Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Four essai'

Des annees 1960 a la fin des annees 1980, les transformations des modes de vie mais aussi l'accroissement des revenus ont permis une restructuration du repertoire alimentaire des francais. De la blancheur hygienique a la crudite, du tout-pret industriel au "kit" culinaire valorisant, les caracteristiques du produit alimentaire trahissent les besoins nouveaux des consommateurs et l'imbrication de la fonction alimentaire avec les representations collectives de notre societe. La valorisation du discours dietetique, fluctuant selon les modes, celle des vacances, meme si elles ne concernent que la moitie des francais, sont l'objet d'une analyse specifique dans leur influence sur les comportements alimentaires. L'eloignement entre le lieu du travail et le domicile, la generalisation de la journee continue, le travail salarie des femmes, sont autant de facteurs qui ont favorise le developpement de nouveaux types de restauration, alternatives contemporaines au repas champetre, a la gamelle ou a la table d'hote. Ces mutations des sensibilites alimentaires contemporaines se heurtent ou se superposent a des continuites -notamment regionales- dans les facons de se nourrir. L'adoption de pratiques alimentaires inhabituelles suppose une veritable domestica- tion de la nouveaute. Le celebre "paradoxe de l'omnivore" ne cesse d'etre verifie : le mangeur francais contemporain est tout aussi avide de variete que de securite<br>From the 1960's to the end of the 1980's, not only transformations in life style but also increased household income have allowed for a restructuring of the french dietetic repertoire. From the sterile and purified to the raw and uncooked, from ready to eat fare to deceptively complex culinary kits, the product range offered the public has revealed the new needs of consumers and their basic alimentary function along with collective representations of our society. The relative values accorded to dietetic discourse (varying constantly accor ding to modes) and vacation time (even if the latter concerns but half the french public) influence alimentary behaviour. It is the valorization of these two influences that serves as the subject of the author's analysis. The increased distance between the work place and home, the spreading adoption of a continuous uninterrupted workday, and the entrance of more women into the workforce are all factors that have encouraged the development of new restaurants styles as contemporary alternatives to existing meal plans at both cafeterias and fixed-menu establishments. These changes in the conception of nourrishment have come into direct colli sion with a more customary dietetic sensibility most notably at a regional level. The acceptance of new and different dietetic practices relies on a door to door diffusion of novelty. Nevertheless, the famous "paradox of the omnivore" still holds true for contemporary consumer is obsessed with variety as much as he or she is with a notion of security

Cette thèse réunit et confronte les oeuvres de René Daumal, George Orwell et Jack Vance (et plus spécialement leurs romans respectifs : La Grande Beuverie -1938-,1984 -1949- et Les Langages de Pao -1957-) du point de vue de leur appartenance au genre de la linguistique-fiction. L'étude des langages imaginaires et des théories linguistiques mises en oeuvre dans ces récits fantastiques permet ainsi d'étudier les possibilités mais aussi les limites de ce genre littéraire très spécifique tout en mettant en lumière, à travers la quête moderne d'un langage idéal, les démarches littéraires propres à ces trois auteurs<br>This doctorate addresses and confronts the works of René Daumal, George Orwell and Jack Vance (more specifically their respective novels: A Night of Serious Drinking -1938-, 1984 -1949- and The Languages of Pao -1957-) from the perspective of their belonging to the linguistic fiction literary genre. The systematic study of imaginary languages and linguistic theories at play in these fictions allows for an insight into the potentialities as well as the limits of this specific genre while also highlighting, through the central issue of the quest for a perfect language, each the writers' specific literary approach

Ce travail de thèse a été principalement consacré à la modélisation de la combustion turbulente dans les flammes de charbon pulvérisé. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous avons développé un modèle à pdf présumée à trois traceurs à chimie infiniment rapide base sur le formalisme du scalaire inerte (connu sous le nom de fraction de mélange). Un tel modèle permet de faire une distinction entre les différents combustibles gazeux libérés lors de la dévolitilisation et de la combustion hétérogène. Par ailleurs, l'extension de ce formalisme au cas diphasique a nécessité l'introduction de termes sources supplémentaires dits particulaires dans les équations de bilan de la moyenne et de la variance des différentes fractions de mélange. Nous avons proposé, en faisant un parallèle avec la combustion des sprays, des fermetures pour ces termes. Le modèle développé a été testé et implanté dans le code ESTET-CP dédié à la description des écoulements diphasiques dans les chaudières à charbon pulvérisé. Les simulations réalisées montrent que notre modélisation améliore la description standard en réduisant significativement l'écart entre prédictions et mesures (effectuées par le CERCHAR dans son four d'études).

Visual information, in the form of digital images and videos, has become so omnipresent in computer databases and repositories, that it can no longer be considered a second class citizen, eclipsed by textual information. In that scenario, image classification has become a critical task. In particular, the pursuit of automatic identification of complex semantical concepts represented in images, such as scenes or objects, has motivated researchers in areas as diverse as Information Retrieval, Computer Vision, Image Processing and Artificial Intelligence. Nevertheless, in contrast to text documents, whose words carry semantic, images consist of pixels that have no semantic information by themselves, making the task very challenging. In this dissertation, we have addressed the problem of representing images based on their visual information. Our aim is content-based concept detection in images and videos, with a novel representation that enriches the Bag-of-Words model. Relying on the quantization of highly discriminant local descriptors by a codebook, and the aggregation of those quantized descriptors into a single pooled feature vector, the Bag-of- Words model has emerged as the most promising approach for image classification. We propose BossaNova, a novel image representation which offers a more informationpreserving pooling operation based on a distance-to-codeword distribution. The experimental evaluations on many challenging image classification benchmarks, such as ImageCLEF Photo Annotation, MIRFLICKR, PASCAL VOC and 15- Scenes, have shown the advantage of BossaNova when compared to traditional techniques, even without using complex combinations of different local descriptors. An extension of our approach has also been studied. It concerns the combination of BossaNova representation with another representation very competitive based on Fisher Vectors. The results consistently reaches other state-of-the-art representations in many datasets. It also experimentally demonstrate the complementarity of the two approaches. This study allowed us to achieve, in the competition ImageCLEF 2012 Flickr Photo Annotation Task, the 2nd among the 28 visual submissions. Finally, we have explored our BossaNova representation in the challenging real world application of pornography detection. Once again, the results validated the relevance of our approach compared to standard techniques on a real application<br>Informação visual, na forma de imagens e vídeos digitais, tornou-se tão onipresente em repositórios de dados, que não pode mais ser considerada uma 'cidadã de segunda classe', eclipsada por informações textuais. Neste cenário, a classificação de imagens tornou-se uma tarefa crítica. Em particular, a busca pela identificação automática de conceitos semânticos complexos, representados em imagens, tais como cenas ou objetos, tem motivado pesquisadores em diversas áreas como, por exemplo, Recuperação de Informação, Visão Computacional, Processamento de Imagem e Inteligência Artificial. No entanto, em contraste com os documentos de texto, cujas palavras apresentam conteúdo semântico, imagens consistem de pixels que não têm nenhuma informação semântica por si só, tornando a tarefa muito difícil. O problema abordado nesta tese refere-se à representação de imagens com base no seu conteúdo visual. Objetiva-se a detecção de conceitos em imagens e vídeos, por meio de uma nova representação que enriquece o modelo saco de palavras visuais. Baseando-se na quantização de descritores locais discriminantes por um dicionário, e na agregação desses descritores quantizados em um vetor único, o modelo saco de palavras surgiu como uma das abordagens mais promissora para a classificação de imagens. Nesta tese, é proposto BossaNova, uma nova representação de imagens que preserva informações importantes sobre a distribuição dos descritores locais em torno de cada palavra visual. Os resultados experimentais em diversas bases de classificação de images, tais como ImageCLEF Photo Annotation, MIRFLICKR, PASCAL VOC e 15-Scenes, mostraram a vantagem da abordagem BossaNova quando comparada às técnicas tradicionais, mesmo sem fazer uso de combinações complexas de diferentes descritores locais. Uma extensão da representação BossaNova também foi estudada nesta tese. Trata-se da combinação da abordagem BossaNova com uma outra representação muito competitiva baseada nos vetores de Fisher. Os resultados consistemente alcançam outras representações no estado-da-arte em diversas bases de dados, demonstrando a complementaridade das duas abordagens. Este estudo resultou no segundo lugar, na competição ImageCLEF 2012 Flickr Photo Annotation Task, dentre as 28 submissões, na categoria de informação visual. Ademais, a representação BossaNova também foi avaliada na aplicação real de detecção de pornografia. Os resultados validaram, mais uma vez, a relevância da abordagem BossaNova em relação às técnicas tradicionais em uma aplicação real

Recommender systems are quickly becoming ubiquitous in applications such as ecommerce, social media channels and content providers, acting as enabling mechanisms designed to overcome the information overload problem by improving browsing and consumption experience. A typical task in recommender systems is to output a ranked list of items, so that items placed higher in the rank are more likely to be interesting to the users. Interestingness measures include how accurate, novel and diverse the suggested items are, and the objective is usually to produce ranked lists optimizing one of these measures. Suggesting items that are simultaneously accurate, novel and diverse is much more challenging, since this may lead to a conflicting-objective problem, in which the attempt to improve a measure further may result in worsening other measures. In this thesis we propose new approaches for multi-objective recommender systems based on the concept of Pareto-efficiency -- a state achieved when the system is devised in the most efficient manner in the sense that there is no way to improve one of the objectives without making any other objective worse off. Given that existing recommendation algorithms differ in their level of accuracy, diversity and novelty, we exploit the Pareto-efficiency concept in two distinct manners: (i) the aggregation of ranked lists produced by existing algorithms into a single one, which we call Paretoefficient ranking, and (ii) the weighted combination of existing algorithms resulting in a hybrid one, which we call Pareto-efficient hybridization. Our evaluation involves two real application scenarios: music recommendation with implicit feedback (i.e., Last.fm) and movie recommendation with explicit feedback (i.e., MovieLens). We show that the proposed approaches are effective in optimizing each of the metrics without hurting the others, or optimizing all three simultaneously. Further, for the Pareto-efficient hybridization, we allow for adjusting the compromise between the metrics, so that the recommendation emphasis can be set dinamically according to the needs of different users.<br>Sistemas de recomendação tem se tornado cada vez mais populares em aplicações como e-commerce, mídias sociais e provedores de conteúdo. Esses sistemas agem como mecanismos para lidar com o problema da sobrecarga de informação. Uma tarefa comum em sistemas de recomendação é a de ordenar um conjunto de itens, de forma que os itens no topo da lista sejam de interesse para os usuários. O conceito de interesse pode ser medido observando a acurácia, novidade e diversidade dos itens sugeridos. Geralmente, o objetivo de um sistema de recomendação é gerar listas ordenadas de forma a otimizar uma dessas métricas. Um problema mais difícil é tentar otimizar as três métricas (ou objetivos) simultaneamente, o que pode levar ao caso onde a tentativa de melhorar em uma das métricas pode piorar o resultado nas outras métricas. Neste trabalho, propomos novas abordagens para sistemas de recomendaççao multi-objetivo, baseadas no conceito de Eficiência de Pareto -- um estado obtido quando o sistema é de tal forma que não há como melhorar em algum objetivo sem piorar em outro objetivo. Dado que os algoritmos de recomendação existentes diferem em termos de acurácia, diversidade e novidade, exploramos o conceito de Eficiência de Pareto de duas formas distintas: (i) agregando listas ordenadas produzidas por algoritmos existentes de forma a obter uma lista única - abordagem que chamamos de ranking Pareto-eficiente, e (ii), a combinação linear ponderada de algoritmos existentes, resultado em um híbrido, abordagem que chamamos de hibridização Pareto-eficiente. Nossa avaliação envolve duas aplicações reais: recomendação de música com feedback implícito (i.e., Last.fm) e recomendação de filmes com feedback explícito (i.e., Movielens). Nós mostramos que as abordagens Pareto-eficientes são efetivas em recomendar items com bons niveis de acurácia, novidade e diversidade (simultaneamente), ou uma das métricas sem piorar as outras. Além disso, para a hibridização Pareto-eficiente, provemos uma forma de ajustar o compromisso entre acurácia, novidade e diversidade, de forma que a ênfase da recomendação possa ser ajustada dinamicamente para usuários diferentes.

Bibliographic citations are an essential component of scientific-publication digital libraries. Studies about bibliographic citations can lead to interesting results about the coverage of topics, tendencies, quality and impact of publications of a specific sub-community or individuals, patterns of collaboration in social networks, etc. However, it is usual to find ambiguous author names in bibliographic citations due to authors referenced by multiple name variations (synonyms) or when two or more authors have exactly the same name or share a same name variation (polysems). This can lead to an incorrect assignment of a citation to an author, or the separation of several citations of the same author as if they belong to different authors. Supervised methods that exploit training examples in order to distinguish ambiguous author names are among the most effective solutions for the problem, but they require skilled human annotators in a laborious and continuous process of manually labeling citations in order to provide enough training examples. In this thesis, we describe a new three-step disambiguation method, SAND (standing for Self-training Associative Name Disambiguator). SAND eliminates the need of any manual labeling effort by automatically acquiring examples using a clustering method that groups citation records based on the similarity among coauthor names. SAND also is able to detect unseen authors not included in any of the given training examples. Experiments conducted with standard public collections, using the minimum set of attributes present in a citation (i.e., author names, work title and publication venue), demonstrated that our proposed method outperforms representative unsupervised disambiguation methods that exploit similarities between citation records and is as effective as, and in some cases superior to, supervised ones, without manually labeling any training example. In order to facilitate the evaluation of name disambiguation methods in various realistic scenarios and under controlled conditions, we here propose SyGAR, a new Synthetic Generator of Authorship Records that generates citation records based on author profiles. SyGAR can be used to generate successive loads of citation records simulating a living digital library that evolves according to various desired patterns. We validate SyGAR by comparing the results produced by three representative name disambiguation methods on real as well as synthetically generated collections of citation records. We also demonstrate its applicability by evaluating those methods on a time evolving digital library collection, considering several dynamic and realistic scenarios.<br>Bibliographic citations are an essential component of scientific-publication digital libraries. Studies about bibliographic citations can lead to interesting results about the coverage of topics, tendencies, quality and impact of publications of a specific sub-community or individuals, patterns of collaboration in social networks, etc. However, it is usual to find ambiguous author names in bibliographic citations due to authors referenced by multiple name variations (synonyms) or when two or more authors have exactly the same name or share a same name variation (polysems). This can lead to an incorrect assignment of a citation to an author, or the separation of several citations of the same author as if they belong to different authors. Supervised methods that exploit training examples in order to distinguish ambiguous author names are among the most effective solutions for the problem, but they require skilled human annotators in a laborious and continuous process of manually labeling citations in order to provide enough training examples. In this thesis, we describe a new three-step disambiguation method, SAND (standing for Self-training Associative Name Disambiguator). SAND eliminates the need of any manual labeling effort by automatically acquiring examples using a clustering method that groups citation records based on the similarity among coauthor names. SAND also is able to detect unseen authors not included in any of the given training examples. Experiments conducted with standard public collections, using the minimum set of attributes present in a citation (i.e., author names, work title and publication venue), demonstrated that our proposed method outperforms representative unsupervised disambiguation methods that exploit similarities between citation records and is as effective as, and in some cases superior to, supervised ones, without manually labeling any training example. In order to facilitate the evaluation of name disambiguation methods in various realistic scenarios and under controlled conditions, we here propose SyGAR, a new Synthetic Generator of Authorship Records that generates citation records based on author profiles. SyGAR can be used to generate successive loads of citation records simulating a living digital library that evolves according to various desired patterns. We validate SyGAR by comparing the results produced by three representative name disambiguation methods on real as well as synthetically generated collections of citation records. We also demonstrate its applicability by evaluating those methods on a time evolving digital library collection, considering several dynamic and realistic scenarios.

