Books: 'Four probe method'

1

March, Marisa Cristina. Advanced Statistical Methods for Astrophysical Probes of Cosmology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35060-3.

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2

Joy, David C. Monte Carlo modeling for electron microscopy and microanalysis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

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3

Methods for studying nucleic acid/drug interactions. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012.

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4

Min, Zhang, Yin Bin-Cheng, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Nano-Bio Probe Design and Its Application for Biochemical Analysis. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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5

Burkham, D. E. Methods for delineating flood-prone areas in the great basin of Nevada and adjacent states. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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6

Morgan, A. John. X-ray microanalysis in electron microscopy for biologists. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press Oxford [Oxfordshire], 1985.

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7

Belokonev, Vladimir, Sergey Pushkin, Valeriy Nikol'skiy, Aleksandr Klimashevich, Mariya Ayrapetova, and Nikolay Abashkin. Prevention and treatment of obstruction of the esophagus after chemical burns, corrosive liquids. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/991907.

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Textbook is dedicated to the prevention and treatment of obstruction of the esophagus after chemical burns by corrosive liquids. Presented possible options for the treatment of patients depending on the stage of the disease, prone to recurrence and complications. The main method of treatment of patients with obstruction of the esophagus is probing the efficiency of which depends on the techniques of its implementation. Considered indications for balloon dilatation and stenting of the esophagus. Great attention is paid to the prevention of complications of dilatation of the esophagus and treatment for their development. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. Designed for students of higher educational institutions, clinical interns, postgraduate students, doctors, surgeons and medical teachers.

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8

Bobryshev, Artur, Marina Vitushkina, and Valeriy Tumin. Monitoring the sustainability of enterprises with a long production cycle. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1227744.

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The monograph examines the practice of monitoring the sustainability of enterprises that are characterized by a high duration of the production (technological) cycle of manufacturing products. Such enterprises form such industries as ship and aircraft construction, heavy engineering, and radio electronics. Based on the identification of the features of economic behavior associated with the duration of the production cycle, the authors prove that monitoring and evaluation of the sustainability of such enterprises should be carried out using special methods and algorithms based on the use of the concept of business modeling. The monograph is based on the materials of shipbuilding as the most typical industry, which is formed by enterprises with a long production cycle. It can be useful for specialists in the evaluation of companies, accounting employees, managers of organizations, employees of scientific and consulting firms, students of business schools, teachers, graduate students and university students studying in the areas of training "Management" and "Economics", as well as in engineering and technology areas, and all students of the disciplines of economic, organizational and management cycles.

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9

Kweon, Young-Jun. Development of a safety evaluation procedure for identifying high-risk signalized intersections in the Virginia Department of Transportation's Northern Virginia district. Charlottesville, Va: Virginia Transportation Research Council, 2007.

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10

Stem cell labeling for delivery and tracking using noninvasive imaging. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012.

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11

Furst, Eric M., and Todd M. Squires. Light scattering microrheology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.003.0005.

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The fundamentals and best practices of passive microrheology using dynamic light scattering and diffusing wave spectroscopy are discussed. The principles of light scattering are introduced and applied in both the single and multiple scattering regimes, including derivations of the light and field autocorrelation functions. Applications to high-frequency microrheology and polymer dynamics are presented, including inertial corrections. Methods to treat gels and other non-ergodic samples, including multi-speckle and optical mixing designs are discussed. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a well established method for measuring the motion of colloids, proteins and macromolecules. Light scattering has several advantages for microrheology, especially given the availability of commercial instruments, the relatively large sample volumes that average over many probes, and the sensitivity of the measurement to small particle displacements, which can extend the range of length and timescales probed beyond those typically accessed by the methods of multiple particle tracking and bulk rheology.

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12

Tsuruta, T. Mathematical Methods for Industrial Prob. Vsp Bv, 1990.

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13

March, Marisa Cristina Cristina. Advanced Statistical Methods for Astrophysical Probes of Cosmology. Springer, 2015.

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14

March, Marisa Cristina. Advanced Statistical Methods for Astrophysical Probes of Cosmology. Springer, 2013.

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15

Susan, Hockfield, ed. Selected methods for antibody and nucleic acid probes. Plainview, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1993.

