Relevant bibliographies by topics / Four probe method

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Four probe method'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Four probe method.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Four probe method"

1

HASEGAWA, SHUJI, ICHIRO SHIRAKI, FUHITO TANABE, REI HOBARA, TAIZO KANAGAWA, TAKEHIRO TANIKAWA, IWAO MATSUDA, et al. "ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION THROUGH SURFACE SUPERSTRUCTURES MEASURED BY MICROSCOPIC FOUR-POINT PROBES." Surface Review and Letters 10, no. 06 (December 2003): 963–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x03005736.

Full text
Abstract:
For in-situ measurements of the local electrical conductivity of well-defined crystal surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum, we have developed two kinds of microscopic four-point probe methods. One involves a "four-tip STM prober," in which four independently driven tips of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) are used for measurements of four-point probe conductivity. The probe spacing can be changed from 500 nm to 1 mm. The other method involves monolithic micro-four-point probes, fabricated on silicon chips, whose probe spacing is fixed around several μm. These probes are installed in scanning-electron-microscopy/electron-diffraction chambers, in which the structures of sample surfaces and probe positions are observed in situ. The probes can be positioned precisely on aimed areas on the sample with the aid of piezoactuators. By the use of these machines, the surface sensitivity in conductivity measurements has been greatly enhanced compared with the macroscopic four-point probe method. Then the conduction through the topmost atomic layers (surface-state conductivity) and the influence of atomic steps on conductivity can be directly measured.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Ishikawa, Makoto, Masamichi Yoshimura, and Kazuyuki Ueda. "Null method for four-point probe measurement using high resistance probes." e-Journal of Surface Science and Nanotechnology 4 (2006): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/ejssnt.2006.115.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Ma, D., Y. Sun, M. Wang, and Y. Gao. "Three-dimensional numerical modeling of a four-pin probe for soil water content." Soil Research 44, no. 2 (2006): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05116.

Full text
Abstract:
Soil probes with 4-pin configuration have been widely used in frequency domain (FD) and time domain reflectometry methods for determining soil water content. The techniques of FD sensors largely rely on the port impedance of the probe. This study provided a 3-dimensional numerical model to represent the electric behaviours of the 4-pin probe, which is valuable for analysing the effect of the soil dielectric constant, geometry, and the operating frequency on the port impedance of the probe. The model was performed with high frequency structure simulator software based on Maxwell’s equations and finite element method. A typical 3-dimensional electromagnetic distribution of the 4-pin probe was presented. The model was validated with 3 experiments under the aid of a network analyser. First, the experiment was performed using a series of fluids of known relative dielectric constants, then numerical simulations were carried out and confirmed by soil sample test with varying frequencies and the probe lengths. The effects of these parameters on FD methods are discussed based on the 4-pin probes. The 3-dimensional numerical model appears to be a meaningful tool to investigate more deeply a 4-pin probe in FD method.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Yamashita, Masato, Toshifumi Nishii, and Hiroya Mizutani. "Resistivity Measurement by Dual-Configuration Four-Probe Method." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 42, Part 1, No. 2A (February 15, 2003): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.42.695.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Petersen, Dirch H., Ole Hansen, Rong Lin, and Peter F. Nielsen. "Micro-four-point probe Hall effect measurement method." Journal of Applied Physics 104, no. 1 (July 2008): 013710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2949401.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Yamashita, M. "Resistivity correction factor for the four-probe method." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 20, no. 12 (December 1987): 1454–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/20/12/003.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Yamashita, M. "Resistivity correction factor for the four-probe method." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 21, no. 5 (May 1988): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/21/5/520.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Chen, Xi, Changku Sun, Changjie Liu, and Luhua Fu. "A Four-Probe Method Using Different Probe Spacings for Measurement and Exact Reconstruction of Parallel Profiles." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 30, 2019): 5216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235216.

