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Journal articles on the topic 'Four probe method'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

HASEGAWA, SHUJI, ICHIRO SHIRAKI, FUHITO TANABE, REI HOBARA, TAIZO KANAGAWA, TAKEHIRO TANIKAWA, IWAO MATSUDA, et al. "ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION THROUGH SURFACE SUPERSTRUCTURES MEASURED BY MICROSCOPIC FOUR-POINT PROBES." Surface Review and Letters 10, no. 06 (December 2003): 963–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x03005736.

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For in-situ measurements of the local electrical conductivity of well-defined crystal surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum, we have developed two kinds of microscopic four-point probe methods. One involves a "four-tip STM prober," in which four independently driven tips of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) are used for measurements of four-point probe conductivity. The probe spacing can be changed from 500 nm to 1 mm. The other method involves monolithic micro-four-point probes, fabricated on silicon chips, whose probe spacing is fixed around several μm. These probes are installed in scanning-electron-microscopy/electron-diffraction chambers, in which the structures of sample surfaces and probe positions are observed in situ. The probes can be positioned precisely on aimed areas on the sample with the aid of piezoactuators. By the use of these machines, the surface sensitivity in conductivity measurements has been greatly enhanced compared with the macroscopic four-point probe method. Then the conduction through the topmost atomic layers (surface-state conductivity) and the influence of atomic steps on conductivity can be directly measured.

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2

Ishikawa, Makoto, Masamichi Yoshimura, and Kazuyuki Ueda. "Null method for four-point probe measurement using high resistance probes." e-Journal of Surface Science and Nanotechnology 4 (2006): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/ejssnt.2006.115.

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3

Ma, D., Y. Sun, M. Wang, and Y. Gao. "Three-dimensional numerical modeling of a four-pin probe for soil water content." Soil Research 44, no. 2 (2006): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05116.

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Soil probes with 4-pin configuration have been widely used in frequency domain (FD) and time domain reflectometry methods for determining soil water content. The techniques of FD sensors largely rely on the port impedance of the probe. This study provided a 3-dimensional numerical model to represent the electric behaviours of the 4-pin probe, which is valuable for analysing the effect of the soil dielectric constant, geometry, and the operating frequency on the port impedance of the probe. The model was performed with high frequency structure simulator software based on Maxwell’s equations and finite element method. A typical 3-dimensional electromagnetic distribution of the 4-pin probe was presented. The model was validated with 3 experiments under the aid of a network analyser. First, the experiment was performed using a series of fluids of known relative dielectric constants, then numerical simulations were carried out and confirmed by soil sample test with varying frequencies and the probe lengths. The effects of these parameters on FD methods are discussed based on the 4-pin probes. The 3-dimensional numerical model appears to be a meaningful tool to investigate more deeply a 4-pin probe in FD method.

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4

Yamashita, Masato, Toshifumi Nishii, and Hiroya Mizutani. "Resistivity Measurement by Dual-Configuration Four-Probe Method." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 42, Part 1, No. 2A (February 15, 2003): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.42.695.

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5

Petersen, Dirch H., Ole Hansen, Rong Lin, and Peter F. Nielsen. "Micro-four-point probe Hall effect measurement method." Journal of Applied Physics 104, no. 1 (July 2008): 013710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2949401.

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6

Yamashita, M. "Resistivity correction factor for the four-probe method." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 20, no. 12 (December 1987): 1454–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/20/12/003.

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7

Yamashita, M. "Resistivity correction factor for the four-probe method." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 21, no. 5 (May 1988): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/21/5/520.

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8

Chen, Xi, Changku Sun, Changjie Liu, and Luhua Fu. "A Four-Probe Method Using Different Probe Spacings for Measurement and Exact Reconstruction of Parallel Profiles." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 30, 2019): 5216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235216.

