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1
Harri, M., J. Mononen, and J. Sepponen. "Preferences of farmed silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) for four different floor types." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-059.
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Farmed silver foxes were allowed to choose between four standard farm cages, each of which was equipped with a different floor material: plastic-coated wire mesh (WM); dry wood (DW); dry sand (DS); and wet wood (WW) or icy sand (IS). Six males and six females were placed in the test environment singly in winter; and the same individuals, again in spring. The use of the different floors was videorecorded and analysed from the tapes for active periods and resting period on 5 or 6 d. Resting consisted of 14–20 separate bouts d−1, occupying 58–62% of the total 24 h. In winter, the active periods of the animal’s day were spent as follows: DW (34%) = DS (33%) > IS (17%) = WM (15%). The resting periods were spent as follows: DW (59%) > WM (26%) = DS (15%) > IS (1%). In spring, the order of active time was DS (36%) > DW (25%) = WW (24%) > WM (15%) and of resting time was DW (51%) > WM (19%) = WW (16%) = DS (15%). Different individuals preferred different floors, leading to large variance in the group means. This high variation may suggest a low level of priority in general but a high level of priority within individuals. Although solid floors were highly preferred when dry, they were least preferred when wet or icy. Key words: Preference test, wire-mesh floor, solid floor, wet floor, resting place, Vulpes vulpes
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MORRISON, W. D., L. A. BATE, I. McMILLAN, and E. AMYOT. "OPERANT HEAT DEMAND OF PIGLETS HOUSED ON FOUR DIFFERENT FLOORS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-032.
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Four groups of six 28-d-old piglets (three male, three female) were assigned in a Latin square design to each of four floors, bedded concrete, bare concrete, perforated metal or raised rubber-coated metal. Each pen was equipped with a microswitch which, when pushed, turned on three 250-W infrared lamps suspended 42 m above the floor. Each group of piglets remained on each floor for 48 h and the same groups were used for a second replicate. This approach was repeated with different groups of piglets at temperatures of 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and 24 °C. Behavior regarding activation of the microswitch was monitored by the use of a video cassette recorder. Light at 180 lx was provided continuously. On bedded concrete, piglets demanded approximately 3 min less heat per hour (P < 0.05) than on any other floor and on perforated metal demanded approximately 3 min more heat per hour (P < 0.05) than on any other floor. Supplemental heat on bare concrete was similar to that of raised rubber-coated metal. From the results it was established that the effective environmental temperature on bedded concrete is 3 °C warmer than that for bare concrete or raised rubber-coated metal and 6 °C warmer than perforated metal. Piglets showed diurnal variation in heat demand. Key words: Piglets, operant, thermal regulation
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Uva, Wen-fei L., Thomas C. Weiler, and Robert A. Milligan. "Economic Analysis of Adopting Zero Runoff Subirrigation Systems in Greenhouse Operations in the Northeast and North Central United States." HortScience 36, no. 1 (February 2001): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.1.167.
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Zero runoff subirrigation (ZRS) technology is a promising method of managing fertilizer and pesticide inputs while improving production efficiency. However, high capital investment costs and inadequate technical information available to growers are major impediments to initiating the change. This study quantifies costs and returns associated with adopting ZRS systems and compares the profitability of four alternative ZRS systems (ebb-and-flow benches, Dutch movable trays, flood floors, and trough benches) for greenhouse operations in the northeastern and north central United States. The capital investment analysis showed that the Dutch movable tray system was most profitable for small potted plant production, and the flood floor system was most profitable for large potted plant and bedding crop flat production. Sensitivity analysis showed that changes in cost variables generally did not affect the profitability rankings of the alternative ZRS investment projects. Nonetheless, the flood floor system gained slight advantages when the product price increased, and the Dutch movable tray system gained advantages as the hourly labor cost increased.
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Hur, Jun-Ho, and Keesin Jeong. "A Study of the Direction of Evacuation Evaluation According to the Fire Alarm Method in Performance-Based Design." Fire Science and Engineering 35, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.e7023a9e.
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In performance-based design applied to domestic buildings, when evaluating evacuation by fire alarm, safety evaluation by single-floor horizontal evacuation contradicts the priority alarm method of the immediately upper and four higher floors, which is the fire alarm standard of the current firefighting design, making it difficult to improve evacuation safety through safety in performance-based design. Therefore, by analyzing the domestic fire alarm design standards and evaluating the evacuation simulation case by case for a single floor, immediate upper floor, and four floors directly above, the evacuation evaluation is performed through priority alarm evacuation according to the size of the building. It was judged to be suited to actual conditions. Therefore, a performance-based design is proposed as a method of evaluating evacuation safety by including the floor classification and providing an evacuation personnel calculation reflecting the priority alarm method above according to the size of the building and an analysis of congestion and evacuation delay phenomena.
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Ai, H. J., M. Y. Liu, Y. M. Shi, and J. Q. Zhao. "FLOOR IDENTIFICATION WITH COMMERCIAL SMARTPHONES IN WIFI-BASED INDOOR LOCALIZATION SYSTEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 14, 2016): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b4-573-2016.
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In this paper, we utilize novel sensors built-in commercial smart devices to propose a schema which can identify floors with high accuracy and efficiency. This schema can be divided into two modules: floor identifying and floor change detection. Floor identifying module starts at initial phase of positioning, and responsible for determining which floor the positioning start. We have estimated two methods to identify initial floor based on K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and BP Neural Network, respectively. In order to improve performance of KNN algorithm, we proposed a novel method based on weighting signal strength, which can identify floors robust and quickly. Floor change detection module turns on after entering into continues positioning procedure. In this module, sensors (such as accelerometer and barometer) of smart devices are used to determine whether the user is going up and down stairs or taking an elevator. This method has fused different kinds of sensor data and can adapt various motion pattern of users. We conduct our experiment with mobile client on Android Phone (Nexus 5) at a four-floors building with an open area between the second and third floor. The results demonstrate that our scheme can achieve an accuracy of 99% to identify floor and 97% to detecting floor changes as a whole.
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Ai, H. J., M. Y. Liu, Y. M. Shi, and J. Q. Zhao. "FLOOR IDENTIFICATION WITH COMMERCIAL SMARTPHONES IN WIFI-BASED INDOOR LOCALIZATION SYSTEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 14, 2016): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b4-573-2016.
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In this paper, we utilize novel sensors built-in commercial smart devices to propose a schema which can identify floors with high accuracy and efficiency. This schema can be divided into two modules: floor identifying and floor change detection. Floor identifying module starts at initial phase of positioning, and responsible for determining which floor the positioning start. We have estimated two methods to identify initial floor based on K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and BP Neural Network, respectively. In order to improve performance of KNN algorithm, we proposed a novel method based on weighting signal strength, which can identify floors robust and quickly. Floor change detection module turns on after entering into continues positioning procedure. In this module, sensors (such as accelerometer and barometer) of smart devices are used to determine whether the user is going up and down stairs or taking an elevator. This method has fused different kinds of sensor data and can adapt various motion pattern of users. We conduct our experiment with mobile client on Android Phone (Nexus 5) at a four-floors building with an open area between the second and third floor. The results demonstrate that our scheme can achieve an accuracy of 99% to identify floor and 97% to detecting floor changes as a whole.