This work addresses the problem of mapping 3D static environments by using an RGBD sensor, that captures image and depth, and a MARG sensor, composed by inertial sensors and magnetometers. The approached problem is relevant to the robotics field, since its solution will allow mobile robots to autonomously navigate and map unknown environments. Besides, it has impacts on several applications that perform 3D modeling by using scans obtained from depth sensors. Amongst them, one can mention the digital replication of sculptures and art objects, the modeling of characters for games and movies, and the reconstruction of CAD models from old buildings. We have decided to address the problem by performing a rigid registration of point clouds sequentially captured by the depth sensor, posteriorly using the data provided by the inertial sensor as a guide both during the coarse alignment stage and during the global optimization of the estimated map. During the point cloud alignment based on feature matching, the rotation estimated from the MARG sensor is used as an initial estimation of the attitude between point clouds. Thereby, we seek to match keypoints considering only three translational degrees of freedom. The attitude given by the MARG is also used to reduce the search space for loop closures. The fusion of RGB-D and inertial data is still very little explored in the related literature. A similar work already published only uses inertial data to improve the attitude estimation during the pairwise alignment in an ad-hoc fashion, potentially discarding it under specific conditions, and neglecting the global optimization stage. Since we use a MARG sensor, we assume the sensor drift to be negligible for the purposes of our application, which allows us to always use its data, specially during the global optimization stage. In our experiments, we mapped the walls of a rectangular room with dimensions 9.84m x 7.13m and compared the results with a map from the same scene captured by a Zebedee sensor, state of the art in terms of laser-based 3D mapping. We also compared the proposed algorithm against the RGB-D SLAM methodology, which, unlike our methodology, was not capable of detecting the loop closure region.<br>Este trabalho aborda o mapeamento tridimensional de ambientes estáticos utilizando um sensor RGB-D, que captura imagem e profundidade, e um sensor MARG, composto de sensores inerciais e magnetômetros. O problema do mapeamento é relevante ao campo da robótica, uma vez que sua solução permitirá a robôs navegarem e mapearem de forma autônoma ambientes desconhecidos. Além disso, traz impactos em diversas aplicações que realizam modelagem 3D a partir de varreduras obtidas de sensores de profundidade. Dentre elas, estão a replicação digital de esculturas e obras de arte, a modelagem de personagens para jogos e filmes, e a obtenção de modelos CAD de edificações antigas. Decidimos abordar o problema realizando o registro rígido de nuvens de pontos adquiridas sequencialmente pelo sensor de profundidade, usando as informações providas pelo sensor inercial como guia tanto no estágio de alinhamento grosseiro quanto na fase de otimização global do mapa gerado. Durante o alinhamento de nuvens de pontos por casamento de features, a rotação estimada pelo sensor MARG é utilizada como uma estimativa inicial da orientação entre nuvens de pontos. Assim, procuramos casar pontos de interesse considerando apenas três graus de liberdade translacionais. A orientação provida pelo MARG também é utilizada para reduzir o espaço de busca por fechamento de loops. A fusão de dados RGB-D com informações inerciais ainda é pouco explorada na literatura. Um trabalho similar já publicado apenas utiliza dados inerciais para melhorar a estimativa da rotação durante o alinhamento par a par de maneira ad-hoc, potencialmente descartando-os em condições específicas, e negligenciando o estágio de otimização global. Por utilizar um sensor MARG, assumimos que o drift do sensor é negligível em nossa aplicação, o que nos permite sempre utilizar seus dados, especialmente durante a fase de otimização global. Em nossos experimentos, realizamos o mapeamento das paretes de um ambiente retangular de dimensões 9,84m x 7,13m e comparamos os resultados com um mapeamento da mesma cena feito a partir de um sensor Zebedee, estado da arte em mapeamento 3D a laser. Também comparamos o algoritmo proposto com a metodologia RGB-D SLAM, que, ao contrário da nossa metodologia, não foi capaz de detectar a região de fechamento de loop.

Architectural erosion is a recurrent problem faced by software architects. Although several architecture conformance techniques have been proposed to detect architectural violations (e.g., reflexion models, dependency structure matrices, source code query languages, constraint languages, architecture description languages, and design tests), less research effort has been dedicated to the task of repairing such violations. As a consequence, developers usually perform the repairing task in ad hoc ways, without tool support at the architectural level. This fact may lead developers to spend a long time to discover how to repair the architectural violations and even to introduce new violations when repairing one. In view of such circumstances, this thesis proposes an architectural repair recommendation system that provides fixing guidelines for developers and maintainers when tackling architectural erosion. We have formalized a catalog of repairing recommendations to repair violations raised by static architecture conformance checking approaches; we have elaborated a suitable module heuristic to determine the correct module for source code entities; we have designed a toolcalled ArchFixthat triggers the proposed recommendations; and we have evaluated the application of our approach in two industrial-strength systems. For the first systema 21 KLOC open-source strategic management systemour approach indicated correct repairing recommendations for 31 out of 41 violations detected as the result of an architecture conformance process. For the second systema 728 KLOC customer care system used by a major telecommunication companyour approach triggered correct recommendations for 632 out of 787 violations, as asserted by the systems architect. Moreover, the architects scored 80% of these recommendations as having moderate or major complexity.<br>Erosão arquitetural é um problema recorrente enfrentado por arquitetos de software. Embora um grande número de técnicas de conformidade arquitetural tenham sido propostas para detectar violações arquiteturais (por exemplo, modelos de reflexão, matrizes de dependência estrutural, linguagens de consulta em código fonte, linguagens de restrição, linguagens de descrição arquitetural e testes de desenho), a tarefa de reparação de violações arquiteturais ainda não tem o suporte adequado. Como consequência direta, desenvolvedores costumam corrigir violações arquiteturais de forma ad hoc e ainda sem o auxílio de ferramentas no nível arquitetural. Isso pode fazer com que desenvolvedores gastem um tempo considerável para descobrir como reparar as violações arquiteturais ou mesmo introduzam novas violações ao reparar violações existentes. Diante disso, esta tese propõe um sistema de recomendação de reparação arquitetural que provê diretrizes de correção para desenvolvedores e arquitetos encarregados de reverter processos de erosão arquitetural. Formalizou-se um catálogo de recomendações de reparação para corrigir violações detectadas por abordagens estáticas de conformidade arquitetural; elaborou-se uma heurística para determinar o módulo correto para entidades de código-fonte; desenvolveu-se uma ferramenta chamada ArchFix que automatiza as recomendações propostas; e avaliou-se a aplicabilidade da abordagem em um sistema de médio porte e em um sistema de grande porte. Para o primeiro sistema um sistema de gestão estratégica de 21 KLOC a abordagem proposta indicou reparações corretas para 31 das 41 violações detectadas pelo processo de conformidade arquitetural. Para o segundo sistema um sistema de atendimento a clientes de 728 KLOC utilizado por uma empresa de telecomunicações nacional a abordagem proposta sugeriu recomendações corretas de acordo com o arquiteto do sistema para 632 das 787 violações. Além disso, os arquitetos apontaram 80% dessas recomendações como tendo complexidade moderada ou alta.

Le présent essai de typologie a pour objectif une systématisation de l'usage de la compensation en tant qu'instrument du droit de l'environnement. La compensation revêt en effet des formes multiples : compensation indemnitaire, compensation réglementaire, les marchés de compensation et les paiements pour services environnementaux. Chacune de ces formes revêt des fonctions différentes, dont celles d'indemniser, de réparer, de compenser, de rationaliser, d'inciter et de gratifier. L'organisation de ces différents types représente une sophistication de l'usage de la compensation, dans une volonté de l'adapter à la protection de l'environnement, par le biais des principes et règles d'additionnalité, équité et proportionnalité. La thèse témoigne également d'une recherche croissante d'efficacité de la norme environnementale, à partir de l'utilisation complémentaire des outils de marché, en complément des outils juridiques classiques. À cet égard, les compensations indemnitaires et réglementaires relèvent d'une approche classique du droit, tandis que les marchés de compensation et les paiements pour services environnementaux ressortent d'une approche novatrice, intégrant une protection écosystémique de la nature dans la norme environnementale. Cependant, plusieurs limites à l'efficacité juridique de cet instrument sont identifiées. La compensation, sous ses différentes formes, se présente comme un outil de gestion pour équilibrer les gains et les pertes en matière économique, environnementale et sociale autour d'un enjeu environnemental<br>This typology aims to systematize the use of compensation as a tool of environmental law . The compensation takes effect in multiple forms: damages compensation, regulatory compensation, compensation's markets and payments for environmental services. Each of these forms has different functions, including those to compensate, repair, to encourage and to reward. The organization of these types is quite unique as a sophisticate use of compensatory logic, adapting to the environmental, through the principles and rules on the no net loss principle, fairness and proportionality of the compensation measure in relation to what it compensate. It is also shown how the environmental standard has been improved with regard to the legal effectiveness of environmental law, from the complementary use of market tools, together with the more traditional legal tools. In this regard, compensation for environmental damages, and regulatory compensation are seen in a classical approach, while compensation's market and payments for environmental services belong to an innovative approach that integrates ecosystem conservation in the environmental standard. However, several limitations to the legal effectiveness of this instrument are identified. Compensation, in its various forms, is as a management tool to balance the gains and losses in economic, environmental and social around an environmental issue

1 score (viii, 83 p.). A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.<br>Essay for Orchestra is a one-movement concert piece scored for full orchestra. Since the definition of the genre "orchestral essay" is unclear, the composer has considerable latitude while still claiming a connection to a musical tradition. I have used the term "essay" to suggest a formal function. The piece is structured around the interaction between three main themes, each of which is derived from the same basic motivic material and corresponds to an element of a prose essay: an introduction; the advancement of a main argument; and the statement and eventual refutation of a counterargument. Each theme appears first in its own section and later in conjunction with the others, the coda functioning as a confirmation of the primary idea and a synthesis of all three. Harmonically, Essay for Orchestra is an attempt to blend the languages of Prokofiev, Hindemith, Shostakovich, Schnittke, and in deference to the title, Barber.<br>Committee in Charge: Dr. David Crumb, Chair; Dr. Robert Kyr; Dr. Jeffrey Stolet

