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Journal articles on the topic 'Four electrode configuration'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Makeyev, Oleksandr. "Comprehensive Optimization of the Tripolar Concentric Ring Electrode with Respect to the Accuracy of Laplacian Estimation Based on the Finite Dimensions Model of the Electrode." Engineering Proceedings 2, no. 1 (2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-7-08167.

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Optimization performed in this study is based on the finite dimensions model of the concentric ring electrode as opposed to the negligible dimensions model widely used in the past. This makes the optimization problem comprehensive since all of the electrode parameters, including, for the first time, the radius of the central disc and individual widths of concentric rings, are optimized simultaneously. The optimization criterion used is maximizing the accuracy of the surface Laplacian estimation since the ability to estimate the Laplacian at each electrode constitutes the primary biomedical sig

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ZHAO, Yanjun, Guohua NI, Wei LIU, et al. "Dynamic characteristics of multi-arc thermal plasma in four types of electrode configurations." Plasma Science and Technology 24, no. 5 (2022): 055407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-6272/ac4ee7.

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Abstract The enhanced volume of thermal plasma is produced by a multi-arc thermal plasma generator with three pairs of discharge electrodes driven by three directed current power suppliers. Combined with a high-speed camera and an oscilloscope, which acquire optical and electric signals synchronously, the dynamic behavior of different kinds of multi-arc discharge adjusted by the electrode arrangement is investigated. Also, the spatial distributions and instability of the arc discharge are analyzed in four electrode configurations using the gray value statistical method. It is found that the ca

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You, Ilhwan, Seung-Jung Lee, Goangseup Zi, and Daehyun Lim. "Influence of Carbon Fiber Incorporation on Electrical Conductivity of Cement Composites." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (2020): 8993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248993.

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This study investigated the effects of carbon fiber (CF) length, electrode spacing, and probe configuration on the electrical conductivity of cement composites. Accordingly, 57 different types of samples were prepared, considering three different CF lengths, five different CF contents, three different electrode spacings, and two different probe configurations. This research found that the influence of CF length on the electrical resistivity of cement composite depends electrode spacing. For the cement composite with wide electrode spacing of 40 mm, its resistivity decreased as increasing CF le

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Mobarak, Mahjabin, and K. Siddique e. Rabbani. "Improving Deep Sensitivity of Four-Electrode Focused Impedance Method In Lungs by Varying Electrode Geometries." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics 15, no. 1 (2022): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v15i1.63561.

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Bio-Electrical impedance is of special interest in the detection and diagnosis of lung problems, particularly in the low and medium income countries. An age old simple technique employing four electrodes is known as ‘Tetra Polar Impedance Measurement (TPIM)’ but it cannot localize a particular zone of interest region. A new technique named as ‘Focused Impedance Method (FIM)’ was innovated by a Dhaka University group which gives high sensitivity in a localized zone of interest. Previously FIM was used from one side of the thorax which gave a rather limited information from the lungs, from shall

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Stalder, Stephanie A., Stéphanie van der Lely, Collene E. Anderson, et al. "Development of a Sham Protocol to Investigate Transcutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation in Randomised, Sham-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trials." Biomedicines 11, no. 7 (2023): 1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071931.

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Transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS) is a promising treatment for neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms. However, the evidence is limited due to a general lack of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and, also, inconsistency in the sham and blinding conditions. In the context of much-needed RCTs, we aimed to develop a suitable sham-control protocol for a clinical setting to maintain blinding but avoid meaningful stimulation of the tibial nerve. Three potential electrode positions (lateral malleolus/5th metatarsal/plantar calcaneus) and two electrode sizes (diameter: 2.5 cm/3.2 cm) w

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Gamero-Quijano, Alonso, Andrés F. Molina-Osorio, Pekka Peljo, and Micheál D. Scanlon. "Closed bipolar electrochemistry in a four-electrode configuration." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 19 (2019): 9627–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp00774a.

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The thermodynamic theory underpinning closed bipolar electrochemistry in a 4-electrode configuration is presented; a technique applicable to spectro-electroanalysis, energy storage, electrocatalysis and electrodeposition.

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Aydogan, Alper, Fatih Atalar, Aysel Ersoy Yilmaz, and Pawel Rozga. "Using the Method of Harmonic Distortion Analysis in Partial Discharge Assessment in Mineral Oil in a Non-Uniform Electric Field." Energies 13, no. 18 (2020): 4830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184830.