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Prescott, Cindy E., John P. Corbin, and Dennis Parkinson. "Input, accumulation, and residence times of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in four Rocky Mountain coniferous forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-075.
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Annual aboveground litterfall in forests of Pinuscontorta Loud., Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss, Piceaengelmannii Parry ex Engelm., and Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. in southwestern Alberta ranged from 286 to 321 g•m−2•year−1. The mass of litter accumulated on the forest floors ranged from 6.3 to 11.0 kg•m−2. Residence times of organic matter in the forest floor were 11 years in a 90-year-old P. contorta stand, 16 years in a 120-year-old P. glauca–P. contorta stand, and 23 years in a 350-year-old P. engelmannii–A. lasiocarpa stand. Residence times of litter in the L layer of the forest floor were longer in a recently clearcut area than in the older forests. Residence times of individual nutrients in the forest floors were in the order N > P > C. Litter in the pine forest had lower concentrations of both N and P than did litter in the spruce–pine forest; litter in the spruce–fir forest had relatively high N and low P concentrations. Differences in nutrient concentrations of litter among sites reflected differences in the nutrient-use efficiency of the vegetation, suggesting that the species composition of vegetation is important in determining availability of nutrients in the floor of these forests.
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Smith, Ian, and Ying Hei Chui. "Construction methods for minimizing vibration levels in floors with lumber joists." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 5 (October 1, 1992): 833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-094.
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The National Building Code of Canada 1990 specifies the allowable spans for lumber floor joists that are expected to lead to satisfactory vibrational behaviour. This paper discusses construction methods that improve the floor behaviour once the flooring and joists appropriate to a particular building occupancy have been selected. Laboratory tests on full-size floors demonstrate that adding between-joists bridging and supporting all four floor edges significantly improves the overall vibrational performance of wood floors. Bridging consisting of solid blocking glued to the underside of the flooring and a mild steel strap nailed to the underside of blocking and joists is more effective than several alternative details. Incorporating pads of damping material between flooring and joists, or at bearings, can have a detrimental effect on floor performance. The use of elastomeric adhesive, in lieu of nailed flooring-to-joist connections, does not significantly enhance the mechanical performance of floors with lumber joists. Key words: lumber, vibration, serviceability, floors, design detailing.
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Yang, Xiao Hua, Chao Yang Zhou, Xue Jun He, and Zhi Qing Yang. "Experimental Studies on Bearing Capacity of Post-Tensioned Unbonded Prestressed Concrete Hollowed Floors." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.159.
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A 1/4 scales four-storey model of post-tensioned unbonded prestressed concrete hollow slab-column structure has been made to do the ultimate load test on the second-storey floor. By measuring the floor deflection, stresses of steel bars and cracks of floors, the bearing capacity of floor is explored. The bearing capacity tests of floor are divided into three stages: elastic stage, crack growth stage and destruction stage. Based on the test results and crack developments in floor, a improved plastic hinge model is carried out to predict the ultimate loads. The calculated results of the ultimate loads with improved plastic hinge model are in good agreement with the experiment data.
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Dyrness, C. T., K. Van Cleve, and J. D. Levison. "The effect of wildfire on soil chemistry in four forest types in interior Alaska." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 11 (November 1, 1989): 1389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-213.
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Soil chemical properties were studied after a wildfire in stands of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss), black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), and quaking aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.). Samples of the forest floor and surface 5 cm of mineral soil were collected from burned sites and unburned controls and analyzed soon after the fire. With the exception of soil pH, effects of the fire on soil chemistry differed among the four forest types. Generally, amounts of exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg did not appreciably increase in the forest floor and surface mineral soil except in heavily burned areas in white spruce and black spruce. Fire reduced amounts of N by about 50% in white spruce, aspen, and birch forest floors. In black spruce, quantities of N were slightly higher in heavily burned locations. Forest floor C:N ratios were substantially lower in heavily burned locations in white spruce and black spruce than in unburned controls. Burning did not have a marked influence on supplies of available P in the forest floor, except in heavily burned black spruce, where average amounts were 12.50 g/m2 versus only 0.46 g/m2 in the control. Burning caused more moderate gains in available P in surface mineral soils under aspen and white spruce. We concluded that fire caused marked short-term changes in soil chemistry in the four forest types. How long these changes will persist is unknown.
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Kim, In-Ju. "Tribological approach for the safety assessment of flooring/walkway surfaces: Application for the prevention of pedestrian fall incidence." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 235, no. 10 (January 25, 2021): 2200–2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650121991420.
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This study investigated the role of surface finishes from different material types of floors/walkways on traction properties and identified their effects on slipperiness controls under diverse walking environments to prevent fall incidence. Measurements and analyses of surface textures and traction properties of floors/walkways and interpretations were based on a tribological concept. Dynamic friction tests were conducted amongst nine indoor and outdoor floor specimens and three shoes under four different risk levels of environments. Test results showed that traction performances were considerably influenced by surface finishes of the floor specimens under the moderately (soapy) and highly (oily) risky conditions. This study also uncovered that rough floors did not mechanically ensure higher slip resistance whilst some smooth floors exhibited better slip resistance than the rougher ones. Nevertheless, outcomes from this study provided fundamental, but important information on the walkway traction properties that showed multifaceted features of tribological phenomena. Based on the overall findings, this study proposed an insight to identify the impact of floor/walkway textures on traction performances and consequently exploit sensible design concepts for the floor surfaces to prevent fall incidents.
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Monforton, Gerard R., Murray C. Temple, and Gerhard W. H. Wolf. "An experimental and theoretical evaluation of a floor truss system." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-056.
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Floor joists consisting of 38 × 89 mm top and bottom chords connected by galvanized steel V webs are often used in the construction of low-rise buildings where long spans are required. An experimental and theoretical program was undertaken to evaluate the performance of such joists when used in conjunction with plywood sheathing attached to the top chord to form a truss floor system. A finite-element analysis procedure for sandwich beams with faces of unequal thickness was adapted in order to predict the load-deflection curves of full-scale floor systems. The experimental program involved the testing of double-block shear specimens to determine the modulus of rigidity of the core, shear specimens to evaluate the performance of the adhesive, and four floor sections to evaluate the performance of the floor system when subjected to uniformly distributed loads. The results indicate that a modulus of rigidity can be determined from the double-block shear specimens, the adhesive performed well under a variety of environmental conditions, the sand wich beam analysis can be used to predict the load-deflection curve of the truss floor system, and the floors performed well when subjected to uniformly distributed loads. Key words: adhesive, floors, floor joists, floor trusses, metal V webs, timber.
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Yang, Weijun, Yongda Yang, Jihua Yin, and Yushuang Ni. "Experimental Study on Mechanical Property of Stiffening-ribbed-hollowpipe Reinforced Concrete Girderless Floor with Four Clamped Edges Supported." Open Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 1 (October 31, 2013): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501307010170.