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16

Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger, and Eric Coissac. Single-species detection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 “Single-species detection” deals with the practical aspects of detecting a single and predefined taxon with eDNA, with a particular focus on the use of quantitative PCR (qPCR) for this purpose. After presenting how single-species detection has been implemented in a few seminal studies, it details the principles underlying qPCR. More specifically, it describes the typical qPCR amplification curve and the different systems (SYBR green and TaqMan probe assays) available to record amplicon accumulation in real time via fluorescence measurements. Chapter 9 also explains how the initial number of target sequences can be estimated with the Ct method, and addresses the design and test of reliable qPCR barcodes and probes targeting a single species. Finally, several important experimental considerations are highlighted, including the particular concerns of contamination and inhibition in qPCR.

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17

(Editor), Elena Hilario, and John MacKay (Editor), eds. Protocols for Nucleic Acid Analysis by Nonradioactive Probes (Methods in Molecular Biology). 2nd ed. Humana Press, 2007.

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18

L, Wiedbrauk Danny, and Farkas Daniel H, eds. Molecular methods for virus detection. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995.

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19

Heithaus, Robert Evans, Almas Syed, and Chet R. Rees. Slow and Steady Method for Advancing Devices Through Tight or Tortuous Anatomy. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0059.

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Advancing vascular sheaths, catheters, balloons, stent grafts, or drainage catheters can prove difficult in tight or tortuous anatomy, leading to prolonged procedure and fluoroscopy time. Overcoming the static forces of friction requires greater magnitude of force compared to the kinetic forces of friction. Static forces of friction can result in catheter or device kinking, particularly in tight or tortuous anatomy. By applying slow, steady force (as opposed to multiple isolated applications of force) in a manner described in this chapter, one can advance a device in a slow and steady manner, thus reducing the amount of pain, tissue damage, and potentially fluoroscopy time.

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20

Molecular Imaging Probes For Cancer Research. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2012.

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21

Edge, M. D. Statistical Thinking from Scratch. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827627.001.0001.

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In virtually every field, researchers find themselves navigating tremendous amounts of new data. Making sense of this flood of information requires much more than the rote application of traditional statistical methods. This book will train researchers to be creative and confident users of statistics by thinking hard about the application of simple methods to a small dataset. In particular, this book focuses on simple linear regression—a method with strong connections to the most important tools in applied statistics—using it as a detailed case study for teaching resampling-based, likelihood-based, and Bayesian approaches to statistical inference. This exercise imparts an idea of how statistical procedures are designed and implemented, a flavor for the philosophical positions one implicitly assumes when applying statistics, and an opportunity to probe the strengths and weaknesses of one’s statistical approach. Key to the book’s novel approach is its mathematical level, which is gentler than most texts for statisticians but more rigorous than most introductory texts for non-statisticians. Statistical Thinking from Scratch is suitable for senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students, professional researchers, and practitioners seeking to improve their understanding of statistical methods across the natural and social sciences, medicine, psychology, public health, business, and other fields.

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22

Molecular Probes of the Nervous System: Selected Methods for Antibody and Nucleic Acid Probes (Molecular Probes of the Nervous System) (Molecular Probes of the Nervous System). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1993.

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23

Hildebrand, Maria, and Ulf Ekelund. The assessment of physical activity. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0021.

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Physical activity (PA) is a complex human behaviour that comprises several dimensions, including intensity, frequency, duration, type/mode, and domain. PA outcomes can be divided into two main categories: the estimation of energy expenditure, and other quantifying metrics of PA. Subjective methods, including questionnaires and diaries, are often easy to use, cost-effective and are able to assess type of PA and to rank PA levels. However, they are prone to several limitations and are not able to provide accurate estimates of PA, energy expenditure, or intensity. Objective methods, including accelerometers and heart rate monitors, provide a reasonably accurate quantification of intensity, frequency, duration, and PA energy expenditure. When choosing a method for assessing PA several factors need to be considered, including validity, reliability, accuracy, and responsiveness, as well as the purpose of the study, the population being studied, and the outcome of interest.

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24

Narayana, Shalini, Babak Saboury, Andrew B. Newberg, Andrew C. Papanicolaou, and Abass Alavi. Positron Emission Tomography. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.8.