Full text
Abstract:
To realize the measurement and exact reconstruction of a pair of parallel profiles, a new scanning method using four displacement sensors as probes and different probe spacings has been invented with the advantage of preventing data processing error. The measuring device is placed between the measured objects and moved by a scanning stage to collect measurement data of both measured profiles. Considering many existing methods, the high lateral resolution of the reconstruction result and the rejection of the data processing error cannot always be achieved at the same time. When the measured profiles are in the short wavelength range, data processing errors are often on the same order of magnitude as the height difference of the measured profiles. The new method can eliminate both the straightness error of the measurement reference and the data processing error. The exact reconstruction retaining the high lateral resolution and without data processing error can be realized by rational position arrangement of sensors and corresponding processing method of the measurement data. The new method possesses the following advantages: (i) achievement of the exact reconstruction without data processing error; (ii) high lateral resolution not limited by probe spacing; (iii) concise operation without zero calibration of probes; and (iv) suitability for on-machine measurement. The feasibility and advantages of the new method were demonstrated by theoretical analyses, simulations, and experimental results.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Hu, Ying, Li Bai, Linna Zhao, Lingling Wu, Hong Lv, Qiongqiong Li, Xinpeng Li, et al. "Standardized Shiga-Toxin Encoding Genes Real-Time PCR Screening Methods Comparison and Development of an Internally Controlled Assay for Pan-stx2 Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 104, no. 4 (March 16, 2021): 1065–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsab030.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Background Various primer and probe sets have been developed and standardized, but certain sets may have low efficiency or miss some stx-subtypes. Objective To compare the efficiency of the recommended stx screening primers and probe sets in four standardized methods and develop a new primers and probe system with an internal amplification control (IAC) for all known stx2 subtypes. Method The inclusivity and specificity of recommended screening primers and probe sets in four standardized methods were compared. A new pan-stx2 primer and probe set was adapted from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) method for all known stx2 subtypes. The robustness of the new method was assessed in seven laboratories and also assessed in ground beef and bean sprout samples. Results None of the recommended screening primers and probe sets in the four standardized methods could efficiently amplify all the stx2 subtypes because of various mismatches in the primers or the probe sequences. A new primers and probe system adapted from the ISO method, through introducing degenerate bases in primers and probe sequences with an IAC, showed high amplification efficiency and specificity for all known stx2 subtypes in ground beef and bean sprouts samples. The specificity of the new method was assessed in seven laboratories and showed robust and consistent results. Conclusions This study provided evidence for Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) screening method development, and the newly developed primers and probes system should be considered in the revision of the standardized methods. Highlights None of the recommended screening primer and probe set in the four official methods could efficiently amplify all the stx2 subtypes. A new developed primer and probe set showed high amplification efficiency and specificity for all known stx2 subtypes in fresh ground beef and bean sprouts samples. The newly developed stx2 screening system showed robustness and consistency during interlaboratory study.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Yu, Kwang Min, Jeon Hong Kang, Han Jun Kim, Kwon Soo Han, and Je Cheon Ryu. "Uncertainty Improvements of Metallic Resistivity Measurements by the Four-Point Probe Method." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1470.

Full text
Abstract:
Besides well-known destructive methods for material degradation, the electrical resistivity method has been used as one of nondestructive evaluation methods because of easy measurement. To use the method, however, careful geometrical corrections and thickness measurements are required. The high current probe assembly and accurate thickness measurement device were developed to improve overall measurement uncertainty. If dual configuration Four-Point Probe method with the developed devices is used, overall measurement uncertainty of electrical resistivity could be reduced to 0.44 % at 95 % confidence level. Proper selection of the probe spacing matched with sample thickness is very important to determine accurate electrical resistivity. When sample thickness is less than probe spacing, it is expected that dual configuration Four-Point Probe technique can be used in nondestructive evaluation of plant equipment materials.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Four probe method"

1

Lee, Kwan-Ho. "Development of four novel UWB antennas assisted by FDTD method." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1103659688.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Wisung, Grete. "Method evaluation : Electrical surface resistance measurements on coated conductive textiles." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-14769.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis has evaluated how electrical surface resistance can be measured on conductive coated textiles using two different probes. The electrical surface resistance is a measurement for how difficult it is for current to flow through a material. For textiles, the surface resistance can be measured using four metallic plates, that measure the difference between current supply and voltage drop, this method is called a linear four-point probe.   There is no standard method for measuring the electrical surface resistance on conductive textiles. Therefore, it is not possible to compare textiles made by different producers. It is also not possible to decide what the true resistance is and as conductive textiles are becoming more popular to use, this has started to become a problem in the industry.   Two probes with electrodes of different dimensions were used to evaluate how different electrodes would affect the measured resistance. Measurements were conducted on conductive coated textiles with varying parameters, like coating thickness, sample size and textile construction, to show how the electrical resistance properties differ depending on what probe was used.   It was found that in contrast to other research on conductive textiles and collinear four-point probes, the probes used in this study could detect electrical anisotropic properties. The resistance was different depending on what angle it was measured in. This was found for both a thicker coating and a thinner one. It was also found that the probes could detect a correlation between the angular resistance and the textile construction used.   By measuring the resistance on small samples with the same dimension as the probes electrodes, the resistance was increased compared to when measurements were conducted on samples with dimensions significantly larger than the probes.   Furthermore, the results showed that increasing the distance between the inner electrodes of the probe decreased the measured resistance for both large and small samples. Additionally, it was found that by increasing the width of the outer electrodes the resistance was decreased, an increase in outer electrode width also made it easier to detect electrical anisotropic properties.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Hrabovský, Miloš. "Příprava a použití exfoliovaných grafitových/grafenových vrstev v oblasti nanosenzoriky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231377.

Full text
Abstract:
Tato diplomová práce se věnuje výrobě vrstev grafitu/grafenu a meření jejich transportních vlastností v závislosti na relativní vlhkosti. Grafenové šupinky byly nanášeny pomocí mechanického odlupování . Pro kontaktování grafenových šupinek byla využita elektronová litografie a na pozorování byly využity optická mikroskopie, mikroskopie atomárních sil a elektronová mikroskopie. V práci jsou popsány jednotlivé kroky výroby, analýzy a měření transportních vlastností nanesených grafenových šupinek.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Sousa, Makcydra Amisterdania Costa Ferreira. "Estudo das propriedades elétricas de compósitos carbono-argila obtidos a partir da borra de petróleo pelo método de quatro pontas." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2010. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/3509.