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In order to study the basic mechanical property of cast-in-place stiffening-ribbed-hollow-pipe reinforced concrete girderless floor, and similarities and differences of the structural performance compared with traditional floor, we carried out the destructive stage loading test on the short-term load test of floor model with four clamped edges supported in large scale, and conducted the long-term static load test. Also, the thesis conducted finite element analysis in virtue of ANSYS software for solid slab floor, stiffening-ribbed-hollow-pipe floor and tubular floor. The experiment indicates that the developing process of cracks, distribution and failure mode in stiffening-ribbed-hollow-pipe floor are similar to that of solid girderless floor, and that this kind of floor has higher bearing capacity and better plastic deformation capacity. The finite element analysis manifests that, compared with solid slab floor, the deadweight of stiffening-ribbed-hollow-pipe floor decreases on greater level while deformation increases little, and that compared with tubular floor, this floor has higher rigidity. So stiffening-ribbed-hollow-pipe reinforced concrete girderless floor is particularly suitable for long-span and large-bay building structure.
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McLean, Amie. "“Four Guys and a Hole in the Floor”." Transfers 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2016.060105.
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In this article, I map out the foundational context and procedural dynamics through which the normative status of the white male trucker is achieved and maintained in the British Columbia-based long haul trucking industry. I pay particular attention to the dehumanizing racism and masculine subordination directed toward South Asian truckers. Drawing on ethnographic data, I socially and historically situate these dynamics in relation to Canadian national mythologies, practices of nation building, and the neoliberal organization of trucking labor. To provide a richly detailed analysis of precisely how these narrative dynamics shape hierarchies of race and mobility in the industry, I examine a pervasive, racializing story among white truckers concerning workplace politics and practices of excretion.
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Laksono, Taufik Dwi. "The Analysis of the Factors Which Affect the Building Costs in Indonesia." Civil Engineering Journal 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2017-00000072.
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Buildings are the kind of facility needed by everyone. The accuracy in determining the amount of costs required to build a building has become a challenge for all parties involved in the process. This study aims to determine the factors affecting the cost of a building. By using four independent variables, i.e. floor area, number of floors, foundation depth, and project implementation time, and one dependent variable in the form of a contract value of the building project, an analysis to determine the factors that influence the cost of a building has been made. Using 81 samples in several cities in Indonesia and multiple linear regression of stepwise method, the results show three factors that significantly affect the cost of building projects. They are floor area, number of floors, and project implementation time. This is indicated by tcount for floor area of 12.770, tcount for the number of floors of 46.05, and tcount for project implementation time of 2.321.
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Wang, Hao, Yaqiong Zeng, Shihua Pu, Feiyun Yang, Zhengxiang Shi, Zuohua Liu, and Dingbiao Long. "Impact of Slatted Floor Configuration on Manure Drainage and Growth Performance of Finishing Pigs." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 1 (2020): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13650.
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HighlightsUnder the same conditions of cast-iron usage, increasing the width of the gap and slat width within a certain range can enhance the bearing capacity of the slatted floors.Variations in the gap and slat width do not significantly affect pig growth performance.The recommended gap width of a cast-iron slatted floor in a fattening pig house is 15 mm.Abstract.Slatted flooring is an important part of the structure of pig houses and can aid in the removal of pig manure to underground ditches via gravity and locomotion. In this study, four different cast-iron slatted floor configurations with different gap widths (10, 15, and 20 mm) and slat widths (10 and 15 mm) were set up in 11 partially slatted-floor pig pens of the same size, each housing 10 fattening pigs with body weights of approximately 63 kg. The residual manure on the solid concrete floor area and a cast-iron slatted floor area were collected at different time intervals (24, 48, and 72 h) and weighed. According to previous studies on total manure and total urine production of pigs, the manure drainage capacity of four types of slatted floor was calculated. The growth performance of all of the pigs was monitored throughout the experiment. The ultimate bearing capacity of the four types of slatted floors was measured by a third-party professional testing organization. The results showed that the gap width and slat width of the cast-iron slatted floor had significant effects on its ultimate bearing capacity and manure drainage capacity (P<0.05) but had no significant effect on pig growth performance (P>0.05). The recommended gap width of a cast-iron slatted floor in a fattening pigs house is 15 mm. These findings can be used to optimize the design of cast-iron slatted flooring for fattening pigs, which must also be safe, economical, and efficient. Keywords: Cast iron, Dimensions, Fattening pig, Manure drainage, Slatted floor.
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Jørgensen, B. "Influence of floor type and stocking density on leg weakness, osteochondrosis and claw disorders in slaughter pigs." Animal Science 77, no. 3 (December 2003): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800054382.
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AbstractThe effects of floor type and stocking density on leg weakness, osteochondrosis and claw disorders in slaughter pigs were studied. Three hundred pigs were housed in pens with either solid floors with plenty of straw, solid floors without straw or fully slatted floors at either high (0·65 m2 per pig) or low (1·2 m2 per pig) stocking density from 25 to 105 kg. In each pen half of the pigs were boars and half gilts of the breeds Landrace and Yorkshire ✕ Landrace crossbred. There was no difference in growth rate between the three floor types. The growth rate of the boars was higher at low compared with high stocking density, while no effect of stocking density was seen in the gilts. The prevalence of leg weakness and claw disorders was different for the various floor types, while no effect of floor type could be found on joint changes. With regard to leg weakness, slatted flooring was significantly worse than solid floors with or without straw for standing under position on hind legs, while pens with plenty of straw were significantly better than the other floor types with regard to stiff movement and forelegs turned out. A calculated sum of the nine leg weakness symptoms showed that pens with straw were the best followed by solid floor without straw, while slatted floors were the worst. Regarding claw disorders, solid floors without straw were the worst. High stocking density affected four leg weakness variables (buck-kneed forelegs, turned-out fore- and hind legs, standing under position on hind legs), one joint change and three claw disorders negatively. Boars scored worse than gilts with regard to one leg weakness trait and one claw disorder and thickening of cartilage in two joints. Differences between breeds differed for the examined variables. Claw hardness was affected by floor type with regard to medial claws, which were softer on slatted floors. The hind claws were softer than the foreclaws on the volar surface, while there was no difference between the hardness of the topside of the fore- and hind claws. Claw hardness was not affected by sex. In conclusion, it can be said that the examined floor types do not have the same effect on the different aspects of leg weaknesses and claw disorders. Thus, clinical leg problems are worst on slatted floors and best in pens with straw, but claw disorders are worst on solid floors without straw. Further, high stocking density specifically affects the clinical leg weaknesses and claw disorders. Joint changes were not affected by floor type or stocking density.
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BILODEAU, R., G. J. BRISSON, J. J. MATTE, A. M. B. de PASSILLÉ, and C. L. GIRARD. "EFFECTS OF FLOOR TYPE ON SERUM FOLATES, SERUM VITAMIN B12, PLASMA BIOTIN AND ON GROWTH PERFORMANCES OF PIGS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-090.
