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Journal articles on the topic 'Fourth trophic level'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Nair, Abhilash, Toby Fountain, Suvi Ikonen, Sami P. Ojanen, and Saskya van Nouhuys. "Spatial and temporal genetic structure at the fourth trophic level in a fragmented landscape." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1831 (May 25, 2016): 20160668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0668.

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A fragmented habitat becomes increasingly fragmented for species at higher trophic levels, such as parasitoids. To persist, these species are expected to possess life-history traits, such as high dispersal, that facilitate their ability to use resources that become scarce in fragmented landscapes. If a specialized parasitoid disperses widely to take advantage of a sparse host, then the parasitoid population should have lower genetic structure than the host. We investigated the temporal and spatial genetic structure of a hyperparasitoid (fourth trophic level) in a fragmented landscape over 50 ×

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Rand, Tatyana A., F. J. Frank van Veen, and Teja Tscharntke. "Landscape complexity differentially benefits generalized fourth, over specialized third, trophic level natural enemies." Ecography 35, no. 2 (February 2012): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.07016.x.

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3

Araj, Salah-Eddin, Steve Wratten, Alison Lister, and Hannah Buckley. "Adding floral nectar resources to improve biological control: Potential pitfalls of the fourth trophic level." Basic and Applied Ecology 10, no. 6 (September 2009): 554–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2008.12.001.

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4

Buitenhuis, R., L. E. M. Vet, G. Boivin, and J. Brodeur. "Foraging behaviour at the fourth trophic level: a comparative study of host location in aphid hyperparasitoids." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 114, no. 2 (February 2005): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2005.00234.x.

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5

Chen, Cong, Rieta Gols, Arjen Biere, and Jeffrey A. Harvey. "Differential effects of climate warming on reproduction and functional responses on insects in the fourth trophic level." Functional Ecology 33, no. 4 (January 28, 2019): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13277.

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6

Nahrung, Helen F., and Michael P. Duffy. "Exploring the fourth trophic level: do hyperparasitoids infl uence biocontrol of a forestry pest in a native system?" New Zealand Entomologist 31, no. 1 (February 2008): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779962.2008.9722167.

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7

Gorbatenko, K. M., and I. V. Melnikov. "TROPHODYNAMICS OF MARINE ORGANISMS IN THE EPIPELAGIC LAYER OF THE OKHOTSK SEA IN 2000S." Izvestiya TINRO 198 (October 2, 2019): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2019-198-143-163.

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New data on matter and energy transfer between major components of the Okhotsk Sea ecosystem are obtained on the base of trophodynamic modeling, taking into consideration their production and food consumption rates. The main trophodynamic relationships in the pelagic and bottom communities are determined from observations on zooplankton and nekton abundance, organic carbon content, food habits of marine organisms, and their isotope composition in 2000–2014. The total zooplankton production in the entire Okhotsk Sea in these years is assessed as 2616 . 106 t in raw weight, including 2275 . 106

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Jonsson, M., S. D. Wratten, K. A. Robinson, and S. A. Sam. "The impact of floral resources and omnivory on a four trophic level food web." Bulletin of Entomological Research 99, no. 3 (December 9, 2008): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308006275.

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AbstractOmnivory is common among arthropods, but little is known about how availability of plant resources and prey affects interactions between species operating at the third and fourth trophic level. We used laboratory and field cage experiments to investigate how the provision of flowers affects an omnivorous lacewing, Micromus tasmaniae (Hemerobiidae) and its parasitoid Anacharis zealandica (Figitidae). The adult lacewing is a true omnivore that feeds on both floral resources and aphids, whereas the parasitoid is a life-history omnivore, feeding on lacewing larvae in the larval stage and f

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Schulz, Ashley N., Rima D. Lucardi, and Travis D. Marsico. "Successful Invasions and Failed Biocontrol: The Role of Antagonistic Species Interactions." BioScience 69, no. 9 (August 7, 2019): 711–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz075.