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To realize the measurement and exact reconstruction of a pair of parallel profiles, a new scanning method using four displacement sensors as probes and different probe spacings has been invented with the advantage of preventing data processing error. The measuring device is placed between the measured objects and moved by a scanning stage to collect measurement data of both measured profiles. Considering many existing methods, the high lateral resolution of the reconstruction result and the rejection of the data processing error cannot always be achieved at the same time. When the measured profiles are in the short wavelength range, data processing errors are often on the same order of magnitude as the height difference of the measured profiles. The new method can eliminate both the straightness error of the measurement reference and the data processing error. The exact reconstruction retaining the high lateral resolution and without data processing error can be realized by rational position arrangement of sensors and corresponding processing method of the measurement data. The new method possesses the following advantages: (i) achievement of the exact reconstruction without data processing error; (ii) high lateral resolution not limited by probe spacing; (iii) concise operation without zero calibration of probes; and (iv) suitability for on-machine measurement. The feasibility and advantages of the new method were demonstrated by theoretical analyses, simulations, and experimental results.

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9

Hu, Ying, Li Bai, Linna Zhao, Lingling Wu, Hong Lv, Qiongqiong Li, Xinpeng Li, et al. "Standardized Shiga-Toxin Encoding Genes Real-Time PCR Screening Methods Comparison and Development of an Internally Controlled Assay for Pan-stx2 Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 104, no. 4 (March 16, 2021): 1065–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsab030.

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Abstract Background Various primer and probe sets have been developed and standardized, but certain sets may have low efficiency or miss some stx-subtypes. Objective To compare the efficiency of the recommended stx screening primers and probe sets in four standardized methods and develop a new primers and probe system with an internal amplification control (IAC) for all known stx2 subtypes. Method The inclusivity and specificity of recommended screening primers and probe sets in four standardized methods were compared. A new pan-stx2 primer and probe set was adapted from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) method for all known stx2 subtypes. The robustness of the new method was assessed in seven laboratories and also assessed in ground beef and bean sprout samples. Results None of the recommended screening primers and probe sets in the four standardized methods could efficiently amplify all the stx2 subtypes because of various mismatches in the primers or the probe sequences. A new primers and probe system adapted from the ISO method, through introducing degenerate bases in primers and probe sequences with an IAC, showed high amplification efficiency and specificity for all known stx2 subtypes in ground beef and bean sprouts samples. The specificity of the new method was assessed in seven laboratories and showed robust and consistent results. Conclusions This study provided evidence for Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) screening method development, and the newly developed primers and probes system should be considered in the revision of the standardized methods. Highlights None of the recommended screening primer and probe set in the four official methods could efficiently amplify all the stx2 subtypes. A new developed primer and probe set showed high amplification efficiency and specificity for all known stx2 subtypes in fresh ground beef and bean sprouts samples. The newly developed stx2 screening system showed robustness and consistency during interlaboratory study.

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10

Yu, Kwang Min, Jeon Hong Kang, Han Jun Kim, Kwon Soo Han, and Je Cheon Ryu. "Uncertainty Improvements of Metallic Resistivity Measurements by the Four-Point Probe Method." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1470.

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Besides well-known destructive methods for material degradation, the electrical resistivity method has been used as one of nondestructive evaluation methods because of easy measurement. To use the method, however, careful geometrical corrections and thickness measurements are required. The high current probe assembly and accurate thickness measurement device were developed to improve overall measurement uncertainty. If dual configuration Four-Point Probe method with the developed devices is used, overall measurement uncertainty of electrical resistivity could be reduced to 0.44 % at 95 % confidence level. Proper selection of the probe spacing matched with sample thickness is very important to determine accurate electrical resistivity. When sample thickness is less than probe spacing, it is expected that dual configuration Four-Point Probe technique can be used in nondestructive evaluation of plant equipment materials.

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11

Kim, Jaehyun, Eric Ou, Daniel P. Sellan, and Li Shi. "A four-probe thermal transport measurement method for nanostructures." Review of Scientific Instruments 86, no. 4 (April 2015): 044901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4916547.

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12

Yamashita, Masato, Toshifumi Nishii, Atsushi Iwata, Hiroshi Kurihara, and Nobuo Tanaka. "Resistivity Correction Factor for the Four-Ring Probe Method." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 32, Part 1, No. 1A (January 15, 1993): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.32.246.

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13

Yamashita, Masato, and Hideo Enjoji. "Resistivity Correction Factor for the Four-Circular-Probe Method." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 28, Part 1, No. 2 (February 20, 1989): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.28.258.

