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Journal articles on the topic 'Four-Point Bending'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 June 2025

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1

KATO, Yuzuru, and Tatsuzo KOGA. "Four-point bending test for orthotropic laminates. (I). Numerical analysis of four-point bending model." Journal of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences 38, no. 440 (1990): 484–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass1969.38.484.

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2

Aono, Yuuta, Nobukatsu Sato, Shinji Inoue, and Daichi Koga. "Process of Straightening by Three-Point and Four-Point Bending for Curved Brass Rack." International Journal of Automation Technology 16, no. 5 (2022): 598–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2022.p0598.

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Racks are typically curved after cutting their gear teeth, and a straightening process is required to correct the distortion due to machining. In this study, key factors in the straightening of curved racks by three-point and four-point bending are examined with to automate the correction. The relationship between load and deformation is plotted in real time to determine the unloading point to correct the target deflection for straightening. The parameters constituting the above-mentioned relationship are important for achieving precise correction. The load and deflection at the central loading point are known to be suitable parameters for three-point bending. The smaller the deflection required for correction, the higher is the precision of the displacement sensor required for three-point bending. In the case of four-point bending, the bending moment and bending angle should be selected. In addition, a four-point bending jig is required to load the uniform bending moment during the correction. A modified four-point bending jig is made and the effectiveness was examined.

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3

Topič, Jaroslav, Jan Bartoš, Lubomír Kopecký, Karel Šeps, Zdeněk Prošek, and Jan Trejbal. "Cement Composite Reinforced with Synthetic Fibers: Comparison of Three-Point and Four-Point Bending Test Results." Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (February 2016): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.332.

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Presented article deals with the influence of PET fiber production on the bending strength of cement-based composite when incorporated into the fresh mortar, and comparison of results of 3-point and 4-point bending test. Cement paste samples were reinforced with 2 wt. % of primary or recycled PET fibers. The bending test was performed on prismatic samples with dimension of 40 × 40 × 160 mm. It was found that samples with recycled PET fibers, compared to primary ones, exhibit a decrease in bending strength. In the case of 4-point bending tests, the samples with recycled PET fibers exhibited higher bending strength than reference samples without any fibers. However, in the case of 3-point bending tests, the samples with recycled PET fibers had lower bending strength than the reference ones. The results suggest that recycled PET fibers could be used as an alternative to reinforce cement-based composites.

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4

JAKUS, KARL, and SHELDON M. WIEDERHORN. "Creep Deformation of Ceramics in Four-Point Bending." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 71, no. 10 (1988): 832–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1988.tb07531.x.

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5

Grédiac, Michel. "Four-point bending tests on off-axis composites." Composite Structures 24, no. 2 (1993): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-8223(93)90030-t.

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6

Mujika, Faustino, Ainhoa Arrese, Itziar Adarraga, and Usue Oses. "New correction terms concerning three-point and four-point bending tests." Polymer Testing 55 (October 2016): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.07.025.

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7

Shetty, Santosh, and Tommi Reinikainen. "Three- and Four-Point Bend Testing for Electronic Packages." Journal of Electronic Packaging 125, no. 4 (2003): 556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1604158.

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This study demonstrates the application of three-point and four-point bending tests for evaluating the reliability of chip scale packages under curvature loads. A three-point bend test is conducted on 0.5-mm-pitch chip-scale packages (CSPs) mounted on FR4 (Flame Retardant) substrates. This test is simulated by using the finite element method and the results are calibrated experimentally to formulate a reliability model. A three-point bend scheme is an ideal choice for generating reliability models because multiple packages can be tested under multiple loads in a single test. This reliability model can be used to predict the durability of the packages in the real product under any printed wiring board (PWB) curvature loading conditions. A four-point bending simulation is also demonstrated on the test substrate. Four-point bending test is an ideal method for testing a larger sample size of packages under a particular predefined stress level. This paper describes the bending simulation and testing on packages in a generic sense. Due to the confidentiality of the test results, the package constructional details, material properties, and the actual test data have not been presented here.