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Abstract Understanding the successes and failures of nonnative species remains challenging. In recent decades, researchers have developed the enemy release hypothesis and other antagonist hypotheses, which posit that nonnative species either fail or succeed in a novel range because of the presence or absence of antagonists. The premise of classical biological control of invasive species is that top-down control works. We identify twelve existing hypotheses that address the roles that antagonists from many trophic levels play during plant and insect invasions in natural environments. We outline

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Härri, Simone A., Jochen Krauss, and Christine B. Müller. "Fungal endosymbionts of plants reduce lifespan of an aphid secondary parasitoid and influence host selection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1651 (August 5, 2008): 2627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0594.

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Complex biotic interactions shape ecological communities of plants, herbivores and their natural enemies. In studies of multi-trophic interactions, the presence of small, invisible micro-organisms associated with plants and those of a fourth above-ground trophic level have often been neglected. Incorporating these neglected factors improves our understanding of the processes within a multi-trophic network. Here, we ask whether the presence of a fungal endosymbiont, which alters plant quality by producing herbivore-toxic substances, trickles up the food chain and affects the performance and hos

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11

Zeng, W. J., J. H. Li, J. X. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Bao, L. J. Liao, X. F. Guo, Y. X. Guo, B. L. Wu, and J. S. Zhang. "Research on response of water quality to land use pattern in nine plateau lake watersheds of Yunnan Province, China." Water Supply 20, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 3739–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.139.

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Abstract To study how water quality responds to land use types is of great significance in realizing effective control of non-point source pollution. This study built a response model of water quality to land use. The research results are as follows. First, the proportion of farmland is positively correlated to the total phosphorus (TP) value and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) value, which indicates that the water quality deteriorates as the area of farmland increases. Second, the proportion of woodland is negatively correlated to the permanganate index, the trophic state index, total nitroge

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12

Chaplygina, A. B., O. Y. Pakhomov, and V. V. Brygadyrenko. "Trophic links of the song thrush (Turdus philomelos) in transformed forest ecosystems of North-Eastern Ukraine." Biosystems Diversity 27, no. 1 (March 9, 2019): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011908.

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The diet spectrum of the song thrush (Turdus philomelos Brehm, 1831; Passeriformes, Turdidae) was studied with the aim of supporting the population of the species in transformed forests of North-Eastern Ukraine. Four forest ecosystems were surveyed: three model sites in oak woodlands with different stages of recreational digression, and the fourth model site in a pine-oak forest. A total of 45 invertebrate taxa with the dominance of Insecta (64.6%, n = 1321), Oligochaеta (16.7%), and Gastropoda (12.0%) were revealed in the diet of the song thrush. At the level of orders, Lepidoptera (66.2%) wa

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13

Santos, Terezinha Monteiro dos, and Arlindo Leal Boiça Jr. "Biological aspects and predatory capacity of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) fed on Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) reared on cotton genotypes." Scientia Agricola 59, no. 4 (December 2002): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162002000400008.

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Host plants may influence indirectly biological characteristics of predators, on a positive or negative way, poiting out the importance of studies evaluating the effect of cultivars on the third trophic level. This study evaluates the biological aspects and predatory capacity of Podisus nigrispinus adults fed Alabama argillacea larvae reared on cotton genotypes. The predator was fed daily with fourth instar larvae reared on leaves of the following genotypes CNPA Precoce 1 (hirsute), CNPA 9211-31 (high gossypol level), CNPA 9211-41 (medium gossypol level) and GL2 GL3 (gossypol glandless). The p

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14

Sukovatykh, Boris Semenovich, Elvin Eynulla Feyziev, Alexander Sergeevich Belous, Elena Vladimirovna Trubnikova, Mikhail Borisovich Sukovatykh, and Anzhelika Yurievna Orlova. "Experimental Modeling of the Ultra-Necrotic Stage of Critical Ischemia of the Lower Limbs." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 14, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2021-14-2-107-111.

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Objective. So far, no experimental model of the necrotic ulcerative stage of critical limb ischemia has been created. Aim. Development of a method for modeling the necrotic ulcerative stage of critical lower limb ischemia.Materials and methods. The experimental study was carried out on 120 rats - males of the "Wistar" line, divided into 4 groups of 30 animals each. In the first group (intact), the level of microcirculation in the muscles of the hind limb was determined. In the second (sham-operated) group, ischemia was not simulated, but the neurovascular bundle of the thigh was isolated and t

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15

Armstrong, D. G. "Ornithine decarboxylase activity in small ovarian follicles from the laying hen (Gallus domesticus): a comparison of follicles from several regions of the ovary." Journal of Endocrinology 112, no. 2 (February 1987): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1120183.