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14

Sitaram, N., and A. L. Treaster. "A Simplified Method of Using Four-Hole Probes to Measure Three-Dimensional Flow Fields." Journal of Fluids Engineering 107, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3242436.

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A simplified method of using four-hole probes to measure three-dimensional flow-fields is presented. This method is similar to an existing calibration and application procedure used for five-hole probes. The new method is demonstrated for two four-hole probes of different geometry. These four-hole probes and a five-hole probe are used to measure the turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate. The results from the three probes are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The major discrepancies occur near the surface of the flat plate and are attributed to wall vicinity and velocity gradient effects.

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15

Chung, Hye Yoon, Miyoung Kim, Cha Ja See, Hyun Jung Min, Sung-Soo Yoon, Han Ik Cho, and Dong Soon Lee. "FISH Analysis of IgH Rearrangement by 4 Kinds of Probes Involving IgH Genes in Multiple Myeloma: Improved Sensitivity for the Detection by Use of IGH Break-Apart Probe." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 4134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.4134.4134.

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Abstract Background: IgH (immunoglobulin heavy chain) gene rearrangement is known to be the most frequent chromosome change in multiple myeloma. The detection of this genetic change is conveniently done by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method recently. The aim of this study is to determine the utility of most commonly used probes, IGH/CCND1 dual color, dual fusion probe (Downers Grove, IL, USA), IGH/BCL2 dual color, dual fusion probe (Downers Grove, IL, USA), IGH/FGFR3 dual color, dual fusion probe (Downers Grove, IL, USA) and IGH dual color break apart rearrangement probe from Vysis Products (Downers Grove, IL, USA). Methods: We applied four different probes of IgH FISH on 202 Korean patients with multiple myeloma for comparing the utility of four probes. Results: 84 of 202 patients (41.6%) had the IgH gene rearrangement. 44 of 84 patients (52.4%) showed positive to all four probes, but 40 of 84 patients (47.6%) showed discrepancy. IGH dual color break apart rearrangement probe showed highly detectable rate (41.6%) compare to IGH/CCND1 (31.2%), IGH/BCL2 (27.7%) and IGH/FGFR3 (24.3%). Among patients who showed discrepancy between four probes, 20 of 40 patients (50.0%) were only positive to IGH dual color break apart rearrangement probe. Conclusions: The IGH break-apart probe was qualitatively and quantitatively better than three other probes at initial diagnosis and during follow-up of myeloma. In conclusion, it would be most efficient and advisable to use the IGH break-apart probe at first, and then to identify the translocation partner in case of positive rearrangement of IgH.

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16

Yamashita, Masato, Shoji Yamaguchi, and Hideo Enjoji. "Resistivity Correction Factor for the Four-Probe Method: Experiment I." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 27, Part 1, No. 5 (May 20, 1988): 869–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.27.869.

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17

Yamashita, Masato, Shoji Yamaguchi, Toshifumi Nishii, Hiroshi Kurihara, and Hideo Enjoji. "Resistivity Correction Factor for the Four-Probe Method: Experiment II." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 28, Part 1, No. 5 (May 20, 1989): 949–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.28.949.

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18

Waremra, Richard S., and Philipus Betaubun. "Analysis of Electrical Properties Using the four point Probe Method." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 13019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187313019.

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There has been conducted Physics research on a material, that is, monitoring electric characteristic of a material using four-point probe method. This research measures current and voltage. The result is used to determine resistivity of a material. The research uses 2 samples, that is, chalk and charcoal. The result shows the resistivity of the sample in the form of bulk (t>s) for chalk has high resistivity on voltage of 6.6 Volt. Meanwhile, resistivity on thick sheet (t<s) has high resistivity on voltage of 7 Volt. On the charcoal material, large resistivity (t>s) is in 6 Volt, and on large resistivity (t<s) is in 6.6 Volt.

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19

Yamashita, Masato, Toshifumi Nishi, Hiroshi Kurihara, Hideo Enjoji, and Atsushi Iwata. "Resistivity Correction Factor for the Four-Probe Method: Experiment III." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 29, Part 1, No. 4 (April 20, 1990): 776–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.29.776.

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20

Shen, Xiuzhong, and Hideo Nakamura. "Local interfacial velocity measurement method using a four-sensor probe." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 67 (December 2013): 843–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.08.064.