Full text
Abstract:
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The petroleum industry produces significant amounts of residues in several of its processes, from the perforation of wells, production, storage, transport and refining, to the distribution of its derivatives. The wastewater generated in the oil extraction step is known as produced water and, when stored in flotation tanks, if generates a residue called oily sludge . In a previous report, carbon-clay composites were obtained from this oily sludge and it was found this the material shows semiconductor properties. Thus, here we aimed to further evaluate the electrical properties of the carbon-clay composites using a home-made four probe apparatus. The carbon-clay composites have been prepared using the pyrolysis conditions reported in the previous study, changing here the precursor granulometry then afterwards characterizing the samples by FTIR, XRD, Raman and SEM. The presence of clays-mineral phases as well as carbon rich phases was evidenced from FTIR spectroscopy. Raman spectra revealed the presence of graphitic crystallites in addition to a disordered carbon matrix. XRD data allowed us to properly identify the mineral phases. SEM images have shown a clear effect of the precursor granulometry on the microstructure of the final pellets. Compact pellets can be expected when using a precursor with smaller particle size. The electrical measurements were accomplished using both a current source especially built for this and alternatively a Keithey 237 electrometer coupled to the four-probe apparatus. Satisfactory current values in terms of stability and reproducibility were obtained with both sources in the range of 640 μA (minimum potential) 37 mA (maximum potential). Applying current values in this range for the carbon-clay composite samples it was possible to confirm their semiconductive properties, since conductivities were found to lie in the range ≈10-4 (Ω*cm)-1. Finally the sample compactness was found to play a significant role in the electrical conductivity since the higher conductivity values were found for more compact samples.
A indústria petrolífera produz quantidades significativas de resíduos em vários dos seus processos, desde a perfuração de poços até a distribuição de seus derivados. Nesse ambiente industrial surge a chamada água produzida, que ao ficar em tanques de flotação, gera um resíduo chamado de borra de petróleo . A partir de uma observação preliminar, realizada por Andrade et al, do compósito carbono-argila, utilizando a espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, foi possível identificar que o material em estudo é um semicondutor. Desta maneira, surgiu o interesse de estudar com mais profundidade as características elétricas do mesmo. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar um estudo das propriedades elétricas do compósito, destacando seus parâmetros principais como condutividade e resistividade elétricas, pelo método de quatro pontas e caracterizar a borra de petróleo gerada no tratamento de água produzida. A borra de petróleo foi seca inicialmente por 48 horas a 110ºC, foram feitas pastilhas com material peneirado a granulometrias diferentes e depois sinterizadas sob atmosfera inerte de nitrogênio, até 800ºC com isoterma de 2h. Em seguida, foi realizada a montagem do aparato de quatro terminais utilizando eletrodos de latão e de platina, para medição de resistividade elétrica do material e a montagem de uma fonte de corrente constante. Através do espectro FTIR, observou-se banda referentes aos estiramento O-H de argilominerais; bandas de resíduos orgânicos; e banda dos componentes minerais. As análises de DRX apresentaram como constituintes a montmorilonita, quartzo, calcita e barita, bem como a cristobalita, ghelenita, anortita e magnetita. O Raman apresentou banda devido à presença de carbono grafite e banda devido à desordem na estrutura do carbono grafite. A análise por MEV apresentou em algumas amostras superfície mais compactada com a presença de grãos e aglomerados. Tanto com a fonte construída, quanto com um eletrômetro obteve-se uma estabilidade de corrente na faixa de 640μA a 37mA. Foi possível comprovar com ambas as medidas que o material em estudo é um material que apresentou um valor de condutividade na faixa da semicondução (≈10-4 Ω.cm)-1.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Haughey, Caitlin, Lauri Mesilaakso, Erik Berner-Wik, Emma Östlund, Jonatan Ulfsparre, and Hampus Olin. "Probes for ESBL : A Method for Production of Probe Targets in Antibiotic Resistant Genes." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323686.

Full text
Abstract:
This project aimed to find a method for producing potential probe targets for identification of ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase) genes in bacteria. ESBLs are a type of enzymes responsible for antibiotic resistance in many bacteria. The result we developed was a semi-automated pipeline that utilises several Perl scripts to download gene sequences, identify sequence subgroups based on sequence similarity, find common target sequences among them and screen the target sequences against a background database. These target sequences should work with padlock probes and therefore had specific requirements regarding length and highest number of allowed mismatches. This report includes descriptions of the scripts and ideas for future improvements, as well as an ethical analysis about aspects relevant to research on antibiotic resistance.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Rodríguez, Fernández Jesús. "Variación térmica de la resistividad eléctrica en nuevos materiales metálicos: compuestos de tierras raras y aleaciones amorfas." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Cantabria, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/22695.