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Forty-eight 5-wk-old piglets were grouped into six blocks of eight pigs each. Each block comprised two pens of four pigs, two castrates and two females; one pen had a solid floor (free access to feces) while the other had a slatted floor (limited access to feces). Pigs were fed ad libitum a diet computed to meet NRC requirements for 18 wk. Every 14 d, each animal was weighed and a blood sample was taken for the determination of folates, vitamin B12, biotin, hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Ht) levels. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of floor type on serum folates or vitamin B12, nor on plasma biotin which averaged, respectively, 72.2 ± 2.9 ng mL−1, 246.0 ± 21.3 pg mL−1 and 1.34 ± 0.1 ng mL−1 at the end of the experiment. Biotin concentration was about 16-fold greater in the feces than in the diet, which was indicative of active bacterial synthesis of B-complex vitamins in the gut. Hb and Ht were about 4% higher (P < 0.05) in pigs on slatted floors than in those on solid floors. From 5 to 11 wk, pigs raised on slatted floors grew faster (P < 0.05) than those raised on solid floors, but growth rate was similar (P > 0.05) on both floor types from 11 to 23 wk. The results suggest that whatever the age of growing pigs, coprophagy is not an important way by which these animals meet their requirements in B-complex vitamins. Key words: Pigs, floor type, coprophagy, folates, vitamin B12, biotin
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Potting, José, and Kornelis Blok. "Life-cycle assessment of four types of floor covering." Journal of Cleaner Production 3, no. 4 (January 1995): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-6526(95)00082-8.
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Abd El-Wahab, Amr, Jan-Philip Kriewitz, Julia Hankel, Bussarakam Chuppava, Christine Ratert, Venja Taube, Christian Visscher, and Josef Kamphues. "The Effects of Feed Particle Size and Floor Type on the Growth Performance, GIT Development, and Pododermatitis in Broiler Chickens." Animals 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081256.
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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of feed particle size and flooring designs on organ traits, performance and pododermatitis in broilers. A total of 480 broilers (Ross 308) of both sexes were randomly assigned to two feeding groups (finely or coarsely ground pelleted diets; with addition of 5% to 10% intact wheat in coarsely diets) and four different housing systems (litter; litter with floor heating; partially or fully slatted floor) with three subgroups each. A coarse diet increased the final gizzard and pancreas weights (p < 0.001) while decreasing the risk of Isthmus gastrici dilatation compared to a fine diet (p < 0.001). Broilers fed a coarse diet displayed an increased final body weight (p = 0.023) and led to a favourable feed conversion ratio. Final body weight was the highest (p < 0.001) for birds housed on partially or fully slatted floor. Housing birds on litter with floor heating showed the lowest pododermatitis scoring (p < 0.001). It seems to be favourable to use coarse diets for organ development, whereas slatted floors seem to foster enlargement of the Isthmus gastrici. Increasing growth performance was possible both when using coarse diets or slatted floors.
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Banwell, Erin M., and J. Morgan Varner. "Structure and composition of forest floor fuels in long-unburned Jeffrey pine–white fir forests of the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 3 (2014): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13025.
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In spite of the mechanistic links between forest floor fuels and fire behaviour and effects, little information is available on their composition and structure. We collected fuels from well-developed forest floors in four long-unburned Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi)–white fir (Abies concolor) forests in the Lake Tahoe Basin in California and Nevada. We measured forest floor (litter, fermentation and humus, where present) load, depth, bulk density and mineral ash content at the base of each tree, near the crown drip line and beyond the crown in open gaps (n=40 Jeffrey pine, 40 white fir). We found substantial variability in composition between the two conifers’ forest floor fuels and across species. Forest floor was mounded near tree stems, with the majority of the depth (and mass) composed of fermentation fuels. Humus was present across spatial locations, but was patchier with increasing distance from trees. Ash content varied between trees (fir>pine) and with depth (humus>fermentation>litter). Results highlight the high spatial variation in forest floor fuels and underscore the need for building a greater understanding of forest floor fuels in long-unburned sites.
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Astariani, Ni Kadek, and I. Gusti Made Sudika. "Perbandingan Perilaku Struktur Gedung Beton Bertulang dengan Pelat Lantai Beton Konvensional dan Pelat Lantai Kalsi." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 24, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v24i2.20568.
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The Structure of Reinforced concrete building using kalsi floor plate is one alternative for reduced the weight of the building structure. The floor plate usually used conventional concrete, can be replaced with kalsi floor 20. The aim of the research is to analysis of the behavior of reinforced concrete building using conventional concrete slabs and kalsi floor 20. The building structure as the model in this research is the building structure of four floors and was designed to follow the rules of SNI 2847: 2013. Evaluation of seismic behavior in accordance with the SNI 1726: 2012 was conducted out by applying pushover analysis using SAP 2000 software. The analysis results showed that drift ratio of plates floor structure models smaller than the kalsi floor plate structure. The pushover analysis results show the level of performance of all structural models according to FEMA-356 / ATC-40 able to provide nonlinear behavior which is indicated by the initial phase of the majority of plastic joints on beam elements and beam sway mechanism. The performance level of the structure with conventional concrete slab includes at immediate occupancy level, while the performance level of the structure with with kalsi floor plate includes at life safety level.
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Jaimes, Miguel A., and Adrián D. García-Soto. "Evaluation of floor acceleration demands from the 2017 Mexico City code seismic provisions using a continuous elastic model and records of instrumented buildings." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 2_suppl (December 2020): 213–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293020974692.
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This study presents an evaluation of floor acceleration demands for the design of rigid and flexible acceleration-sensitive nonstructural components in buildings, calculated using the most recent Mexico City seismic design provisions, released in 2017. This evaluation includes two approaches: (1) a simplified continuous elastic model and (2) using recordings from 10 instrumented buildings located in Mexico City. The study found that peak floor elastic acceleration demands imposed on rigid nonstructural components into buildings situated in Mexico City might reach values of 4.8 and 6.4 times the peak ground acceleration at rock and soft sites, respectively. The peak elastic acceleration demands imposed on flexible nonstructural components in all floors, estimated using floor response spectra, might be four times larger than the maximum acceleration of the floor at the point of support of the component for buildings located in rock and soft soil. Comparison of results from the two approaches with the current seismic design provisions revealed that the peak acceleration demands and floor response spectra computed with the current 2017 Mexico City seismic design provisions are, in general, adequate.
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Brennan, Peter A., Anthony F. Markus, Timothy R. Flood, Ian P. Downie, and Rajvinder Uppal. "Do Oral Flora Colonize the Nasal Floor of Patients with Oronasal Fistulae?" Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 38, no. 4 (July 2001): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2001_038_0399_dofctn_2.0.co_2.