We present the first system developed for automated grading of high school essays written in Swedish. The system uses standard text quality indicators and is able to compare vocabulary and grammar to large reference corpora of blog posts and newspaper articles. The system is evaluated on a corpus of 1 702 essays, each graded independently by the student’s own teacher and also in a blind re-grading process by another teacher. We show that our system’s performance is fair, given the low agreementbetween the two human graders, and furthermore show how it could improve efficiency in a practical setting where one seeks to identify incorrectly graded essays.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise présente les résultats de l’évaluation de l’endommagement d’une série de 35 éprouvettes de béton préalablement testés pour la réaction alcalis-silice (RAS) lors d’essais sur prismes de béton effectués dans le cadre du projet norvégien COIN. Ces prismes, confectionnés avec une variété de granulats réactifs et de matériaux cimentaires, ont été testés dans différentes conditions de laboratoire conformément à plusieurs normes d’essais utilisés en Amérique du Nord et en Europe. Pour évaluer l’endommagement du béton, une méthode pétrographique de quantification de l’endommagement du béton a été utilisée, soit le Damage Rating Index (DRI). Lors de cet essai, un pétrographe comptabilise les indices d’endommagement à l’aide d’un stéréomicroscope (grossissement 15x) sur une plaque de béton polie, afin d’en identifier le nombre DRI. Cet essai est de plus en plus utilisé en Amérique du Nord; cependant, aucune procédure d’essai normalisée n’est encore disponible. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient 1), d’évaluer la répétabilité attribuable au même opérateur, 2), d’évaluer l’applicabilité du DRI à l’analyse spatiale de l’endommagement d’un même spécimen, 3), de valider si la méthode est efficace pour des bétons incorporant des ajouts cimentaires et 4), de confirmer si des indices pétrographiques attribuables à la RAS peuvent être observés à l’échelle du DRI sur des spécimens ayant atteint une expansion près de la limite de 0.040% ou moins. La variabilité attribuable au même opérateur a été déterminée par ANOVA à l’aide d’un logiciel de statistique permettant d’analyser la variance dite «ponctuelle» à l’échelle d’un cm². Les résultats ainsi obtenus démontre que l’expérience de l’opérateur influence grandement la variabilité des résultats de l’essai, alors qu’une certaine expérience est requise pour obtenir une constance raisonable dans la réalisation de l’essai. Cela dit, une certaine variabilité demeure toujours présente, puisqu’un coefficient de variation ponctuel très élevé allant de 61.0 à 120.4% a été obtenu pour un opérateur expérimenté. Cette variabilité est directement reliée à l’endommagement du spécimen, i.e. pour un endommagement plus élevé, une variabilité (relative) plus faible est obtenue. En utilisant la théorie de l’échantillonage, une équation permettant d’évaluer la marge d’erreur (seuil de confiance de 95%) correspondant à l’incertitude intrumentale sur un nombre DRI obtenu par l’opérateur de cette étude sur un certain nombre de cm² a été obtenue. Bien que les coefficients de variation ponctuels obtenus soient très élevés, l’incertitude d’un même opérateur à l’échelle d’une surface suffisamment grande (± 200 cm²) est de ≈11% (dépendant du niveau d’endommagement), ce qui est comparable à l’incertitude liée la répétabilité (intra-laboratoire) mesurée pour plusieurs autres essais fréquemment utilisés tels que l’ASTM C457 (≈16%) ou l’ancienne RILEM AAR-3 (≈16-23%). Trois méthodes d’analyse spatiale de l’endommagement à partir du DRI ont été développées lors de cette étude, soit 1), l’évaluation du profil d’endommagement du béton par l’entremise de groupe de lignes (i.e. peau vs cœur selon l’axe longitudinal de l’éprouvette); 2), l’évaluation du profil d’endommagement du béton par l’entremise de zones d’égale dimension (e.g. 50 cm²) situées d’une extrémité à l’autre de l’éprouvette (sommet vers la base); 3), une carte d’intensité de l’endommagement (DRI damage map) permettant une appréciation qualitative/visuelle de la variabilité de l’endommagement sur la surface entière de l’éprouvette. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que le DRI est assez sensible pour permettre l’analyse spatiale de l’endommagement pour un même spécimen si les variations d’endommagement locales sont présentes sur une surface suffisamment grande, c’est-à-dire ± 50 cm². Cependant, le DRI damage map est considéré comme l’outil le moins fiable. L’analyse spatiale de l’endommagement des prismes de béton suggère que certains mélanges cimentaires ou certaines conditions de laboratoire (e.g. lessivage des alcalis ou enveloppement des éprouvettes dans un tissu préalablement trempé dans une solution alcaline) peuvent générer différents patrons de fissuration à l’intérieur du prisme. L’examen visuel par la méthode du DRI de prismes de béton manufacturés à partir de mélanges cimentaires différents (avec et sans ajouts cimentaires) ayant une expansion similaire a démontré qu’un niveau d’endommagement non négligeable peut parfois être observé dans des bétons incorporant des ajouts cimentaires mais relativement peu affectées par la RAS. Ces valeurs de DRI plus élevées sont entièrement causées par la présence de fines fissures dans le pâte de ciment. Il est suggéré que ces fissures résultent d’un autre mécanisme d’endommagement, tel que le retrait, et/ou que l’augmentation du contraste de couleur entre la pâte de ciment et ces fissures permet à l’opérateur de plus facilement les distinguer. Ce type de fissures a en effet été identifié principalement pour des bétons incorporant du laitier de hauts-fourneaux alors qu’elles ne furent pas observées pour les bétons fabriqués avec des cendres volantes. L’examen pétrographique des prismes ayant subi une expansion entre 0.022 et 0.041% a démontré que plusieurs indices pétrographiques reliés à la RAS peuvent être observés à l’aide d’un stéréomicroscope à l’échelle du DRI (grossissement de 15x), et ce même à ce niveau d’expansion. De plus, certains indices d’endommagement attribuables à la RAS, tels que les fissures ouvertes dans les particules de granulat avec produits de réaction et les fissures dans la pâte de ciment avec produits de réaction,ont pu être observés à quelques reprises sur ces bétons faiblement endommagés. Cela mène à la conclusion que la RAS peut bel et bien être diagnostiquée lors de l’examen visuel d’une plaque de béton polie à l’échelle du DRI, et ce à une expansion aussi faible que 0.022%.<br>This MSc dissertation provides the results of quantitative damage assessments, using the Damage Rating Index (DRI) method and petrographic examination, of 35 concrete prisms that were manufactured with different aggregates and binders as well as being exposed to different testing conditions through the Norwegian COIN project. Visual examination of the test prisms was conducted with a stereomicroscope at a ≈15x magnification along with damage assessment through DRI. The objectives of the study were 1) to appraise the single operator variability of the DRI method, 2) appraise the “sensivity” of the method to apply damage spatial analysis within the same specimen,3) validate whether the method is suited for the damage assessment in concrete incorporating SCMs and 4) confirm whether petrographic features of ASR can be identified at the DRI scale on specimens with an expansion close to the limit of 0.040% or lower. Upon replicate DRI determinations on eight specimens, the single operator variability was determined for each square (cm²) within the test specimens by ANOVA. The results obtained highlighted that the experience of the operator significantly influences the single operator variability and that a certain experience is required before achieving a reasonable consistency. The single operator variability determined at the scale of each square is considerably high with coefficients of variation ranging between 61.0 and 120.4%, depending on the magnitude of the DRI number of the specimen. The latter is directly influenced by the damage level of the specimen, i.e. the more damage -the lower the variability (from a relative point of view). By applying the sampling theory to the single operator variability found in this study, a margin of error related to the instrumental measurement uncertainty was determined. It was found that the instrumental measurement uncertainty of the method (i.e. the repeatability of the measuring instrument) for an experienced operator is equal to ≈11% (depending on the damage degree) when analysing approximately 200 cm². The latter can be compared to other test methods frequently used in laboratories like the former AAR-3 (≈16-23%) or the ASTM C457 (≈16%). Three DRI spatial analysis tools were developed for this study, i.e. 1) the DRI damage mapping, 2) the analysis of grouped lines and 3) the damage profile. In summary, the DRI damage mapping consists in analysing the DRI number of each square separately and classifying them with a color code depending on the damage degree, hence qualitatively/visually identify damage contrast. The analysis of grouped lines consists in separating the specimen in grouped lines of equal distance (laterally) from the prism’s surface and assessing individually their respective DRI values within the specimen. The damage profile consists in separating the prism in zone of equal areas (4 or 9, depending on the prism size) from the top to the bottom and assess their respective DRI number. According to the results obtained in this study, the DRI method is “sensitive” enough for damage spatial analysis if local damage variations are present within an area large enough, i.e. ± 50 cm², although the DRI damage mapping is the less reliable of the above tools. Otherwise, the method’s single-operator precision (i.e. repeatability) is not highenough to provide a relatively good indication of the extent of damage variations at such small scale. Overall, the damage assessed within prisms suggest that some binder types or exposure conditions (e.g. alkali leaching or alkali wrapping) may induce certain internal damage variations. Comparing the damage degree of prisms with equal expansion but different binder types (with and without SCMs) revealed a somewhat higher degree of damage assessed through the DRI method for some SCM-bearing specimens. In this study, the use of fly ash was found to have no effect on DRI number, whereas an increase in DRI number was found for specimens of similar expansion incorporating slag. This damage increment is largely due to an increase of counted cracks in the cement paste, which is believed to be either caused by another damage mechanism (such as shrinkage) or the higher contrast between the whitish cracks and the darker cement paste making them easier to be noticed by the operator. Even for specimens with an expansion between 0.022 to 0.041%, several ASR petrographic features like voids of the cement paste filled/lined with secondary reaction products or reaction rims (depending on the aggregate type) can be noticed when conducting the DRI (with a stereomicroscope at ≈ 15x magnification). Other ASR damage features like opened cracks in the aggregate particles with reaction products or cracks in the cement paste with reaction products were also noticed in those specimens, although rare.This leads to the conclusion that ASR can be diagnosed visually when performing DRI determination on concrete specimens with an expansion as low as 0.022%.

Cette thèse présente quatre tentatives indépendantes d’évaluations de politiques publiques, mettant en application les méthodes microéconométriques récentes. Après un premier chapitre présentant un résumé en français, le deuxième chapitre évalue l’impact de la réforme dite du bonus/malus écologique sur les émissions de CO2. Celle-ci offre une source d’identification crédible de la sensibilité des choix des consommateurs aux incitations financières. Les estimations suggèrent un bilan négatif de la mesure, du fait de forts effets volumes. Le troisième chapitre évalue la capacité de dispositifs fiscaux à redynamiser l’activité économique locale, à travers le dispositif des Zones Franches Urbaines. L’accès à des données locales précises permet d’évaluer l’impact des exonérations fiscales accordées aux entreprises s’installant dans les ZFU de deuxième génération. Celles-ci auraient un impact positif mais faible sur la création d’entreprise et l’emploi en comparaison avec les autres zones défavorisées similaires. Le quatrième chapitre s’intéresse aux conséquences des contrats temporaires sur les trajectoires professionnelles. En contrôlant des biais d’hétérogénéité individuelle par un modèle à effets fixes, on montre que les CDD augmentent significativement les transitions vers l’emploi stable par rapport au chômage. En revanche, le travail intérimaire n’améliore que marginalement ces transitions. Le cinquième chapitre traite des effets des augmentations du salaire minimum créées par loi Fillon sur les inégalités salariales. Les estimations suggèrent que les augmentations de salaire minimum auraient un effet significatif mais faible sur les distributions de salaires<br>This dissertation proposes four independent evaluations of French public policies, using recent micro-econometrics methods. After a first chapter that presents a summary in French, the second chapter studies the impact of the French “ecological bonus/malus” (feebate) policy on total CO2 emissions. As the policy was implemented in a very span of time, it provides a credible source of identification for the sensitivity of consumers to financial incentives. The estimates suggest that the policy has a negative impact, as it increases total CO2 emissions. The third chapter examines the capacity of fiscal policies to foster employment and economic activities in targeted areas, through the French ZFU (enterprises zones). With precise local data we could evaluate the impact of tax exemptions provided to firms implemented in the second wave of enterprise zones. Enterprise zones have a significant but small impact on business creation and employment by comparison with other similar disadvantaged areas. The fourth chapter considers consequences of temporary contracts on professional trajectories. A dynamic fixed-effect model is used to deal with unobserved heterogeneity. According to these estimates, fixed-term contracts significantly increase the transition intensity to permanent contract relatively to unemployment. By contrast, temporary agency work does not significantly improve transition to regular jobs. The fifth chapter deals with the impact of minimum wages increases on earnings inequalities. Estimates suggest significant but small on earnings distribution

La problématique des catastrophes aériennes en Afrique centrale peut être appréhendée sous une approche systémique qui questionne l'efficacité et l'efficience du droit applicable. En effet, régi par des principes et règles, le droit applicable au traitement juridique des catastrophes aériennes pose un questionnement profond de l'ensemble des règles de droit mises en place pour remédier à la grande insécurité aérienne dénoncée par les organisations internationales. C'est ainsi que dans la recherche des sources de droit applicable, il a pu être établi que l'ordonnancement des sources formelles présente une architecture complexe. Concrètement, le droit applicable au traitement juridique des catastrophes aériennes en Afrique centrale est marqué par un pluralisme juridique. La première conséquence est la compétence concurrente et/ou complémentaire de trois règles communautaires à régir les mêmes faits, alors qu'elles sont issues d'ordres juridiques bien distincts. De même, le droit international n'est pas en reste, sans toutefois mettre de côté le niveau divergent des pays d'Afrique centrale en ce qui concerne la ratification des conventions de droit international aérien. Ainsi, dans la mesure où l'ordre juridique interne est seul, il ne peut intervenir pour ordonner l'agencement du droit conventionnel. Par ailleurs, il est ressorti que les multiples sources formelles relevaient du droit commun. En effet, les sources matérielles du traitement juridique des catastrophes aériennes en Afrique centrale sont tantôt celles de l'enquête accident d'aviation civile, tantôt tout simplement celles de droit pénal et de droit civil général. Ce détachement des faits, caractéristique de catastrophes aériennes, est manifeste dans le droit matériel applicable qui ignore la singularité de la catastrophe aérienne d'être un accident collectif. Cette situation qui s'étend à la mise en œuvre du traitement juridique des catastrophes aériennes est marquée par un classique, tant de la titularité de l'action en justice que de celle de la compétence matérielle de la juridiction. Elle appelle à connaître de ce type de contentieux, qui sont pourtant des contentieux sui generis. Si ce régime confirme en tout point le caractère général et abstrait de la règle de droit, il convient de ne pas oublier que le droit est une solution juridique technique qui se doit d'apporter une réponse concrète et satisfaisante à un fait de société surtout lorsque celui-ci perdure<br>The problem of air disasters in Central Africa can be apprehended under a systematic approach that questions the efficiency and effectiveness of the applicable law. Indeed, governed by principles and rules, the law applicable to the legal treatment of air disasters raises a profound questioning of all the legal rules put in place to remedy the great air insecurity denounced by international organizations. Thus, in the search for sources of applicable law, it has been established that the scheduling of formal sources presents a complex architecture. In practical terms, the law applicable to the legal treatment of air disasters in Central Africa is marked by legal pluralism. The first consequence is the competing and / or complementary competence of three Community rules to govern the same facts, even though they come from distinct legal orders. Similarly, international law is not left out, however, without setting aside the divergent level of Central African countries in the ratification of conventions of international air law. Thus, insofar as the domestic legal system is alone, it cannot intervene to order the arrangement of the conventional law. Moreover, it emerged that the multiple formal sources fell under common law. Indeed, the material sources of the legal treatment of air disasters in Central Africa are sometimes those of the civil aviation accident investigation, sometimes simply those of criminal law and general civil law. This detachment of facts, characteristic of air disasters, is manifest in the applicable substantive law which ignores the singularity of the air disaster to be a collective accident. This situation which extends to the implementation of the legal treatment of air disasters is marked by a classic, both the ownership of the action in court and the jurisdiction of the jurisdiction. It calls to deal with this type of litigation, which are sui generis litigation. If this diet at any point confirms the general and abstract rule of law character, it should be not to forget that the right is a technical legal solution that needs to provide a concrete and satisfactory to a fact of society especially when response it endures

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.<br>Thesis research directed by: Philosophy. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Cette thèse se compose de 3 chapitres indépendants s’attachant à analyser les politiques publiques de gestion et de contrôle de la qualité, ainsi que celles visant à stimuler l’innovation. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous nous intéressons au marché de la santé, et plus précisément à la concurrence entre différents plans de santé offrant des offres de soin de qualités différentes. Nous modélisons ce marché comme un marché biface avec des externalités de qualité. Nous examinons ce qui se passe lorsque les médecins de haute qualité, tels par exemple que les spécialistes, sont autorisés à s’enregistrer dans plusieurs plans de santé (« multi-homing ») et nous comparons cet équilibre à celui où ils ne peuvent s’enregistrer que dans un seul plan. Un enregistrement multiple des médecins de haute qualité donne des plans de santé de meilleure qualité, mais un enregistrement exclusif peut générer les meilleurs résultats pour le bien-être des assurés et de protection sociale. Le troisième chapitre s’intéresse à la gestion de la qualité dans le contexte de la production alimentaire. Il compare deux approches réglementaires de gestion de la qualité : inspection ex-post des produits par échantillonnage ou contrôle ex-ante du processus de production et certification de ce dernier. Ce chapitre analyse dans le cadre d’une compétition à la Cournot si la certification du processus de production doit être utilisée comme substitut ou complément à l'inspection ad-hoc des produits. Notre analyse révèle que la combinaison des deux approches n’est pas synonyme d’une amélioration de l'efficacité et que la certification du processus de production est préférable lorsque la compétition entre les producteurs est intense. Le quatrième chapitre est inspiré par l'hypothèse d’Heller et Eisenberg (1998) selon laquelle les activités de recherche et développement (R&amp;D) pourraient être entravées par la protection des brevets (anti-communs). Cependant, des études récentes suggèrent que cet effet est surestimé. Ce chapitre examine une situation où la valeur d’une innovation est inconnue et commune à deux chercheurs: son évaluation par un scientifique dépend de l’évaluation que s’en fait l’autre. Cela donne lieu à surinvestissement en R&amp;D qui peut masquer la présence d'anti-communs, en particulier lorsque l'évaluation commune dépend largement des informations privées des deux scientifiques<br>Numerous economics thoughts highlight the positive effect of innovations on economic growth and of quality on welfare of human beings. This thesis consists 3 independent chapters, which study public policies with purpose of encouraging innovations and improving quality provision. The second chapter studies what happens when high quality providers are allowed to patronize multiple health plans (multi-homing) and compare it to single-homing within a 2-sided framework. The results suggest that high quality providers’ multi-homing yields the highest quality of both plans. But single-homing may generate the best results for policyholders and social welfare. The third chapter compares two food quality regulatory approaches: sampling and testing products (product inspections) and controlling verifiable production process control (process certifications). It is debatable whether process certification is best used as substitute for, or supplement to product inspection. This chapter formally analyzes this issue under Cournot competition framework and suggests that combining these two approaches may not improve efficiency. Moreover, process certification should be used when competition is intense. The forth chapter is inspired by the anticommons hypothesis of Heller and Eisenberg (1998), which implies that research and development (R&amp;D) activities could be hindered by patent protections. However, recent studies suggest that this effect is over-stated. This chapter considers a common-value situation: the scientists' valuation relies on each others' perspectives. It yields an over-investment outcome which may mask the presence of anticommons, especially when the common valuation largely depends on both scientists' private information

This master thesis work presents a novel method of automatic essay scoring for Swedish national tests written by upper secondary high school students by deploying neural network architectures and linguistic feature extraction in the framework of Swegram. There are four sorts of linguistic aspects involved in our feature extraction: count-based,lexical morphological and syntactic. One of the three variants of recurrent network, vanilla RNN, GRU and LSTM, together with the specific model parameter setting, is implemented in the Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) modelling with extracted features measuring the linguistic complexity as text representation. The AES model is evaluated through interrater agreement with human assigned grade as target label in terms of quadratic weighted kappa (QWK) and exact percent agreement. Our best observed averaged QWK and averaged exact percent agreement is 0.50 and 52% over 10 folds among our all experimented models.