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8

Dhaliwal, Gurpinder S., and Mehmet Akif Dundar. "Four Point Flexural Response of Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 2 (2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4020063.

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Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS) is a very significant and widely used amorphous thermoplastic that possesses high impact resistance, toughness, and heat resistance. Bending collapse is a predominant failure of polymeric structural members in the vehicle environment under angled and unsymmetrical collisions. Therefore, it becomes critical to investigate the flexural behavior of the ABS beam and find its energy absorption capabilities under a transverse loading scenario. Four-point bending tests were carried out at different strain rates and at two different span lengths to investigate the deformation behavior of ABS. This paper examines the influence of strain rate, friction coefficient, Generalized Incremental Stress-State MOdel (GISSMO) and Damage Initiation and Evolution (DIEM) damage models, yield surfaces, and the span length on the four-point flexural behavior of the ABS polymeric material. A Semi-Analytical material model (SAMP_1) in LSDYNA was utilized to numerically evaluate the behavior of ABS under four-point bending. From extensive investigative explorations, it was found that the flexural behavior of ABS is dependent upon the span length, loading strain rate, and friction coefficient between the specimen and the supports. The modeling of damage was successfully exemplified by using the inherent damage law of the SAMP-1 material model, GISSMO, and DIEM damage formulations.

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9

Hassan, T., and Z. Liu. "On the difference of fatigue strengths from rotating bending, four-point bending, and cantilever bending tests." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 78, no. 1 (2001): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-0161(00)00080-6.

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10

Melzerová, Lenka, Michal Šejnoha, and Pavel Klapálek. "Creep of GLT Beams during Four-Point Bending Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (February 2016): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.243.

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The present work is concerned with the evaluation of creep deformation developed during the four-point bending test of glued laminated timber beams. In particular, three deflections (at the mid-span of the beam, and below the points of load application) were recorded for each tested beam. The time variation of deflections at 110 loading levels was examined in details for the set of five beams. It can be seen that the effect of creep covers about 10 – 20% of the overall strain. To proceed with numerical simulations requires, however, building first a reliable computational model that agrees well with purely elastic response of the beam. Thus additional measurements were carried out assuming a rather short hold period to eliminate the creep effects. The results were then compared with numerical simulations promoting the computational model to be used in more advanced simulations incorporating a suitable rheological model.

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11

Murphey, Thomas W., Michael E. Peterson, and Mikhail M. Grigoriev. "Large Strain Four-Point Bending of Thin Unidirectional Composites." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 52, no. 3 (2015): 882–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.a32841.

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12

Wolfenden, A., T. Fett, and E. Diegele. "Indirect Measurements of Compliances in Four-Point-Bending Tests." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 16, no. 5 (1988): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte11625j.

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13

KATO, Yuzuru, and Tatsuzo KOGA. "Four-point bending test for orthotropic laminates(II) Experiment." Journal of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences 38, no. 442 (1990): 608–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass1969.38.608.

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14

Liu, Qing, Adam J. Sadowski, and J. Michael Rotter. "Ovalization Restraint in Four-Point Bending Tests of Tubes." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 145, no. 3 (2019): 04019009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0001571.

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15

Richter, J., M. B. Arnoldus, O. Hansen, and E. V. Thomsen. "Four point bending setup for characterization of semiconductor piezoresistance." Review of Scientific Instruments 79, no. 4 (2008): 044703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2908428.

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16

Hyun-Bum, Hyun-Bum, Tomohisa NISHIDA, Kimiyoshi NAITO, Hiroyuki OGUMA, and Junnosuke MIZUTANI. "Four-point bending fatigue properties of a CFRP pipe." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2019 (2019): J02337P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2019.j02337p.