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging method that utilizes compounds labeled with positron-emitting radioisotopes as molecular probes to evaluate different neurophysiological processes quantitatively and noninvasively. This chapter provides a background regarding positron emission, radiotracer chemistry, and detector and scanner instrumentation, as well as analytical methods for evaluating basic brain physiology, such as cerebral blood flow and oxygen and glucose metabolism. The methodological aspects of PET imaging, such as patient preparation and optimal scanning parameters, are discussed. Examples of application of blood flow and metabolic imaging in both research and clinical scenarios for the evaluation of normal neurophysiology are provided. Recent advances in PET imaging, including PET-CT and PET-MRI, are also described. Finally, the unique strengths of PET imaging are highlighted.

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25

Zhang, Min, Bang-Ce Ye, and Bin-Cheng Yin. Nano-Bio Probe Design and Its Application for Biochemical Analysis. Springer, 2012.

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26

Zhang, Min, Bang-Ce Ye, and Bin-Cheng Yin. Nano-Bio Probe Design and Its Application for Biochemical Analysis. Springer, 2012.

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27

Furst, Eric M., and Todd M. Squires. Passive microrheology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.003.0003.

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The underlying theory of passive microrheology is introduced as an in-depth examination of the Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation (GSER) from the starting point of the Langevin equation. The chapter includes a careful treatment of the assumptions that must be made for the technique to work, and what happens when these assumptions are violated. Methods of interpreting passive microrheology experiments and the general limits of operation are highlighted. The Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation (GSER) is the principal defining equation of passive microrheology. It is a physical relation between the thermal motion of probe particles and the material rheology. Specifically, it relates the observable displacement of the probe particles to the surrounding material’s rheological response.

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28

Johnson, David William. Quick blots and nonradioactive detection systems: Improvements on methods for DNA hybridizations using mosquitoes. 1990.

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29

Furst, Eric M., and Todd M. Squires. Microrheology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.001.0001.

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We present a comprehensive overview of microrheology, emphasizing the underlying theory, practical aspects of its implementation, and current applications to rheological studies in academic and industrial laboratories. Key methods and techniques are examined, including important considerations to be made with respect to the materials most amenable to microrheological characterization and pitfalls to avoid in measurements and analysis. The fundamental principles of all microrheology experiments are presented, including the nature of colloidal probes and their movement in fluids, soft solids, and viscoelastic materials. Microrheology is divided into two general areas, depending on whether the probe is driven into motion by thermal forces (passive), or by an external force (active). We present the theory and practice of passive microrheology, including an in-depth examination of the Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation (GSER). We carefully treat the assumptions that must be made for these techniques to work, and what happens when the underlying assumptions are violated. Experimental methods covered in detail include particle tracking microrheology, tracer particle microrheology using dynamic light scattering and diffusing wave spectroscopy, and laser tracking microrheology. Second, we discuss the theory and practice of active microrheology, focusing specifically on the potential and limitations of extending microrheology to measurements of non-linear rheological properties, like yielding and shear-thinning. Practical aspects of magnetic and optical tweezer measurements are preseted. Finally, we highlight important applications of microrheology, including measurements of gelation, degradation, high-throughput rheology, protein solution viscosities, and polymer dynamics.

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30

Ulrich, Dave, Steve Kerr, and Ron Ashkenas. The GE Work-Out : How to Implement GE's Revolutionary Method for Busting Bureaucracy & Attacking Organizational Proble. McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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31

The GE Work-Out : How to Implement GE's Revolutionary Method for Busting Bureaucracy & Attacking Organizational Proble. McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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32

Bestmann, Sven, Christian C. Ruff, Jon Driver, and Felix Blankenburg. Concurrent TMS and functional magnetic resonance imaging: methods and current advances. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0036.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation is used for a wide range of applications in cognitive, clinical, and neuroscience. However, the precise physiological mechanisms by which TMS influences brain function are only partially understood. Combining TMS with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a more complete picture of the neural underpinnings of TMS effects. This article gives an overview of methodology and technical aspects concerned with combining TMS with fMRI. Furthermore, it explains the challenges involved with the combination of TMS with fMRI and proposes solutions to the same. It also focuses on recent applications of concurrent TMS-fMRI. Combining TMS with fMRI may allow a new noninvasive probe technique for the human brain. TMS-fMRI can be used to compare TMS-evoked effective connectivity in health and disease. It can potentially be used to investigate connectivity changes during different states, with different degrees of involvement for interconnected brain regions during different tasks.

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33

Bédécarrats, Florent, Isabelle Guérin, and François Roubaud, eds. Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865360.001.0001.