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Objective: To determine if oral bacteria colonize the cleft nasal floor in patients with unilateral oronasal fistula when compared with the unaffected nasal floor and whether the results obtained would be of benefit in assessing oronasal fistulae in the clinic. Design: Prospective study of 26 patients with cleft palate and unilateral oronasal fistula. Microbiological culture swabs were taken from the mouth and nasal floors of patients. The unaffected nasal floor was used as a control. Bacterial isolates were identified and compared in the laboratory by a senior microbiologist. Main Outcomes Measure: A significant growth of oral bacteria from the cleft nasal floor when compared with the unaffected nasal floor. Results: Four patients were excluded because no growth was found on any culture plate. In the remaining 22 cases, a light growth of oral flora was found in the cleft nasal floor in only 3 patients. No statistical correlation between culture of oral bacteria and the cleft nasal floor could be found (p = .12). Conclusions: The relative lack of colonization of the cleft nasal floor by oral bacteria may reflect poor transmission of bacteria through the fistula, competition with commensal nasal flora, or an inability of oral bacteria to survive in a saliva-depleted area. The investigation is not helpful in the assessment of oronasal fistulae in the clinic.
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Gonçalves, Márcio S., Aleksandar Pavic, and Roberto L. Pimentel. "Vibration serviceability assessment of office floors for realistic walking and floor layout scenarios: Literature review." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 6 (November 29, 2019): 1238–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219888753.
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Over the last two decades, office floors have been built progressively lightweight with increasing spans and slenderness. Therefore, vibration performance of office floors due to walking dynamic loads is becoming their governing design criterion, determining their size and shape, and therefore overall weight and embodied energy of the building. To date, floor design guidelines around the world recommend walking load scenarios in offices featuring some or all of the following standard characteristics: (a) walking loads are assumed to be periodic dynamic excitation represented by the Fourier series, including harmonics corresponding to up to the first four integer multiples of the pacing frequency of which at least one is exciting the floor at a resonant frequency and (b) single person walking. However, the literature surveyed provides evidence that such assessment methodology is potentially an over-simplification which does not reflect real walking load scenarios, since crucial features of the floor vibration source, path and receiver are missing. First, in terms of vibration source, realistic scenarios need to feature (a) moving rather than stationary walking forces, (b) stochastic nature of human gait, (c) simultaneous multi-person walking and (d) human–structure interaction. Second, for the transmission path (i.e. office floor structure), two features are needed to consider: (a) realistic office floor layouts and (b) presence, or absence, of non-structural elements. Finally, for the vibration receivers (i.e. floor occupants), (a) vibrations calculated at floor locations occupied by users (instead of at the potential highest response location which may not be occupied), (b) actual period over which occupants feel vibration due to such excitation and (c) assessment of vibration levels based on their probability of occurrence. This study therefore addresses these seldom considered but increasingly important features and discusses realistic approaches to floor design for vibration serviceability.
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Michel, Per-Plof, Anders Sylvan, Helge Brändström, and Eva Magnusson. "KAMEDO Report No. 85: Collapse of Building during Wedding Reception in Jerusalem, 2001." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 22, no. 1 (February 2007): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00004386.
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AbstractWhat is now known as the “Versailles Disaster” began as a wedding celebration in Jerusalem on 24 May 2001. The reception was held in the third floor banqueting hall of a hotel, the floor of which subsequently collapsed, crashing through the second and first floors of the building. Four hundred people fell with the floor, and 310 injured people were evacuated using the scoop-and-run principle. The total number of dead was 23, which was less than mighthave been expected. Israel's on-site disaster management system of giving control to the first paramedic on the scene appeared to work well; however, the other emergency services did not act in coordination with the paramedics. The hospitals managed patients efficiently and social workers were mobilized quickly to assist people experiencing psychological trauma.
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Korol, Robert M., and K. S. Sivakumaran. "Energy absorption potential of light weight concrete floors." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 39, no. 11 (November 2012): 1193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l2012-107.
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This paper investigates the energy absorption potential offered by light weight concrete (LWC) floors, perhaps when a building is poised to collapse from some extreme loading event. It is assumed here that the failure of LWC structural floor slabs would likely result in both break-up and pulverization of the concrete. To estimate the extent to which crushing of large portions of floor slab material would absorb energy, a series of concrete penetration tests employing patch loading was undertaken on scaled down model slabs. Six specimens had free (unconfined) edges, while the other four were confined along the edges. The test results, together with research findings obtained from the mining and milling industry, indicate that such floor systems would likely play an important role in absorbing energy during global collapse catastrophes.
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Bai, Li, Zijian He, Wanyue Chen, and Yujie Wang. "Distribution characteristics and source analysis of metal elements in indoor PM2.5 in high-rise buildings during heating season in Northeast China." Indoor and Built Environment 29, no. 8 (September 17, 2019): 1087–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x19875495.
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This study aims to investigate whether sources of metal elements in fine particulate matter and their distribution in high-rise buildings vary with floor levels. Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was used to determine the contents of 11 common heavy metals in PM2.5 samples collected from different floors of a high-rise residential building in Northeast China during the heating season. The sources of metal elements in PM2.5 samples on different floors were analysed by the enrichment factor method and the principal component analysis method. The concentration of metal elements is higher in lower floors (<7th floor) and lower in higher floors (>7th floor). The enrichment factor method shows that the enrichment factors of As, Cd, Cu and Pb may be seriously affected by human sources, while the enrichment factors of the other seven metals are less than 10, indicating that their sources may be natural sources. The principal component analysis shows that the main sources of indoor metal elements in high-rise residential buildings are divided into four main components, including coal combustion (31.44%), automobile emissions and transportation (21.60%), soil dust, particulate matter discharged from agricultural production and atmospheric dust (13.43%), metallurgical, chemical and ore mining (12.61%).
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Windschnurer, Ines, Susanne Waiblinger, Stefan Hanslik, Andrea Klang, Fehim Smajlhodzic, Michael Löwenstein, and Knut Niebuhr. "Effects of Ground Floor Type on Selected Health-Parameters and Weight of Rabbits Reared in Group Pens." Animals 9, no. 5 (May 4, 2019): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9050216.
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Cage housing of growing rabbits is associated with welfare concerns. An alternative system that has already been introduced involves pens with non-wire floors. An important aspect of group pens, for which the best solution has not yet been clearly demonstrated, is the choice of floor material. The study investigated effects of two ground floor types—slatted plastic floor versus concrete floor with straw litter—on health-related parameters and weight of rabbits reared in large group pens on a commercial rabbit farm, i.e., with preventive coccidiostatic, and if required, additional therapeutic medical treatment. Pens were identical in dimensions, equipment (including platforms), and initial group size (60 animals/pen). Four pens were studied per ground floor type in three consecutive rearing periods (in total, 12 pens per floor type). A higher percentage of rabbits per pen had clean fur if reared on straw (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the load of coccidial oocysts in collective faecal samples, mortality, pathological alterations, or causes of loss (p > 0.05). Thus, often-expressed concerns that parasitic load and mortality would be higher in groups kept on straw were not confirmed when rabbits were housed under otherwise equal conditions. Average slaughter weight was higher in rabbits reared on a slatted plastic floor (p < 0.05), confirming previous findings of a negative impact of straw litter on weight gain.
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Peschers, U. M., A. Gingelmaier, K. Jundt, B. Leib, and T. Dimpfl. "Evaluation of Pelvic Floor Muscle Strength Using Four Different Techniques." International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001920170090.