Jusqu'à présent, le test de circuits intégrés et des systèmes au niveau wafer est basé sur un contact physique entre l'équipement de test et les circuits sur le wafer. Cette méthode basée sur le contact est limitée par plusieurs facteurs, tels que le nombre de circuits testés en parallèle, la réduction de la taille et de l'espacement entre les plots de contact, le nombre de contact avant que les plots soient endommagés, le coût des opérations de test, entre autres. Pour résoudre ces problèmes, nous proposons une nouvelle approche de test basée sur la communication sans fil entre le testeur et les circuits à tester (DUT). Pour cela, un Wireless Test Control Bloc (WTCB) est ajouté à chaque DUT sur le wafer comme une interface sans fil entre le testeur et les structures de test internes du DUT. Ce WTCB intègre une pile protocolaire de communication pour gérer la communication avec le testeur, et un Test Control Bloc (TCB) pour gérer l'application de test au niveau DUT. Profitant d'une transmission sans fil, le testeur peut diffuser les données de test à tous les DUT sur le wafer , maximisant le test simultané et réduisant donc le temps de test. En outre, notre architecture de WTCB permet une comparaison locale de la réponse de DUT avec la réponse correcte attendue par le testeur. En effectuant cette comparaison dans le WTCB du DUT, le testeur recueille de chaque DUT 1 seul bit comme résultat de la comparaison, au lieu d'une réponse complète, conduisant à un test sans fil plus rapide qui réduit le temps d'essai. Le WTCB a été mis en oeuvre sur FPGA, et une épreuve de test sans fil d'un circuit réel a été réalisée, prouvant la conception efficace de notre WTCB, et soulignant le potentiel de notre méthode de test sans fil, où elle peut être étendue et utilisée pour des applications de test in situ à distance<br>So far, the test of integrated circuits and systems at wafer level relies on a physical contact between the test equipment and the devices under test on the wafer. This contact-based method is limited by several factors, such as the number of devices tested in parallel, the reduction of the size and the pitch of the bond pads, the number of touchdowns before bond pads are damaged, the cost of the test operations, among others. To solve these issues, we propose a novel test approach and architecture based on wireless communication between the tester and the devices under test (DUT). For that, a Wireless Test Control Block (WTCB) is added to every DUT on the wafer as a wireless interface between the tester and the internal test structures of the DUT. This WTCB embeds a communication protocol stack to manage the communication with the tester, and a Test Control Block to manage the test application at DUT level. Taking advantage of a wireless transmission, the tester can broadcast the test data to all DUT on the wafer in one path, maximizing the concurrent test, and reducing therefore the test time. Moreover, our WTCB architecture allows a local comparison of the DUT response with the correct response expected by the tester. By performing this comparison in the WTCB of the DUT, the tester collects from every DUT its 1-bit comparison result instead of a complete response, leading to a faster wireless test and extremely reduced test time. The WTCB has been implemented on FPGA, and a successful wireless test of a real circuit was performed, proving the efficient design of our WTCB, and highlighting the potential of our wireless test method, where it can be extended and used to perform a remote in-situ test

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-06-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_fs_me_ia.pdf: 4350198 bytes, checksum: 575a183a4f105e1bfbd33398ef420de6 (MD5)<br>A presente dissertação buscou uma possibilidade de aproximar a dança às crianças de educação infantil, de modo que essa linguagem artística dialogasse com as características e necessidades dos pequenos. Com isso, objetivou investigar e identificar os princípios metodológicos do ensino de dança na educação infantil. Para tal, fez-se uso da pesquisa-ação como método de pesquisa, numa abordagem qualitativa, que contou com: (a) o estudo de autores em busca de compreender as peculiaridades do desenvolvimento infantil e a dança, entre eles Henri Wallon (1941, 1975), Dantas (1992), Galvão (1995), Mahoney e Almeida (2004 e 2009), Nunes (2000), Laban (1978, 1990), Marques (1999, 2000, 2005, 2009, 2010), Rengel (1992, 2005, 2008), Godoy (2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011) e Vieira (2008, 2010, 2011, 2012); (b) o acompanhamento em campo de um projeto de pesquisa em dança na escola, elaborado pelo Grupo de Pesquisa Dança: Estética e Educação; e (c) a realização do “Dança Criativa”, um projeto piloto com crianças pequenas. Por esses primeiros passos foi possível identificar os princípios metodológicos de ensinar dança na educação infantil: oito pressupostos da dança (linguagem artística, sujeito sociohistóricocultural, noção do corpo, estruturação espacial, diferenciação eu-outro, interação social, jogo e improvisação) e quatro elementos da dança (corpo, movimento expressivo, espaço e ritmo). Com tais princípios elencados iniciei a segunda etapa da pesquisa: elaboração de um novo curso nomeado “Planeta Dança” e aplicação na escola municipal de educação infantil “Laudo Ferreira Camargo”, situada na zona sul da cidade de São Paulo. O curso foi desenvolvido em 30 encontros realizados duas vezes na semana, durante 45 minutos, para uma turma de 35 crianças de 05 anos de idade...<br>This dissertation sought a possibility of bringing the children dance early childhood education so that this artistic language dialoguing with the characteristics and needs of small. With this, aimed to investigate and identify the methodological principles of dance education in early childhood education. For this, I made use of action research as a research method, a qualitative approach, which included: (a) the study authors seeking to understand the peculiarities of child development and dance, among them Henri Wallon (1941, 1975) Dantas (1992), Galvão (1995), Mahoney and Almeida (2004 and 2009), Nunes (2000), Laban (1979, 1990), Marques (1999, 2000, 2005, 2009, 2010), Rengel (1992, 2005 , 2008), Godoy (2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011) and Vieira (2008, 2010, 2011, 2012), (b) the monitoring of a field research project in dance at school, prepared by the Research Group Dance Aesthetics and Education, and (c) the realization of the Creative Dance, a pilot project with small children. For these first steps was possible to identify the methodological principles of teaching dance in early childhood education: eight assumptions dance (arts language, subject sociohistóricocultural, the notion of the body, spatial structure, self-other differentiation, social interaction, play and improvisation) and four elements dance (body, expressive movement, space and rhythm). With such principles listed initiated the second stage of the research: developing a new course named Planet Dance and implementing the Municipal School of Early Childhood Education Laudo Ferreira Camargo, located on the south of the city of São Paulo. The course was developed in 30 meetings twice a week for 45 minutes for a class of 35 children of 05 years old. During application, organized a record in the logbook of the classes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Kathya Maria Ayres de Godoy<br>Banca: Alba Pedreira Vieira<br>Banca: Luiza Helena da Silva Christov<br>Resumo: A presente dissertação buscou uma possibilidade de aproximar a dança às crianças de educação infantil, de modo que essa linguagem artística dialogasse com as características e necessidades dos pequenos. Com isso, objetivou investigar e identificar os princípios metodológicos do ensino de dança na educação infantil. Para tal, fez-se uso da pesquisa-ação como método de pesquisa, numa abordagem qualitativa, que contou com: (a) o estudo de autores em busca de compreender as peculiaridades do desenvolvimento infantil e a dança, entre eles Henri Wallon (1941, 1975), Dantas (1992), Galvão (1995), Mahoney e Almeida (2004 e 2009), Nunes (2000), Laban (1978, 1990), Marques (1999, 2000, 2005, 2009, 2010), Rengel (1992, 2005, 2008), Godoy (2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011) e Vieira (2008, 2010, 2011, 2012); (b) o acompanhamento em campo de um projeto de pesquisa em dança na escola, elaborado pelo Grupo de Pesquisa Dança: Estética e Educação; e (c) a realização do "Dança Criativa", um projeto piloto com crianças pequenas. Por esses primeiros passos foi possível identificar os princípios metodológicos de ensinar dança na educação infantil: oito pressupostos da dança (linguagem artística, sujeito sociohistóricocultural, noção do corpo, estruturação espacial, diferenciação eu-outro, interação social, jogo e improvisação) e quatro elementos da dança (corpo, movimento expressivo, espaço e ritmo). Com tais princípios elencados iniciei a segunda etapa da pesquisa: elaboração de um novo curso nomeado "Planeta Dança" e aplicação na escola municipal de educação infantil "Laudo Ferreira Camargo", situada na zona sul da cidade de São Paulo. O curso foi desenvolvido em 30 encontros realizados duas vezes na semana, durante 45 minutos, para uma turma de 35 crianças de 05 anos de idade... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: This dissertation sought a possibility of bringing the children dance early childhood education so that this artistic language dialoguing with the characteristics and needs of small. With this, aimed to investigate and identify the methodological principles of dance education in early childhood education. For this, I made use of action research as a research method, a qualitative approach, which included: (a) the study authors seeking to understand the peculiarities of child development and dance, among them Henri Wallon (1941, 1975) Dantas (1992), Galvão (1995), Mahoney and Almeida (2004 and 2009), Nunes (2000), Laban (1979, 1990), Marques (1999, 2000, 2005, 2009, 2010), Rengel (1992, 2005 , 2008), Godoy (2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011) and Vieira (2008, 2010, 2011, 2012), (b) the monitoring of a field research project in dance at school, prepared by the Research Group Dance Aesthetics and Education, and (c) the realization of the "Creative Dance", a pilot project with small children. For these first steps was possible to identify the methodological principles of teaching dance in early childhood education: eight assumptions dance (arts language, subject sociohistóricocultural, the notion of the body, spatial structure, self-other differentiation, social interaction, play and improvisation) and four elements dance (body, expressive movement, space and rhythm). With such principles listed initiated the second stage of the research: developing a new course named "Planet Dance" and implementing the Municipal School of Early Childhood Education "Laudo Ferreira Camargo", located on the south of the city of São Paulo. The course was developed in 30 meetings twice a week for 45 minutes for a class of 35 children of 05 years old. During application, organized a record in the logbook of the classes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

The current study is conducted with the aim of investigating the essay writing difficulties of Egyptian student teachers of English. More specifically, it attempts to fulfil the following three aims: explore the focuses of teaching essay writing at one of the pioneering faculties of education in Egypt; investigate the different essay writing practices used by Egyptian essay writing teachers from teachers as well as their students’ perspectives; and identify the essay writing difficulties encountered by Egyptian student teachers of English at the concerned faculty of education from both students and their teachers’ perspectives. The current study adopts an interpretive methodology that uses a sequential mixed methods approach to data collection and analysis. Therefore, I administered a questionnaire to 165 student teachers of English and 7 essay writing teachers, conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 14 student teachers of English and 7 essay writing teachers, and observed nine essay writing sessions of different teachers. Data is analysed quantitatively using SPSS descriptive statistics and qualitatively using exploratory content analysis. Findings of the current study reveal that there are eleven focuses of teaching essay writing at the concerned faculty of education. These focuses have been classified into four main categories: Mechanics/Language, Content, Structure/Layout and Practising Writing. Findings also shed light on the essay writing teachers’ practices in relation to planning, teaching, feedback and assessment. Finally, findings show that student teachers of English encounter the following difficulties in their essay writing: planning difficulties, organisational difficulties including coherence, cohesion, and stylistic difficulties, lexical problems, and technical difficulties including grammar, punctuation, spelling and revision and editing. According to the above mentioned findings, a theoretical writing model has been devised and a pedagogical process genre approach to teaching EFL essay writing in Egypt has been proposed. Implications for essay writing curriculum planning and instruction are also included. Finally, suggestions for further research are provided.