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In high-voltage equipment, it is vital to detect any failure in advance. To do this, a determination of the partial discharges occurring at different voltage types as well as at different electrode configurations is essential for observing the oil condition. In this study, an experimental setup consisting of a needle–semi-sphere electrode configuration immersed in mineral oil is prepared for laboratory experiment. In such a way, a non-uniform electric field is created and the leakage currents are monitored from the grounded electrode. A total of six different electrode configurations are analy

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Saito, Genki, and Tomohiro Akiyama. "Nanomaterial Synthesis Using Plasma Generation in Liquid." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/123696.

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Over the past few decades, the research field of nanomaterials (NMs) has developed rapidly because of the unique electrical, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties of these materials. Among the various methods available today for NM synthesis, techniques for plasma generation in liquid are relatively new. Various types of plasma such as arc discharge and glow discharge can be applied to produce metal, alloy, oxide, inorganic, carbonaceous, and composite NMs. Many experimental setups have been reported, in which various parameters such as the liquid, electrode material, electrode configura

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9

Gamero-Quijano, Alonso, Grégoire Herzog, and Micheál D. Scanlon. "Bioelectrochemistry of Cytochrome c in a closed bipolar electrochemical cell." Electrochemistry Communications 109 (November 6, 2019): 106600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2019.106600.

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The reversible oxidation and reduction of Cytochrome c (Cyt <em>c</em>) is demonstrated with a closed bipolar electrochemical cell (CBPEC). Herein, a 4-electrode configuration was studied with the opposite poles of the bipolar electrode resting in separate aqueous and organic electrolyte solutions, respectively. Using biocompatible indium tin oxide (ITO) slides as the bipolar electrode poles, we investigated the influence of the redox potential of the reductant (decamethyferrocene or dimethylferrocene) in a trifluorotoluene organic phase on the observed voltammetry. Reversible electron transfe

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Lin, Penghui. "Study on the FES effects of different sizes of stimulation electrodes and different numbers of stimulation channels." Molecular & Cellular Biomechanics 22, no. 5 (2025): 1757. https://doi.org/10.62617/mcb1757.

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This study aims to investigate the functional electrical stimulation (FES) effects of different sizes of stimulation electrodes and different numbers of stimulation channels. Taking the biceps brachii as the target muscle, four FES electrode configurations were designed, varying in electrode size and stimulation channel number. This study recruited ten healthy subjects. Under each FES electrode configuration, a high (30 Hz)-frequency/low (1 Hz)-frequency alternating stimulation was conducted to collect effective muscle contraction strength data and surface electromyography (sEMG) signals. The

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Alqahtani, Abdulrahman. "Investigating Different Paradigms of Electrical Stimulation for Retinal Prosthesis." Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences 12, no. 2 (2024): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/mjhs.2024.02.011.

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Background and Aims: Retinal prostheses have been suggested to restore vision for those with retinal diseases. This study aimed to identify the most effective stimulation approaches for retinal prostheses. Methods: This study examined various return electrode configurations on a realistic retinal ganglion cell model. Two return electrode configurations, monopolar and hexapolar, were implanted on epiretinal side. There were four waveforms used to send electrical current through the active electrode. The study also compared two stimulation methods: single stimulation and concurrent (parallel) st

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King, A. Joyce, and Yvonne S. Sininger. "Electrode Configuration for Auditory Brainstem Response Audiometry." American Journal of Audiology 1, no. 2 (1992): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889.0102.63.

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A vertical recording montage (C z to the seventh cervical vertebra or C 7 ) has been shown to yield significantly lower auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold when compared with a horizontal or anterior-posterior montage (Sininger & Don, 1989). The present study further examines the relationship between electrode placement and the amplitude of the ABR to low-level stimuli. Four electrode arrays were compared—the commonly-used clinical configuration of forehead to ipsilateral mastoid, the vertical array from the previous study (C z to C 7 ), and two additional montages employing linked

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Agafonov, Vadim, Ivan Egorov, and Anna Akinina. "Frequency Response of a Six-Electrode MET Sensor at Extremely Low Temperatures." Sensors 23, no. 9 (2023): 4311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094311.

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Four-electrode electrochemical cells are widely used for signal conversion in molecular-electronic transfer (MET) motion sensors. The most used ACCA (anode–cathode–cathode–anode) configuration has proven its performance and usefulness for obtaining a superior conversion factor and a wider frequency range over standard geophones at room temperature. However, the MET sensor conversion factor decreases a thousand-fold or more when the temperature drops from room temperature to 233 K. In the design suggested is this paper, a pair of additional gate (G) electrodes has been added outside the standar

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Sun, Yung-Shin. "Electrical Stimulation for Wound-Healing: Simulation on the Effect of Electrode Configurations." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5289041.