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17

Koc, Murat, Fazil O. Sonmez, Nuri Ersoy, and Kenan Cinar. "Failure behavior of composite laminates under four-point bending." Journal of Composite Materials 50, no. 26 (2016): 3679–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998315624251.

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18

Trajanoska, Bojana, Viktor Gavriloski, Zoran Bogatinoski, and Filip Zdraveski. "Glass - steel hybrid elements under four point bending test." Istrazivanja i projektovanja za privredu 13, no. 3 (2015): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes13-8806.

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19

Theotokoglou, E. E., and E. Sideridis. "Study of composite beams in asymmetric four-point bending." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 30, no. 13 (2011): 1125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684411417199.

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20

Brinckmann, Steffen, Bernhard Völker, and Gerhard Dehm. "Crack deflection in multi-layered four-point bending samples." International Journal of Fracture 190, no. 1-2 (2014): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10704-014-9981-1.

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21

Westbrook, Jamie T., John F. Bayne, Stephen H. Carley, K. Hemanth Vepakomma, Jum S. Kim, and Suresh T. Gulati. "73.3:Invited Paper: Four Point Bending of AMLCD Panel." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 43, no. 1 (2012): 996–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2012.tb05959.x.

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22

Balıkoğlu, F., N. Arslan, TK Demircioğlu, O. İnal, M. İren, and A. Ataş. "Improving four-point bending performance of marine composite sandwich beams by core modification." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 8 (2020): 1049–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319874502.

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The aim of this study was to improve four-point bending performance of foam core sandwich composite beams by applying various core machining configurations. Sandwich composites have been manufactured using perforated and grooved foam cores by vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding method with vinyl-ester resin system. The influence of grooves and perforations on the mechanical performance of marine sandwich composite beams was investigated under four-point bending test considering the weight gain. Bending strength and effective bending stiffness increased up to 34% and 61%, respectively, in comparison to a control beam without core modification. Analytical equations were utilised for calculating the mid-span deflection, equivalent bending stiffness and ultimate bending strength of the sandwich beams. Finite element analysis was also performed to analyse the flexural response of the specimens taking into account the combined effect of orthotropic linear elasticity of the face sheet and the non-linear behaviour of the foam core.

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23

Poulikakos, Lily D., Michel Pittet, Andre-Gilles Dumont, and Manfred N. Partl. "Comparison of the two point bending and four point bending test methods for aged asphalt concrete field samples." Materials and Structures 48, no. 9 (2014): 2901–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0366-8.

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24

Liu, Hongliang, and Liang-jiu Jia. "Effect of boundary conditions on tensile bending strength of glass under four-point bending." Construction and Building Materials 384 (June 2023): 131479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131479.

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25

Bencardino, Francesco. "Mechanical Parameters and Post-Cracking Behaviour of HPFRC according to Three-Point and Four-Point Bending Test." Advances in Civil Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/179712.

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High performance fibre reinforced concrete (HPFRC) is a modern structural material with a high potential and with an increasing number of structural applications. Structural design of HPFRC elements is based on the post-cracking residual strength provided by fibre reinforcement, and for structural use, a minimum mechanical performance of HPFRC must be guaranteed. To optimize the performance of HPFRC in structural members, it is necessary to establish the mechanical properties and the post-cracking and fracture behaviour in a univocal and reliable way. The best test methodology to evaluate the post-cracking and toughness properties of HPFRC is the beam bending test. Two different types of configurations are proposed: the three-point and the four-point bending tests. The overall focus of this paper is to evaluate the mechanical properties and the post-cracking and fracture behaviour of HPFRC, using the two different standard test procedures. To achieve these aims, plain and fibre concrete specimens were tested. All the test specimens were extensively instrumented to establish the strength properties, crack tip and crack mouth opening displacement, and post-cracking behaviour. The results of the two types of bending tests were critically analysed and compared to identify and highlight the differing effects of the bending load configurations on the mechanical parameters of HPFRC material.