Since the birth of commercial aviation, the applications and benefits of aircraft have grown immensely. This, in perfect synchrony with the average increase of purchasing power of the society, has rocketed the number of aircraft flying the skies. This increase comes at a cost, both in environmental and airspace capacity aspects. This thesis works towards the alleviation of the issues caused by the high number of flights, proposing concepts and mechanisms to safely increase the airspace capacity whilst minimising the environmental impact of aviation. This incredibly complex and neverending pursuit is omnipresent in the literature. One promising topic is the four dimensional (4D) trajectory optimisation with higher levels of automation. The research in this PhD thesis proposes an integrated framework for trajectory optimisation, trajectory prediction and parameter estimation, with which new air traffic management concepts can be assessed. This framework has the flexibility to optimise trajectories ranging from a free-flight to a very strict route structure, from a complete freedom at the vertical profile to a specific adherence to flight levels, etc. The 4D optimisation strategy results in a trajectory that complies with the scenario characteristics, which minimises a given functional objective such as the operational cost, time, fuel, etc. Furthermore, the same framework is used in a novel strategy to perform adaptive trajectory prediction (with conformance monitoring), and to estimate unknown parameters of an aircraft. To resolve this problem, an optimal control problem is formulated and converted into a non-linear programming (NLP) problem with direct collocation methods, and numerically resolved by an NLP solver. A comprehensive software architecture is presented, taking benefit from the best of two worlds to enable the flexibility and genericity of the developed optimisation framework: an object-oriented software coding language (C++) and a very powerful algebraic modelling language (GAMS). Based on this optimisation framework, the thesis produces operationally relevant results, demonstrating that the framework can cope with a variety of problems, and contributing to the ultimate goal of safely increasing airspace capacity and air traffic efficiency. Illustrative examples are presented focussed on the departure phase within a terminal manoeuvring area. First, an assessment of the efficiency of required times of arrival as a ways to increase air traffic capacity is presented, providing results on the cost in terms of fuel and time of imposing these time requirements within a TMA (which can get to surprisingly low figures), and its effectiveness for traffic separation. Second, the implementation of an aircraft separation methodology is presented, where an intruder trajectory is predicted and the ownship calculates its own optimal trajectory that deviates from it. A conformance monitoring strategy is implemented to ensure that the separation is maintained throughout the flight, acknowledging deviations, and reacting accordingly. Third, the prediction of the intruder trajectory is enhanced by the estimation of an equivalent mass using known past states. An impressive accuracy is achieved early after the beginning of the flight. Finally, the implementation of a multi-aircraft separation strategy is presented, where multiple aircraft are simultaneously optimised in the same optimisation problem, all whilst maintaining separation between them. The complexity of the alignment of aircraft coordinates for a fair comparison is tackled from a novel perspective. Conclusively, the different strategies for aircraft separation are compared, and quite surprisingly the best results for each strategy are quite similar. Indeed, the increase in operational cost that the different strategies present (when compared to the individual optimal trajectory) is negligible and alledgedly better than the current air traffic control separation paradigm.<br>Des del naixement de l’aviació comercial, les aplicacions i beneficis dels avions han crescut immensament. Això, en perfecta sincronia amb l’augment mitjà del poder adquisitiu de la societat, ha augmentat el nombre d’avions que volen pel cel. Aquest augment comporta, tanmateix, un cost, tant en aspectes mediambientals com en la capacitat de l’espai aeri. Aquesta tesi és concebuda per treballar en l’alleujament dels problemes que resulten de l’elevat nombre de vols, proposant nous conceptes i mecanismes per augmentar la capacitat de l’espai aeri amb seguretat i alhora minimitzar l’impacte ambiental de l’aviació. Aquesta recerca, complexa però extremadament necessària, és la protagonista d’una gran quantitat de treballs científics publicats. Des de la propulsió, fins a les aerostructures i la gestió del transit aeri, avui en dia es dedica un gran esforç a la reducció de l’impacte ambiental, així com a l’augment de la seguretat i la capacitat de l’espai aeri. Un tema prometedor és la introducció de nous conceptes d’operació que aprofiten al màxim l’optimització de trajectòries en les quatre dimensions (4D) i nivells d’automatització més elevats, tant per a sistemes de bord com de terra. Conceptes com ara operacions de perfil vertical continu són cada cop més utilitzats en el dia a dia. També, la reducció de la distancia recorreguda dels avions mitjançant rutes més directes esdevé una realitat com més va més evident. Per tal d’abastar un àmbit més ampli, els sistemes embarcats i de terra hauran d’esser actualitzats. És per això que s’hauria d’explorar minuciosament la quantificació dels beneficis esperats per als nou conceptes que es proposin, abans d’introduir-los a escala local o global. La investigació d’aquesta tesi doctoral proposa un sistema integrat per a l’optimització de trajectòries, la predicció, i l’estimació de paràmetres, amb el qual es poden avaluar nous conceptes de gestió del trànsit aeri. Aquest sistema té la flexibilitat d’optimitzar trajectòries que van des d’un vol lliure (free-flight) fins a una estructura de ruta molt estricta, des d’una llibertat completa al perfil vertical fins a una adhesió especifica als nivells de vol, etc. La definició d’escenaris és prou genèrica com per permetre una àmplia varietat de tipologies de vol, fases de vol, fases de rendiment, restriccions al llarg de la trajectòria, entre molts altres aspectes. L’estratègia d’optimització 4D d´ona com a resultat una trajectòria que no només compleix les característiques del vol (i de l’entorn configurat), sinó que també minimitza un objectiu funcional determinat, com ara el cost operatiu, el temps, el combustible, etc. I com ja s’ha mencionat breument, aquesta mateixa estratègia d’optimització s’adapta lleugerament per presentar una innovadora estratègia per realitzar prediccions de trajectòria adaptativa (amb monitoratge de conformitat) i per estimar paràmetres crucials inicialment desconeguts d’un avió. Per resoldre un problema tan complex, es formula un problema de control òptim i es converteix en un problema de programació no lineal (NLP) amb mètodes de col·locació directa. Aquest problema es resol numèricament mitjançant un programari de resolució de problemes NLP i se n’extreuen els resultats per a l’anàlisi. Es presenta una arquitectura de programari integral, aprofitant el millor de dos mons: un llenguatge de programació orientat a objectes (C++) i un llenguatge matemàtic algèbric molt potent (GAMS). La interacció entre aquests dos mons permet la flexibilitat i la genericitat del sistema d’optimització desenvolupat A partir d’aquest sistema d’optimització, els diferents capítols de la tesi produeixen resultats operatius rellevants. Això no només demostra que el sistema pot fer front a una gran varietat de problemes, sinó que també contribueix a l’objectiu final d’augmentar de forma segura la capacitat de l’espai aeri i l’eficiència del transit aeri. Es presenten diferents casos d’ ´ us i exemples il·lustratius centrats en enlairaments dins l’àrea de maniobra terminal (TMA). Concretament, quatre etapes formen aquesta part de la tesi. Primer, es presenta una avaluació de l’eficiència dels temps requerits d’arribada (RTA) com a forma d’augmentar la capacitat del transit aeri. Aquest estudi proporciona resultats sobre el cost en termes de combustible i temps d’imposar aquests requisits de temps dins d’una TMA (que pot arribar a xifres sorprenentment baixes). A més, mostra com d’efectiva pot ser aquesta estratègia per a la separació del transit. En segon lloc, es presenta la implementació d’una metodologia de separació d’avions mitjançant el sistema d’optimització. En ella, una aeronau (l’aeronau) genera una predicció de trajectòria d’un avio extern amb qui preveu tenir un conflicte proper (l’intrús). Seguidament, l’aeronau calcula la seva pròpia trajectòria òptima que es desvia d’aquella predita de l’intrús. S’implementa una estratègia de control de la conformitat per assegurar que la separació es mantingui durant tot el vol, reconeixent les desviacions i reaccionant en conseqüència. En tercer lloc, la predicció de la trajectòria intrusa es veu millorada per l’estimació d’una massa equivalent mitjançant estats passats coneguts (el deixant). Com era d’esperar, com més llarg sigui aquest deixant, millor serà l’estimació de la massa. Tanmateix, s’aconsegueix una precisió impressionant molt poc després de l’inici del vol. Finalment, es presenta la implementació d’una estratègia de separació de múltiples aeronaus. En aquesta formulació, s’optimitzen simultàniament les trajectòries de diversos avions dins el mateix problema d’optimització, mantenint la separació entre ells. La complexitat de l’alineació temporal de les coordenades d’avions per a una comparació justa s’aborda des d’una perspectiva innovadora. En conclusió, es comparen les diferents estratègies de separació d’avions i, sorprenentment, els millors resultats de cada estratègia són força similars. De fet, l’augment del cost operatiu que presenten les diferents estratègies (en comparació amb la trajectòria òptima individual) és insignificant i sempre millor que el paradigma actual de separació del control de trànsit aeri.

Both literature and practice have investigated how the vast amount of ever increasing customer information can inform marketing strategy and decision making. However, the customer data is often susceptible to modeling bias and misleading findings due to various factors including sample selection and unobservable variables. The available analytics toolkit has continued to develop but in the age of nearly perfect information, the customer decision making has also evolved. The dissertation addresses some of the challenges in deriving valid and useful consumer insights from customer data in the digital age. The first study addresses the limitations of traditional customer purchase measures to account of dynamic temporal variations in the customer purchase history. The study proposes a new approach for representation and summarization of customer purchases to improve promotion forecasts. The method also accounts for sample selection bias that arises due to biased selection of customers for the promotion. The second study investigates the impact of increasing internet penetration on the consumer choices and their response to marketing actions. Using the case study of physician’s drug prescribing, the study identifies how marketers can misallocate resources at the regional level by not accounting for variations in internet penetration. The third paper develops a data driven metric for measuring temporal variations in the brand loyalty. Using a network representation of brand and customer the study also investigates the spillover effects of manufacturer related information shocks on the brand’s loyalty.

La rosacée est une maladie inflammatoire chronique de la peau qui affecte presque exclusivement la peau faciale centrale. Actuellement, la morbidité de la rosacée en Chine augmente. Chaque signe clinique de la rosacée est lié à la pathogenèse de cette maladie cutanée dont la physiopathologie très complexe, implique différents types cellulaires et molécules de la peau et divers sous-types. Selon ces résultats, nous avons pu évaluer le rôle de la barrière cutanée et des microorganismes dans la rosacée. Le premier objectif de cette thèse était de déterminer si un microbiote cutané altéré est le résultat d'une pathophysiologie sous-jacente. Nous avons également comparé la rosacée chez des patients chinois et français en évaluant la fonction de la barrière cutanée. Ces tests aideront au choix de la thérapie la plus adaptée pour traiter des patients atteints de rosacée. A travers ces 4 années de recherche de thèse, nous avons montré que : • La biopsie standard de la surface de la peau est une bonne méthode pratique en clinique pour mesurer la densité de Demodex Folliculorum chez les patients atteints de rosacée et d'acné. Le RCM peut être un meilleur choix que le SSSB en raison de son exactitude, de son exhaustivité et de sa procédure indolore non invasive in vivo. RCM semble être plus sensible que son prédécesseur. D'après les résultats de l'analyse du nombre de Demodex dans les lésions de patients atteints de PPR, nous avons constaté que ce nombre est beaucoup plus élevé à Besançon qu'à Shanghai. Les caractéristiques physiologiques de la rosacée sont fortement associées aux interactions entre l'hôte et les micro-organismes, et nos données indiquent l'importance de la colonisation bactérienne. Dans la pathogenèse de la rosacée, il est donc souhaitable de prendre en compte l'altération du microbiote cutané et des réponses immunitaires.La MRC peut détecter dans la peau sensible et la rosacée, les structures endommagées par l'épidermolyse du patient, y compris la parakératose, le désordre en nid d'abeille. Elle pourrait être utilisée comme nouvelle méthode auxiliaire de détection et de diagnostic.l est important de prendre en compte l'association des microorganismes, des paramètres biophysiques de la peau, du microenvironnement et de la barrière cutanée, y compris les barrières physiques, chimiques et microbiennes, même dans la peau normale, dans la conception des produits de soins de la peau et des médicaments antimicrobiens<br>Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease that almost exclusively affects the central facial skin. In these years, the morbidity ofrosacea in China has increased significantly. Each clinical signs of rosacea are related by the pathogenesis of this skin disease, and its pathophysiology is very complex, involving various cell types and molecules in the skin, and various subtypes. According these viewpoints, we chose the ERT and PPR patients, and focused on the microorganism and skin barrier to know more about the pathogenesis of rosacea. The first objective of this thesis was to know more about that whether the skin impaired microbiota is a response to changes in the skin microenvironment resulting from rosacea's underlying pathophysiology. And we also interested in the difference between the French rosacea patients and the Chinese patients in the skin barrier function. Another objective was to find the practical non-invasive testing technology to evaluate the rosacea patients'skin barrier damage condition and in the treatment efficacy. Through these testing, we could know more about the skin barrier situation of the patient, which will help us to choose the more suitable therapy approach for the long time treatment period for rosacea patients. Through these 4 years research of this thesis, we have shown that: Standardized Skin Surface Biopsy is a good practical method to measure Demodex Folliculorum density in rosacea and acne patients in clinical experience. RCM may be a better choice than SSSB because of its accuracy, completeness and as an in vivo noninvasive painless procedure. RCM appears to be a more sensitive method which could be used more in research or clinical studies or to follow up treatment or recurrence. According to the results of testing demodex number in les ions of PPR patients, we found that it was much higher in Besancon than Shanghai even ifwe used the same method. The physiological features of rosacea are strongly associated with the interactions between the host and microorganisms, and our data indicate the importance of the bacterial colonization balance on the skin surface. In the pathogenesis ofrosacea, we'd better to care more about the skin dysbiosis with the enhanced immunity responds. RCM can detect in sensitive skin and rosacea patient epidermal damaged structures, including parakeratosis, disarranged honeycomb pattern and reduced honeycomb pattern depth. lt could be used as a new kind of the new auxiliary method in the detection and diagnosis, providing the new mentality for the diagnosis and treatment. It is important that the association of microorganisms, skin biophysical parameters, microenvironment and skin barrier function including physical, chemical and microbial barriers even in normal skin, which is essential for designing skin care products and anti-microbial drugs