Full text
Abstract:
En la presente memoria se describe el método para la medida de la variación térmica de la resistividad entre 10 y 300 K que hemos puesto a punto en nuestros laboratorios de la Universidad de Cantabria. Dicho método es el de cuatro puntas con corriente alterna y detección síncrona. También se analizan, mediante el método de los elementos finitos, los efectos de la geometría de la muestra y posición de los contactos en la relación entre la resistividad observada experimentalmente y la resistividad real, haciendo hincapié en el caso de muestras anisótropas. Posteriormente aplicamos esta técnica al estudio de diversas series de materiales: 1) Los compuestos RPt que cumplen la Ley de De Gennes y en los que hemos podido determinar los valores de la masa efectiva m* y de la constante de canje. 2) Los compuestos RNi2Si2 en las que se puede observar una relación entre la resistividad magnética y las estructuras magnéticas. 3) Los compuestos CeyLa1-yNixPt1-x, en las que se estudia el efecto Kondo 4) Los amorfos metálicos (Co1-x(Fe5Ni5)x)75Si15B10 en los que se observa un mínimo en la resistividad a bajas temperaturas así como variaciones en lnT, T2 y T a temperaturas bajas, intermedias y altas respectivamente
The present report describes the method for measuring the temperature dependence of the resistivity between 10 and 300 K that we have developed in our laboratories at the University of Cantabria. This is a four-probe method using ac current and synchronous detection. Also it is analyzed, using the finite element method, the effects of the sample geometry and contacts position in the relationship between the real resistivity and resistivity observed experimentally, even in the case of anisotropic samples. Subsequently we apply this technique to the study of different family of materials: 1) RPt compounds which follow the De Gennes Law, allowing us to determine the values of the effective mass m * and exchange constant. 2) The compounds RNi2Si2 in which it is possible to establish a relationship between the magnetic resistivity and the magnetic structures. 3) The compounds CeyLa1-yNixPt1-x, in which we study the Kondo effects. 4) The amorphous Co1-x(Fe5Ni5)x)75Si15B10 metals, in which there is a minimum in the resistivity at low temperatures as well as variations in LnT, T2 and T at low, intermediate and high temperatures respectively.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Boulerouah, Aoumeur. "Propriétés thermiques et électriques de composites à base de nanotubes de carbone et application à la détection de gaz." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00827011.

Full text
Abstract:
Les nanomatériaux suscitent depuis quelques décennies de plus en plus d'intérêt tant sur le plan des études fondamentales que sur celui des applications. Parmi ces nouveaux matériaux, les nanotubes de carbone ont attiré beaucoup d'attention au sein de la communauté scientifique à cause de leurs propriétés physiques remarquables. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse, concernent l'élaboration et la caractérisation de composites solides à base de nanotubes de carbone. Le choix des matériaux s'est porté sur une matrice solide à base de Bromure de Potassium (KBr) et des nanotubes de carbone mono et multifeuillets (SWNT, MWNT). L'étude de ces composites concerne deux aspects : dans un premier temps, l'effet de la charge et de la nature des nanotubes de carbone sur les propriétés électriques et thermiques ont été étudiés. L'étude des propriétés thermiques a été réalisée à l'aide d'une technique photothermique, la photoacoustique, qui présente un grand avantage pour ce type de composites. L'évolution des propriétés thermiques en fonction de la charge a montré un comportement atypique, une augmentation puis une diminution, avec un maximum autour de 2% de charge en nanotubes. Un modèle physique permettant de décrire cette évolution a été proposé. Concernant les propriétés électriques, cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence le phénomène de percolation et d'en déterminer le seuil. Dans un deuxième temps, l'étude a porté sur l'influence du gaz environnant sur les propriétés thermiques et électriques, et sur l'éventuelle utilisation de ces composites comme capteurs de gaz. La caractérisation thermique en présence d'éthanol n'a pas permis de mettre en évidence un changement notable des propriétés thermiques des composites. En revanche, la caractérisation électrique a montré une bonne réponse à ce gaz. L'évolution de la sensibilité en fonction de la charge en nanotubes dans les composites a montré une augmentation pour des charges inférieures à 4% et une stabilisation au-delà. L'influence d'autre gaz comme le dioxyde d'azote et le toluène a été aussi étudié. La réponse électrique au dioxyde d'azote a montré une forte interaction du gaz avec les composites. La réponse au toluène n'a pas montré d'influence de ce gaz sur les propriétés électriques des composites à base de SWNT, cependant, dans le cas des composites à base de MWNT, une réponse électrique comparable à celle de l'éthanol a été observée.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Mullin, Nicholas William. "Dynamic Imaging Methods for Scanning Probe Microscopy." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521859.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Reiter, Fernando. "Carbon based nanomaterials as transparent conductive electrodes." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41070.

Full text
Abstract:
Optically transparent carbon based nanomaterials including graphene and carbon nanotubes(CNTs) are promising candidates as transparent conductive electrodes due to their high electrical conductivity coupled with high optical transparency, can be flexed several times with minimal deterioration in their electronic properties, and do not require costly high vacuum processing conditions. CNTs are easily solution processed through the use of surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) and sodium cholate(SC). Allowing CNTs to be deposited onto transparent substrates through vacuum filtration, ultrasonic spray coating, dip coating, spin coating, and inkjet printing. However, surfactants are electrically insulating, limit chemical doping, and increase optical absorption thereby decreasing overall performance of electrodes. Surfactants can be removed through nitric acid treatment and annealing in an inert environment (e.g. argon). In this thesis, the impact of surfactant removal on electrode performance was investigated. Nitric acid treatment has been shown to p-dope CNTs and remove the surfactant SDS. However, nitric acid p-doping is naturally dedoped with exposure to air, does not completely remove the surfactant SC, and has been shown to damage CNTs by creating defect sites. Annealing at temperatures up to 1000°C is advantageous in that it removes insulating surfactants. However, annealing may also remove surface functional groups that dope CNTs. Therefore, there are competing effects when annealing CNT electrodes. The impacts on electrode performance were investigated through the use of conductive-tip atomic force microscopy, sheet resistance, and transmittance measurements. In this thesis, the potential of graphene CNT composite electrodes as high performing transparent electrodes was investigated. As-made and annealed graphene oxide CNT composites electrodes were studied. Finally, a chemical vapor deposition grown graphene CNT composite electrode was also studied.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Deguchi, Mikio. "Study on the insulated probe method for monitoring processing plasma." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149472.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Four probe method"