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Copes, Warren E. "Spread Potential of Binucleate Rhizoctonia from Nursery Propagation Floors to Trays Containing Azalea Stem Cuttings and Sanitary Control Options." Plant Disease 99, no. 6 (June 2015): 842–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-14-0915-re.
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Binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. (BNR), the cause of web blight, can be spread on azalea stem cuttings into propagation houses, but also can be eliminated from stems by submerging cuttings in 50°C water for 21 min. The overall objective was to evaluate risk of stem cuttings in trays becoming contaminated from inoculum on polypropylene fabric and gravel floors of propagation houses by evaluating four spread aspects in separate experiments. In experiment one, BNR was recovered from 1 to 50% samples from floor areas. In experiment two, BNR survival was higher under 70% shade than full sun, with the presence of organic media than its absence, and on gravel than on fabric. In experiment three in both years, BNR was never recovered from peat in trays beside or on colonized floor materials. In experiment four, disinfestants greatly reduced BNR on ground fabric and significantly on gravel. Results show BNR persists in propagation houses, yet spread into propagation trays is very low. Results imply the importance of cleaning floor surfaces of organic matter. Disinfestants further reduce propagule survival, but may not completely eliminate BNR, especially on gravel.
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van Aalst, Jasper, Emile A. M. Beuls, Ferenc A. van Nie, Johan S. H. Vles, and Erwin M. J. Cornips. "Acute distortion of the anatomy of the third ventricular during third ventriculostomy." Journal of Neurosurgery 96, no. 3 (March 2002): 597–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.96.3.0597.
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✓ The authors report on four third ventriculostomy procedures in which upward ballooning of the third ventricular floor occurred immediately after perforation of the floor and withdrawal of a Fogarty catheter. The floor herniated into the third ventricle, hindering the endoscopic view. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a similar anatomy in all four cases, consisting of hydrocephalus, extreme dilation of the third ventricle, and disappearance of the interpeduncular cistern due to a very thin, membranous floor of the third ventricle, which herniated downward, draping over the basilar artery. The authors suggest that excessive rinsing in combination with this anatomical configuration provoked the phenomenon of upward ballooning of the third ventricular floor, which is described in this report.
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Warren, Stuart L., and Ted E. Bilderback. "Nursery Floor Affects Containerized Plant Growth." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-22.2.100.
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Abstract Rooted stem cuttings of ‘Skogholm’ cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri ‘Skogholm’) potted into 14.2 liter (#5) containers in a pine bark: sand substrate were used to determine the effects of the nursery floor on plant growth, water use efficiency, substrate and plant canopy temperature, winter protection, and mineral nutrient efficacy. Four nursery floors were evaluated: black plastic, black ground fabric over black plastic, white plastic, and gravel from May 10, 2001, to April 23, 2002. Plants grown on gravel or ground fabric/black plastic had greater top and root dry weights compared to plants grown on white plastic. Water use efficiency was similar across all nursery floors, requiring an average 391 ml (13.2 oz) of water to produce a gram (0.04 oz) of plant material. Net photosynthetic rates of plants grown on black plastic, gravel, or ground fabric/black plastic were significantly greater than cotoneaster grown on white plastic. Plants grown on white plastic had significantly higher plant canopy [1 to 2C (1.8 to 3.6F)] and substrate temperatures [1 to 4C (1.8 to 7.2F)] daily from 1000 HR to 2000 HR throughout the summer months compared to all other nursery floors. Plant canopy and substrate temperatures were unaffected by the nursery floor during the winter months. Nitrogen efficiency was 42% on ground fabric/black plastic, 40% on gravel, 37% on black plastic and 33% on white plastic. Phosphorus efficiency was 53% on gravel, 52% on ground fabric/black plastic, 49% on black plastic and 43% on white plastic.
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Carter, Stephen, and Richard Tipping. "The Prehistoric Occupation of Carradale, Kintyre." Glasgow Archaeological Journal 17, no. 1 (January 1991): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gas.1991.17.17.39.
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Summary A concentration of archaeological features at Achnasavil, Carradale, which has been recorded since 1985, is being rapidly destroyed by river erosion. Limited excavations were carried out in 1991 in order to date and characterise the nature of the site. Four periods of activity have been identified: cultivation in the Neolithic period; an occupation in the early Bronze Age; a domestic settlement in the late Bronze Age; and an Iron Age occupation. A programme of morphological mapping and dating of valley floor terraces in lower Carradale showed that the present day flood plain of the Carra Water was created by the early Neolithic period and the morphology of the valley floor has changed little since that time.
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Devin, A., and P. J. Fanning. "The Evolving Dynamic Response of a Four Storey Reinforced Concrete Structure during Construction." Shock and Vibration 19, no. 5 (2012): 1051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/260926.
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Structures include elements designated as load bearing and non-load bearing. While non-load bearing elements, such as facades and internal partitions, are acknowledged to add mass to the system, the structural stiffness and strength is generally attributed to load bearing elements only. This paper investigates the contribution of non-load bearing elements to the dynamic response of a new structure, the Charles Institute, in the grounds of University College Dublin (UCD) Ireland. The vertical vibration response of the first floor and the lateral response at each floor level were recorded at different construction stages. The evolution of the structural response as well as the generation of a finite element (FE) model is discussed. It was found that the addition of the non-load bearing facades increased the first floor natural frequency from 10.7 Hz to 11.4?Hz, a change of approximately +6.5%. Similarly these external facades resulted in the first sway mode having its frequency increased by 6%. The subsequent addition of internal partitions, mechanical services and furnishings resulted in the floor natural frequency reducing to 9.2 Hz. It is concluded that external facades have the net effect of adding stiffness and the effect of internal partitions and furnishings is to add mass. In the context of finite element modelling of structures there is a significant challenge to represent these non-structural elements correctly so as to enable the generation of truly predictive FE models.
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Belding, Robert D., Bradley A. Majek, Gail R. W. Lokaj, Jeffrey Hammerstedt, and Albert O. Ayeni. "Orchard Floor Preparation Did Not Affect Early Peach Tree Performance on Aura Sandy Loam Soil." HortTechnology 13, no. 2 (January 2003): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.2.0321.
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Peach (Prunus persica) trees were established and grown from 1996 to 1999 at the Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, N.J., to compare performance under four methods of orchard floor preparation: flat no-till, flat cultivated, mound unmulched, and mound mulched orchard floors. The experimental site was flat and the soil was a well-drained Aura gravelly sandy loam (61% sand, 31% silt, 8% clay) with a pH of 6.5, cation exchange capacity 5.7, and organic matter content of 2.0%. Soil moisture holding and gas exchange capacity determine the efficacy of mounding in peach orchards. Under these conditions, the method of orchard floor preparation had no effect on peach tree trunk cross sectional area (TCSA), fruit number per tree, fruit size, and yield. Thus, without irrigation, there was no advantage to the early performance of peach trees associated with orchard floor mounding on Aura gravelly sandy loam when situated on a flat terrain.
