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Journal articles on the topic 'Four-stage gearboxes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Merainani, Boualem, Chemseddine Rahmoune, Djamel Benazzouz, and Belkacem Ould-Bouamama. "A novel gearbox fault feature extraction and classification using Hilbert empirical wavelet transform, singular value decomposition, and SOM neural network." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 12 (2017): 2512–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546316688991.

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There are growing demands for condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of rotating machinery to lower unscheduled breakdown. Gearboxes are one of the fundamental components of rotating machinery; their faults identification and classification always draw a lot of attention. However, non-stationary vibration signals and low energy of weak faults makes this task challenging in many cases. Thus, a new fault diagnosis method which combines the Hilbert empirical wavelet transform (HEWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), and self-organizing feature map (SOM) neural network is proposed in this pap

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2

Amin Al Hajj, Mohamad, Giuseppe Quaglia, and Ingo Schulz. "Condition-Based Monitoring on High-Precision Gearbox for Robotic Applications." Shock and Vibration 2022 (April 25, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6653723.

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This work presents a theoretical and experimental study regarding defect detection in a robotic gearbox using vibration signals in both cyclostationary and noncyclostationary conditions. The existing work focuses on inferring the health of the robot during operation with little regard toward the defective element of the components. This article illustrates the detection of specific element damage of a robotic gearbox during a robotic cycle based on domain knowledge and presents a novel data-driven method for asset health. This starts by studying the robotic gearbox, specifically its kinematics

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Amin Al Hajj, Mohamad, Giuseppe Quaglia, and Ingo Schulz. "Condition-Based Monitoring on High-Precision Gearbox for Robotic Applications." Shock and Vibration 2022 (April 25, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6653723.

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This work presents a theoretical and experimental study regarding defect detection in a robotic gearbox using vibration signals in both cyclostationary and noncyclostationary conditions. The existing work focuses on inferring the health of the robot during operation with little regard toward the defective element of the components. This article illustrates the detection of specific element damage of a robotic gearbox during a robotic cycle based on domain knowledge and presents a novel data-driven method for asset health. This starts by studying the robotic gearbox, specifically its kinematics

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4

Gutierrez Santiago, Unai, Aemilius A. W. van Vondelen, Alfredo Fernández Sisón, Henk Polinder, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden. "Identification of operational deflection shapes of a wind turbine gearbox using fiber-optic strain sensors on a serial production end-of-line test bench." Wind Energy Science 10, no. 1 (2025): 207–25. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-207-2025.

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Abstract. Wind energy has witnessed a staggering development race, resulting in higher torque density demands for the drivetrain in general and the gearbox in particular. Accurate knowledge of the input torque and suitable models are essential to ensure reliability, but neither of them is currently available in commercial wind turbines. The present study explores how a subspace identification algorithm can be applied to fiber-optic strain sensors on a four-stage gearbox to obtain operational deflection shapes. An innovative measurement setup with 129 fiber-optic strain sensors has been install

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Liu, Xiaojun, Ziwen Wu, Yiping Yuan, Wenlei Sun, and Jianxiong Gao. "Reliability Modeling of Wind Turbine Gearbox System Considering Failure Correlation Under Shock–Degradation." Sensors 25, no. 14 (2025): 4425. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144425.

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To address traditional methods’ limitations in neglecting the interaction between random shock loads and progressive degradation, as well as failure correlations, this study proposes a dynamic reliability framework integrating Gamma processes, homogeneous Poisson processes (HPP), and mixed Copula functions. The framework develops a wind turbine gearbox reliability model under shock–degradation coupling while quantifying failure correlations. Gamma processes characterize continuous degradation, with parameters estimated from P-S-N curves. Based on stress–strength interference theory, random sho

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Chen, Yuan, Rupeng Zhu, Guanghu Jin, Yeping Xiong, Jie Gao, and Meijun Liao. "A New Mathematical Modeling Method for Four-Stage Helicopter Main Gearbox and Dynamic Response Optimization." Complexity 2019 (February 26, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5274712.