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Endogenous electric field is known to play important roles in the wound-healing process, mainly through its effects on protein synthesis and cell migration. Many clinical studies have demonstrated that electrical stimulation (ES) with steady direct currents is beneficial to accelerating wound-healing, even though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, a three-dimensional finite element wound model was built to optimize the electrode configuration in ES. Four layers of the skin, stratum corneum, epidermis, dermis, and subcutis, with defined thickness and electrical prop

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Minutillo, Mariagiovanna, Simona Di Micco, Paolo Di Giorgio, Giovanni Erme, and Elio Jannelli. "Investigating Air-Cathode Microbial Fuel Cells Performance under Different Serially and Parallelly Connected Configurations." Energies 14, no. 16 (2021): 5116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165116.

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Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have recently attracted more attention in the context of sustainable energy production. They can be considered as a future solution for the treatment of organic wastes and the production of bioelectricity. However, the low output voltage and the low produced electricity limit their applications as energy supply systems. The scaling up of MFCs both by developing bigger reactors with multiple electrodes and by connecting several cells in stacked configurations is a valid solution for improving these performances. In this paper, the scaling up of a single air-cathode m

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Xiong, Jian, Yi Deng, Hiroaki Suzuki, and Seiya Tsujimura. "Separation of Electrochemical Signals By Ohmic Drop between Electrodes Arranged in a Matrix Configuration." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 54 (2024): 3645. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02543645mtgabs.

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1.introduction Combining electrochemical principles and microfabrication techniques can achieve high sensitivity and miniaturization of sensing devices. However, commonly used three-electrode systems increase the number of contacts paid and manufacturing costs with the integration of electrodes. Array electrodes are advantageous as a solution to this problem. Array electrodes share contact pads, making them easy to integrate and suitable for multiple detections. The single-channel array electrode electrochemical system used in this study (Figure 1a) consists of an array electrode as the detect

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Liao, Zhiwei, Junmin Jing, Rui Gao, et al. "A Direct-Reading MEMS Conductivity Sensor with a Parallel-Symmetric Four-Electrode Configuration." Micromachines 13, no. 7 (2022): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13071153.

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This work proposes a design for a direct-reading conductivity sensor with a parallel symmetrical four-electrode structure, which integrates a silicon-based platinum thin-film strip electrode and a serpentine temperature compensation electrode. The optimal structural parameters of the electrode were determined by finite element simulations performed via COMSOL Multiphysics. Next, the designed conductivity sensor chip was fabricated using MEMS technology, and subsequently, the conductivity measurement circuit was designed to test the fabricated sensor’s performance. In laboratory tests, the opti

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Wardaya, Asep Yoyo, Zaenul Muhlisin, Jatmiko Endro Suseno, et al. "Capacitance Calculation Model in Corona Discharge Case." Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems 9, no. 5 (2022): 1161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/mmep.090501.

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The (I-V) characteristic pattern of the corona discharge case is very different from the pattern of ordinary electric circuits, so it is interesting to investigate. Several previous studies involved the concept of Maxwell's equations on several physical case models such as coaxial cylinder, electrohydrodynamic, and the electric wind. In this study, we use a capacitance calculation model for positive dc corona discharge in air, especially in calculating the (I-V) current-voltage characteristics of an electrode configuration model, often referred to as capacitively coupled plasma (CCP). The conf

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19

Zhou, Qiu Zhan, Da Yi Li, and Yu Jiang Wang. "Self-Noise Analysis of Four-Electrode Microflow-Electrochemical Accelerometer Inspired by Hemodynamic Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 461 (November 2013): 984–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.461.984.

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A fluid dynamics model of electrolyte in mircroflow inspired by hemodynamic model of aortic is proposed and applied in the self-noise analysis of four-electrode microflow-electrochemical accelerometer. Three-dimensional finite element model is established and invested through numerical simulation, the variety of geometrical parameters on different location of electrode and varied time are considered, which can affect the microflow-electrochemical accelerometers self-noise. The result of numerical simulation indicates that, self-noise is related to electrode configuration as well as electrode g

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Brull, Sorin J., and David G. Silverman. "Pulse Width, Stimulus Intensity, Electrode Placement, and Polarity during Assessment of Neuromuscular Block." Anesthesiology 83, no. 4 (1995): 702–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199510000-00009.