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21

An, Dong, Qian Zhang, Yanhao Liu, Ying Xu, Meng Shao, Sainan Wang, and Peng Zhou. "Shaft system profile reconstruction method based on L-shaped axial four-probe method." Measurement Science and Technology 32, no. 11 (August 20, 2021): 115030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac1614.

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22

Liu, Xin Fu, and Zhi Hui Zhu. "Influence Study of Sheet Resistance Measurement Errors by Square Four Probes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 734 (February 2015): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.734.125.

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The article analyses the principle of square four probe measurement technology. The principle of the probe vacillated at testing a large silicon wafer is analyzed, and interference can be avoided while measuring and analyzing the impact on square four probe measurement by probe vacillate. The influence of probe wavering using square four probe method for the equipment designed by authors is analyzed with detailed data, and calculated error of the probe wander. Probe positions of maximum error produced are found, so ensuring testing accuracy schemes are proposed at last.

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23

Kang, Jeon-Hong, Kwang-Min Yu, Kung-Wan Koo, and Sang-Ok Han. "Precision Measurement of Silicon Wafer Resistivity Using Single-Configuration Four-Point Probe Method." Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 60, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 1434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2011.60.7.1434.

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24

Baek, Sang-Woo, Nahm-Gyoo Cho, and Min-Han Bae. "On-machine Measurement of Precision Cylindrical Parts Using Four Probe Method." Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers 29, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7735/ksmte.2020.29.3.155.

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25

Yamashita, Masato. "Resistivity Correction Factor for Four-Probe Method on Circular Semiconductors II." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 27, Part 1, No. 7 (July 20, 1988): 1317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.27.1317.

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26

Yamashita, Masato. "Resistivity Correction Factor for Four-Probe Method on Circular Semiconductors I." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 26, Part 1, No. 9 (September 20, 1987): 1550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.26.1550.

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27

VANDAMME, L. K. J., and G. LEROY. "ANALYTICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR CORRECTION FACTORS FOR NOISE MEASUREMENTS WITH A FOUR-POINT PROBE." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 06, no. 02 (June 2006): L161—L178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477506003264.

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The linear four-point probe method is useful to measure the resistivity, by passing a current I14 through the outer probes and by measuring the voltage V23 between the inner probes. The contacts are on a line and denoted by 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively. The sheet resistance for thin layers with thickness t is Rsh = ρ/t (Ω). The sheet resistance is measured as Rsh = (V23/I14). C23 where the correction factor is C23 = π/ln2 = 4.53 for t smaller than s, the distance between probe points. In order to characterize the 1/f noise of a film with a four-point probe we need noise correction factors for the calculation of the conductance noise from the voltage noise between the pair of points, where the current is not passed through. Our calculations of the noise correction factors are based on the general theory for conductance noise investigations with four arbitrarily shaped and placed electrodes. Analytical expressions for noise correction factors Fij and fij are derived and compared with experimental results for the three cases. The subscripts of F and f denote the voltage sensor contacts. The following cases are investigated: 1) I14 and V23, 2) I13 and V24 and 3) I12 and V34. The subscripts in I and V denote the current driver contacts and voltage sensor contacts, respectively. From the calculations and experimental results it follows that: i) case1 (I14 and V23) is the best choice in order to suppress a non-intentional noise contribution from the interface between probe tip and layer, ii) the reciprocity relation is applicable to voltage noise due to conductance fluctuations. The voltage noise SV23 that is observed by passing a constant current I14 through the pair of probes 1, 4 is equal to the voltage noise SV14 if we pass the same current through the contacts 2, 3. The four-point probe method with the noise correction factors can be recommended to investigate e.g., the conductance noise of conductive polymer layers even with an insulating top layer and without the preparation of rectangular samples with perfect noise-free line contacts. The four-point probe can punch an insulating top layer and allows the measurement of sheet resistance and noise. Several tests show that the noise contributions from the interface between probe tip and layer are negligible. The ratio of the conductance (1/f) noise, Cus, normalized for frequency and area and the sheet resistance gives an indication of the degree of percolation in composite conductive layers.