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A new mathematical modeling method, namely, the finite element method and the lumped mass method (LMM-FEM) mixed modeling, is applied to establish the overall multinode dynamic model of a four-stage helicopter main gearbox. The design of structural parameters of the shaft is the critical link in the four-stage gearbox; it affects the response of multiple input and output branches; however, only the meshing pairs were frequently shown in the dynamic model in previous research. Therefore, each shaft is also treated as a single node and the shaft parameters are coupled into the dynamic equations

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7

Nithin, Somehalli Kapanigowda, Krishna Hemanth, Vasanth Shamanth, and Thammaiah Ananthapadmanabha. "Internal combustion engine gearbox bearing fault prediction using J48 and random forest classifier." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 4 (2023): 4467–76. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i4.pp4467-4476.

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Defective bearings in four-stroke engines can compromise performance and efficiency. Early detection of bearing difficulties in 4-stroke engines is critical. Four-stroke gasoline engines that vibrate or make noise can be used to diagnose issues. Using time, frequency, and time-frequency domain approaches, the vibrational features of healthy and diseased tissues are examined. Problems are only detectable by vibration or sound. The fault is identified through statistical analysis of seismic and audio data using frequency and time-frequency analysis. Vibration must be minimized prior to examinati

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8

Somehalli Kapanigowda, Nithin, Hemanth Krishna, Shamanth Vasanth, and Ananthapadmanabha Thammaiah. "Internal combustion engine gearbox bearing fault prediction using J48 and random forest classifier." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 4 (2023): 4467. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i4.pp4467-4476.

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<span lang="EN-US">Defective bearings in four-stroke engines can compromise performance and efficiency. Early detection of bearing difficulties in 4-stroke engines is critical. Four-stroke gasoline engines that vibrate or make noise can be used to diagnose issues. Using time, frequency, and time-frequency domain approaches, the vibrational features of healthy and diseased tissues are examined. Problems are only detectable by vibration or sound. The fault is identified through statistical analysis of seismic and audio data using frequency and time-frequency analysis. Vibration must be min

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9

Yang, Jie, Yanjiong Yue, Rupeng Zhu, Weifang Chen, and Miaomiao Li. "Dynamic Characteristics of Encased Differential Gear Train with Journal Bearing." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (April 20, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2436191.

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Taking the marine encased differential gear train as an example, the relationship between the journal bearing parameters and the meshing force of the transmission system is analyzed. In this paper, the dynamic model of the encased differential gear train with journal bearing is established considering the factors of time-varying meshing stiffness and comprehensive transmission error. In this dynamic model, four stiffnesses and four damping coefficients are applied to characterize the asymmetry and interaction of the oil film stiffness and damping of planet bearing. The system responses are cal

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10

Dao, Phong B. "On Cointegration Analysis for Condition Monitoring and Fault Detection of Wind Turbines Using SCADA Data." Energies 16, no. 5 (2023): 2352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052352.

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Cointegration theory has been recently proposed for condition monitoring and fault detection of wind turbines. However, the existing cointegration-based methods and results presented in the literature are limited and not encouraging enough for the broader deployment of the technique. To close this research gap, this paper presents a new investigation on cointegration for wind turbine monitoring using a four-year SCADA data set acquired from a commercial wind turbine. A gearbox fault is used as a testing case to validate the analysis. A cointegration-based wind turbine monitoring model is estab

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11

Margiantono, A., M. Sipan, S. Pinandita, Harmini Harmini, and E. Setiawati. "EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTI-STAGE SPUR GEARBOX DYNAMICS UNDER VARIABLE TORQUE LOADS." International Journal of Advanced Research 13, no. 06 (2025): 1322–26. https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/21197.

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This study investigates the dynamic performance of a multi-stage spur gearbox designed with a theoretical reduction ratio of 100:1. The gearbox comprises six involute spur gears on four shafts and was tested under input torque loads from 2.5 Nm to 27 Nm. Rotational speeds and torques were measured using digital tachometers (1%) and strain gauge sensors (0.5%). Output RPM ranged from 25.079 to 40.281, with an average deviation of 3.1% from the theoretical ratio. Input power varied between 0.07 W and 1.10 W, while output power ranged from 0.047 W to 0.76 W. Overall efficiency was observed betwee

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12

Mahiddini, Brahim, Taha Chettibi, Khaled Benfriha, and Amézian Aoussat. "Multidisciplinary design optimization of a gear train transmission." Concurrent Engineering 27, no. 3 (2019): 268–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1063293x19862605.