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Kranabetter, J. M., and A. Banner. "Selected biological and chemical properties of forest floors across bedrock types on the north coast of British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 971–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-018.
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We examined some of the factors related to nutrient availability of forest floors developed over saprolitic and colluvial mineral soils of four bedrock types (granodiorite, gneissic diorite, schist, and limestone) on the outer northern coast of British Columbia. All sites were relatively well drained with old-growth coniferous forests. Forest floor morphology was quite similar across sites, with friable, moderately aggregated horizons dominating the profile. There were significant differences in concentrations of total nitrogen, available phosphorus, total sulphur, and condensed tannins across bedrock types. We found detritivores such as sowbugs, millipedes, and potworms across all sites. We could not detect differences in turnover rates (via laboratory respiration) of organic matter between bedrock types. Turnover rates instead were negatively correlated with forest floor carbon and total canopy cover. Overall, forest floor properties were quite similar across the range in parent materials because of the strong influence of climate and vegetation on soil development.
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Kravchenko, Galina M., Elena V. Trufanova, Dmitry S. Kostenko, and Sergey G. Tsurikov. "Structural Concepts of High-Rise Buildings Resistant to Progressive Collapse." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.54.
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In the article there will be a consideration of collapse process progressive simulation of a high-rise building by removing the first-floor columns. The object of the study will be a 27-storeyed high-rise building. The high-rise building structural concept will consist on a monolithic reinforced concrete frame. The mounting base structural concept has been modeled as absolutely rigid. Static and dynamic calculations have been performed in the «Ing +» software complex, while the wind load pulsating component was taking into account using the finite-element method for the spatial slab-and-rod model. The dynamic calculation analysis has shown the obtained oscillation forms corresponding to the design requirements. The stress-strain behavior has been studied for the floor slabs as reinforce constructive of a typical floor. Structural concepts for the building frame of a high-rise building have been developed to reduce the progressive collapse risk. In the physically non-linear calculations, with the removal of the first-floor corner and central columns, four options for the sandwich floor slabs reinforcing were taking into account. The rational reinforcement option has been selected, in which the building is resistant to progressive collapse. The building frame structural concept with the floor slabs heavy-duty reinforcement of the first five floors has been suggested. An outrigger floor with encircling reinforced concrete trusses along the outer contour was included to reinforce the load-carrying framework. Recommendations on the choice of rational structural concepts, reducing a high-rise building progressive collapse risk have been given.
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Yang, Wonyoung, Myung-Jun Kim, and Hyeun Jun Moon. "Effects of indoor temperature and background noise on floor impact noise perception." Indoor and Built Environment 28, no. 4 (January 23, 2018): 454–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17753708.
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This study investigates effects of room air temperature and background noise on the perception of floor impact noises in a room. Floor impact noises were recorded in apartment buildings and were presented in an indoor climate chamber with background noise for subjective evaluation. Thirty-two participants were subjected to all combinations of three thermal conditions (20%C, 25%C, 30%C and relative humidity 50%), four background noise types (Babble, Fan, Traffic and Water), three background noise levels (35 dBA, 40 dBA and 45 dBA) and four floor impact noises (Man Jumping, Children Running, Man Running and Chair Scraping). After a 1-h thermal adaptation period for each thermal condition, the participants were asked to evaluate their thermal and acoustic perceptions. Statistically significant effects were found for the room air temperature and background noise level on the perception of the floor impact noises. Noisiness, loudness and complaints of floor impact noise increased with increasing room temperature and background noise level. Annoyance of floor impact noise showed a peak in acceptable thermal environment for general comfort. Room air temperature was a dominant non-auditory factor contributing to floor impact noise annoyance, while the floor impact noise level influenced the floor impact noise loudness and the floor impact noisiness was almost equally affected by the room temperature, background noise level and floor impact noise level. Further investigation is needed to fully understand the combined perception of floor impact noise under various indoor environmental conditions.
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Kottoor, Jojo, Denzil Valerian Albuquerque, Natanasabapathy Velmurugan, and Mylswamy Sumitha. "Four-Rooted Mandibular First Molar with an Unusual Developmental Root Fusion Line: A Case Report." Case Reports in Dentistry 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/237302.
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The paper describes the anatomical variation of four roots in a mandibular permanent first molar diagnosed using multiple angulated preoperative radiographs and its successful nonsurgical endodontic management. Careful observation and exploration of the pulpal floor using a dental operating microscope revealed a peculiar developmental root fusion line on the pulp chamber floor. Based on the above observation, a correlation between this unusual line and the existence of additional roots has been proposed and discussed.
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France, Elizabeth Anne, Dan Binkley, and David Valentine. "Soil chemistry changes after 27 years under four tree species in southern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 1648–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-251.
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After 27 years of stand development, the accumulated forest floor under replicated plots of white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss), paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), and silver maple (Acersaccharinum L.) ranged from 240 g/m2 under maple to 3680 g/m2 under white pine. Forest floor pH ranged from a low under maple of 3.7 to a high under white spruce of 5.9. No significant differences were found in pH in 0–15 cm depth mineral soil; however, substantial differences in the acid neutralization capacities were evident among species, with soils under maple showing the lowest capacity to resist further acidification.
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Uva, Wen-fei L., Thomas C. Weiler, Louis D. Albright, and Douglas A. Haith. "206 Risk Analysis of Adopting Zero Runoff Subirrigation Systems in Greenhouses Using Monte Carlo Simulation." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 477D—477. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.477d.
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Although zero runoff subirrigation (ZRS) technology has great promise to manage fertilizer inputs while improving production efficiency in greenhouse operations, high initial investment costs and inadequate technical background are major impediments for initiating the change. In a world of uncertainty, greenhouse operators face the challenge of making an optimal investment decision to satisfy environmental compliance expectations and meet the companies' financial goals. Using Monte Carlo simulation, cost risk was analyzed to compare the relative risks of investing in alternative ZRS systems for greenhouse crop production. An investment model was defined for greenhouse production with alternative ZRS systems. Each cost variable was allowed to vary based on a probability distribution. Random numbers were generated to determine parameters for the probability distributions for the uncertain variables. The simulation process was repeated 300 times for each production model. Simulation results showed that among the four ZRS systems studied (ebb-and-flow benches, Dutch movable trays, flood floors, and trough benches), the Dutch movable tray system returned the highest average profit for small potted plant production and the flood floor system returned the highest average profit for large potted plant and bedding crop flat production. Risk of the production models were compared by the variability of simulation results. The Dutch movable tray system is the least risky for small potted plant production, and the flood floor system is the least risky for large potted plant and bedding crop flat production. Despite its low initial costs of adoption, the trough bench system was least competitive as a ZRS technology for a greenhouse operation because of the relative low profitability and high risk of production due to volatile profitability.
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Chislett, M., and Glenn Morris. "Lateral load analysis of three-dimensional flat plate structures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-038.