1

March, Marisa Cristina. Advanced Statistical Methods for Astrophysical Probes of Cosmology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35060-3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Joy, David C. Monte Carlo modeling for electron microscopy and microanalysis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Methods for studying nucleic acid/drug interactions. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Min, Zhang, Yin Bin-Cheng, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Nano-Bio Probe Design and Its Application for Biochemical Analysis. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Burkham, D. E. Methods for delineating flood-prone areas in the great basin of Nevada and adjacent states. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Morgan, A. John. X-ray microanalysis in electron microscopy for biologists. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press Oxford [Oxfordshire], 1985.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Belokonev, Vladimir, Sergey Pushkin, Valeriy Nikol'skiy, Aleksandr Klimashevich, Mariya Ayrapetova, and Nikolay Abashkin. Prevention and treatment of obstruction of the esophagus after chemical burns, corrosive liquids. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/991907.

Full text
Abstract:
Textbook is dedicated to the prevention and treatment of obstruction of the esophagus after chemical burns by corrosive liquids. Presented possible options for the treatment of patients depending on the stage of the disease, prone to recurrence and complications. The main method of treatment of patients with obstruction of the esophagus is probing the efficiency of which depends on the techniques of its implementation. Considered indications for balloon dilatation and stenting of the esophagus. Great attention is paid to the prevention of complications of dilatation of the esophagus and treatment for their development. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. Designed for students of higher educational institutions, clinical interns, postgraduate students, doctors, surgeons and medical teachers.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Bobryshev, Artur, Marina Vitushkina, and Valeriy Tumin. Monitoring the sustainability of enterprises with a long production cycle. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1227744.

Full text
Abstract:
The monograph examines the practice of monitoring the sustainability of enterprises that are characterized by a high duration of the production (technological) cycle of manufacturing products. Such enterprises form such industries as ship and aircraft construction, heavy engineering, and radio electronics. Based on the identification of the features of economic behavior associated with the duration of the production cycle, the authors prove that monitoring and evaluation of the sustainability of such enterprises should be carried out using special methods and algorithms based on the use of the concept of business modeling. The monograph is based on the materials of shipbuilding as the most typical industry, which is formed by enterprises with a long production cycle. It can be useful for specialists in the evaluation of companies, accounting employees, managers of organizations, employees of scientific and consulting firms, students of business schools, teachers, graduate students and university students studying in the areas of training "Management" and "Economics", as well as in engineering and technology areas, and all students of the disciplines of economic, organizational and management cycles.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Kweon, Young-Jun. Development of a safety evaluation procedure for identifying high-risk signalized intersections in the Virginia Department of Transportation's Northern Virginia district. Charlottesville, Va: Virginia Transportation Research Council, 2007.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Stem cell labeling for delivery and tracking using noninvasive imaging. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Four probe method"

1

Yu, Kwang Min, Jeon Hong Kang, Han Jun Kim, Kwon Soo Han, and Je Cheon Ryu. "Uncertainty Improvements of Metallic Resistivity Measurements by the Four-Point Probe Method." In Advanced Nondestructive Evaluation I, 1470–74. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-412-x.1470.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Todoroki, Akira, and Junji Yoshida. "Apparent Negative Piezoresistivity of Single-Ply CFRP due to Poor Electrical Contact of Four-Probe Method." In Key Engineering Materials, 610–15. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-978-4.610.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Peichl, Jonas, Andreas Schwab, Markus Selzer, Hannah Böhrk, and Jens von Wolfersdorf. "Innovative Cooling for Rocket Combustion Chambers." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 51–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_3.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Transpiration cooling in combination with permeable ceramic-matrix composite materials is an innovative cooling method for rocket engine combustion chambers, while providing high cooling efficiency as well as enhancing engine life time as demanded for future space transportation systems. In order to develop methods and tools for designing transpiration cooled systems, fundamental experimental investigations were performed. An experimental setup consisting of a serial arrangement of four porous carbon fiber reinforced carbon (C/C) samples is exposed to a hot gas flow. Perfused with cold air, the third sample is unperfused in order to assess the wake flow development over the uncooled sample as well as the rebuilding of the coolant layer. Hereby, the focus is on the temperature boundary layer, using a combined temperature/pitot probe. Additionally, the sample surface temperature distribution was measured using IR imaging. The experiments are supported by numerical simulations which are showing a good agreement with measurement data for low blowing ratios.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Bendisposto, Jens, David Geleßus, Yumiko Jansing, Michael Leuschel, Antonia Pütz, Fabian Vu, and Michelle Werth. "ProB2-UI: A Java-Based User Interface for ProB." In Formal Methods for Industrial Critical Systems, 193–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85248-1_12.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Froehlich, Thomas, and Oliver Geulen. "Hybridization Probe Pairs and Single-Labeled Probes: an Alternative Approach for Genotyping and Quantification." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 117–33. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-040-3_9.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Villarrubia, John S. "Tip Characterization for Dimensional Nanometrology." In Applied Scanning Probe Methods, 147–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35792-3_5.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Oesterschulze, Egbert, and Rainer Kassing. "Sensor Technology for Scanning Probe Microscopy." In Applied Scanning Probe Methods, 117–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35792-3_4.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Hartmann, U. "Scanning Probe Methods for Magnetic Imaging." In Magnetic Microscopy of Nanostructures, 285–307. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26641-0_13.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Wang, Zhiguo, and Baofeng Yang. "Gold Nanoparticle Probe Method for miRNA Quantification." In MicroRNA Expression Detection Methods, 217–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04928-6_14.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Sauer, Ursula. "Impact of Substrates for Probe Immobilization." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 363–78. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-286-1_24.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Four probe method"