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ABSTRACT Small non-atretic follicles (1·5–250 mg) were collected from four distinct areas of the ovary of the laying hen. These were as follows: (1) the stalks of the two largest preovulatory follicles; (2) the stalks of the third largest preovulatory follicle; (3) the stalks of the fourth and fifth largest preovulatory follicle and (4) zona parenchymatosa. There was an increase in the proportion of small follicles in the size range 1·5–10 mg collected from the stalks of the large yellow yolky preovulatory follicles approaching ovulation, with a corresponding decrease in the number of small fo

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16

von Burg, Simone, Frank J. F. van Veen, Fernando Álvarez-Alfageme, and Jörg Romeis. "Aphid–parasitoid community structure on genetically modified wheat." Biology Letters 7, no. 3 (January 19, 2011): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1147.

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Since the introduction of genetically modified (GM) plants, one of the main concerns has been their potential effect on non-target insects. Many studies have looked at GM plant effects on single non-target herbivore species or on simple herbivore–natural enemy food chains. Agro-ecosystems, however, are characterized by numerous insect species which are involved in complex interactions, forming food webs. In this study, we looked at transgenic disease-resistant wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and its effect on aphid–parasitoid food webs. We hypothesized that the GM of the wheat lines directly or in

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17

Drozdenko, Tatyana, Sergey Fedorov, and Irina Kek. "SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND SOME HYDROCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF THE PEIPSI-PSKOV LAKE." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 16, 2021): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol1.6557.

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The Peipsi-Pskov Lake is the largest freshwater body in Europe, ranking fourth in area and fifth in volume. It is characterized by shallow water and a high level of trophy. The water in the lake is poorly mineralized and has little transparency due to suspended sediments and the development of plankton. Phytoplankton acts as a primary link in trophic chains, quickly reacts to changes in the aquatic environment and serves as a convenient object in monitoring studies.The average concentrations of total nitrogen in the lake during the observation period were in the range of 525-818 µg/dm3. The co

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18

Hawkins, Bradford A. "Species Diversity in the Third and Fourth Trophic Levels: Patterns and Mechanisms." Journal of Animal Ecology 57, no. 1 (February 1988): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4769.

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19

Zahn, Matthias, and Richard P. Allan. "Climate Warming–Related Strengthening of the Tropical Hydrological Cycle." Journal of Climate 26, no. 2 (January 15, 2013): 562–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00222.1.

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Abstract The authors estimate climate warming–related twenty-first-century changes of moisture transports from the descending into the ascending regions in the tropics. Unlike previous studies that employ time and space averaging, here homogeneous high horizontal and vertical resolution data from an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) climate model are used. This allows for estimating changes in much greater detail (e.g., the estimation of the distribution of ascending and descending regions, changes in the vertical profile, and separating changes of t

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20

Chen, Chun-Xia, Erzhong Wu, Yi-Zhong Yang, and Hong-Hua Su. "The transfer of Bt insecticidal protein to higher tropic levels via a transgenic cotton, then beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their natural enemies." Canadian Entomologist 146, no. 1 (October 10, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.41.

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AbstractIn order to determine the transference of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillaceae) (Bt) insecticidal protein in the food chain, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect Bt insecticidal protein levels in transgenic Bt cotton (GK12, New variety 33B and SGK321), Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on the Bt cotton varieties, and two natural enemies of S. exigua, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Microplitis pallidipes Szépligeti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The results showed that Bt insecticidal protein was found not only in co

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21

Winter, WH, JJ Mott, and RW McLean. "Evaluation of management options for increasing the productivity of tropical savanna pastures. 3. Trees." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 5 (1989): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890631.