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26

Yoshihara, Shintaro, and Hideto Yanagihara. "Magnetoelastic constant of thin films determined by a four-point bending apparatus." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 61, no. 3 (2022): 036502. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac4928.

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Abstract We have developed a method to variably induce lattice strains and to quantitatively evaluate the induced magnetic anisotropy. Both tensile and compressive strains were introduced into epitaxial films of cobalt ferrite (CFO) grown on a single crystal MgO(001) substrate using a four-point bending apparatus made of a plastic material fabricated by a 3D printer. The change in magnetic anisotropy due to bending strain can be measured quantitatively by using the conventional magneto-torque meter. The strain-induced magnetic anisotropy increased with the tensile strain and decreased with the compressive strain as expected from a phenomenological magnetoelastic theory. The magnetoelastic constant obtained from the changes in bending strains shows quantitatively good agreement with that of the CFO films with a uniaxial epitaxial strain. This signifies that the magnetoelastic constant can be evaluated by measuring only one film sample with strains applied by using the bending apparatus.

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27

Miura, Daisuke, Yoshiki Ishida, Taira Miyasaka, Harumi Aoki, and Akikazu Shinya. "Reliability of Different Bending Test Methods for Dental Press Ceramics." Materials 13, no. 22 (2020): 5162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225162.

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Objective: This study investigates the reliability of different flexural tests such as three-point-bending, four-point bending, and biaxial tests, in strengthening the dental pressed ceramics (DPCs) frequently used in clinical applications. Methods: The correlations between the three types of bending tests for DPCs were investigated. Plate-shaped specimens for the three-point and four-point bending tests and a disc-shaped specimen for the biaxial bending test were prepared. Each bending test was conducted using a universal testing machine. Results: The results for six DPCs showed that the flexural strength in descending order were the three-point flexural strength, biaxial flexural strength, and four-point flexural strength, respectively. Then, a regression analysis showed a strong correlation between each of the three test methods, with the combination of four-point and biaxial flexural strength showing the highest values. The biaxial flexural strength was not significantly different in the Weibull coefficient (m) compared to the other tests, with the narrowest range considering the 95% interval. The biaxial bending test was found to be suitable for materials with small plastic deformation from the yield point to the breaking point, such as DPCs.

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28

Oberwinkler, Bernd, Martin Riedler, Heinz Leitner, and Ataollah Javidi. "Four Point Bending Fatigue Tests of Forged Ti 6Al 4V." Materials Testing 51, no. 9 (2009): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/120.110038.

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29

Kytýř, Daniel, Tomáš Fíla, Petr Koudelka, et al. "INSTRUMENTATION OF FOUR-POINT BENDING TEST DURING 4D COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 18 (October 23, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2018.18.0020.

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High-resolution time-lapse micro-focus X-ray computed tomography is an effective method for investigation of deformation processes on volumetric basis including fracture propagation characteristics of non-homogeneous materials subjected to mechanical loading. This experimental method requires implementation of specifically designed loading devices to X-ray imaging setups. In case of bending tests, our background research showed that no commercial solution allowing for reliable investigation of so called fracture process zone in quasi-brittle materials is currently available. Thus, this paper is focused on description of recently developed in-situ four-point bending loading device and its instrumentation for testing of quasi-brittle materials. Proof of concept together with the pilot experiments were successfully performed in a CT scanner TORATOM. Based on results of the pilot experiments, we demonstrate that crack development and propagation in a quasi-brittle material can be successfully observed in 3D using high resolution 4D micro-CT under loading.

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30

Jasińska, A., B. Ligaj, and A. Mazurkiewicz. "Experimental studies of adhesive joints in four-point static bending." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 393 (August 10, 2018): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/393/1/012032.

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31

Vepakomma, K. Hemanth, Jamie Westbrook, Stephen Carley, and Jum Kim. "Finite Element Analysis of Four-Point Bending of LCD Panels." Journal of Display Technology 9, no. 2 (2013): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jdt.2012.2228627.