The LISA Pathfinder project is an ESA/NASA technology demonstrator mission that must test the critical instrumentation required for a future space-borne gravitational wave observatory based on the LISA design. The satellite, to be launched by December 2015, carries two free-floating test masses and an interferometer that measures the relative distance between them. The main objective of the satellite is to demonstrate that the residual acceleration noise between the masses is lower than 3e-14 m/s^2/sqrt(Hz) in the band between 1-30 mHz. To achieve such a high sensitivity, the instrument is provided with an accurate control system that allows to sense and actuate on any of the 18 degrees of freedom of the system composed of the two test masses and the spacecraft, avoiding interfering the scientific measurements. The whole instrument is called the LISA Technology Package (LTP). At such low frequencies, the system is exposed to a broad list of external perturbations that eventually limit the sensitivity of the instrument. Amongst them, temperature fluctuations at different spots of the satellite can end up distorting the motion of the masses and the interferometer readouts through different mechanisms. In order to measure such fluctuations and to characterise their contribution to the system sensitivity, the satellite is equipped with a thermal diagnostic subsystem composed of a series of heaters and high precision temperature sensors. Three different kind of thermal perturbation mechanisms are to be studied with such a subsystem: (1) thermal effects inducing direct forces and torques to the test masses due to the presence of temperature gradients, (2) thermo-elastic distortion due to temperature fluctuations in the structure hosting the test masses and the interferometer and (3) thermo-optical distortion of two optical parts located outside the ultra-stable optical bench. This thesis focuses on the design of the experiments aimed to study the first two mechanisms. These experiments essentially consist in the injection of a series of heat loads near each of the thermal-sensitive locations in order to stress their associated thermal mechanism. Such an induced perturbation is visible with high SNR at both the optical measurements and the nearby temperature sensors, and allows to derive coupling coefficients for each of the effects or, at least, bound their contribution to the acceleration noise. The analysis of the impact of forces and torques on the masses has followed two approaches: first, a simulator environment has been designed and implemented to estimate the impact of any kind of heat signal applied close to the test masses and, secondly, a test campaign has been carried out by means of a LTP-test mass replica installed in a torsion pendulum facility. Regarding the simulator, a state-space model has been developed including a thermal system of the whole spacecraft and a specific design for each of the mechanisms that generate forces and torques from temperature gradients: the radiometer effect, the radiation pressure effect and asymmetric outgassing. This model has been integrated to a general simulator of the whole LTP performance, what has allowed to simulate the whole chain between the heater activation and the final impact to the closed-loop performance of the LTP. In parallel, the experimental campaign by means of a torsion pendulum facility of the University of Trento has allowed to characterise the impact of each of the effects in different scenarios of absolute temperature and pressure. On the other hand, the analysis of thermo-elastic noise in the LTP is based on the results obtained during a spacecraft Thermal Vacuum test campaign. In this test, a series of heater activations in the suspension struts that attach the LTP core assembly to the satellite structure allowed to bound the impact of temperature fluctuations at these locations and to characterise the main mechanical distortion mode associated to them.<br>LISA Pathfinder és una missió de la ESA amb participació de la NASA que pretén validar la instrumentació necessària per a un futur observatori espacial d'ones gravitatòries basat en el model LISA. Amb data de llançament pel desembre de 2015, el satèl·lit porta dues masses en caiguda lliure i un interferòmetre que mesura la seva distància relativa. L'objectiu principal és aconseguir mesurar una acceleració residual entre masses per sota de 3e-14 m/s^2/sqrt(Hz) en la banda entre 1 i 30 mHz, fet que requereix una precisió de picòmetres en la mesura. Per altra banda, un sofisticat sistema de control regula els 18 graus de llibertat del sistema conformat per les dues masses i el satèl·lit sense pràcticament afectar la mesura principal. El conjunt d'instrumentació que forma part d'aquest experiment s'anomena LISA Technology Package (LTP). Les freqüències d'operació del LTP, a la banda el mili-Hertz, exposen el sistema a una sèrie de pertorbacions externes difícils d'aïllar i que eventualment podrien limitar la precisió de l'instrument. Entre d'altres, fluctuacions de temperatura en punts concrets del sistema poden alterar les trajectòries de les masses i afectar la precisió de l'interferòmetre mitjançant diferents mecanismes tèrmics, per la qual cosa el satèl·lit porta un subsistema de diagnòstics tèrmics format per una xarxa de sensors de temperatura i escalfadors estratègicament col·locats. La finalitat d'aquest subsistema és estudiar tres tipus de pertorbacions tèrmiques mitjançant diferents experiments: (1) les forces i moments que perceben les masses quan estan exposades a gradients tèrmics, (2) les distorsions termo-elàstiques induïdes per fluctuacions de temperatura a l'estructura on es troben les masses i l'interferòmetre i (3) les distorsions termo-òptiques de dos components òptics que es troben fora de l'ultra-estable banc òptic de l'interferòmetre. D'entre tots aquests, aquesta tesi es centra en el disseny associat als experiments (1) i (2). Cada experiment consisteix principalment en la inducció de càrregues tèrmiques a llocs concrets que forcen una pertorbació tèrmica diferent. L'impacte de la pertorbació és visible amb alt SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) tan a l'interferòmetre com als sensors tèrmics propers, cosa que permet extreure els coeficients principals de distorsió de cada cas. L'anàlisis dels efectes tèrmics que provoquen forces directament sobre les masses s'ha fet en dues parts: en primer lloc s'ha desenvolupat un simulador que permet estimar la dinàmica de les masses davant de qualsevol activació dels escalfadors propers i, en segon lloc, s'ha dut a terme una campanya experimental amb una rèplica de les masses de test i els diagnòstics tèrmics que està instal·lada en un pèndol de torsió de la Universitat de Trento. Pel que fa al simulador, s'ha implementant un model d'espai d'estats que inclou un model tèrmic de tot el satèl·lit i submodels per a cada un dels mecanismes que poden generar forces i moments sobre les masses, que són l'efecte radiomètric, la pressió per radiació i el flux de desgasificació (outgassing) de les superfícies. Aquest model s'ha integrat en un simulador global del LTP, cosa que permet estudiar l'impacte que una activació tèrmica acaba induïnt a l'interferòmetre i en els llaços de control. D'altra banda, la campanya experimental ha permès caracteritzar les contribucions de cada un d'aquests efectes tèrmics en diferents condicions de temperature i pressió. Pel que fa a l'anàlisi de la distorsió termo-elàstica, la investigació s'ha centrat en els resultats obtinguts durant una campanya de proves on es va sotmetre el satèl·lit sencer en condicions realistes de pressió, temperatura i radiació solar. Breus activations dels escalfadors col·locats a prop de les barrers que subjecten la part principal del LTP han permès caracteritzar el mecanisme de distorsió principal i definir un límit superior en l'acoblament entre fluctuacions de temperatura en aquesta l'estructura i l'interferòmetre.

The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of the essay writing process of first year undergraduates at Chancellor College (University of Malawi) and to a lesser extent those of the lecturers responsible for teaching academic skills. A mixed methods design, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques, was employed in order to obtain richer data for deeper understanding of the students’ writing process. Two hundred students from the humanities and social science faculties responded to a self-completion questionnaire towards the end of semester one. Based on the students’ responses, an open-ended questionnaire was administered to four full time English for Academic Purposes (EAP) instructors. Findings from this study indicate that most students find it very challenging to obtain sufficient and relevant source text information, paraphrase or summarise information, and use an appropriate academic writing style. As solutions to these challenges, the students suggested the need for timely essay writing instruction, availability of resources for essay writing, increased amount of time spent on essay writing instruction, and discipline specific instruction in essay writing. EAP instructors identified lack of teaching and learning materials, large EAP classes, and students’ negative attitude towards the EAP course, as some of the challenges they encounter when teaching the course. The EAP instructors proposed an increase in the number of staff members, making students aware of the significance of the EAP course at an early stage, and the availability of up to date resources, as some of the ways in which the teaching of the course can be improved. Overall, the findings seem to suggest that difficulties that students encounter during the writing process and teaching challenges that EAP instructors face, have great impact on students’ perception of academic writing as well as their approach to writing tasks. The findings also suggest a lack of dialogue between the students and their lecturers. This is evident in students’ unawareness of the nature of the writing demands of their lecturers and disciplines; students’ desire to have timely essay writing instruction; and the lecturers’ concerns about students’ negative attitude towards the EAP course.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree Magister of Education in the Faculty of Education at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology<br>The core problematique of this study is to establish a collaborative intervention strategy as a model that could facilitate the design and dissemination of appropriate formative feedback during essay-writing practices with at risk ECP and first-year students.

Cette thèse est une recherche sur les pratiques artistiques relationnelles et somatiques en tant que rituels de connexion fondés sur la fragmentation et la rencontre - une expérience visant la réversibilité de l’être basé sur la fragmentation elle-même. La durée est considérée ici, du point de vue de Bachelard, comme construite dans des rythmes, créés par des rituels de coexistence distribués à travers divers médias - rituels où la pause et la présence du corps sont centrales. À la suite de la pensée de Wolfgang Pauli sur les idées de Jung à propos de la synchronicité, j’ai adopté les événements significatifs qui sont apparus au cours de cette recherche comme des connexions qui, agissant en tant qu’agent principal, produisent du temps en tant qu’agent secondaire. À travers ces connexions, j’ai dessiné une carte de mon déplacement géographique. La coexistence dans des maisons étrangères, leurs objets et leur environnement m’a fait questionner les limites de l’intimité et de l’identité. Dans le cadre de cette méthode, le voyage et l’insertion dans de nouveaux territoires ont conduit à la temporalité de l’intervalle (Tiberghien, 2016), notion adoptée comme une interruption et une opportunité pour une désorganisation temporelle, un déplacement dans lequel le temps se déroule dans l’espace. Cette fragmentation et la possibilité d’appréhension d’autres images du temps, de l’espace et de l’identité sont devenues une matière dans l’élaboration d’une esthétique de la durée. Dans cette voie, je porte les influences de Gaston Bachelard, Jacques Derrida, Jean Luc Nancy, Matthew Barney, Lygia Clark, Pascale Weber, parmi d’autres artistes et penseurs dont les œuvres évoquent la durée en tant que construction ou la présence du corps en contact avec l’autre<br>This thesis is an investigation of relational and somatic practices of art as rituals of connection based on fragmentation and encounter - an experience that aims to a reversibility of the being supported in the fragmentation itself. Duration is considered here, from Bachelard perspective, as constructed in rhythms, created by rituals of coexistence distributed through various media - rituals where is central the pause and the presence of the body in the contact with the other. Following Wolfgang Pauli’s thinking, from Jung’s ideas about synchronicity, I adopted significant events that emerged during the research as connections that, acting as the primary agent, would produce time as a secondary agent. Through these connections, I drew a map for my geographical displacement. The coexistence in foreign houses, their objects and surroundings made me question the limits of intimacy and identity. As part of the method, the journey and the insertion into new territories led to the temporality of the interval (Tiberghien, 2016), a notion adopted as an interruption and opportunity for a temporal disorganization, a displacement in which time unfolds in space. This fragmentation and the possibility of apprehension of other images of time, space, and identity have become material in the elaboration of an aesthetic of duration. In this path, I carry the influences of Gaston Bachelard, Jacques Derrida, Jean Luc Nancy, Matthew Barney, Lygia Clark, Pascale Weber, among other artists and thinkers whose works point to the duration as construction or to the presence of the body in contact with the other

Le droit administratif coréen se trouve caractérisé depuis peu par une tentative d'adoption du droit du service public. Cette tentative signifie un mouvement pour faire évoluer le droit administratif par le dépasse-ment de ses fondements classiques en provenance du droit allemand, notamment des doctrines fondamentales élaborées à la fin du 19ème siècle. La tentative se manifeste par l'introduction de règles générales pour les activités du service public. Cependant, la mise en œuvre de ces règles novatrices pour le droit coréen ne sera cohérente que lorsque certaines conditions seront satisfaites, notamment des conditions procédurales telle que l'élargissement de la recevabilité du contentieux administratif. Nous avons relevé des éléments dont on doit tenir compte pour le changement du droit administratif coréen par l'adoption du droit du service public français afin que l'adoption soit opérationnelle. Cette démarche est fondée sur l'analyse de l'état actuel du droit coréen concernant l'idée de service public et les juridictions publiques<br>Korean administrative law is characterized recently by an attempt to adopt the law of public service. This means a movement attempting to change the administrative law by exceeding its classical foundations from German law, including fundamental doctrines developed in the late 19th century. The attempt is mani-fested by the introduction of general rules for public service activities. However, the implementation of these innovative rules for Korean law will be consistent only when certain conditions are met, including procedu-ral requirements such as enlargement of the admissibility of administrative litigation. We identified elements that must be considered for change of Korean administrative law by adoption of the French law of public ser-vice se that it could be operational. This approach is based on the analysis of the current state of Korean law regarding the idea of public service and public jurisdictions

Ce travail est une étude des modes et conditions de production de la maladie mentale dans la structure spécifique du milieu social congolais ; de même q'une recherche des moyens et possibilités de sa prise en charge psychothérapeutique. L'existence de l'individu se définissant par rapport à l'ensemble de la communauté, c'est par et pour la communauté que chacune des individualités s'exprime, et que s'effectue la réalisation de chacun des individus. C'est de l'état de ses rapports avec l'ensemble de la communauté que les événements qui interviennent dans la vie personnelle trouvent leur sens et leur signification. En effet, un certain nombre de notions, essentielles pour la vie d'une personne, dont celle de maladie mentale, n'ont de sens que pris dans la dimension de sa vie au sein de la communauté ; son existence ne pouvant se définir que par rapport à celle-ci. Ainsi, nous faisons une approche psychosociologique de la maladie mentale, qui est abordée dans la triple relation de l'individu aux dimensions cosmique, familiale, et sociale ; du fait que la structure de l'individualité est conçue comme un ensemble composé d'éléments en relation étroite avec les trois pôles constitues par l'ancestralité, la famille et la communauté sociale. La maladie a ici, surtout une dimension et une valeur sociale ; elle témoigne d'un désordre qui implique la communauté. Le sujet malade est victime et révélateur d'un désordre au sein de la communauté. La pathologie mentale est davantage une réponse à un environnement qui se désorganise ici maintenant ; l'individu s'organise ou se désorganise en fonction de son milieu actuel que de son histoire. Le conflit qui occasionne "koulaouka" (devenir fou) est à situer au niveau des dimensions fondamentales qui structurent en profondeur l'individu<br>This work is a study of the mode and condition of production of the mental illness within the specific structure of the Congolese society as well as a research of the means and possibility of its being taken in charge through psychotherapy. The existence of a human being defines itself in close relation to the entire community. It's through and for the community that each individual difference expresses itself and that each individual reaches maturation. The incidents taking place in each individual life are reflected on the person according to the state of his or her terms with the whole community. A number of basic notions as that of mental illness can only be accounted for by the significance of an individual's life inside the community. We have therefore, worked out a psycho-sociological approach of mental illness, which we have tried to tackle in the three folded relations of the individual to a cosmic, social and family dimension. The very structure of individuality is here seen as whole, composed of elements in close relation with these three poles: the ancestors, the family and the social community. Illness is, above all, a social dimension and value; it shows a disorder which involves the community itself. The mentally sick person is thus a victim as well as a tell-tale of a disorder inside the community. The mental pathology is more a response to an environment, which organises itself at a particular time in a particular surrounding. The psychological balance of an individual establishes itself and doesn't depend on this past but on his present surrounding. The inner conflict which brings about the "koulaouka" (to become insane) is rooted at the level of the basic dimensions which organises the individual in depth

Syftet med uppsatsen är att diskutera vilka funktioner dagboksberättandet i essäfilm skulle kunna fylla samt på vilket sätt dessa filmer reflekterar sin samtid. I uppsatsen kommer jag diskutera och identifiera olika funktioner med hjälp av relevant och teoretisk litteratur samt genom enstaka filmexempel. Om ny teknologi och tillgänglighet har öppnat upp gränserna för det privata och offentliga, kan essäfilmer, som för in det personliga och privata i det dokumentära, ses som ett uttryck för dessa uppluckrade gränsdragningar. Den digitala utvecklingen, vår samtid samt essäfilmens specifika möjligheter är områden som den här texten huvudsakligen berör.