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28

Park, Douglas L., Thomas B. Whitaker, Francis G. Giesbrecht, and Henry Njapau. "Performance of Three Pneumatic Probe Samplers and Four Analytical Methods Used to Estimate Aflatoxins in Bulk Cottonseed." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, no. 5 (September 1, 2000): 1247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.5.1247.

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Abstract The requirement by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration that agricultural products susceptible to aflatoxin contamination contain aflatoxin at levels ≤20 parts per billion for consumer-ready products has led to the establishment of inspection programs by various industries. In Arizona, cottonseed samples from 100 ton piles are collected by an accumulation of 3 or more probings with a pneumatic probe. When sampling compacted cottonseed piles, the large official pneumatic probe (7.6 × 127 cm) decreases in efficiency. Two smaller probes (1.9 × 127 cm and 1.9 × 254 cm ) were therefore developed and tested for their suitability for sampling cottonseed piles. Three rapid analytical methods (one thin-layer chromatographic and 2 immunochemical) were tested for suitability as on-site assay systems. An analysis of variance of the analytical test results showed no differences between the various probes tested. Of the rapid methods, however, only the AflaTest-P immunoaffinity column gave results similar to those of the official AOAC thin-layer chromatography method. In terms of safety, however, all methods prevent material contaminated above regulatory limits from reaching the consumer.

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29

Kovác, P., V. Cambel, and P. Bukva. "Measuring the homogeneity of Bi(2223)/Ag tapes by four-probe method and a Hall probe array." Superconductor Science and Technology 12, no. 7 (January 1, 1999): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/12/7/401.

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30

Cousins, Debby, Suzette Williams, Ernesto Liébana, Alicia Aranaz, Annelies Bunschoten, Jan Van Embden, and Trevor Ellis. "Evaluation of Four DNA Typing Techniques in Epidemiological Investigations of Bovine Tuberculosis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 1 (1998): 168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.1.168-178.1998.

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DNA fingerprinting techniques were used to type 273 isolates ofMycobacterium bovis from Australia, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, and Iran. The results of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with DNA probes from IS6110, the direct repeat (DR), and the polymorphic GC-rich sequence (PGRS) were compared with those of a new PCR-based method called spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) developed for the rapid typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (J. Kamerbeek et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:907–914, 1997). Eighty-five percent of the isolates harbored a single copy of IS6110, and 81.5% of these carried IS6110 on the characteristic 1.9-kb restriction fragment. RFLP analysis with IS6110 identified 23 different types, RFLP analysis with the DR probe identified 35 types, RFLP analysis with the PGRS probe identified 77 types, and the spoligotyping method identified 35 types. By combining all results, 99 different strains could be identified. Isolate clusters were frequently associated within herds or were found between herds when epidemiological evidence confirmed animal movements. RFLP analysis with IS6110 was sufficiently sensitive for the typing of isolates with more than three copies of IS6110, but RFLP analysis with the PGRS probe was the most sensitive typing technique for strains with only a single copy of IS6110. Spoligotyping may have advantages for the rapid typing of M. bovis, but it needs to be made more sensitive.

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31

Zainal, Farah Farhana, Kamarudin Hussin, Azmi Rahmat, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Shaiful Rizam, Mohammad Tamizi Selimin, and Andrei Victor Sandu. "The Electrical Resistivity of Geopolymer Paste by Using Wenner Four Probe Method." Key Engineering Materials 660 (August 2015): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.660.28.

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This paper presents an experimental study of the electrical resistivity of geopolymer paste by using a non-destructive test employing Wenner four probe method. Geopolymer is produced from a combination mixture of aluminosilicate materials which is rich in Si and Al such as fly ash with an alkaline activator. Geopolymer paste in this study was made from a mixture of class F fly ash, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) solution. An alkaline activator was prepared 24 hrs prior to use with the ratio mixture of Na2SiO3/NaOH being 2.5. Then, the prepared alkaline activator was mixed with the fly ash for about 30 minutes. After that, the mixture was placed in a 100 mm x 103 mm x 495 mm mould. After 24 hrs, the sample was taken out from the mould and cured at 60°C in the oven for 24 hrs. The sample was then tested after 7, 14 and 28 days. The current applied in this study was from 0.01 mA to 1.00 mA and the electrode spacing used were 0.02 m, 0.04 m, 0.06 m, 0.08 m and 0.10 m. The results showed that the geopolymer paste after 28 days with the current of 0.01 mA and 0.10 m electrode spacing showed the highest resistivity with 61575 Ω.m while the geopolymer paste after 7 days with 0.95 mA and 0.02 m electrode spacing showed the lowest resistivity with 537 Ω.m. Hence, the corrosion rate of geopolymer paste in this study was negligible and if occur, was very low.