1

Dange, S. N., and S. Radha. "Magnetostriction measurement by four probe method." In DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2017. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5028798.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Ekawita, Riska, Endah Rahmawati, and K. Mikrajuddin Abdullah. "Four point probe method based on LOG112 and C8051F006 SoCs for resistivity measurement." In 2009 International Conference on Instrumentation, Communications, Information Technology, and Biomedical Engineering (ICICI-BME 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icici-bme.2009.5417218.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Shin, Heungjoo, and Peter J. Hesketh. "Micro Four-Point Probe With Metal Tip." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42443.

Full text
Abstract:
A fabrication method for a metal micro four-point probe with metal tip and measurements made using this probe are presented. A novel conical metal tip etching method using silicon dioxide chamber is also introduced. Four-point-probe resolution is decided by the electrode spacing because the effective probing depth is proportional to the electrode spacing [1]. AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) cantilever type micro four-point probe can be installed in the commercial AFM to measure the sample resistivity with low contact force and high resolution [2]. The integration of a vertical tip extends the useful application of micro four-point-probe. A conductive tip can be fabricated by coating a dielectric cantilever with conductive material. However, solid electric contact between sample and cantilever tip cannot be ensured because of the possibility of tip coating material wear. The effect of conductivity loss due to wear can be reduced with a solid metal tip.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Madier, Ludovic, Serguei Martemianov, Janick Bigarre´, and Herve´ Galiano. "3D Modeling of Four-Points Probe Method: Application to Characterisation of Fuel Cell’s Bipolar Plates." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2009-85112.

Full text
Abstract:
For reducing fuel cell stack cost new materials for bipolar plates (BPs) are under development. Quality of this new BPs has to be checked. The four-points probe method is commonly used for measuring of electrical conductivity; however sample’s geometry has a strong impact on the accuracy of this method. For this reason, it is not possible to use the classical assumptions for the interpretation of the electrical conductivity measurements with respect to the case of BPs. In this paper, a finite elements numerical model is developed for the calculation of the influence of the sample’s geometry on the accuracy of four-points probe method. The approach presented here allows obtaining the corrective factor for the four-points method taking into account the real geometry of BPs and evaluating the border effects related with the position of the probe. The obtained results can be used for diagnostic of the quality of BPs.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Yan, Li, and Weikang Jiang. "A Simple Method for Measuring Muffler Transmission Loss With PU Probes." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62585.

Full text
Abstract:
The conventional approaches for measuring muffler transmission loss based on measurement in impedance tube are mainly decomposition methods and transfer matrix method. The decomposition method needs an anechoic termination, but it is not easy in some cases particularly for low frequency measurement. Two-load method and two-source method based on transfer matrix techniques are considered to be an alternative approach which does not require an anechoic termination. PU probe can measure both sound pressure and particle velocity, which is applied to some acoustic measurement such as absorption coefficient in recent years. A straightforward method for measuring muffler transmission loss by two PU probes measuring particle velocity at the inlet and outlet of muffler is presented. The four-pole parameters of the muffler can be calculated directly. The transmission loss measured by the PU method agrees well with the result measured by conventional four-pole method and FEM result. To instruct the approach, the influence of measurement distance between PU probe and the inlet or outlet of muffler and ambient noise are analyzed, which gives comprehensive suggestions for measurement set up.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Takahashi, H., S. Hirakawa, T. Takahata, K. Matsumoto, and I. Shimoyama. "Quad-axial piezoresistive force sensor probe by four sensing elements with sidewall doping method." In TRANSDUCERS 2015 - 2015 18th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/transducers.2015.7181116.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Shen, Xiuzhong, Kaichiro Mishima, and Hideo Nakamura. "Methodology of Local Instantaneous Interfacial Velocity Measurement in Multi-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89052.