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This article presents a method for multidisciplinary design optimization of a one-stage gear train transmission for an industrial application. The formulation and implementation that enable the integrated design of the gearbox elements (gears, shafts, and bearings) are detailed. The analytical formulation problem is based on four disciplines: product reliability, customer preference, product cost, and structure. The proposed integrated design process takes into account constraints imposed by quality standards. The optimization of the gear train transmission is performed according to a multidis

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13

Sfetcu, Camelia Rodica, Zoltan Korka, Alin Virgil Bloju, Dalina Elena Traistaru, and Corneliu Hrimiuc. "Evaluation of gear pitting severity by using various condition monitoring indicators." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 16, no. 1 (2022): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2022.1.34-41.

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Fault detection techniques based on vibration measurement are implemented to identify in an early stage failures appearing in gear transmissions. Condition monitoring indicators (CMI), like: Root Mean Square (RMS), Crest Factor, Kurtosis, FMO, FM4, Energy ratio, Energy operator, NA4 or NB4, are used to estimate the level of gear faults such as pitting, cracks, spalling, scuffing or scoring. However, in is multitude of indicators, the question that arises is: which CMI is the most sensitive in estimating the severity of defects? Thus, this paper presents an extensive comparison between the befo

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14

Pilipenko, S. S., А. P. Potapenkov, A. I. Vakulenko, and Ya Yu Yanko. "Development and research of a multistage hydraulic gear-multiplier drive for metallurgical presses." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, no. 3 (2022): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-3-216-223.

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The paper presents one of the solutions to reduce the installed power and increase efficiency of hydraulic pump drive of high power pressing equipment used in metallurgical plants. The authors have developed a multistage hydraulic drive based on a block gear-multiplier. Plungers of all cylinders form a movable block, the cylinders – a stationary one. The mode of operation (reduction, multiplication) is provided by a combination of output cylinders supplying fluid to the power cylinder by switching some of them to drain. Analysis of a four-stage drive with a three-stage multiplier gearbox is pr

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15

Xiong, Ying, and Singiresu S. Rao. "A Fuzzy Dynamic Programming Approach for the Mixed-Discrete Optimization of Mechanical Systems." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 6 (2004): 1088–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1876435.

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Many engineering optimization problems can be considered as multistage decision-making problems. If the system involves uncertainty in the form of linguistic parameters and vague data, a fuzzy approach is to be used for its description. The solution of such problems can be accomplished through fuzzy dynamic programming. However, most of the existing fuzzy dynamic programming algorithms cannot deal with mixed-discrete design variables in the optimization of mechanical systems containing fuzzy information. They often assumed that a fuzzy goal is imposed only on the final state for simplicity, th

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16

Mohamed, Ahmed Saeed, Sadok Sassi, and Mohammad Roshun Paurobally. "Model-Based Analysis of Spur Gears’ Dynamic Behavior in the Presence of Multiple Cracks." Shock and Vibration 2018 (2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1913289.

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Early detection of tooth cracks is crucial for effective condition-based monitoring and decision making. The scope of this work was to bring more insight into the vibration behavior of spur gears in the presence of single and multiple simultaneous tooth cracks. The investigation was conducted in both time and frequency domains. A finite element analysis was performed to determine the variation in stiffness with respect to the angular position for different combinations of crack lengths. A simplified nonlinear lumped parameter model of a one-stage gearbox with six degrees of freedom was then de

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17

Dong, Kunpeng, Zhili Sun, Xiandong Chai, and Jian Wang. "Experimental research of wear-fatigue interaction of gears." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 6 (2022): 168781322211049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221104957.

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Gear failures are commonly caused by wear and fatigue and past research on gear failures has primarily focused on individual failures. A gear testing machine was developed to explore the mechanism of gear wear-fatigue interaction, and four sets of wear-fatigue interaction tests were performed by changing the operating conditions of the gear drive by regulating the quantity of lubricant in the test gearbox. The K-S test method was used to investigate the gear life distribution under wear-fatigue interaction. The frequency domain properties of the wear-fatigue interaction were compiled and analy

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18

Gryllias, Konstantinos, Junyu Qi, Alexandre Mauricio, and Chenyu Liu. "Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbine Drivetrain Bearings." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, December 23, 2023, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4064366.