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32

Hasegawa, Shuji, Ichiro Shiraki, Takehiro Tanikawa, Christian L. Petersen, Torben M. Hansen, Peter Boggild, and Francois Grey. "Direct measurement of surface-state conductance by microscopic four-point probe method." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 14, no. 35 (August 22, 2002): 8379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/14/35/309.

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33

Yamashita, Masato, Toshifumi Nishii, and Hiroshi Kurihara. "Resistivity Correction Factor for the Four-Point Probe Method on Cylindrical Materials." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 35, Part 1, No. 3 (March 15, 1996): 1948–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.35.1948.

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34

Fu, Xudong, Zhangxun Xia, Qingting Liu, Suli Wang, and Gongquan Sun. "A Modified Four‐Probe Method to Separate Ionic Conductance from Composite Conductors." ChemElectroChem 7, no. 16 (August 17, 2020): 3535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.202000903.

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35

Ding, Fei, Xichun Luo, Wenlong Chang, and Zhengjian Wang. "In Situ Measurement of Spindle Radial and Tilt Error Motions by Complementary Multi-probe Method." Nanomanufacturing and Metrology 2, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41871-019-00051-5.

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Abstract This paper presents a complementary multi-probe method for measurement of radial and tilt error motions of a spindle. Neither indexing of artefact nor rotating of spindle housing is required and thus make it suitable for in situ evaluation of spindle performance effectively. In order to minimize the harmonic suppression problems commonly encountered in the multi-probe measurement approach, three sets of probe angle combinations were optimized and the harmonics of the three measurements were extracted and composed to reveal the true artefact errors in a complementary way. The exact probe angles were identified by the correlation function of the probe signals after the sensors are mounted onto the fixture and the requirement of high-precision fixtures was alleviated. The evaluation of measurement results showed that the erroneous harmonics were greatly reduced by 70%. Using this method, the radial error motions of the precision air bearing spindle were measured at seven axial positions and then the synchronized tilts error motions were calculated. This demonstrated an effective approach for measuring four degree-of-freedom error motions in one setup with a small number of displacement sensor probes.

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36

Munivenkatareddy, Suresh, and Nekkanti Sitaram. "Extended Calibration Technique of a Four-Hole Probe for Three-Dimensional Flow Measurements." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5327297.

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The present paper reports the development and nonnulling calibration technique to calibrate a cantilever type cylindrical four-hole probe of 2.54 mm diameter to measure three-dimensional flows. The probe is calibrated at a probe Reynolds number of 9525. The probe operative angular range is extended using a zonal method by dividing into three zones, namely, center, left, and right zone. Different calibration coefficients are defined for each zone. The attainable angular range achieved using the zonal method is ±60 degrees in the yaw plane and −50 to +30 degrees in the pitch plane. Sensitivity analysis of all the four calibration coefficients shows that probe pitch sensitivity is lower than the yaw sensitivity in the center zone, and extended left and right zones have lower sensitivity than the center zone. In addition, errors due to the data reduction program for the probe are presented. The errors are found to be reasonably small in all the three zones. However, the errors in the extended left and right zones have slightly larger magnitudes compared to those in the center zone.

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Panta, GP, and DP Subedi. "Electrical characterization of aluminum (Al) thin films measured by using four- point probe method." Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 8, no. 2 (January 3, 2013): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v8i2.7322.

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This paper reports the results of electrical characterization of aluminum thin films. Uniform Al thin films were deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique on glass substrates. The electrical resistivity of the films as a function of film thickness was studied. These parameters have been measured by four-point probe method. The electrical resistivity was obtained by the measurement of current (in mA) and voltage in (mV) through the probe. The results showed that resistivity of the film decreases linearly with the film thickness in the range of the thickness studied in this work. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 8, No. II, December, 2012, 31-36 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v8i2.7322

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Pan, Wugen, Kozo Fujiwara, and Satoshi Uda. "Evaluation of crystalline silicon solar cells by current-modulating four-point-probe method." Applied Physics Letters 103, no. 4 (July 22, 2013): 043903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4816783.