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Background Although the intensity of neurostimulation (i.e., charge) is a product of current intensity and pulse duration, the effects of the latter on the amplitude of evoked response and subjective discomfort are unknown. Therefore, the authors investigated the effects of current intensity and pulse width, and their interaction with electrode placement and polarity, on force translation (FTR), accelerography (ACG), and electromyography (EMG) at the adductor pollics muscle. Methods Ulnar stimulating electrodes were applied in one of two configurations: over the distal forearm and olecranon gr

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Cecchetti, Marco, Mirko Messaggi, Andrea Casalegno, and Matteo Zago. "Design and Development of Flow Fields with Multiple Inlets or Outlets in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Batteries 10, no. 3 (2024): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries10030108.

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In vanadium redox flow batteries, the flow field geometry plays a dramatic role on the distribution of the electrolyte and its design results from the trade-off between high battery performance and low pressure drops. In the literature, it was demonstrated that electrolyte permeation through the porous electrode is mainly regulated by pressure difference between adjacent channels, leading to the presence of under-the-rib fluxes. With the support of a 3D computational fluid dynamic model, this work presents two novel flow field geometries that are designed to tune the direction of the pressure

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Do Quang, Loc, and Hoang Bao Anh. "Development of a passive wireless sensor for fluidic detection and characterization utilizing the PCB-based coplanar electrode (PCE) configuration." Journal of Military Science and Technology 96 (June 25, 2024): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.96.2024.116-123.

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During the global economic development, there's a growing focus on healthcare, especially in the advancement of medical diagnostic technologies, with a significant emphasis on glucose level evaluation. Glucose biosensors, predominantly electrochemical, have evolved over four generations, with the first three being enzyme-based and known for sensitivity and cost-effectiveness, albeit with limitations due to environmental susceptibility and reliance on enzyme activity. Recent advancements in non-invasive blood glucose monitoring, utilizing optical, microwave, and electrochemical techniques, offe

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Thangavel, Sathies, and Senthil Ponnusamy. "Application of 3D printed polymer composite as capacitive sensor." Sensor Review 40, no. 1 (2019): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-08-2019-0198.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the usage of three-dimensionally (3D) printed polylactic acid (PLA)-carbon black (CB) conductive polymer composite in the measurement of the void fraction and liquid level. Design/methodology/approach PLA-CB conductive polymer composite is 3D printed through fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique and used as a capacitive sensor for void fraction measurement and liquid level sensing. The sensitivity of 3D printed ring and concave type capacitive sensors are compared for void fraction measurement. The effect of electrode length, thickness a

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Ullah, Hadaate, Md A. Wahab, Geoffrey Will, et al. "Recent Advances in Stretchable and Wearable Capacitive Electrophysiological Sensors for Long-Term Health Monitoring." Biosensors 12, no. 8 (2022): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12080630.

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Over the past several years, wearable electrophysiological sensors with stretchability have received significant research attention because of their capability to continuously monitor electrophysiological signals from the human body with minimal body motion artifacts, long-term tracking, and comfort for real-time health monitoring. Among the four different sensors, i.e., piezoresistive, piezoelectric, iontronic, and capacitive, capacitive sensors are the most advantageous owing to their reusability, high durability, device sterilization ability, and minimum leakage currents between the electro

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Ashmarin, Vasiliy V., Denis G. Osipov, and Igor V. Rezyukov. "DESIGN FEATURES AND THE TIME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RAIL FOUR-CHANNEL SPARK GAP WITH FIELD DISTORTION." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2021-1-27-35.

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The article discusses the design features of a four-channel rail arrester with field distortion and the results of the study of its time characteristics. The need for this work related to the development of such dischargers due to the lack of their analogues is due to the widespread use of capacitive energy storage devices as power sources for electrodynamics mass accelerators. At the present stage of development of science and technology, the use of such accelerators is the most promising for creating experimental stands for modeling in laboratory conditions the processes of high-speed intera

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Muhammad, Usman, Hadee Zaid, Nurul Nadia Ahmad, Normiza Mohamad Nor, and Fazlul Aman. "Evaluation of steady-state ground resistance by field measurement and CDEGS computation." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 13, no. 5 (2024): 3033–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v13i5.7603.