Full text
Abstract:
Since the transport of momentum, heat and mass tightly links with local interfacial characteristics it is essential to know the local interfacial parameters in various two-phase flows. The interfacial velocity plays a determinant role in determining the other interfacial parameters such as the interfacial area concentration and so on. It is accordingly one of the most important parameters in analyzing two-phase flow. However, it also is one of the most difficult parameters to measure up to now. Based on the application of the interfacial measurement theorem to several four-sensor probes, the present study established a theoretical foundation of the measurement method for the local instantaneous interfacial velocity in multidimensional two-phase flow by using three independent four-sensor probes. Since we can find three independent four-sensor probes in a multi-sensor probe, which has more than four sensors, by sharing the sensors of the first four-sensor probe with the sensors of the others, a five- or six-sensor probe including at least one set of three four-sensor combinations was recommended to measure the local instantaneous interfacial velocity, interfacial area concentration and so on in multidimensional two-phase flow. A six-sensor probe was developed and employed in the practical measurement in an air-water multi-dimensional two-phase flow in a pool. The six-sensor probe measurements were checked against the gas flow rate measurement using a rotameter and a manometer. The comparing results were very satisfactory.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Liu, Xinfu, Zhihui Zhu, Runli Zhang, Nan Jiang, and Huan Guo. "Research on Micro-area Sheet Resistance by Mapping Technique Method with Inclined Square Four Point Probe." In 2014 International Symposium on Computer, Consumer and Control (IS3C). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/is3c.2014.148.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Kawanago, Takamasa, Tomoaki Oba, Ryo Ikoma, Hiroyuki Takagi, and Shunri Oda. "Gated Four-Probe Method to Evaluate the Impact of SAM Gate Dielectric on Mobility in MoS2 FET." In 48th European Solid-State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC 2018). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2018.8486878.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Kahrobaiyan, M. H., M. Rahaeifard, and M. T. Ahmadian. "Torsional Sensitivity of the First Four Modes of an AFM Cantilever With a Sidewall Probe Using Analytical Method." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87035.

Full text
Abstract:
In this study, using analytical method, the torsional resonant frequency and torsional sensitivity of the first four modes of an AFM cantilever with sidewall probe including a horizontal cantilever and a vertical extension is analyzed and a closed form for torsional sensitivity of the probe is derived. In addition, the effect of relative parameters such as ratio of vertical extension length to horizontal cantilever length is investigated. According to this study, the results show that as contact stiffness increases, the resonant frequencies of all vibration modes increases until they reach constant values at very high values of contact stiffness. It is also can be found that low-order modes are more sensitive than high-order one. When contact stiffness increases, the torsional sensitivities of all vibration modes decrease and the graphs converge at very high values of contact stiffness. In addition, enhancement of ratio of vertical extension length to cantilever length decreases the resonant frequency of mode 1 for all values of the contact stiffness and decreases torsional sensitivity for low values of the contact stiffness. But for high values of contact stiffness, there is a peak for torsional sensitivity. Finally the result shows that increase of the tip mass, decreases the torsional sensitivity with a light slope.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Four probe method"

1

Downing, W. Logan, Howell Li, William T. Morgan, Cassandra McKee, and Darcy M. Bullock. Using Probe Data Analytics for Assessing Freeway Speed Reductions during Rain Events. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317350.

Full text
Abstract:
Rain impacts roadways such as wet pavement, standing water, decreased visibility, and wind gusts and can lead to hazardous driving conditions. This study investigates the use of high fidelity Doppler data at 1 km spatial and 2-minute temporal resolution in combination with commercial probe speed data on freeways. Segment-based space-mean speeds were used and drops in speeds during rainfall events of 5.5 mm/hour or greater over a one-month period on a section of four to six-lane interstate were assessed. Speed reductions were evaluated as a time series over a 1-hour window with the rain data. Three interpolation methods for estimating rainfall rates were tested and seven metrics were developed for the analysis. The study found sharp drops in speed of more than 40 mph occurred at estimated rainfall rates of 30 mm/hour or greater, but the drops did not become more severe beyond this threshold. The average time of first detected rainfall to impacting speeds was 17 minutes. The bilinear method detected the greatest number of events during the 1-month period, with the most conservative rate of predicted rainfall. The range of rainfall intensities were estimated between 7.5 to 106 mm/hour for the 39 events. This range was much greater than the heavy rainfall categorization at 16 mm/hour in previous studies reported in the literature. The bilinear interpolation method for Doppler data is recommended because it detected the greatest number of events and had the longest rain duration and lowest estimated maximum rainfall out of three methods tested, suggesting the method balanced awareness of the weather conditions around the roadway with isolated, localized rain intensities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Caracci, Melanie C., R. S. Geary, C. M. Wall, and Gary W. Jepson. Development of Microdialysis Probe Method for Partition Coefficient Determination for Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada325791.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Drury, M. J. A simple needle-probe method for measuring thermal diffusivity of unconsolidated materials. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321396.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Brock, Billy C. A Spatial-frequency Method for Analyzing Antenna-to-Probe Interactions in Near-field Antenna Measurements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1432919.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Fang, Jin B. Evaluation of thermal probe method for estimating the heat loss from underground heat distribution systems. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.88-4009.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Sun, Haiyan. Electromagnetic methods for measuring materials properties of cylindrical rods and array probes for rapid flaw inspection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/850045.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Hart, Carl R., and Gregory W. Lyons. A Measurement System for the Study of Nonlinear Propagation Through Arrays of Scatterers. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38621.

