativamente aos ensaios, determinou-se a resistência à compressão aos 3, 7, 28, 56 e 90 dias, a absorção de água por capilaridade e por imersão aos 28 dias, a migração de cloretos também aos 28 dias, o coeficiente de carbonatação aos 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56 e 90 dias e a suscetibilidade à reação álcalis-agregado. Foram também efetuados os ensaios de Los Angeles e de retração. Relativamente ao betão fresco, foram realizados ensaios de abaixamento e foram medidas a massa volúmica real e a massa volúmica aparente, absorção de água e baridade. Foram ainda realizadas análises granulométricas das várias composições. Being originated by all human activities, the waste, both in terms of its composition and quantity produced, they vary according to consumption practices and production methods. The main concerns are the consequences of their effects on human health and the environment, following social and economic issues. The waste produced by the industry is particularly worrying because when incorrectly targeted it becomes a serious threat. The increase in the production of these wastes has required effective solutions and investments by the managing entities. In addition, increasing industrialization in developing countries has an influence on these wastes, since they are produced in regions not always ready to process them or at least to store them properly. Until a short time ago, depositing them in industrial landfills was the only way found by companies to give them waste, but nowadays the construction industry presents itself as a great potential in solving these problems by incorporating them into the construction materials. Thus, replacing some of the natural sand with sands and slag casting in mortars and concrete may reduce the cost of producing them and also improve some of their physical and mechanical properties. In this context, the present study aims to analyze, through normative tests, the effect of the incorporation of sand and slag foundry in mortar and concrete, predicting its suitability for cement matrix construction products. For this purpose, the percentage of replacement of sand crushed by casting sand or slag and the standard composition was varied, and the standard composition, whose manufacture does not imply the use of waste. The results of the physical and mechanical characterization of mortars produced with natural sand as fine aggregate are compared and analysed, with the corresponding results obtained in mortars in which the sand was partially replaced by sands and slag in the foundry sector, in the percentages of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by mass, and later in concrete whose replacement of the natural sand is made by a foundry slag. For the tests, the compressive strength was carried out at 3, 7, 28, 56 and 90 days, water absorption by capillarity and by immersion at 28 days, migration of chlorides also at 28 days and determination of the carbonation coefficient at 7 , 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56 and 90 days, alkali-aggregate reaction, Los Angeles test and retraction assay. With respect to fresh concrete, lowering tests were carried out and the actual bulk density and bulk density, water absorption and apparent density were measured. Granulometric analyzes of the various compositions were also performed.

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Ludwig, Tanja. "Potenziale der Energieeffizienzsteigerung in der Gießerei-Industrie durch Abwärmenutzung." 2019. https://tubaf.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36055.

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In der Dissertationsschrift wurden zwei Schwerpunkte untersucht, die sich zum einen mit der Entwicklung einer Bewertungsmatrix zur Erstabschätzung potenzieller Abwärmenutzungen und zum anderen mit der Integration thermoelektrischer Generatoren im Gießereiprozess auseinandersetzten. In der Matrix wurden 4 Modellabwärmequellen definiert, die sich jeweils in 9 verschiedene Betriebszustände unterteilen, um die vielfältigen Prozessbedingungen widerzuspiegeln. Weiterhin wurden 4 Modellwärmesenken festgelegt, die in Abhängigkeit der thermischen Leistung der Abwärmequellen, die Bewertungsreferenz darstellen. Im Ergebnis erfolgte eine Bewertung von 144 unterschiedlichen Abwärmenutzungskonzepten nach den Kriterien: Energieeffizienzsteigerung, Kaskadennutzung, wirtschaftlich maximal vertretbares Budget und erzielte CO2-Einsparung. Die Integration der thermoelektrischen Generatoren erfolgte am Pfannenfeuer, im Formkasten und an der Druckgussmaschine. Die höchsten Durchschnittswerte der elektrischen Leistung wurden mit 45mW im Formkasten erreicht. Damit können Sensornetzwerke energieautark versorgt, die Datenverfügbarkeit erhöht und die Prozesseffizienz gesteigert werden.