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In addition to the soil resistivity and size of the grounding system, grounding system configuration can influence the steady-state resistance (RDC) of a grounding system. The RDC of four to six configurations in three distinct soil conditions (sites 1 to 3) is measured using the fall-of-potential method and computed using the current distribution, electromagnetic fields, grounding, and soil structure analysis (CDEGS) simulation. The RDC value generally decreases as size increases, i.e., when more rods or tapes are added, except for a little variation subject to the electrode arrangement and s

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Ohgaki, Takeshi, Naoki Ohashi, Shigeaki Sugimura, et al. "Positive Hall coefficients obtained from contact misplacement on evident n-type ZnO films and crystals." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 9 (2008): 2293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0300.

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We report on the effect of sample non-uniformity on the results of Hall-effect measurements. False positive Hall coefficients were obtained from an evidently n-type ZnO single crystal, although four electrodes with low contact resistance were made and the Van der Pauw parameter for this electrode configuration was close to 1.00. Further position-sensitive characterization revealed that the false positive Hall coefficient was due to non-uniform electrical properties of the sample. To demonstrate a false positive sign of the Hall coefficient due to sample non-uniformity, we devised a model struc

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John, Elvis Ighodalo and John Osazee Japhet. "Delineation of Aquiferous Formation using 2-D Electrical Imaging Technique at Ukwuani, South–South Nigeria." Journal of Energy Technology and Environment 6, no. 2 (2024): 46–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11408041.

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<em>An aquifer is a body that can hold large volumes of water and also transmit such volumes of water as a result of groundwater potential. To determine groundwater potential, a 2-D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) technique was carried out within the medium fine-grained formation of the Ukwuani kingdom, South-South, Nigeria. The study is undertaken to determine the thickness, lateral extent and depth of aquiferous formation within the study locations. The Abem Terameter SAS 300C was used for field data acquisition while employing the Wenner-Schlumberger electrode configuration. A 2-D set

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Niwas, Sri, and M. Israil. "Computation of apparent resistivities using an exponential approximation of kernel functions." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 8 (1986): 1594–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442210.

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We present a fresh approach to the mathematical computation of apparent resistivities in electrical prospecting. The method is based on an exponential approximation of the kernel function which reduces the integral equation for the potential over a layered earth to a simple algebraic equation. The coefficients in the approximation are obtained using a least‐squares inversion technique. A single, unified matrix equation allows computation of apparent resistivity values for arbitrary four‐electrode arrays over a layered earth. The unified G function automatically reduces to that of a symmetrical

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Lu, Cian-Tong, Zhi-Yan Zhu, Sheng-Wen Chen, Yu-Ling Chang, and Kan-Lin Hsueh. "Effects of Cell Design Parameters on Zinc-Air Battery Performance." Batteries 8, no. 8 (2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8080092.

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Zn-air batteries have attracted considerable attention from researchers owing to their high theoretical energy density and the abundance of zinc on Earth. The modification of battery component materials represent a common approach to improve battery performance. The effects of cell design on cell performance are seldom investigated. In this study, we designed four battery structures as follows. Cell 1: close-proximity electrode, Cell 2: equal-area electrode, Cell 3: large zinc electrode, and Cell 4: air channel flow. The effects of four factors: (1) carbon paste, (2) natural and forced air con

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Robles, Kevin Paolo V., Jurng-Jae Yee, and Seong-Hoon Kee. "Effect of the Geometrical Constraints to the Wenner Four-Point Electrical Resistivity Test of Reinforced Concrete Slabs." Sensors 21, no. 13 (2021): 4622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134622.

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The main objectives of this study are to evaluate the effect of geometrical constraints of plain concrete and reinforced concrete slabs on the Wenner four-point concrete electrical resistivity (ER) test through numerical and experimental investigation and to propose measurement recommendations for laboratory and field specimens. First, a series of numerical simulations was performed using a 3D finite element model to investigate the effects of geometrical constraints (the dimension of concrete slabs, the electrode spacing and configuration, and the distance of the electrode to the edges of con

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Wiranto, Goib, I. Dewa Putu Hermida, Hiskia, Beni Rama, and Dadi Rusdiana. "Liquid Conductivity Sensor Based on AgPd Paste Fabricated on an Al₂O₃ Substrate Using Screen Printing Technique." Materials Science Forum 887 (March 2017): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.887.108.

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In this paper, the design and fabrication of a liquid conductivity sensor based on AgPd paste will be described. The device was designed in a four-electrode configuration on a 10 x 25 mm2 96% Al2O3 substrate. The distance between the two driving electrodes was 4 mm, whereas the distance between the two measuring electrodes was 2 mm.The device was also integrated with a Ruthenium based temperature sensor printed on the backside of the substrate. Initial characterisation showed that the conductivity sensor has a measured sensitivity and cell constant of 1.67 cm and 0.51 cm-1, respectively, when

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Efremenko, Yulia, and Vladimir M. Mirsky. "Electrical Control of the Receptor Affinity." Engineering Proceedings 6, no. 1 (2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/i3s2021dresden-10084.