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In October 2019, Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer jointly won the 51st Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty." But what is the exact scope of their experimental method, known as randomized control trials (RCTs)? Which sorts of questions are RCTs able to address and which do they fail to answer? This book provides answers to these questions, explaining how RCTs work, what they can achieve, why they sometimes fail, how they can be improved and why other methods are both useful and necessary. Chapters contributed by leading specialists in the field present a full and coherent picture of the main strengths and weaknesses of RCTs in the field of development. Looking beyond the epistemological, political, and ethical differences underlying many of the disagreements surrounding RCTs, it explores the implementation of RCTs on the ground, outside of their ideal theoretical conditions and reveals some unsuspected uses and effects, their disruptive potential, but also their political uses. The contributions uncover the implicit worldview that many RCTs draw on and disseminate, and probe the gap between the method's narrow scope and its success, while also proposing improvements and alternatives. This book warns against the potential dangers of their excessive use, arguing that the best use for RCTs is not necessarily that which immediately springs to mind, and offering opportunity to come to an informed and reasoned judgement on RCTs and what they can bring to development.

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34

Farb, Benson, and Dan Margalit. Mapping Class Group Basics. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147949.003.0003.

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This chapter explains the basics of the mapping class group of a surface. It first provides the definition and examples before computing the mapping class group in essentially all of the cases where it can be computed directly. This includes the case of the disk, the annulus, the torus, and the pair of pants. An important method, the Alexander method, emerges as a tool for such computations and is used to prove whether a homeomorphism is or is not homotopically trivial, and whether two homeomorphisms are homotopic or not. One of the computations performed using the Alexander method is a classical fundamental theorem of Dehn.

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35

Hutchinson, G. O. Rhythmic Prose in Imperial Greek Literature. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821717.003.0001.

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The chapter looks at the division between poetry and prose in ancient and other literatures, and shows the importance of rhythmic patterning in ancient prose. The development of rhythmic prose in Greek and Latin is sketched, the system explained and illustrated (from Latin). It is firmly established, for the first time, which of the main Greek non-Christian authors 31 BC–AD 300 write rhythmically. The method takes a substantial sample of random sentence-endings (usually 400) from each of a large number of Imperial authors; it compares that sample with one sample of the same size (400) drawn randomly from a range of authors earlier than the invention of this rhythmic system. A particular sort of X2-test is applied. Many Imperial authors, it emerges, write rhythmically; many do not. The genres most likely to offer rhythmic writing are, unexpectedly, narrative: historiography and the novel.

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36

Engell, James. ‘A Hare in every Nettle’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737827.003.0002.

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Coleridge’s prose represents the trace and track of his mind in action. It records the intricate processes, the inner workshop of thinking and feeling: fertile, at times rapid, at times digressing, working not so much by direct lines as by sideways and encompassing motions, though always towards a goal, yet willing to put aside that goal, at least temporarily, for a richer one discovered on the way. In notebooks, letters, essays, criticism, journalism, religious and spiritual writing, in arguments against slavery and child labour—always displaying a wealth and love of words in their richness and distinctions (and coining many of his own that have entered the language)—his prose registers no formulated catechism of thought. He writes in multiple styles. His compositions embody a flexible method subsuming all his powers. Coleridge’s prose is an acquired taste but one worth acquiring.

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37

Kodali, Anil K., and Rohit Bhargava. Nanostructured probes to enhance optical and vibrational spectroscopic imaging for biomedical applications. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.15.

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This article describes the use of nanostructured probes to enhance optical and vibrational spectroscopic imaging for biomedical applications. Engineered probes and surfaces are promising tools for enhancing signals for ultrasensitive detection of diseases like carcinoma. Two methods of interest are surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for IR and Raman modalities, respectively. SERS and SEIRA can be broadly categorized under a common modality termed surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy. This article first reviews various breakthrough findings reported in SERS and SEIRA, along with different types ofsubstrates and contrast agents used in realizing the enhancement and theories proposed to explain these findings. It then considers the configurations of nano-LAMPs and presents example results demonstrating their optical resonances and tunability. Finally, it evaluates a few techniques for fabricating multilayered nanoparticles and highlights some issues with respect to fabrication.

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38

Longman Guide to Revising Prose: A Quick and Easy Method for Turning Good Writing into Great Writing. Longman, 2006.

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39

Krishnan, Kannan M. Principles of Materials Characterization and Metrology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830252.001.0001.