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A procedure is described for performing a linear structural analysis of laterally loaded three-dimensional flat plate structures, with or without shear walls. The structure is assumed to be comprised of column, shear wall, and floor plate elements. To minimize storage requirements for the computer program that performs the analysis, the flat plate floors are assumed to act as rigid in-plane diaphragms. The shear walls are modeled as columns for in-plane bending and as wide beams for out-of-plane bending.Dimensionless stiffness matrices for floor plate elements with four different column width – span ratios have been evaluated using a finite element analysis and incorporated into the structural analysis computer program. Lagrange interpolation is used to evaluate the stiffness matrices for floor plate elements with any specified column width – span ratio. In assembling the structure stiffness matrix, the floor plate nodes along the boundaries between floor panels are condensed off.Examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and economy of the analysis procedure and to illustrate the influence of column width – span ratio and plate width on the behavior of the structure.The procedure is the first phase in the development of an iterative analysis procedure that will model the nonlinear behavior of the flat plate structures due to cracking at the column–plate boundary. Key words: flat plate, structural analysis, slab, lateral load analysis.
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Zeltser, Rephael, Isaac Milhem, Badri Azaz, and Oscar Hasson. "Dermoid cysts of floor of the mouth: Report of four cases." American Journal of Otolaryngology 21, no. 1 (January 2000): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0709(00)80126-x.
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Treszezamsky, Alejandro D., Deborah Karp, Madeline Dick-Biascoechea, Nazanin Ehsani, Christina Dancz, T. Ignacio Montoya, Cedric K. Olivera, et al. "Spanish translation and validation of four short pelvic floor disorders questionnaires." International Urogynecology Journal 24, no. 4 (September 14, 2012): 655–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00192-012-1894-9.
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Masthoff, Till, and Steffen Hoy. "Investigations on the Influence of Floor Design on Dirtiness and Foot Pad Lesions in Growing Rabbits." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060354.
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In Germany, an animal welfare ordinance for the housing of rabbits was issued which did not take into account the current investigations on floor design. The aim of the investigations was to study the effects of floor design on dirtiness and occurrence of lesions on the legs of growing rabbits. A total of 1837 weaned rabbits, kept on four different floor designs, were examined for body lesions and the dirtiness of the soles of the feet at the end of the growing period. Two four-stage scoring systems (0–3) were used to record the dirtiness and the lesions on the feet. A floor according to the provisions of the German animal protection ordinance (10 mm slat width; 50% perforation on floor area; <15% perforation on the elevated platform) led to the most polluted and injured rabbits. The best cleanliness and the lowest injury rate of the growing rabbits was achieved on a plastic floor with 5 mm slat width and 13 mm slot width, both on the ground and elevated platform (75% perforation). The requirements of the German housing regulations on the floor for growing rabbits do not correspond to animal welfare.
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Amiryarahmadi, Nata, and Wolfgang Kropp. "A virtual design studio for low frequency impact sound from walking." Acta Acustica 5 (2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/aacus/2021033.
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Experience with wooden multi-storey houses have shown that impact sound insulation is one of most critical issues to ensure a good indoor environment. Even in cases where the impact sound insulation is fulfilled, people perceive the sound from e.g. walking neighbours as very disturbing. To investigate the subjective perception, a test facility is needed which allows for a coherent evaluation of different floor designs by listening test. The facility should ensure, that when comparing different floors, the same excitation by a walker and the same receiving room are involved. Only the floor design should be changed. As a consequence the spread in the data will only be due to the spread in the perception by subjects. In this paper a virtual design tool for low frequency impact sound insulation is presented, which consists of four parts; measured walking forces, floor models, an auralisation system which consists of a grid of loudspeakers simulating the vibration of the floor and a receiving room furnished as a common living room. In a pilot study a listening test is carried out for 13 different floors with different impact sound spectra at frequencies below 100 Hz. The results indicate that the judged annoyance strongly correlates with the judged loudness. However, there is a substantial spread observed in between the subjects participating in the listening tests. To understand this spread, a more extended study is needed with more participants and a classification of the subjects with respect to criteria such as noise sensitivity or age.
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Hydbring-Sandberg, E., LW von Walter, K. Hoglund, K. Svartberg, L. Swenson, and B. Forkman. "Physiological reactions to fear provocation in dogs." Journal of Endocrinology 180, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1800439.
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Fear is a common behavioral problem in dogs. In this paper, we studied the association between behavioral and physiological responses in two potentially fear-eliciting situations. The aim was to establish whether it is possible to separate dogs of the collie breed that are fearful of floors and gunshots from those that are not by studying changes in heart rate and hematocrit, plasma cortisol, progesterone, testosterone, vasopressin, and beta-endorphin concentrations. Thirteen privately owned male dogs of the collie breed were studied during a floor test, using different types of floors, and a subsequent gunshot test. Seven of the dogs were identified as being fearful of floors and six were declared as fearless. Out of the 13 dogs, seven were fearful of gunshots and six were fearless of gunshots. Since fear of floors did not always occur concomitantly with fear of gunshots, there were consequently four different groups of dogs. The heart rate increased during the floor test in all groups, but dogs that were fearful of floors had higher heart rates than dogs that were fearless of floors. Dogs that were fearful of gunshots had higher heart rates, higher hematocrit levels and higher plasma concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, vasopressin, and beta-endorphins during the gunshot test than did dogs that were found to be fearless of gunshots. Plasma cortisol and progesterone increased drastically during the gunshot test in dogs identified as being fearful of gunshots. In fearful dogs, the testosterone concentration increased after completion of the floor test and before the gunshot test started, but there were no significant differences in testosterone between the groups. Since dogs fearful of gunshots had increased levels of several physiological parameters, the results demonstrated that this fear is a serious stress for the individual, a fear which it is possible to register with physiological variables.
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HOOD, SCOTT K., and EDMUND A. ZOTTOLA. "Isolation and Identification of Adherent Gram-Negative Microorganisms from Four Meat-Processing Facilities." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 9 (September 1, 1997): 1135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.9.1135.
Full textAbstract:
Biofilms are described as a matrix of microorganisms which have adhered to and colonized a surface. Once formed, biofilms are difficult to remove and may be a source of contamination in food-processing environments. In this study, stainless-steel chips were fixed to surfaces adjacent to food-contact surfaces and cast-iron chips were suspended in the floor drains of four meat-processing plants. Biofilm formation was quantified by staining the attached cells and viewing them under epifluorescence microscopy. The stainless-steel and cast-iron chips removed from the plant environment showed some attached microorganisms. Floor drains appeared to provide an excellent environment for the formation of biofilms. Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Aeromonas, and Hafnia species were identified as gram-negative microorganisms associated with the test surfaces.
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Ding, Ke Wei, Fei Wu, and Yun Lin Liu. "Experimental Study on Connections of Superimposed Slabs." Advanced Materials Research 908 (March 2014): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.908.3.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the static loading experiment of four reinforced concrete floor slabs, the paper studied their loading mechanism and bending performance, such as deformation, bearing capacity and fail modes,there is much significance to provide a scientific basis for application in the field of practical engineering of the reinforced concrete floor slabs and to popular this new type of reinforced concrete floor slab.