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The effect of killing trees upon the production and quality of native perennial grasses, Themeda triandra, Chrysopogon fallax, Sehima nervosum, and Sorghum plumosum, and oversown legumes from the genus Stylosanthes, was studied over 4 years at Katherine, in the semi-arid tropics of northwestern Australia. The pastures were either unfertilised or received low inputs of superphosphate, and for each fertility level were grazed at 3 stocking rates. At no time were legume yields affected by killing the trees but, in the first 3 years, the amount of grass was approximately twice as much when the tre

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22

Govindappa, M., and K. Elavarasan. "Shade Cum Fruit Yielding Avocado under Coffee Ecosystem." International Letters of Natural Sciences 27 (October 2014): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.27.61.

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Avocado is one of the most commonly preferred shades grown tree crop under Coffee ecosystem. In view of that, Peninsula of Nicoya and Cost Rica farmer was rated avocado (Persea americana L. Mill) is a primary shade tree crop under coffee plantation at the level of 66.3 per cent and it ranked as a fourth position after the Inga spp., Guazumala ulmiflora and Cardia alliodoara. Hence, the avocado is a commercially important shade cum fruit yielding tree under coffee ecosystem which has cultivating both in humid tropic as well as subtropical climates of throughout the world. The tree is basically

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23

Cordero, E. C., and P. M. de F. Forster. "Stratospheric variability and trends in models used for the IPCC AR4." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 12 (November 29, 2006): 5369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5369-2006.

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Abstract. Atmosphere and ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) experiments for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) are analyzed to better understand model variability and assess the importance of various forcing mechanisms on stratospheric trends during the 20th century. While models represent the climatology of the stratosphere reasonably well in comparison with NCEP reanalysis, there are biases and large variability among models. In general, AOGCMs are cooler than NCEP throughout the stratosphere, with the largest differences in the tropics. Around

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Cordero, E. C., and P. M. de F. Forster. "Stratospheric variability and trends in IPCC model simulations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 4 (August 9, 2006): 7657–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-7657-2006.

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Abstract. Atmosphere and Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM) experiments for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report are analyzed using both 20th and 21st century model output to better understand model variability and assess the importance of various forcing mechanisms on stratospheric trends. While models represent the climatology of the stratosphere reasonably well in comparison with NCEP reanalysis, there are biases and large variability among models. In general, AOGCMs are cooler than NCEP throughout the stratosphere, with the largest differences in the

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25

Rozputnyi, O., V. Herasymenko, I. Pertsovyi, and M. Saveko. "Migration of 137Cs and 90Sr from black soil into vegetable of the Central part of the Forest-steppe zone of Ukraine." Agrobìologìâ, no. 2(142) (December 22, 2018): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2018-142-2-90-98.

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Regardless of the time after the Chernobyl disaster, the problem of radioactive contamination is very urgent. At present, 6.7 million hectares of our country remain contaminated, of which 1.2 million hectares of land are contaminated with 137Cs with a density of 42 to 589 kBq/m2 (1–15 Ci/km2). There are 2,161 settlements in the radioactively contaminated territories, where there are about 3 million inhabitants. For the inhabitants of rural areas of these settlements, the main part of food products belongs to the products obtained from the land, so the definition of plant contamination by artif

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26

Duflot, Valentin, Jean-Luc Baray, Guillaume Payen, Nicolas Marquestaut, Francoise Posny, Jean-Marc Metzger, Bavo Langerock, et al. "Tropospheric ozone profiles by DIAL at Maïdo Observatory (Reunion Island): system description, instrumental performance and result comparison with ozone external data set." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2017): 3359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3359-2017.

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Abstract. In order to recognize the importance of ozone (O3) in the troposphere and lower stratosphere in the tropics, a DIAL (differential absorption lidar) tropospheric O3 lidar system (LIO3TUR) was developed and installed at the Université de la Réunion campus site (close to the sea) on Reunion Island (southern tropics) in 1998. From 1998 to 2010, it acquired 427 O3 profiles from the low to the upper troposphere and has been central to several studies. In 2012, the system was moved up to the new Maïdo Observatory facility (2160 m a.m.s.l. – metres above mean sea level) where it started oper

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27

JM, Segura León, Medina i. Mirapeix F., and Valera Garrido F. "Adverse effects of percutaneous needle electrolysis in carpal tunnel syndrome." Revista Fisioterapia Invasiva / Journal of Invasive Techniques in Physical Therapy 02, no. 02 (December 2019): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3402508.