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Characterization enables a microscopic understanding of the fundamental properties of materials (Science) to predict their macroscopic behavior (Engineering). With this focus, the book presents a comprehensive discussion of the principles of materials characterization and metrology. Characterization techniques are introduced through elementary concepts of bonding, electronic structure of molecules and solids, and the arrangement of atoms in crystals. Then, the range of electrons, photons, ions, neutrons and scanning probes, used in characterization, including their generation and related beam-solid interactions that determine or limit their use, are presented. This is followed by ion-scattering methods, optics, optical diffraction, microscopy, and ellipsometry. Generalization of Fraunhofer diffraction to scattering by a three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in crystals, leads to X-ray, electron, and neutron diffraction methods, both from surfaces and the bulk. Discussion of transmission and analytical electron microscopy, including recent developments, is followed by chapters on scanning electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopies. It concludes with elaborate tables to provide a convenient and easily accessible way of summarizing the key points, features, and inter-relatedness of the different spectroscopy, diffraction, and imaging techniques presented throughout. The book uniquely combines a discussion of the physical principles and practical application of these characterization techniques to explain and illustrate the fundamental properties of a wide range of materials in a tool-based approach. Based on forty years of teaching and research, and including worked examples, test your knowledge questions, and exercises, the target readership of the book is wide, for it is expected to appeal to the teaching of undergraduate and graduate students, and to post-docs, in multiple disciplines of science, engineering, biology and art conservation, and to professionals in industry.

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40

Kawashima, Robert S. Biblical Narrative and the Birth of Prose Literature. Edited by Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.3.

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This chapter discusses the significance of literary milieu for the analysis and interpretation of the narratives of the Hebrew Bible, in particular, the pre-exilic narratives found in Genesis-Kings (less Ruth). Appealing to literary milieu entails a type of literary-comparative method. There are, however, not one but two forms of literary comparison: historicist comparison, based on chronological and geographical contiguity, and formalist comparison, based on formal similarity. Whereas the concrete literary connections established by the former (so-called ancient Near Eastern parallels) are indispensable to the interpretation of specific passages, the abstract properties established by the latter (poetry, prose, oral tradition, and literature) bring into focus, rather, the different representational possibilities intrinsic to these different forms of narrative art.

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41

Van Raalte, Theodore G. Ecclesiastical Architecture for the French Reformed Churches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882181.003.0004.

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Soon after Chandieu began to serve the church of Paris as co-pastor, his skills in law came to the fore with the creation of a church order, the Discipline ecclesiastique (1559). In 1565 the French Reformed churches, meeting in a synod, asked Chandieu to defend the authority of the consistory over against the congregationalist views of Jean Morély. The resulting work, the Confirmation de la discipline ecclesiastique (1566), exhibits a series of scholastic motifs that are studied. Another work, from 1567, defends the teachings of John Calvin in the form of a scholastic disputation, yet it is rather expansive and rhetorical in its prose. Study of these works establishes the state of Chandieu’s scholastic method early in his career.

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42

(Editor), A. Karp, D. S. Ingram (Editor), and Peter G. Isaac (Editor), eds. Molecular Tools for Screening Biodiversity. Springer, 1997.

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43

Ingram, D. S., A. Karp, and Peter G. Isaac. Molecular Tools for Screening Biodiversity. Springer My Copy UK, 1997.

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44

Furst, Eric M., and Todd M. Squires. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.003.0001.

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General concepts of rheology and microrheology are presented, including basic concepts of the microrheology measurement, the characteristics of soft materials, rheological functions and principles of conventional rheometric measurements, as well as several common rheological properties that will be encountered throughout the text. Microrheology encompasses a set of rheometric methods or techniques with unique capabilities|a part of the experimental toolbox for characterizing the rheological properties of materials to aid their understanding, or help in the design of new materials. There are limitations to microrheology that are important to understand from the outset. Colloidal particles are central to all microrheology measurements. Basic concepts of colloid science, including typical probe chemistries, colloidal stability, characterization, and preparation are presented.

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45

Ingram, D. S., A. Karp, and Peter G. Isaac. Molecular Tools for Screening Biodiversity: Plants and Animals. Springer, 2011.

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46

S, Ingram David, Isaac Peter G, and Karp A, eds. Molecular tools for screening biodiversity: Plants and animals. London: Chapman & Hall, 1998.

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47

Isett, Philip. Hölder Continuous Euler Flows in Three Dimensions with Compact Support in Time. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.001.0001.