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A concept of virtual sensor array based on an electrically controlled variation of affinity properties of the receptor layer was realized on the base of integrated electrochemical chemotransistor containing conducting polymer as the receptor layer. Electrical control of the redox-state of the polymer (polyaniline) was performed in a five-electrode configuration with four electrodes for conductivity measurements and Ag/AgCl reference electrode integrated on the same glass chip. An ionic liquid provided an electrical connection between the reference electrode and chemosensitive material. Conduct

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Liu, Zhengyan, Yoichi Hirakawa, Kazuto Yamamoto, et al. "Consecutive diagnosis of nanosecond pulsed discharge in a coaxial electrode configuration using a quadruple emICCD camera system." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 33, no. 9 (2024): 095001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/ad6fcf.

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Abstract Understanding the rapid dynamics of the primary streamer is crucial for comprehending the nanosecond pulsed discharge process. To reveal the fast primary streamer process, this study introduces a newly developed quadruple emICCD camera system capable of capturing a sequence of four discharge images in single pulse, coupled with self-customized software for data analysis. A nanosecond pulse power with its FWHM of 10.5 ns was applied to a coaxial reactor, focusing on the dynamics of the primary streamer. Our research clarifies the spatiotemporal variations of the primary streamer’s prop

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Zhou, Ruifu, Daobiao Hong, Siyu Gao, Yu Gu, and Xuhai Liu. "Electric Field Induced Electrorotation of 2D Perovskite Microplates." Micromachines 12, no. 10 (2021): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12101228.

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High precision-controlled movement of microscale devices is crucial to obtain advanced miniaturized motors. In this work, we report a high-speed rotating micromotor based on two-dimensional (2D) all-inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 microplates controlled via alternating-current (AC) external electric field. Firstly, the device configuration with optimized electric field distribution has been determined via systematic physical simulation. Using this optimized biasing configuration, when an AC electric field is applied at the four-electrode system, the microplates suspended in the tetradecane soluti

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Bimurzaev, Seitkerim, Nakhypbek Aldiyarov, Yerkin Yerzhigitov, Akmaral Tlenshiyeva, and Ruslan Kassym. "Improving the resolution and sensitivity of an orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometer with orthogonal ion injection." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, no. 5 (126) (2023): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.290649.

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The theoretical possibilities of increasing the resolution and sensitivity of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer with orthogonal ion injection are considered. The effects are achieved by using inhomogeneous electrostatic fields of special configurations both in the accelerating and focusing parts of the device – a cylindrical immersion objective and a transaxial mirror, respectively. It is shown that the use of an inhomogeneous cylindrical field of a special configuration as an ion accelerator opens up the possibility of a multiple reduction in the energy spread of ions in injected ion packets

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P.O, Eke, and Life George F. "AQUIFER TRANSMISSIVITY VALUES FROM VES FOR PARTS OF PORT HARCOURT, RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 4 (2018): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i4.2018.1664.

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This paper presents aquifer transmissivity values obtained from vertical electrical sounding method from some locations in Port Harcourt Local Government Area of Rivers State. Twelve (12) stations were occupied using the Schlumberger electrode configuration with maximum electrode spacing of 400 m. The data were interpreted using IPI2WIN software version 3.0.1 (2003).The results reveal four layer strata with transmissivity (Tr) values of between 145.53 and 18264.42 m2/day with average value of 7252.23 m2/day. These indicate high aquifer transmissivity values for the study area with high permeab

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Eke, P.O *1, and F. 2. Life-George. "AQUIFER TRANSMISSIVITY VALUES FROM VES FOR PARTS OF PORT HARCOURT, RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA." International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah 6, no. 4 (2018): 291–300. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1248182.

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This paper presents aquifer transmissivity values obtained from vertical electrical sounding method from some locations in Port Harcourt Local Government Area of Rivers State. Twelve (12) stations were occupied using the Schlumberger electrode configuration with maximum electrode spacing of 400 m. The data were interpreted using IPI2WIN software version 3.0.1 (2003).The results reveal four layer strata with transmissivity (Tr) values of between 145.53 and 18264.42 m2/day with average value of 7252.23 m2/day. These indicate high aquifer transmissivity values for the study area with high permeab

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Ali, Shawkat, Saleem Khan, and Amine Bermak. "All-Printed Human Activity Monitoring and Energy Harvesting Device for Internet of Thing Applications." Sensors 19, no. 5 (2019): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051197.