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32

LI, Feng, JinLong CHEN, and WenRan GONG. "Buckling behaviour of delaminated composite panels under four-point bending." SCIENTIA SINICA Technologica 45, no. 5 (2015): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n092014-00432.

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33

Yoshida, Yutaka, Jun-ichi Shibano, Mikiya Ogura, Kota Saito, and Kentaro Kajiwara. "Localized shear deformation in magnesium alloy by four-point bending." Materials Science and Engineering: A 793 (August 2020): 139851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139851.

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34

Yin, Yangyang, Yanmin Qiao, and Shaowei Hu. "Four-point bending tests for the fracture properties of concrete." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 211 (April 2019): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.03.004.

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35

Richard, C. S., G. Béranger, J. Lu, J. F. Flavenot, and T. Grégoire. "Four-point bending tests of thermally produced WC-Co coatings." Surface and Coatings Technology 78, no. 1-3 (1996): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(95)02416-6.

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36

Zhang, S., and S. Jana. "Four-point bending of a molybdenum-free titanium carbonitride cermer." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 53, no. 3-4 (1995): 837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(94)01763-q.

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37

Moshir, Saeid Khadem, Suong V. Hoa, Farjad Shadmehri, Daniel Rosca, and Ashraf Ahmed. "Mechanical behavior of thick composite tubes under four-point bending." Composite Structures 242 (June 2020): 112097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112097.

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38

Rizov, Victor. "Elastic-plastic delamination of multilayered graded four-point bending beam." World Journal of Engineering 15, no. 1 (2018): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-01-2017-0015.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyze the elastic-plastic delamination fracture behaviour of multilayered functionally graded four-point bending beam configuration. Design/methodology/approach The mechanical response of beam is described by a power-law stress-strain relation. The fracture is studied analytically in terms of the strain energy release rate by considering the beam complimentary strain energy. The beam can have an arbitrary number of layers. Besides, each layer may have different thickness and material properties. Also, in each layer, the material is functionally graded along the beam width. A delamination crack is located arbitrary between layers. Thus, the crack arms have different thickness. Findings The analysis developed is used to elucidate the effects of crack location, material gradient and non-linear behaviour of material on the delamination fracture. It is found that the material non-linearity leads to increase in the strain energy release rate. Therefore, the non-linear behaviour of material should be taken into account in fracture mechanics-based safety design of structural members and components made of multilayered functionally graded materials. The analysis revealed that the strain energy release rate can be effectively regulated by using appropriate material gradients in the design stage of multilayered functionally graded constructions. Originality/value Delamination fracture behaviour of multilayered functionally graded four-point bending beam configuration is studied in terms of the strain energy release rate by taking into account the material non-linearity.

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39

Juntikka, Rickard, and Stefan Hallstrom. "Shear Characterization of Sandwich Core Materials Using Four-point Bending." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 9, no. 1 (2007): 67–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636207070574.

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40

Ng, H. W., and P. Wey. "Strain gage evaluation with four-point bending at moderate temperatures." Experimental Mechanics 37, no. 3 (1997): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02317413.

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41

Dardano, Nicola, Marco Paggi, Stefano Bennati, and Paolo Sebastiano Valvo. "DELAMINATION BUCKLING IN FOUR-POINT BENDING TESTS – AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION." Journal of Technology and Exploitation in Mechanical Engineering 8, no. 1 (2022): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/jteme.3092.

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A set of carbon-fibre laminated specimens have been subjected to (static) four-point bending tests to assess the conditions for delamination induced by local buckling events of the compressed lamina. Testing conditions prescribed by the ASTM D7264/D7264M-1 standard, valid for monolithic samples, have been followed. It is worth noticing that the delaminated area, which is loaded in compression, at a certain point reaches a critical value and snaps upwards. During the experimental campaign, the applied load and the corresponding displacements have been recorded, as well as the length of the crack and the deformation of the delaminated area by using a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique.