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Abstract Background Percutaneous needle electrolysis is a physical therapy technique which has shown to be useful for the treatment of nerve entrapments. The aim of the present study was to analyze the possible adverse effects and the follow-up pattern after the application of percutaneous needle electrolysis in carpal tunnel syndrome. Material and Methods A descriptive observational study conducted at the Traumatology Service of the Ciudad Real Hospital, in patients with a medical diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome confirmed by electromyography (gold standard).Percutaneous needle electrolysi

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28

Miranda, Gonzalo Francisco, and Luciana del Pilar Rafael. "Non-Tropical Diabetic Hand Syndrome in Peru: A Case Report." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.802.

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Abstract Background: The diabetic foot is the most studied spectrum in relation to musculoskeletal complications in diabetic patients but upper extremities may be affected, producing from superficial hand injuries to multiorganic failure due to sepsis. Tropical diabetic hand syndrome has been used to describe a potentially dangerous infection in the hand, generally diagnosed in areas of the tropics. Nevertheless, cases have been seen in non-tropical areas in marginal urban areas which are part of the spectrum of Non tropical diabetic hand syndrome. Clinical Case: A 52-year-old woman, from marg

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29

Levinson, D. H., and J. H. Lawrimore. "ABSTRACT." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 89, no. 7s (July 1, 2008): 10–179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-89.7s.10.

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The combined land and ocean surface temperature in 2007 fell within the 10 highest on record, while the average land temperature was the warmest since global records began in 1880. In the low to midtroposphere, the annual global mean temperature was among the five warmest since reliable global records began in 1958, but still cooler than the record warmest year of 1998. For the fourth consecutive year, the annual precipitation averaged over global land surfaces was above the long-term mean, although the anomaly was significantly less than in 2006 when the annual value was the eighth wettest si

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30

Pr�tz, Gernot, Andreas Brink, and Konrad Dettner. "Transgenic insect-resistant corn affects the fourth trophic level: effects of Bacillus thuringiensis-corn on the facultative hyperparasitoid Tetrastichus howardi." Naturwissenschaften 91, no. 9 (August 24, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-004-0558-0.

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Zawisza, Edyta, Anna Filbrandt-Czaja, and Alexander Correa-Metrio. "Subfossil Cladocera and pollen as indicators of natural and anthropogenic trophic changes of Lake Jelonek (Tuchola Forest, N Poland) during the Holocene." Advances in Oceanography and Limnology 1, no. 1S (December 9, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiol.2016.6234.

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<p class="Tre">Lake Jelonek is a small lake located in central northern Poland, in the Tuchola Forest. The sediments of the lake represent a natural archive that offers insights into the natural history of the region from the Late Glacial to present. In winter 2002, a 1330 cm long sediment core was recovered from the deepest part of lake. Using a multiproxy approach (cladocerans, pollen and basic geochemistry), we reconstructed trophic status changes through the last ~15,000 years. Special attention was devoted to the evaluation of nutrient contributions to the lake from natural and anth

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Robert, Christelle AM, Xi Zhang, Ricardo AR Machado, Stefanie Schirmer, Martina Lori, Pierre Mateo, Matthias Erb, and Jonathan Gershenzon. "Sequestration and activation of plant toxins protect the western corn rootworm from enemies at multiple trophic levels." eLife 6 (November 24, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.29307.

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Highly adapted herbivores can phenocopy two-component systems by stabilizing, sequestering and reactivating plant toxins. However, whether these traits protect herbivores against their enemies is poorly understood. We demonstrate that the western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, the most damaging maize pest on the planet, specifically accumulates the root-derived benzoxazinoid glucosides HDMBOA-Glc and MBOA-Glc. MBOA-Glc is produced by D. virgifera through stabilization of the benzoxazinoid breakdown product MBOA by N-glycosylation. The larvae can hydrolyze HDMBOA-Glc, but not MBO

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