The control of autonomous flying vehicles with navigation purposes is a challenging task. Complexity arises mainly due to the non-linearity and uncertainty inherently present in the flight mechanics and aircraft-air interactions. Recently, interest has grown for equipping unmanned vehicles with the capacity to interact with their environment, other vehicles or humans. This will enable interesting applications such as autonomous load carrying, aerial refueling or parcel delivering. Having measured the interaction wrenches ease the control problem which can be configured to reject disturbances or to take profit of them to fulfill mission objectives. This thesis will contribute to this area by providing perception solutions which use limited and low cost sensors that enable state and disturbance estimation for possible, but not restricted to, interaction scenarios. This thesis contain three parts. The first part, introduces basic concepts related to the navigation state, aircraft dynamics, and sensor models. In addition, the platform under study is presented and mathematical models associated to it are calibrated. The second part is devoted to the observability analysis and the design of state observers. Linear and non-linear observability analysis techniques are used to unveil that the state of quadrotors equipped with GPS, magnetometers an IMU sensors cannot be uniquely identified in some specific flight configurations. Results of this section are relevant because the conflicting flight configurations contain hover, a flight maneuverer central in many unmanned aerial missions of VtoL vehicles. For many possible singular configurations, insightful descriptions and interpretations of the solution space known as indistinguishable region is provided. Findings are verified in simulation scenarios where it can be seen how a filter fails to recover the true state of an aircraft when imposing the hover flight condition. We discuss then the design of Extended Kalman Filters for state estimation that considers the available sensors. Issues that are typically not reported in the literature, such as when to update or propagate in the estimator algorithm or which coordinate frame should be used to represent each state variable are discussed. This leads to the formulation of four potentially equivalent but different discrete event-based filters for which precise algorithmic expressions are given. We compare the results of the four filters in simulation under known favorable conditions for observability. In order to diminish the effect of flying in the conflicting observability configurations, we provide an alternative filter based on the Schmidt Kalman Filter (SKF). The proposed filter shares the structure of the EKF, behaves better in the instants that the EKF fails and provides similar results in the remaining conditions. The last part of the thesis deals with the estimation of external disturbances. Disturbance estimation results are based on the derivation of a linear model for the aircraft dynamics which then extended with a high order disturbance model to enable the estimation of fast varying disturbances. Two external disturbance estimators from the literature are reviewed and adapted to the new model. Also, two Kalman observers that exploit the linearity of the derived model are presented. A simulation comparison is provided demonstrating that the KF disturbance estimators outperform the other. In addition, this part presents a design methodology of generic quadratic bounded observers for linear systems with ellipsoidal bounded uncertainty. The derived observers maximize a user tunable compromise between the estimation convergence speed and the final volume containing the estimation error. An observer for disturbances acting on a flying platform is derived considering the high order disturbance model above mentioned. Finally, an analysis of the estimation performance with respect to the design parameters is presented.<br>Esta tesis, contribuye en este área formulando soluciones de percepción que permiten la estimación del estado y perturbaciones externas en condiciones normales de vuelos así como casos de interacción para UAVs equipados con sensores limitados y de bajo coste. La tesis se estructura en tres partes. La primera de ellas introduce los conceptos básicos relacionados con el estado de navegación, la dinámica de la aeronave y modelos de sensores. Además, se presenta la plataforma de estudio así como los modelos matemáticos asociados a ella y su calibración. La segunda parte está destinada al análisis de observabilidad y el diseño de observadores de estado. Los resultados de esta sección son importantes porque dentro de las condiciones de vuelo conflictivas se encuentra el vuelo a punto fijo, una maniobra de vuelo central en muchas misiones de vehículos VToL. Se analizan estas condiciones críticas de vuelo y para ellas se deriva y describe el espacio de soluciones posible conocido como región indistinguible. Los resultados son verificados en simulación dónde se puede apreciar como un estimador de estado falla al intentar realizar su tarea cuando la aeronave está en vuelo a punto fijo. Seguidamente se presenta el diseño de filtros extendidos de Kalman (EKF) que proveen estimaciones del estado con la información limitada de los sensores disponibles. Se discuten conceptos que habitualmente no se presentan en la literatura como cuando actualizar o propagar en el algoritmo de estimación o que sistema de referencia se debe utilizar para representar adecuadamente las variables de estado. Esto lleva a la formulación algorítmica de cuatro filtros discretos basados en eventos, diferentes, pero en esencia equivalentes. Se derivan rutinas de inicialización para los filtros y se comparan los resultados en simulación bajo condiciones favorables de estimación. Con la idea de disminuir el efecto de volar en configuraciones de observabilidad conflictivas, se deriva un filtro alternativo basado en el filtro de Schmidt Kalman (SKF). El filtro propuesto comparte estructura con el EKF, tiene un mejor comportamiento allí dónde le EKF falla y una respuesta similar en el resto de condiciones de vuelo. La última parte de la tesis trata con la estimación de perturbaciones externas. Para ello se deriva un modelo lineal que relaciona fuerzas y momentos con velocidades junto a un modelo de alto orden para las perturbaciones. Se estudia su aplicación a dos modelos para la estimación de perturbaciones ya presentes en la literatura. Además, se proponen dos nuevos filtros de Kalman que se aprovechan de la linealidad del modelo. Se presenta una comparativa basada en la simulación de escenarios ideales así como realistas que demuestra que los filtros KF superan al resto. Esta misma parte de la tesis presenta el diseño genérico de estimadores "quadratic bounded" para sistemas dinámicos lineales cuya incertidumbre se encuentra acotada dentro de elipsoides. Estos estimadores maximizan un compromiso, ajustable por el usuario que contempla la velocidad de convergencia así como el volumen de la solución final que contiene el error de estimación. Se deriva un observador de perturbaciones para plataformas aéreas basado en el modelo de alto orden arriba mencionado. Finalmente, se presenta un análisis del desempeño de estimación en función de los parámetros de diseño del filtro.

Computational simulation is one of the basic techniques of modern Astrophysics. The long-term time astrophysical processes cannot be treated with explicit approaches because that they are limited, in their maximum time step, by the restriction known as Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy Condition. In order to use implicit approaches a system of coupled algebraic equations needs to be solved. It is composed by all the equations of each one of the discrete points of the model and the usual solution comes through a Newton-Raphson scheme. The computational cost substantially increases with the number of unknowns of the model. In implicit schemes the properties of the current time step depends on the values of the unknown variables at that time step, so everything has to be calculated simultaneously. The consequence is that all equations should be jointly solved inverting of a huge sparse matrix (it is a squared n*v matrix, being n the number of particles and v the number of independent variables of the system). Due to this restriction, historically the implicit hydrodynamics had been only applied to one-dimensional systems. It would be very interesting to build an Implicit hydrocode taking advantage of the so called Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics or SPH. This technique has been being applied successfully in astrophysics and cosmology and fluid physics. SPH integrates the dynamic fluid equations in each point of the Lagragian formalism (named particles because they have an associated mass) calculating speed, position, density and pressure as interpolations from neighbour particles. Unlike Eulerian methods the Lagragian approach does not need from a rectangular grid covering the integration domain. Therefore storage and computing time is not wasted in void regions. Fluids are decomposed in a set of particles where the numerical treatment of the three-dimensional movement derived from pressure and auto-gravity is easier. The goal of this thesis is to describe the main features and the implementation of a new SPH code which uses implicit approach, called ISFAA (Implicit SPH for Astrophysical Applications). This code enlarges the previous work from "An Implicit Smooth Particle hydrodynamic Code", Knapp C. (2000) and recent developments of the SPH scheme (based on the variation principle), artificial viscosity, gravity and thermal conductivity. Because of the huge effort which has to be invested to build and validate the new SPH code, it is pretended that in the future its use can be extended to a large number of scenarios. With this end a modular design has been implemented that allows to separate the code general treatment, the particular implementation of the basic evolutionary equations and the physical properties (equation of state, artificial viscosity, etc.). Furthermore, to find the solution of the equations' system, the library of parallel algorithms PARDISO, embodied in the library Intel MKL, has been used. Future improvements in these libraries will have a positive impact on the new code. To validate the code and check each one of the physical ingredients, a set of basic tests (point-like explosion, The wall heating shock, Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities, Free-Fall collapse, etc) were run and analyzed as well as several tests incorporating gravity (Toy Star, stability of a solar mass star and a White Dwarf). And finally, we show the evolution of a single quasi-static system. To handle with these scenarios we have built a slightly different implicit scheme, were velocities are not explicitly included in the equations of movement. The main aim of this tests is to demonstrate that an implicit quasi-hydrostatic scheme is able to work with time-steps many orders of magnitude large (10^4) than the characteristic current Courant time.<br>La simulación mediante ordenador es una de las herramientas básicas de la Astrofísica moderna. Los procesos de gran escala temporal son imposibles de tratar con enfoques explícitos ya que estos se encuentran limitados, en su paso de tiempo máximo, por la restricción conocida como condición de Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy. Para utilizar los enfoques implícitos se genera un sistema de ecuaciones algebraicas acopladas, habitualmente resuelto con un esquema de Newton-Raphson y compuesto por todas las ecuaciones de cada uno de los puntos de resolución del modelo. El coste computacional de resolución aumenta sustancialmente con el número de incógnitas que han de determinarse a cada paso de tiempo. Las propiedades del siguiente paso de tiempo dependen de los valores de las variables desconocidas en dicho paso de tiempo y por tanto todas han de ser calculadas simultáneamente. La consecuencia es que todo el sistema de ecuaciones se ha de resolver conjuntamente realizando la inversión de una matriz dispersa enorme (la matriz es cuadrada y tiene un tamaño de n*v, siendo n el numero de partículas y v el número de variables independientes del sistema). Debido a esta restricción, la hidrodinámica implícita históricamente ha sido aplicada a sistemas en una sola dimensión. Para su implementación multidimensional sería interesante utilizar un enfoque lagrangiano como el suavizado de partículas hidrodinámicas denominado "Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics" ó SPH. La técnica se viene aplicando con éxito al campo de la astrofísica, la cosmología y diferentes problemas de la física de fluidos. El SPH integra las ecuaciones de la dinámica de fluidos en cada punto del formalismo lagrangiano (denominado partícula por tener una masa asociada) calculando velocidad, posición, densidad y presión como una interpolación de los valores de las partículas vecinas. Los métodos lagrangianos, a diferencia de los eulerianos, no necesitan de una malla regular que cubra la totalidad del espacio de integración, por tanto, la memoria y el tiempo de cálculo no se desperdician en la resolución de espacios vacíos. Los fluidos se descomponen en un conjunto de partículas donde podemos tratar numéricamente de forma más sencilla el movimiento en tres dimensiones derivado de las fuerzas de presión y auto-gravedad. El objetivo de esta tesis es detallar las principales características y la implementación de un nuevo código SPH, con un enfoque implícito, al que hemos denominado ISFAA (Implicit SPH for Astrophysical Applications). Este código amplia el trabajo previo de Knapp. C., 2000 e incluye el esquema físico más actual del SPH (basado en el principio variacional), viscosidad artificial, gravedad y conductividad térmica. Dado el enorme esfuerzo que supone construir y validar un nuevo código SPH, se pretende que en el futuro su utilidad se extienda al mayor número posible de escenarios. Con este fin se ha optado por un diseño modular que separe el tratamiento general del código de la implementación concreta de ecuaciones evolutivas básicas y de las propiedades del material (ecuación de estado, viscosidad artificial, etc.). Además, para la resolución del sistema de ecuaciones se utiliza la biblioteca de algoritmos paralelos PARDISO, que incorpora la librería Intel MKL y que en el futuro tendrá mejoras que impactarán positivamente en el código. Para comprobar la corrección del código y probar cada uno de los ingredientes físicos, se especifican una serie de test básicos (Explosión puntual, The wall heating shock, inestabilidades de Rayleigh-Taylor, caída libre, etc.) y una serie de test con gravedad (Toy Star, estabilización de una estrella de masa solar y una enana blanca). Por último se muestra la evolución de un sistema cuasiestático, en el que las velocidades no se encuentran explícitamente en el modelo. Este test está orientado a demostrar que el código implícito podría aplicarse con éxito en estas situaciones, consiguiendo simular el sistema en largos intervalos temporales.