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Rouget, G., B. Majidi, D. Picard, G. Gauvin, D. Ziegler, J. Mashreghi, and H. Alamdari. "Electrical Resistivity Measurement of Petroleum Coke Powder by Means of Four-Probe Method." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 48, no. 5 (July 6, 2017): 2543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-017-1022-9.

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Kang, Jeon Hong, Kwang Min Yu, Han Jun Kim, Je Cheon Ryu, and Sang Ok Han. "Comparisons of Precision Measurement Methods for Metallic Resistivities." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1465.

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As widely-used methods to measure metallic resistivities, Four-terminal method, van der Pauw method, Four-Point Probe(FPP) method and eddy current method were compared and analysed to find the method with lowest uncertainty and accurate method for applying nondestructively to industry. STS 316, non-magnetic metal is used as sample for the four methods. Conductivity ratios by the four-terminal method and van der Pauw method had the lowest uncertainty of 0.25 % and the ratios by the FPP method had measurement uncertainty of 0.45 % when probe spacing was more than two times of sample thickness and dc 10 A is applied. Also, the ratio values by the eddy current method had 1 % or more difference from the four-terminal or van der Pauw method and measurement uncertainty was obtained as 0.93 %. From the results, former two methods had the lowest uncertainty but are destructive methods so that those are difficult to apply to the field of industry. The FPP method is an accurate and nondestructive measurement method so that it can be used in the field. The eddy current method is one of nondestructive method but it has the highest uncertainty and low accuracy.

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Baek, Sang-Woo, Min-Gyu Kim, Dong-Hyeok Lee, and Nahm-Gyoo Cho. "Multi-probe system design for measuring the roundness and rotation error motion of a spindle using an error separation technique." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 5 (June 22, 2018): 1547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405418782281.

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Fourier model–based multi-probe-error-separation is an error separation method that is useful for precise measurement of the rotation error motion of spindles or roundness profile of rotating machine parts. However, it is not yet widely used, because it suffers from the critical problem of harmonic distortion. This study explores the phenomenon of harmonic distortion in detail and analytically clarifies the principles behind its occurrence. The position at which harmonic distortion occurs can be calculated exactly and easily using principles related not only to probe arrangement angles, but also to measurement conditions such as data length and undulation range of interest. Based on these principles, we propose multi-probe system design guidelines for the effective selection of probe arrangement angles and avoidance of harmonic distortion. The reliability and usability of the proposed design method are verified by simulation tests; stable multi-probe-error-separation can easily be achieved using the proposed design technique. We conduct experimental tests using a special measuring system based on four probes composed of two different probe arrangement sets and verify that this multi-probe-error-separation method can acquire rotation error motion or roundness profile precisely without harmonic distortion.

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Jangir, Ravirai, Nekkanti Sitaram, and Ct Gajanan. "A Miniature Four-Hole Probe for Measurement of Three-Dimensional Flow with Large Gradients." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/297861.

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A miniature four-hole probe with a sensing area of 1.284 mm2to minimise the measurement errors due to the large pressure and velocity gradients that occur in highly three-dimensional turbomachinery flows is designed, fabricated, calibrated, and validated. The probe has good spatial resolution in two directions, thus minimising spatial and flow gradient errors. The probe is calibrated in an open jet calibration tunnel at a velocity of 50 m/s in yaw and pitch angles range of ±40 degrees with an interval of 5 degrees. The calibration coefficients are defined, determined, and presented. Sensitivity coefficients are also calculated and presented. A lookup table method is used to determine the four unknown quantities, namely, total and static pressures and flow angles. The maximum absolute errors in yaw and pitch angles are 2.4 and 1.3 deg., respectively. The maximum absolute errors in total, static, and dynamic pressures are 3.4, 3.9, and 4.9% of the dynamic pressures, respectively. Measurements made with this probe, a conventional five-hole probe and a miniature Pitot probe across a calibration section, demonstrated that the errors due to gradient and surface proximity for this probe are considerably reduced compared to the five-hole probe.