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Motivated by the theory of turbulence in fluids, the physicist and chemist Lars Onsager conjectured in 1949 that weak solutions to the incompressible Euler equations might fail to conserve energy if their spatial regularity was below 1/3-Hölder. This book uses the method of convex integration to achieve the best-known results regarding nonuniqueness of solutions and Onsager's conjecture. Focusing on the intuition behind the method, the ideas introduced now play a pivotal role in the ongoing study of weak solutions to fluid dynamics equations. The construction itself—an intricate algorithm with hidden symmetries—mixes together transport equations, algebra, the method of nonstationary phase, underdetermined partial differential equations (PDEs), and specially designed high-frequency waves built using nonlinear phase functions. The powerful “Main Lemma”—used here to construct nonzero solutions with compact support in time and to prove nonuniqueness of solutions to the initial value problem—has been extended to a broad range of applications that are surveyed in the appendix. Appropriate for students and researchers studying nonlinear PDEs, this book aims to be as robust as possible and pinpoints the main difficulties that presently stand in the way of a full solution to Onsager's conjecture.

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48

Zrazhevskiy, P., and X. Gao. Bioconjugated quantum dots for tumor molecular imaging and profiling. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.17.

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This article discusses the use of bioconjugated quantum dots (QDs) for tumor molecular imaging and profiling. The need for personalized diagnostics and therapy is becoming apparent in all areas of medicine, and especially urgent and sought after in treating cancer. Mechanisms of cancerogenesis and cancer response to therapy remain poorly understood, thus precluding accurate cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and effective treatment. Accurate molecular profiling of individual tumors is one key to effective treatment. This article first considers the photophysical properties of QDs before reviewing the most common methods for engineering QD-based probes for biomedical applications, including water solubilization and bioconjugation approaches. It also describes a number of techniques for molecular imagingand profiling of tumors, ranging from QD-based multicolor flow cytometry and applications of QDs in high-resolution correlated fluorescence/electron microscopy, QD bioprobes for molecular profiling of tumor-tissue sections and microarrays, and QD-oligonucleotide bioconjugates for in-situ hybridization.

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49

Chen, C. Julian. Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856559.001.0001.

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The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) was invented by Binnig and Rohrer and received a Nobel Prize of Physics in 1986. Together with the atomic force microscope (AFM), it enables non-destructive observing and mapping atoms and molecules on solid surfaces down to a picometer resolution. A recent development is the non-destructive observation of wavefunctions in individual atoms and molecules, including nodal structures inside the wavefunctions. STM and AFM have become indespensible instruments for scientists of various disciplines, including physicists, chemists, engineers, and biologists to visualize and utilize the microscopic world around us. Since the publication of the first edition in 1993, this book has been recognized as a standard introduction for everyone that starts working with scanning probe microscopes, and a useful reference book for those more advanced in the field. After an Overview chapter accessible for newcomers at an entry level presenting the basic design, scientific background, and illustrative applications, the book has three Parts. Part I, Principles, provides the most systematic and detailed theory of its scientific bases from basic quantum mechancis and condensed-metter physics in all available literature. Quantitative analysis of its imaging mechanism for atoms, molecules, and wavefunctions is detailed. Part II, Instrumentation, provides down to earth descriptions of its building components, including piezoelectric scanners, vibration isolation, electronics, software, probe tip preparation, etc. Part III, Related methods, presenting two of its most important siblings, scanning tunnelling specgroscopy and atomic force miscsoscopy. The book has five appendices for background topics, and 405 references for further readings.

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Lepora, Nathan F. Biohybrid systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0048.

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This chapter introduces the “biohybrid systems” section of the Handbook of Living Machines and briefly reviews some important examples of systems formed by coupling biological to engineered components. These include brain–machine interfaces, both non-invasive, using different external measurement and scanning devices, and invasive approaches focusing on implantable probes. Next we consider fabrication methods for micro- and nanobiohybrid systems and an example of a biohybrid system at the organism level, in the form of a robot–animal biohybrid, developed using methods from synthetic biology. There are many application for biohybrid systems in healthcare: we include exemplar chapters describing intelligent prostheses such as artificial hands with tactile sensing capabilities, sensory organ–chip hybrids in the form of cochlear implants, and artificial implants designed to replace damaged neural tissue and restore lost memory function.

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Books on the topic 'Four probe method'

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