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Abstract The current pace of renewable energy development around the world is unprecedented, with offshore wind in particular proving to be an extremely valuable and reliable energy source. The global installed capacity of offshore wind turbines by the end of 2022 is expected to reach the 46.4 GW, among which 33.9 GW in Europe. Costs are critical for the future success of the offshore wind sector. The industry is pushing hard to make cost reductions to show that offshore wind is economically comparable to conventional fossil fuels. Efficiencies in Operations and Maintenance offer potential to

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19

Tofighi Niaki, Soheil, Hassan Alavi, and Abdolreza Ohadi. "Incipient Fault Detection of Helical Gearbox Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Time Synchronous Averaging." Structural Health Monitoring, June 27, 2022, 147592172211084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14759217221108489.

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As the fault detection methods diagnose defects in the earlier stage, the subsequent costs will be reduced. Feature extraction from the vibration signal is the foremost step for incipient fault detection of gearboxes. However, the current statistical features in the time and frequency domains cannot diagnose the early or low intensity faults. In this research, for the first time, besides these features, some other features are extracted by combining variational mode decomposition and time synchronous average (VMD-TSA) to overcome the problem. The combinations have occurred in two ways. First,

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20

Liu, Lan, Kun Kang, Yingjie Xi, Zhengxi Hu, Jingyi Gong, and Geng Liu. "Optimal Design and Experimental Verification of Low Radiation Noise of Gearbox." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 35, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00801-5.

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AbstractReducing the radiated noise of a gearbox is a difficult problem in aviation, navigation, machinery, and other fields. Structural improvement is the main means of noise reduction for a gearbox, and it is realized primarily through contribution analysis and structure optimization. However, these approaches have certain limitations. In this study, a low-noise design method for a gearbox that combines the two approaches is proposed, and experimental verification is performed. First, a finite element/boundary element model is established using a single-stage herringbone gearbox. Considering

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21

Allampallewar, G. L., Pratik Kurumkar, Aniket Gawade, and Satyam Shirke. "Design and Manufacturing of 4WD ATV Gearbox." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, May 31, 2025, 2512–18. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25may1308.

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The main objective of this project was to design and fabricate a drivetrain for an intercollegiate competition, BAJA SAE. The motivation behind undertaking this project was to gain an in-depth understanding of All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) and to study various parameters influencing drivetrain design and performance. Multiple configurations and design options were explored. After detailed discussions and evaluations, alternative concepts were systematically eliminated, and the most feasible option was selected. It was concluded that the transmission system would be automatic, incorporating a Con

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22

Reutov, Aleksandr. "SIMULATION OF STARTING AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE OF A CAR WITH A CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION." Automation and modeling in design and management, September 30, 2024, 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2658-6436-2024-2-41-52.

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The aim of the work is to build a computer dynamic model of moving internal combustion engine parts and a continu-ously variable transmission to determine the starting characteristics of the internal combustion engine. The paper objective is to define the characteristics of moving parts of the internal combustion engine and continuously variable transmission when starting the internal combustion engine with an electric starter. The research method is computer modelling of moving internal combustion engine and transmission parts when starting with an electric starter. The novelty of the work li

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23

Heydari Shahna, Mehdi, Mohammad Bahari, and Jouni Mattila. "Robust decomposed system control for an electro‐mechanical linear actuator mechanism under input constraints." International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, January 11, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rnc.7203.

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AbstractThis paper aims to develop a robust decomposed system control (RDSC) strategy under input constraints for an electro‐mechanical linear actuator (EMLA) facing model uncertainty and external disturbances. At first, a state‐space model of a complex multi‐stage gearbox EMLA system, driven by a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), is developed, and the non‐ideal characteristics of the ball screw are presented through the model. The result is a four‐order nonlinear strict‐feedback form (NSFF) system decomposed into three subsystems. As the paper's main result, a novel RDSC strategy wit

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24

-, Agus Margiantono, Supari -, and Titik Nurharyanti -. "Exploring the Feasibility of Gravity-Based Energy Conversion for Sustainable Electricity Generation." International Journal on Science and Technology 16, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.71097/ijsat.v16.i3.6574.

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This study demonstrates that gravity-based energy conversion systems have tangible potential as small-scale power generators. Using a 150 kg weight suspended at a height of 2 meters, a potential energy of 2,943 Joules was successfully converted into rotational energy through a pulley system and a four-stage gearbox. Experimental results showed a gradual torque reduction from 5.52 Nm at the first shaft to 0.045 Nm at the fourth, accompanied by an increase in rotational speed from 28.57 rpm to 740 rpm. Mechanical power decreased from 0.301 W to 0.134 W, consistent with typical energy losses in m

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