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A self-powered device for human activity monitoring and energy harvesting for Internet of Things (IoT) devices is proposed. The self-powered device utilizes flexible Nano-generators (NGs), flexible diodes and off-the-shelf capacitors. During footsteps the NGs generate an AC voltage then it is converted into DC using rectifiers and the DC power is stored in a capacitor for powering the IoT devices. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and zinc stannate (ZnSnO3) composite is utilized for the NG active layer, indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminum (Al) are used as the bottom and top electrodes, respectively.

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Lozanova, Siya, Ivan Kolev, Avgust Ivanov, and Chavdar Roumenin. "2D In-Plane Sensitive Hall-Effect Sensor." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (2018): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130711.

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A new 2D (two-dimensional) in-plane sensitive Hall-effect sensor comprising two identical n-Si Greek-crosses is presented. Each of the crosses contains one central square contact and, symmetrically to each of their four sides, an outer contact is available. Outer electrode from one configuration is connected with the respective opposite contact from the other configuration, thus forming four parallel three-contact (3C) Hall elements. These original connections provide pairs of opposite supply currents in each of the cross-Hall structure. Also the obligatory load resistors in the outer contacts

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Nursam, Natalita Maulani, Ade Istiqomah, Jojo Hidayat, Putri Nur Anggraini, and Shobih. "Analysis of Catalytic Material Effect on the Photovoltaic Properties of Monolithic Dye-sensitized Solar Cells." Jurnal Elektronika dan Telekomunikasi 17, no. 2 (2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jet.v17.30-35.

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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) are widely developed due to their attractive appearance and simple fabrication processes. One of the challenges that arise in the DSSC fabrication involves high material cost associated with the cost of conductive substrate. DSSC with monolithic configuration was then developed on the basis of this motivation. In this contribution, titanium dioxide-based monolithic type DSSCs were fabricated on a single fluorine-doped transparent oxide coated glass using porous ZrO2 as spacer. Herein, the catalytic material for the counter-electrode was varied using carbon com

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Zairina, Anisa, Soemarno Soemarno, Arief Rachmansyah, and Bagyo Yanuwiadi. "Geophysical, geotechnical, and vegetation characteristics in landslide areas in Pujon and Ngantang, Malang Regency, East Java." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 11, no. 2 (2024): 5211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2024.112.5211.

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One of the efforts to manage the risk of ground movement is to identify landslide-prone area characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the geophysical, geotechnical, and vegetation characteristics of landslide and non-landslide areas. This study adopted the resistivity geoelectric method to identify the type and structure of subsurface materials in landslide and non-landslide regions in Pujon and Ngantang, Malang Regency. Measurements in this study were done in four locations. Each geoelectric measurement path at each location was determined to be 100 m long. The electrodes were spaced

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Muhammad, Rouf, Rizki Dwi Ardika, Andi Ibrahim Soumi, Wibi Pramanda, and Muhamad Safi'i. "Identifikasi Unjuk Kerja Mesin 4 Langkah Variasi Busi dan Koil Pengapian." JURNAL CRANKSHAFT 7, no. 2 (2024): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/cra.v7i2.12745.

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The most critical component of a motorcycle's combustion process is the spark plug, which fires sparks for the ignition system. In this research, the performance of several spark plug electrode gap diameters and materials was varied to detect how much they affected engine performance, fuel consumption, and emissions. Engine testing was conducted on a 110-cc four-stroke engine. Nickel material spark plugs with a gap dimension of 0.9 mm, platinum material spark plugs with a gap dimension of 0.8 mm, iridium material spark plugs with a gap dimension of 0.7 mm, and two types of ignition coils. The

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Schmutz, Myriam, Ahmad Ghorbani, Pierre Vaudelet, and Amélie Blondel. "Cable arrangement to reduce electromagnetic coupling effects in spectral-induced polarization studies." GEOPHYSICS 79, no. 2 (2014): A1—A5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0301.1.

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Spectral-induced polarization (SIP) is widely used for environmental and engineering geophysical prospecting and hydrogeophysics, but one major limitation concerns the electromagnetic (EM) coupling effect. The phase angles related to EM coupling may increase even at frequencies as low as 1 Hz, depending on the ground resistivity, the array type, and the geometry. Most efforts to understand and quantify the EM coupling problem (e.g., theory and computer codes) have been developed for dipole-dipole arrays. However, we used a Schlumberger array to acquire SIP data. We found that with this array,

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Blome, Mark, Hansruedi Maurer, and Stewart Greenhalgh. "Geoelectric experimental design — Efficient acquisition and exploitation of complete pole-bipole data sets." GEOPHYSICS 76, no. 1 (2011): F15—F26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3511350.