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Yeh, Chia-Heng, and 葉嘉恒. "Study on Safety Management of Contractor's Wastes Disposal Operation in the Semiconductor Foundry." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17741408021555438212.

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碩士 國立交通大學 工學院產業安全與防災學程 102 Relevant statistics have shown that waste removal and transportation workers are a population that is highly subjected to danger and that has a high occupational accident casualty rate. However, compared to other workers, waste removal and transportation workers’ safety at work is often neglected. Particularly in semiconductor factories, waste takes numerous forms and requires frequent removal and transportation; therefore, any negligence during operating procedures easily produces risks of accidents and environmental pollution. Currently, waste removal and transportation tasks in factories are outsourced to contractors. To prevent accidents, potential job hazards must be assessed. Effective improvement approaches and safety management can subsequently be adopted to reduce the risks involved in waste removal and transportation. This study analyzed waste removal and transportation operations at a semiconductor factory in Hsinchu, Taiwan and investigated possible risk factors between the time the waste removal and transportation firm employees entered the factory and commenced work to the time that they left the factory. This study examined the types of waste and the work methods in the factory, and conducted failure mode and effects analysis to assess risks involved in the various operational procedures. Potential risks were ranked; factors that were not clearly harmful and those that were redundant were eliminated. Subsequently, approaches to improve high-risk waste removal and transportation operations were suggested, and the effects of implementation were monitored. This process was expected to effectively reduce enables operational risks and enhance the safety of waste removal and transportation workers. The research results indicated that the reduction of risks in waste removal and transportation operation should be pursued from five aspects: personnel educational training, facility security enhancement, regular facility examination, working procedure improvement, and the strengthening of operational management. Implementing the improvement approaches reduced the risk priority number from 16 to 5; the accident rate declined from an average of 0.3 accidents per month to 0 accidents per month (data collected until March 2014). Improving working procedures requires continual plan-do-check-acts. Reinforcing the safety of waste removal and transportation can reduce accident rates and enhance a companies’ and corporations’ images and commitment to social responsibility.

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Campos, Marta Catarina Sá. "Incorporação de resíduos industriais na produção de cerâmicos." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/65000.