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42

Zhu, Xiujie, Chao Xiong, Junhui Yin, et al. "Four-point bending behaviors of CFRP trapezoidal corrugated sandwich plates." Composite Structures 312 (May 2023): 116884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.116884.

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43

Quinteros, D. D., G. A. Abuja, M. Tarkanian, et al. "In vitro biomechanical evaluation and comparison of a new prototype locking plate and a limited-contact self compression plate for equine fracture repair." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 25, no. 04 (2012): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-11-01-0011.

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SummaryObjective: To determine if the mechanical properties (strength and stiffness) of a new prototype 4.5 mm broad locking plate (NP-LP) are comparable with those of a traditional 4.5 mm broad limited-contact self compression plate (LC-SCP), and to compare the bending and torsional properties of the NP-LP and LCSCP when used in osteotomized equine third metacarpal bones (MC3).Methods: The plates alone were tested in four-point bending single cycle to failure. The MC3-plate constructs were created with middiaphyseal osteotomies with a 1 cm gap. Constructs were tested in four-point bending single cycle to failure, four-point bending cyclic fatigue, and torsion single cycle to failure.Results: There were not any significant differences in bending strength and stiffness found between the two implants. The MC3-NP-LP construct was significantly stiffer than the MC3-LC-SCP in bending. No other biomechanical differences were found in bending, yield load in torsion, or mean composite rigidity. Mean cycles to failure for bending fatigue testing were similar for both constructs.Clinical significance: The NP-LP was comparable to the LC-SCP in intrinsic, as well as structural properties. The NP-LP construct was more rigid than the LC-SCP construct under four-point bending, and both constructs behaved similarly under four-point bending cyclic fatigue testing and torsion single cycle to failure. The new NP-LP implant fixation is biomechanically comparable to the LC-SCP in a simulated MC3 fracture.

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44

Basirom, Izzawati, Mohd Afendi Rojan, Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid, Nor Alia Md Zain, and Mohd Yazid Bajuri. "Prediction of stress shielding around implant screws induced by three-point and four-point bending." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 15, no. 4 (2019): 548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v15n4.1049.

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Implant screws failure commonly occurs due to the load that constantly generated by the patient’s body to the fracture area. Bending load is often encountered in femur bone due to lateral impact which affected the bone and also the implants installed. Consequently, the load will lead to the failure of implants that can cause loosening or tightening of implants. Henceforth, in this manner, it is significant to study the bending behavior of bone implant in femur bone. The aim of this study was to analyze the stress shielding of bone implant on the internal fixator. 3D technique is able to show the overall deformation and stress distribution. The lower the biomechanical compatibility, the lower the STP value obtained. In addition, the variation of elastic modulus (E) of the screws materials, 200GPa (Stainless Steel) and 113.8GPa (Titanium) resulted in the increase of the total stress transferred (STP) between screw and bone interface. In this work, strain energy density (SED) was determined as a good indicator of stress shielding.

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45

Grazzini, Rebecca, Giulia Misseri, and Luisa Rovero. "A Bi-Modulus Material Model for Bending Test on NHL3.5 Lime Mortar." Materials 16, no. 2 (2023): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020486.

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The research provides an innovative contribution to the interpretation of three-point and four-point bending tests on mortars by employing a bi-modulus material model, which assumes an asymmetric constitutive law, i.e., different elastic moduli in tension and in compression. To this aim, Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko bi-modulus beam models are defined, and the related displacement fields are reported for three-point loading, and provided for the first time for the four-point bending layout. A wide experimental campaign, including uni-axial tensile and compressive tests, three-point and four-point bending tests, and on notched specimens three-point tests for mode-I fracture energy, has been carried out on lime mortar specimens exploiting traditional contact (CE-DT) and contactless (DIC) measurement systems. Experimental results provided the values of tensile and compressive mechanical characteristics, which are employed to validate estimations of the analytical model. The tension-to-compression moduli ratio experimentally observed is on average 0.52. Experimental outcomes of the DIC analysis proved the bi-modulus behaviour during the four-point bending tests showing visible shifting of the neutral axis. The bi-modulus analytical model provides closer results to the experimental ones for the slender specimens subjected to four-point bending.