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Bhattarai, Rikesh. "Construction of Sheet Resistance Measurement Setup for Tin Dioxide Film Using Four Probe Method." American Journal of Physics and Applications 5, no. 5 (2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20170505.11.

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Yamashita, Masato. "Geometrical Correction Factor for Resistivity of Semiconductors by the Square Four-Point Probe Method." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 25, Part 1, No. 4 (April 20, 1986): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.25.563.

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Chen, Changdong, Sujuan Hu, Zihao Chen, Yue Shen, Chenning Liu, Qian Wu, Tengzhou Yang, and Chuan Liu. "Generalized Gated Four-Probe Method for Intrinsic Mobility Extraction With Van Der Pauw Structure." IEEE Electron Device Letters 41, no. 2 (February 2020): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2019.2959832.

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Yun, Yong Ju, Han Young Yu, and Dong Han Ha. "Measurement of electrical transport along stretched λ-DNA molecules using the four-probe method." Current Applied Physics 11, no. 5 (September 2011): 1197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2011.02.019.

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Kang, Jeon-Hong, Sang-Hwa Lee, Hyun Ruh, and Kwang-Min Yu. "Development of a Thickness Meter for Conductive Thin Films Using Four-Point Probe Method." Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology 16, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 2265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42835-021-00725-5.

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Witthøft, Maria-Louise, Frederik W. Østerberg, Janusz Bogdanowicz, Rong Lin, Henrik H. Henrichsen, Ole Hansen, and Dirch H. Petersen. "A variable probe pitch micro-Hall effect method." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (July 20, 2018): 2032–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.192.

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Hall effect metrology is important for a detailed characterization of the electronic properties of new materials for nanoscale electronics. The micro-Hall effect (MHE) method, based on micro four-point probes, enables a fast characterization of ultrathin films with minimal sample preparation. Here, we study in detail how the analysis of raw measurement data affects the accuracy of extracted key sample parameters, i.e., how the standard deviation on sheet resistance, carrier mobility and Hall sheet carrier density is affected by the data analysis used. We compare two methods, based primarily on either the sheet resistance signals or the Hall resistance signals, by theoretically analysing the effects of electrode position errors and electrical noise on the standard deviations. We verify the findings with a set of experimental data measured on an ultrashallow junction silicon sample. We find that in presence of significant electrical noise, lower standard deviation is always obtained when the geometrical analysis is based on the sheet resistance signals. The situation is more complicated when electrode position errors are dominant; in that case, the better method depends on the experimental conditions, i.e., the distance between the insulating boundary and the electrodes. Improvement to the accuracy of Hall Effect measurement results is crucial for nanoscale metrology, since surface scattering often leads to low carrier mobility.

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HEISICK, JUDY E., FANNIE M. HARRELL, EUGENE H. PETERSON, SALLIE MCLAUGHLIN, DEAN E. WAGNER, IRENE V. WESLEY, and JOHN BRYNER. "Comparison of Four Procedures to Detect Listeria spp. in Foods." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.3.154.

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A comparison was made of four procedures to detect Listeria spp. in two food categories. The study comprised 309 assays, 71 on milk from both infected and uninfected cows, and 238 on ten types of fresh vegetables. A sample was considered positive if it could be detected by at least a single method and if isolates could be confirmed as Listeria spp. The procedures detected 98–100% of the positive milk samples. Recovery from vegetable samples ranged from 45 to 86%, probably because of low levels of Listeria spp. in the presence of mixed flora. The ELISA procedure of the Organon Teknika® corporation detected 68% of the 44 positive vegetable samples; the GENE-TRAK®DNA probe, 45%; the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) culture procedure, 75%; and the FDA probe procedure, 86%. Recovery was higher with LiCl-phenylethanol-moxalactam agar (FDA probe procedure) than with modified McBride Agar (FDA culture procedure).

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Chinnappan, Amutha, Jeremy Kong Yoong Lee, W. A. D. M. Jayathilaka, and Seeram Ramakrishna. "Fabrication of MWCNT/Cu nanofibers via electrospinning method and analysis of their electrical conductivity by four-probe method." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43, no. 2 (January 2018): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.11.028.

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