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Dissertação de Mestrado (Ciclo de Estudos Integrados Conducentes ao Grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Materiais) O progresso da investigação permite que seja tomada consciência sobre a problemática da gestão adequada dos resíduos industriais. Este estudo abrange a produção de materiais cerâmicos aditivados com diversos resíduos, numa gama de 1% até 15% de incorporação. O resíduo é cada vez mais considerado como um recurso, ou um subproduto dada a importância da sua composição. Os relatos encontrados na literatura mostram que a valorização dos resíduos industriais através da sua inserção num ciclo produtivo é cada vez mais realizada. A legislação decorrente obriga a que uma série de requisitos sejam cumpridos para que os diferentes resíduos sejam enviados, normalmente para aterros. No presente trabalho a adição de resíduos a materiais cerâmicos através do processo de extrusão, neste caso cerâmica de barro vermelho, é uma forma eficaz de utilizar estes resíduos, e alterar o seu destino final. Os elementos de alvenaria são exemplo de materiais cerâmicos inertes, que segundo o Decreto-Lei n.º 183/2009 de 10 de agosto, podem ser depositados em aterros de inertes sem qualquer avaliação química. Os resíduos utilizados neste estudo demonstraram diversos resultados. As análises realizadas demonstram que ao nível da retração esta é de 3% na secagem e insignificante na cozedura. No caso da lama de hidróxido de ferro, este foi o aditivo que se destacou devido ao aumento de resistência à flexão do conjunto cerâmico. Resíduos como pó de ferro, pó de vidro, lamas galvânicas, poeiras siderúrgicas e pó de tinta mostraram ser capazes de manter as propriedades mecânicas da cerâmica, o que se manifesta como uma boa prática de aproveitamento dos resíduos. No entanto, resíduos como pó de alumínio, lamas de anodização de alumínio, areias de fundição e lamas oleosas demonstraram ser algo prejudiciais para as propriedades mecânicas do conjunto cerâmico e por isso a sua viabilidade é questionável. Apesar das propriedades mecânicas não saírem beneficiadas em todos os casos, os conjuntos de materiais produzidos são considerados inertes, exceto as lamas de hidróxido de ferro, respeitando todos os valores limite de lixiviação, estipulados pelo decreto referido no parágrafo anterior. The progress of research allows that a conscience is taken about the problem of the proper industrial waste management. This study covers the production of ceramics with several waste as additives, with several percentages of incorporation, from different industry sectors. Industrial wastes are increasingly regarded as a resource or a sub-product, given the importance of its composition. The reports in the literature show that the recovery of industrial waste through their inclusion in a production cycle is increasingly performed. The arising legislation forces the fulfilment of a series of requirements so that waste are sent, ordinarily, to landfills. The present work aims to demonstrate that the addition of waste to ceramic materials, in this case ceramic red clay, is an effective way to inertize this residues and change their final destination. The masonry units are examples of inert ceramic materials which, according to the Decree- Law n.º 183/2009 of 10 August, can be deposited in inert landfills without any chemical evaluation. The residues used in this study showed several results. In the case of iron slurry, this was the additive that stood out due to the increased flexural resistance of the ceramic assembly. Waste as iron powder, glass powder, galvanic sludge, siderurgical dust and ink powder showed not be able to change the mechanical properties of ceramics which manifests itself as a good practice of waste recovery. However, residues such as aluminium powder, aluminium anodizing sludge, foundry sands and oil sludge do not proved to be beneficial to the mechanical properties of the ceramic assembly and that is why their viability is questionable. Although the mechanical properties leave no benefit in all cases, all sets of materials produced are considered inert, respecting all leaching limit values stipulated by the decree referred in the preceding paragraph.

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Burns, Jonathan. "Development of Pillared M(IV) Phosphate Phosphonate Inorganic Organic Hybrid Ion Exchange Materials for Applications in Separations found in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148358.

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This dissertation focuses on key intergroup and intragroup separations found in the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle, specifically americium from lanthanides and americium from other actinides, most importantly americium from curium. Our goal is to implement a liquid-solid separation process to reduce waste and risk of contamination by the development of metal(IV) phosphate phosphonate inorganic organic hybrid ion exchange materials with the ideal formula of M(O6P2C6H4)0.5(O3POA) * nH2O, where M = Zr or Sn, A = H or Na. These materials have previously shown to have high affinity for Ln, this work will expand on the previous studies and provide methods for the above target separation, exploiting oxidation state and ion charge to drive the separation process. The optimum hydrothermal reaction conditions were determined by adjusting parameters such as reaction temperature and time, as well as the phosphonate to phosphate (pillarto-spacer) ligands ratio. Following these results four bulk syntheses were performed and their ion exchange properties were thoroughly examined. Techniques such as inductively coupled mass spectrometry and liquid scintillation counting were used to determine the affinity of the materials towards Na+, Cs+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ni2+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Ho3+, Yb3+, NpO2+, Pu4+, PuO22+, Am3+, AmO2+, and Cm3+. Separation factors in the thousands have been observed for intergroup separations of the Ln from the alkali, alkaline earth, and low valent transition metals. A new method for Am oxidation was developed, which employed Na2S2O8 as the oxidizing agent and Ca(OCl)2 as the stabilizing agent for AmO2+ synthesis. Separation factors of 30-60 for Nd3+ and Eu3+ from AmO2+, as well as 20 for Cm3+ from AmO2+ were observed at pH 2. The work herein shows that a liquid-solid separation can be carried out for these difficult separations by means of oxidation and ion exchange.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Foundry waste'

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