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Piovár, Stanislav, and Eva Kormaníková. "Sandwich Beam in Four-Point Bending Test: Experiment and Numerical Models." Advanced Materials Research 969 (June 2014): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.969.316.

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The numerical modeling of lightweight sandwich beam in four-point bending, using combination of finite elements by help of two modeling approaches 2-D and 3-D models is presented. The mechanical results of hot-dipped zinc steel face layers and polyurethane foam core, obtained from comprehensive material testing program, were used as input data in order to implement the finite element analysis by the commercial ANSYS code. The material nonlinearities, most pronounced in the core, as well as geometric nonlinearities are included in the models. As was shown an advantage of plane stress condition can be applied in numerical models in one-way bending.

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He, Ren, Ying-Ye Li, Jing-Xin Chen, et al. "Three-point and four-point mechanical bending test modeling and application in solar cells." Acta Physica Sinica 68, no. 20 (2019): 208801. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.68.20190597.

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Munakaampe, Grain M., Shamitiba B. Kanyanga, Peter Myler, and Chizyuka G. Chizyuka. "Response of Natural Sisal Reinforced Polyester Composites to Three-point and Four-point Bending." Procedia Manufacturing 7 (2017): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2016.12.080.

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Munguia, Javier, and Kenny Dalgarno. "Fatigue behaviour of laser-sintered PA12 specimens under four-point rotating bending." Rapid Prototyping Journal 20, no. 4 (2014): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2012-0064.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper was twofold: first, to determine if rotating bending could be used as an effective way of determining the fatigue behaviour of laser-sintered nylon, and second, to examine whether the fatigue behaviour of laser-sintered PA12 showed any significant anisotropy. Design/methodology/approach – Specimens were measured to obtain dimensional accuracy, density and surface roughness levels. Then, uniaxial tensile and rotating-bending fatigue tests were performed. A purpose-built test-jig has been used to subject hourglass-shaped specimens to reversed bending at two frequencies: 50 and 30 Hz. Additionally, thermal and microstructural analyses were performed to understand the underlying mechanisms of failure. Findings – The experiments suggest PA12 specimens will fail in fatigue following the conventional fatigue mechanisms observed in previous research with ductile polymers. Although high-frequency loading caused a heat build-up in the specimen, temperatures stabilised between 20 and 30°C, suggesting that rotating-bending fatigue at frequencies of up to 50 Hz is a valid way of determining the fatigue behaviour of laser-sintered PA12 specimens. Stresses below 20 MPa led to fatigue lives above 1 million cycles. Some anisotropic behaviour was observed in the fatigue test results, with specimens made orientated with the Z axis showing the lowest fatigue lives on average, but an endurance limit of approximately 15 MPa seems to be common for all specimens regardless of their build orientation. Practical implications – The observed endurance limit of 15 MPa did not depend significantly on the orientation at which a part was built – meaning that it may be possible to guarantee a service life for a part which does not depend on part orientation within a build. Clearly, good-quality control will also be required to ensure performance, but this has important implications for the design of laser-sintered PA12 parts for realistic service conditions. Originality/value – To our knowledge, this is the first paper to present rotating-bending fatigue data for laser-sintered PA12 parts, and the first to identify an endurance limit which is independent of part orientation.

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Xiang, Li, and Li Xingfu. "Experimental research on four-point-bending loading of composite fuselage frame." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1133, no. 1 (2021): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1133/1/012008.

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