Es ampliamente conocido que los modelos de error para sensores inerciales tienen dos componentes: El primero es un componente determinista que normalmente es calibrado por el fabricante en el firmware de la IMU. El segundo es un componente aleatorio que es caracterizado a través de un modelo estocástico que tiene su impacto en la solución de navegación calculada con las observaciones no procesadas obtenidas con dichos sensores. La caracterización de este comportamiento estocástico se apoya en el análisis de observaciones adquiridas en condiciones estáticas. El sensor inercial es aislado de cualquier perturbación externa y se llevan a cabo adquisiciones estáticas de larga duración. Estas observaciones se evalúan a través de herramientas de análisis como la varianza de Allan. Esta herramienta permite caracterizar el modelo estocástico que mejor se ajusta a las observaciones, permitiendo obtener parámetros como el ruido de observación o el bias del sensor, los factores de escala, etcétera. Existen referencias que indican que la caracterización de sensores en condiciones estáticas podría ser imprecisa cuando el sensor está funcionando en entornos no estáticos. Esta es la principal motivación de esta tesis doctoral. De cara a entender la variación del error del sensor con la dinámica aplicada, una serie de campañas experimentales (en laboratorio y en vehículos) fueron llevadas a cabo. Estos experimentos consistieron en un conjunto de IMUs de prueba acopladas a una plataforma rígida a la que a su vez se integraba una IMU de grado de navegación que se utilizaba como referencia. Primero, se debe resolver el alineamiento entre las IMUs de prueba y la IMU de referencia. Un método para calcular dicho alineamiento es presentado en esta tesis. Una vez que la IMU de referencia está correctamente alienada con las observaciones de la IMU en pruebas, y asumiendo que las observaciones de la IMU de referencia son ideales (no tienen errores), las observaciones de ambas IMUS son comparadas. Las diferencias entre ambos conjuntos de observaciones se pueden considerar que son los errores de la IMU en pruebas. El análisis de la varianza de Allan es entonces aplicada a estas diferencias. Se muestra que debido a las limitaciones de esta técnica de análisis y a la longitud del conjunto de datos, la única medida fiable que se puede obtener con la varianza de Allan es el ruido de observación (que normalmente sigue un modelo estocástico de ruido blanco). Por esta razón, esta tesis propone una aproximación diferente al problema. Se demuestra que existe una conexión entre el error del sensor y la dinámica aplicada a dicho sensor. Esta dinámica está caracterizada por las medidas directas del sensor y las derivadas enésimas de de dichas medidas. Por tanto, gracias a esta nueva aproximación, un nuevo modelo de error inercial es mostrado. Este nuevo modelo está compuesto por un sesgo, un factor de escala que afecta a la magnitud medida por el sensor y una serie de coeficientes que multiplican a las enésimas derivadas de las medidas del sensor. Esta tesis establece dos maneras que este modelo se puede usar para determinar estos coeficientes. Si existe un sensor de referencia, el modelo se puede implementar en un ajuste de mínimos cuadrados para estimar dichos coeficientes. El resultado de este ajuste es un conjunto de observaciones “mejoradas” del sensor inercial que pueden procesarse en un navegador INS/GNSS convencional. En caso de no existir el sensor de referencia, la otra opción para determinar los coeficientes es a través de un filtro de Kalman extendido que incorpora dichos coeficientes. En esta tesis, dichos coeficientes fueron implementados y testeados en un navegador INS/GNSS con arquitectura “loosely coupled”. Por lo que conoce el autor de esta tesis, la utilización de las derivadas de las observaciones nunca se han investigado y se demuestra que ayudan a mejorar la precisión de la trayectoria suministrada por el navegador INS/GNSS.<br>The inertial sensor error model is widely known to have two components. The first is a deterministic component that is usually calibrated by the manufacturer in the IMU integrated firmware and, secondly, there is a random component that is characterized through a stochastic model that has its impact on the navigation solution computed with the raw data obtained with these sensors. The characterization of this stochastic behavior relies on the analysis of datasets acquired under static conditions. The inertial sensor is isolated from any external perturbation and long periods of static acquisitions are conducted. These datasets are then evaluated through complex tools like the Allan variance analysis. This analysis tool lets the stochastic model be determined that best fits with the sensor observation noise, the sensor bias scale factors and so forth. There have been reports that these sensor characterization models start to become inaccurate when the sensor is submitted to non-static environments. This is the main motivation for this PhD thesis. In order to understand the sensor error variation with dynamics, a series of laboratory and vehicular experiments were performed, using a set of IMUs rigidly attached to a navigation grade reference IMU. First, the reference IMU misalignment must be resolved, with respect to the IMU under test (IUT) that was selected for this study. A method for resolving the issue is presented in this thesis. Once the reference IMU data is correctly aligned with the test IMU observations, and assuming that the reference IMU measurements are error-free, observations of the two sensors are compared. The difference between both observations is the error of the sensor from the IMU under test. A classic Allan variance analysis is then applied to this varying error. It is shown that due to the limitations of the Allan variance tool and the length of the dataset, the only reliable measurement that can be obtained by employing the Allan variance analysis is the observation of white noise. For this reason, a different approach is presented in this thesis. A connection is shown between the sensor error and the dynamic applied to the sensor. This dynamic is characterized by the sensor raw measurement and the nth order derivatives of these measurements. Therefore, thanks to this new approach, a new sensor error model is presented. This sensor model is composed of a bias and a scale factor that affects the actual sensed magnitude and a series of nth order derivatives of the sensed magnitude that are multiplied by a coefficient. This thesis sets out two ways that this model can be used to determine these coefficients. If there is a reference sensor, it can be used in a least squares adjustment to estimate these coefficients. The result of this adjustment is "improved" sensor observation that can be processed via an ordinary INS/GNSS navigator. Another way to determine these coefficients is by implementing this new sensor model in an extended Kalman filter. In the case of this thesis, it was implemented and tested in a loosely coupled INS/GNSS. To the knowledge of the author, the utilization of sensor observation derivatives has never been researched and it is demonstrated that it helps to improve the precision of the trajectory provided by the INS/GNSS navigator.<br>Es àmpliament conegut que els models d’error per a sensors inercials tenen dues components. La primera es una component determinista que normalment es calibrada pel fabricant en el firmware de la IMU. El segon es una component aleatòria que es caracteritzada a traves d’un model estocàstic que te el seu impacte en la solució de navegació calculada amb les observacions no processades obtingudes amb aquests sensors. La caracterització d’aquest comportament estocàstic es recolza en la anàlisi d’observacions adquirides en condicions estàtiques. El sensor inercial es aïllat de qualsevol pertorbació externa i es porten a terme adquisicions estàtiques de llarga durada. Aquestes observacions s’avaluen a través d’eines d’anàlisi com la variança d’Allan. Aquesta eina d’anàlisi permet caracteritzar el model estocàstic que millor s’ajusta a les observacions, permetent obtenir paràmetres com el soroll d’observació, el biaix del sensor, els factors d’escala, etcètera. N’hi han referències que indiquen que la caracterització de sensors en condicions estàtiques podria ser imprecisa quan el sensor està funcionant en entorns no estàtics. Aquesta es la principal motivació d’aquesta tesi doctoral. De cara a entendre la variació del error del sensor amb una dinàmica aplicada, una sèrie de campanyes de mesura experimentals (en laboratori i vehicles) van ser portades a terme. Aquests experiments van consistir en un conjunt d’IMUs de prova acoblades a una plataforma rígida que a la seva vegada integrava una IMU de grau de navegació que s’utilitzava com a referència. Primer de tot, s’ha de resoldre l’alineament entre les IMUs de prova i la IMU de referència. Un mètode per a calcular aquest alineament es presentat en aquesta tesi. Una vegada que la IMU de referència està correctament alineada amb les observacions de la IMU en proves, i assumint que les observacions de la IMU de referència son ideals (no tenen errors), les observacions de ambdues IMUs son comparades. Les diferencies entre els dos conjunts d’observacions es poden considerar que son els errors de la IMU de proves. L’anàlisi de la variança d’Allan es llavors aplicat a aquestes diferències. Es mostra que degut a les limitacions d’aquesta tècnica d’anàlisi i a la durada del conjunt de dades, l’única mesura fiable que es pot obtenir amb la variança d’Allan es el soroll d’observació (que normalment segueix un model estocàstic de soroll blanc). Per aquesta raó, aquesta tesi proposa una aproximació diferent al problema. Es demostra que existeix una connexió entre el error del sensor i la dinàmica aplicada a aquest sensor. Aquesta dinàmica està caracteritzada per les mesures directes del sensors i les derivades enèsimes d’aquestes mesures. Per tant, gràcies a aquesta nova aproximació, un nou model d’error inercial es mostrat. Aquest nou model està composat per un biaix, un factor d’escala que afecta a la magnitud mesurada pel sensor i una sèrie de coeficients que multipliquen a les enèsimes derivades de les mesures del sensor. Aquesta tesi estableix dues maneres que aquest model es pugui utilitzar per a determinar aquests coeficients. Si existeix un sensor de referència, el model es pot implementar en un ajust de mínims quadrats per a estimar aquests coeficients. El resultat d’aquest ajust es un conjunt d’observacions “millorades” del sensor inercial que es poden processar en un navegador INS/GNSS convencional. En cas de no haver-hi sensor de referència, l’altra opció per a determinar els coeficients es a través d’un filtre de Kalman estès que incorpora aquests coeficients. En el cas d’aquesta tesi, aquests coeficients van ser implementats i comprovats en un navegador INS/GNSS amb arquitectura “loosely coupled”. Pel que coneix l’autor d’aquesta tesi, la utilització de les derivades de les observacions mai s’han investigat i es demostra que ajuden a millorar la precisió de la trajectòria subministrada pel navegador INS/GNSS.

Cette thèse présente un nouveau modèle de comportement pour les composites stratifiés à renforts tissés et aborde certaines lacunes identifiées dans les lois de comportement s’appliquant aux composites. Cette nouvelle loi de comportement combine la facilité d’utilisation du modèle Matzenmiller-Lubliner-Taylor (MLT) avec la robustesse du modèle de fissuration de Ba˘zant. Une interpolation des propriétés des matériaux est utilisée pour permettre l’évaluation de paramètres à haute vitesse de chargement. La nouvelle loi de comportement est employée en combinaison avec une approche de coques empilées pour permettre la simulation de l’endommagement par délamination. Cette loi de comportement pour stratifiés et le type de discrétisation utilisé permettent la simulation d’impacts à haute vitesse menant à la perforation de la cible. Afin de valider la nouvelle loi de comportement, une série de tests d’impact est effectuée sur trois différents matériaux composites tissés. Un projectile allongé est utilisé afin d’enregistrer la décélération du projectile lors de l’impact. Les cibles composites sont ensuite inspectées par ultrasons pour quantifier l’endom- magement par délamination produit lors de l’impact. Des sections transversales des points d’impact sont inspectées visuellement afin de quantifier les types de rupture dans le stratifié. Des simulations numériques sont ensuite effectuées à l’aide de trois différents types de loi de comportement et différentesméthodes de discrétisation. Le résultat de ces simulations numériques est comparé auxmesures expérimentales. La nou- velle loi de comportement permet une estimation adéquate de l’endommagement des stratifiés et de l’étendue de la délamination ainsi qu’une réduction importante de la sensibilité de la réponse à la taille dumaillage. Certains thèmes nécessitant une recherche plus approfondie sont identifiés dans le but de faciliter la simula- tion d’impacts sur des structures composites en milieu industriel.<br>This thesis presents a new lamina material model that addresses shortfalls identified in advanced material models for use in composite impact predictions. The new model combines the ease of use of the Matzenmiller-Lubliner-Taylor model with the robustness of the Ba˘zant crack band method. A material model inter- polation scheme is also presented to allow for the simulation of high strain rate loading events with the new lamina material model. The proposed lamina model is implemented in a commercial Finite Element Method (FEM) code and used in combination with a stack shell approach using cohesive zone elements to predict delamination damage. The proposed material model and chosen discretization enable for the prediction of high velocity through thickness impacts, which lead to the perforation of the targets. To validate the newmaterialmodel, experimental tests are performed on three woven composite materials. These tests consist in perpendicular impacts on Car- bon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) panels using an elongated aluminium im- pactor. The elongated projectile is required to record the projectiles’ deceleration histories during the impact event. Postmortem inspections of the panels are also undertaken to quantify the damage sustained by the CFRP targets. Projected delamination areas are quantified through C-Scan inspection of the targets, fol- lowed by visual inspection of the impact sites’ cross sections. Numerical simulations are next carried out using different in-plane and out- of-plane discretization approaches. Three material formulations are also investi- gated: brittle, the proposed model and the proposed model with high strain rate parameters. The results of these simulations are compared to the results obtained experimentally. The new model is found to predict reasonably well the damage encountered in the experimental test and to greatly diminish the mesh size sen- sitivity of the FEM approach. Areas requiring further attention are identified to further move composite material failure prediction from laboratory to industrial applications.

Mestrado Vinifera Euromaster - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL / Universitá degli Studi di Torino<br>Vines can encounter death due to several biotic and abiotic diseases and vine plantlets placed to replace them are often not able to compete with adjacent older plants (hypogeal and epigeous competitions). Replanting is a very expensive technique (cost of the vine, fertilizers, planting itself, …) and when vines are replanted in a vineyard they take longer than planting at the implant to get full productivity. Thus the usage of compound such as biostimulants that can accelerate the entrance in full production should be advisable. In this study several compounds have been tested and compared in term of vegetative growth. The effects of FNT 63 (abbr. FNT) stimulating Arbuscolar mycorrhizae, CO-ACTYL NP (abbr. COA), ILSARODDER + ILSACTIGREEN STAR (abbr. ILSA) and BIOHUMIN (abbr. BIO) are shown. The results for these biostimulants were generally not significant compared to untreated vines. Some results were obtained with FNT<br>N/A

Pas de résumé en français disponible<br>Locally available building materials are proven energy efficient and eco-friendly, making them a sustainable building material. In the last two decades, use of raw earth as building material is augmented, owing to the environmental concerns construction industry is also reconsidering the use of raw earth, researchers on the other hand are working to understand the mechanical and dynamic behaviour of earthen buildings, yet the study of mechanical parameters possess multiple challenges due to material inert properties exposing the need of new experimental approaches to extract accurate mechanical parameters. Building techniques such as adobe, compressed earth blocks, rammed earth, and laterite building stones are on a verge of reclaiming elite position in construction industry. In this study, experimental investigation on two naturally available building materials, unstabilised rammed earth (USRE) and laterite building stones (LBS) are carried out. The work focuses on the parameters that need to be considered in the experimental procedures, which influences the mechanical properties of USRE and LBS are seen. The locally available soils in the region of Rhone-alps, France and laterite building stones from Burkina Faso are used in this experimental campaign. Rammed earth walls are constructed by compacting moist soil in layers, due to manufacturing technique there is a density gradient within the layer that leads to heterogeneity. On the other hand, the manufacturing parameters of the USRE such as compaction energy and manufacturing water content have a direct influence on the dry density of the material and therefore the strength. The manufacturing parameters and specimens replicating the in-situ condition are very important to understand the behaviour of USRE wall. Hence an experimental procedure to study the unconfined compressive strength, considering the influence of manufacturing parameters and specimens replicating in-situ conditions are performed along with the cyclic loading and unloading to study the elasto-plastic property of the USRE. The test procedure is performed on two different soils that are used to build USRE structures. Along with the compressive strength of USRE, the tensile strength and flexural strength are also presented by subjecting specimens under split tensile test and four point bending test. Another important parameter is the mechanical strength properties of USRE layer interface under lateral loads. A novel experimental procedure to study the interface strength properties are discussed in this study. The experimental procedure is simple and xii compact that can be performed using a simple uniaxial press using inclined metallic wedges that allows rectangular prism to undergo bi-axial loading. With the help of inclined metallic wedges, shear stress and normal stress can be induced on the specimen interface allowing to obtain coulomb’s failure criteria and hence the strength properties of the interface. Laterite building stones (LBS) which are mainly used in tropical countries are porous in nature. The moisture retention capacity of porous building material will bring indoor comfort, but the presence of water molecules within the material and their variation to the outdoor environment is responsible for complex mechanical behaviour. Hence an experimental investigation to analyse the moisture ingress of LBS and their influence on mechanical strength is designed. The moisture ingress is studied by subjecting LBS for moisture sorption and desorption test and moisture buffering test. Then the influence of moisture ingress on mechanical strength (flexure and compression) are investigated using three point bending test and unconfined compression test with loading and unloading cycles. This experimental investigation allows studying the moisture ingress and their influence on strength along with elasto-plastic behaviour of LBS

L'arrivée des nouvelles technologies et des ordinateurs en plus des problématiques grandissantes reliées à la qualité de l'eau ont fait que le monitorage dans le domaine de la qualité de l'eau a littéralement explosé au cours des dernières décennies. Le monitorage consiste à effectuer le suivi d'un système et de faire la conservation des données récoltées. Il est habituellement réalisé à l'aide de capteurs. Ces derniers peuvent générer une importante quantité de données. Dans certains cas, la fréquence d'échantillonnage peut atteindre plusieurs mesures à la seconde. Nonobstant la quantité de données recueillies, il faut en connaître la qualité afin de les utiliser. Quels sont les outils disponibles pour caractériser les capteurs? Quelles informations fournissent-ils? Est-ce que ces dernières sont suffisantes? Certains protocoles pour évaluer la performance des capteurs sont disponibles. Le protocole ISO 15839:2003, Qualité de l'eau - Matériel d'analyse/capteurs directs pour l'eau - Spécifications et essais de performance, est le plus complet à ce jour. Il permet d'évaluer la performance des capteurs sous des conditions de laboratoire. Néanmoins, est-ce que de soumettre les capteurs à ce protocole permet aux usagers de choisir le capteur le plus approprié? Afin de répondre à cette question, la première étape de l'étude consistait à passer en revue les capteurs selon les technologies disponibles sur le marché. L'accent fut mis sur les substances suivantes : nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphore, oxygène dissout et la turbidité. La revue a révélé que les fabricants ne fournissent pas ou très peu de spécifications découlant du protocole ISO 15839:2003. La deuxième étape fut de procéder à une revue critique du protocole ISO 15839:2003 afin de faire ressortir les raisons pour lesquelles les fabricants n'en fournissent pas les spécifications et de vérifier si ces dernières sont adéquates pour choisir le bon capteur pour une application précise. Les spécifications résultant de l'application du protocole ISO 15839:2003 et la façon dont elles sont présentées ne permettent pas aux usagers de choisir le capteur le plus approprié pour leur application. Le protocole devrait davantage être orienté sur les besoins des usagers plutôt que sur ceux des fabricants. À l'instar des profiles d'exactitudes (Hubert et al., 2004), le protocole ISO 15839:2003 devrait chercher davantage à présenter lesrésultats sous forme graphique. Le protocole ISO 15839:2003 procure les spécifications des capteurs sous des conditions de laboratoire, mais il contient aussi une section traitant des spécifications sous des conditions de terrain (field conditions). Toutefois, les résultats sont subordonnés au temps et à l'emplacement où les tests sont effectués, ce qui rend impossible la comparaison des résultats provenant de différents capteurs. La revue de littérature a démontré la nécessité de développer un protocole de tests se faisant sous des conditions de terrain reproduites de façon standard. Deux interférences rencontrées sur le terrain furent reproduites en laboratoire : la turbidité ainsi que les bulles d'air retrouvées dans les bassins d'aération des usines de traitement des eaux usées. Les résultats ont démontré que ces deux interférences amplifient le bruit de mesure et génèrent un biais. En quantifiant le bruit de mesure et le biais les capteurs peuvent être comparés, ce qui permet aux usagers de sélectionner le capteur le plus approprié.