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Exploiting the information content offered by geoelectric data in an efficient manner requires careful selection of the electrode configurations to be used. This can be achieved using sequential experimental design techniques proposed over the past few years. However, these techniques become impractical when large-scale 2D or 3D experiments have to be designed. Even if sequential experimental design were applicable, acquisition of the resulting data sets would require an unreasonably large effort using traditional multielectrode arrays. We present a new, fully parallelized pole-bipole measurin

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Tahir, M. Hijaaj, A. Arshad, and Habib Ullah Manzoor. "Influence of corona discharge on the hydrophobic behaviour of nano/micro filler based silicone rubber insulators." Materials Research Express 9, no. 3 (2022): 035302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac5b04.

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Abstract Silicone rubber is one of the most used outdoor insulation materials in the last few decades due to its improved performance in contaminated and humid conditions. The improved performance of silicone rubber insulators is due to their hydrophobic nature, however, the organic nature of silicone molecules makes them vulnerable to ageing and degradation. This paper aims at investigating the loss and recovery of hydrophobicity of four different silicone rubber micro/nanocomposites exposed to corona discharge. The samples were exposed to corona discharge generated by pin-plate electrode con

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Kim, Jae Young, Hyo Jun Jang, Gyu Tae Bae, Choon-Sang Park, Eun Young Jung, and Heung-Sik Tae. "Improvement of Nanostructured Polythiophene Film Uniformity Using a Cruciform Electrode and Substrate Rotation in Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization." Nanomaterials 12, no. 1 (2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12010032.

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In atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma polymerization, increasing the effective volume of the plasma medium by expanding the plasma-generating region within the plasma reactor is considered a simple method to create regular and uniform polymer films. Here, we propose a newly designed AP plasma reactor with a cruciform wire electrode that can expand the discharge volume. Based on the plasma vessel configuration, which consists of a wide tube and a substrate stand, two tungsten wires crossed at 90 degrees are used as a common powered electrode in consideration of two-dimensional spatial expansion.

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Imanishi, Akihito. "(Invited) Surface Local Structure Dependence of Photoinduced Reaction Process on TiO₂ Single Crystal Electrode in Aqueous Solution." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 59 (2024): 3988. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02593988mtgabs.

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Metal oxides such as TiO2 are widely used as electrocatalysts and photo-responsive electrodes in various electrochemical devices, and many researchers have studied them. However, the reaction processes at their interfaces are generally complex, and there are many aspects that remain to be elucidated. Even for TiO2 electrodes, which have been the most widely studied, the mechanism of interfacial reactions still remains unclear, especially the effects of crystal faces and atomic- to nano-level surface structures on electrode reactions. Our group has been investigated how the atomic- to nano-leve

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Li, Yuemei, Zhiguo Zhang, Haojie Zhang, Xueliang Gu, and Shaolong Chang. "A Novel Forked-Finger Electrode-Structured Thermoelectric Module with High Output Power." Energies 15, no. 12 (2022): 4430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124430.

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Thermoelectric harvesting technology is a clean and friendly energy-conversion technology. In the π-type traditional thermoelectric module (TEM), n- and p-type thermoelectric legs are electrically connected in a series to generate large temperature differences in the heat flow direction and to achieve a better module performance. However, damages to one thermoelectric leg could lead to the failure of the thermoelectric system. This work proposes a novel forked-finger electrode-structured thermoelectric module (FFTEM), which enables a simultaneous parallel electrical connection and thermal tran

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Madona, Era. "ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK MATERIAL MENGGUNAKAN PARALEL PLATE SAMPLE HOLDER PADA BROADBAND DIELEKTRIK SPEKTROMETER." Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 1, no. 2 (2009): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.1.2.17.

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Dielectric spektrometer is used to measure complex dielectric function of material which depends on the frequency. The measured in domain frequency learn about movement of dipole’s molecule and electric conductions in capasitor charging process. The most familiar measuring method of frequency area is parallel plat capasitor and four electrode system (V. Raicu et al, 1994). In this method, the measuring material is placed betwen two electroda in parallel place. This configuration produce a capasitor system which is possible to measure the complex impedance of the capasitor sample. In this resea

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