Full text
Abstract:
Various experimental challenges exist in measuring the spatial and temporal field of a nonlinear acoustic pulse propagating through an array of scatterers. Probe interference and undesirable high-frequency response plague typical approaches with acoustic microphones, which are also limited to resolving the pressure field at a single position. Measurements made with optical methods do not have such drawbacks, and schlieren measurements are particularly well suited to measuring both the spatial and temporal evolution of nonlinear pulse propagation in an array of scatterers. Herein, a measurement system is described based on a z-type schlieren setup, which is suitable for measuring axisymmetric phenomena and visualizing weak shock propagation. In order to reduce directivity and initiate nearly spherically-symmetric propagation, laser induced breakdown serves as the source for the nonlinear pulse. A key component of the schlieren system is a standard schliere, which allows quantitative schlieren measurements to be performed. Sizing of the standard schliere is aided by generating estimates of the expected light refraction from the nonlinear pulse, by way of the forward Abel transform. Finally, considerations for experimental sequencing, image capture, and a reconfigurable rod array designed to minimize spurious wave interactions are specified. 15.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Lempert, Robert J., Michelle Miro, and Diogo Prosdocimi. A DMDU Guidebook for Transportation Planning Under a Changing Climate. Edited by Benoit Lefevre and Ernesto Monter Flores. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003042.

Full text
Abstract:
The effects of climate-related natural hazards pose a significant threat to sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region and in particular its transportation sector. Risk Management provides an appropriate framework for assessing and mitigating the impacts of climate change and other climate-related natural hazards on transportation systems and choosing actions to enhance their resilience. However, analysts and policymakers involved in transportation planning, policy, and investment face significant challenges in managing the risks triggered by the effects of climate change. Climate change impacts the lifespan of roads, airports, and railroads as they have time horizons that surpass 40 years, thus making it harder (if not impossible) to forecast with confidence all relevant future events that will affect such infrastructure. In addition, the climate has already changed, so the return frequency of storms, for example, and other extreme events may now be different than suggested by the historical record in ways that are not always currently well understood. Implementing Risk Management under conditions of such uncertainty can prove difficult. Decision Making Under Deep Uncertainty (DMDU) enables Risk Management under conditions of Deep Uncertainty, that is when risks cannot confidently be quantified. This guidebook is aligned with the Disaster and Climate Change Risk Assessment Methodology for IDB projects (IDB 2018) and introduces and provides guidance on applying methods for Decision Making Under Deep Uncertainty (DMDU) to transportation planning. It presents the methodological steps that are necessary for the implementation of DMDU methodologies and reviews several such methods, including scenario planning, Adaptive Pathways, and robust decision making (RDM). This review is geared towards supporting the incorporation of DMDU methods into IDBs transportation sector funding and planning processes.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Harris, Gregory, Brooke Hatchell, Davelin Woodard, and Dwayne Accardo. Intraoperative Dexmedetomidine for Reduction of Postoperative Delirium in the Elderly: A Scoping Review. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0010.

Full text
Abstract:
Background/Purpose: Post-operative delirium leads to significant morbidity in elderly patients, yet there is no regimen to prevent POD. Opioid use in the elderly surgical population is of the most significant risk factors for developing POD. The purpose of this scoping review is to recognize that Dexmedetomidine mitigates cognitive dysfunction secondary to acute pain and the use of narcotic analgesia by decreasing the amount of norepinephrine (an excitatory neurotransmitter) released during times of stress. This mechanism of action also provides analgesia through decreased perception and modulation of pain. Methods: The authors developed eligibility criteria for inclusion of articles and performed a systematic search of several databases. Each of the authors initially selected five articles for inclusion in the scoping review. We created annotated literature tables for easy screening by co-authors. After reviewing the annotated literature table four articles were excluded, leaving 11 articles for inclusion in the scoping review. There were six level I meta-analysis/systematic reviews, four level II randomized clinical trials, and one level IV qualitative research article. Next, we created a data-charting form on Microsoft Word for extraction of data items and synthesis of results. Results: Two of the studies found no significant difference in POD between dexmedetomidine groups and control groups. The nine remaining studies noted decreases in the rate, duration, and risk of POD in the groups receiving dexmedetomidine either intraoperatively or postoperatively. Multiple studies found secondary benefits in addition to decreased POD, such as a reduction of tachycardia, hypertension, stroke, hypoxemia, and narcotic use. One study, however, found that the incidence of hypotension and bradycardia were increased among the elderly population. Implications for Nursing Practice: Surgery is a tremendous stressor in any age group, but especially the elderly population. It has been shown postoperative delirium occurs in 17-61% of major surgery procedures with 30-40% of the cases assumed to be preventable. Opioid administration in the elderly surgical population is one of the most significant risk factors for developing POD. With anesthesia practice already leaning towards opioid-free and opioid-limited anesthetic, the incorporation of dexmedetomidine could prove to be a valuable resource in both reducing opioid use and POD in the elderly surgical population. Although more research is needed, the current evidence is promising.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Methods for delineating flood-prone areas in the Great Basin of Nevada and adjacent states. US Geological Survey, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wsp2316.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Four probe method' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography