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1
Kay, Barry, Edward Gifford, Rob Perry, and Remy van de Ven. "Trapping efficiency for foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in central New SouthWales: age and sex biases and the effects of reduced fox abundance." Wildlife Research 27, no. 5 (2000): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98089.
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A total of 276 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) was captured over 40 597 trap-nights during 1994–96 at three separate sites in central New South Wales, resulting in an overall trapping efficiency of one fox per 147 trap-nights. Trapping using multiple trap sets placed at carcases was 3.2 times more efficient than trapping using single trap sets. During 1994–95, when two of the sites suffered a severe drought, fox abundance declined to less than 0.2 foxes km–1 of spotlight transect; trapping efficiency at those sites also declined, to an average of one fox per 315 trap-nights. Mean trapping efficiency for non-drought periods was one fox per 135 trap-nights, 2.3 times more efficient than during the drought period. In 1995 and 1996, 353 foxes were shot in areas adjacent to each site. This gave the opportunity to compare sex and age biases between the trapped and shot samples: the ratio of males to females was significantly higher in the trapped sample than in the shot sample, and there was also a significantly higher ratio of adults to juveniles in the trapped sample than in the shot sample.
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Greene, Daniel U., Robert A. McCleery, Lindsay M. Wagner, and Elina P. Garrison. "A Comparison of Four Survey Methods for Detecting Fox Squirrels in the Southeastern United States." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/082015-jfwm-080.
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Abstract Fox squirrel Sciurus niger populations in the southeastern United States appear to have declined, and 3 (S. n. cinereus, S. n. shermani, and S. n. avicennia) of the 10 subspecies are currently listed with a conservation status of protection. Efforts to conserve and manage fox squirrels in the southeastern United States are constrained by difficulties in studying their populations because of low densities and low detectability. There is a need for an effective survey method to fill knowledge gaps on southeastern fox squirrel ecology. To address this need and to identify a cost-effective and reliable technique to survey and monitor southeastern fox squirrel populations, we compared four survey methods across seasons: live-trapping; camera-trapping; point counts; and line-transect surveys, in regard to whether a detection occurred at a survey point, the total number of detections at a survey point, and the total cost for each method. We assessed the effectiveness of capture and detection methods and the influence of seasonality using generalized linear mixed models. We found camera-trapping to be the most effective survey method for assessing the presence and distribution of southeastern fox squirrels. In total, camera-traps produced significantly more detections (n = 223) of fox squirrels than all other methods combined (n = 84), with most detections occurring in spring (n = 97) and the fewest in the autumn (n = 60). Furthermore, we detected fox squirrels at more survey points with camera-traps (73%) than all other methods (63%), and we identified 16% more individuals from camera-trap photographs than live-trapped. We recommend future monitoring of southeastern fox squirrels to be conducted using camera-trapping during the spring unless handling of animals is needed for other research purposes.
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Clark, Howard O. "Aggressive Behaviour Exhibited by a San Joaquin Kit Fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica." Canadian Field-Naturalist 119, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v119i1.95.
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While placing a hairtube-trapping device near a Kit Fox natal den, I observed a juvenile Kit Fox exhibit aggressive behaviour towards my presence. Although Kit Foxes usually are not aggressive, my observation demonstrated that some Kit Foxes defend their natal dens when alarmed.
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Mierzejewska, Ewa J., Dorota Dwużnik, Katarzyna Tołkacz, Anna Bajer, Marek Panek, and Maciej Grzybek. "The Efficiency of Live-Capture Traps for the Study of Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) Cubs: A Three-Year Study in Poland." Animals 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10030374.
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Safe and efficient techniques for the live capture of carnivores are limited. In this study, we identified some of the factors that could affect the success of capturing red fox cubs with live capture traps (also known as cage traps). During a three-year period, we analysed 32 captures of 25 fox cubs (1.3 captures/fox). We assessed the impact of the following factors: sex of animals, month of trapping, weather conditions recorded for each trap-night, the willingness of cubs to explore and enter cage traps, the researchers’ activity around den complexes before trapping and distances to the nearest village or farm. The overall trap rate (32 captures, including recaptured cubs) and the trap rate for individual cubs (25 captures) was 11.2 cubs/100 trap-nights and 8.7/100 trap-nights, respectively. Animals other than foxes were captured only three times, thus the selectivity of the cage-trapping method was high (32/35 = 91.4%). The probability of capturing one cub per night was 70.2% (32 cubs/47 nights). Cubs inhabiting dens in the vicinity of human settlements were less likely to explore and enter traps. Vixens were more likely to relocate their litters if the activity of the staff setting the traps was intense at the trapping site. The success of trapping was higher during poor weather as, for example, during rain or thunderstorms. None of the trapped animals suffered any injuries. Whereas cage trapping can be an effective and safe capture method for juvenile foxes, capture efficiency is affected by the experience of the trappers and a range of other factors including weather and distance to human settlements.
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Aloufi, Abdulhadi, and Ehab Eid. "Distribution and morphometric measurements of Blanford’s Fox Vulpes cana (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 5 (March 26, 2019): 13557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4297.11.5.13557-13562.
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A study on Blanford’s Fox was conducted from Tabuk Province, a poorly studied area of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), from December 2015 until May 2016. This study adds to our knowledge, where two survey methods were used, which are the live trapping and camera trapping methods. Five specimens were captured alive, in addition to a dead specimen reported during the survey period. Measurements of live, captured specimens were obtained and the skull of the dead specimen was measured. The information provided will serve as a basis for future monitoring of Blanford’s Fox in Saudi Arabia, and it will provide the foundation for future research in the species’ range of occurrence in the Arabian Peninsula. In addition, more attention shall be paid to establish a joint collaboration between scholars from Saudi Arabia and Jordan to assess the status of Blanford’s Fox along the sandstone escarpments Hisma plateau.
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Sarmento, Pedro, Joana Cruz, Catarina Eira, and Carlos Fonseca. "Evaluation of Camera Trapping for Estimating Red Fox Abundance." Journal of Wildlife Management 73, no. 7 (September 2009): 1207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2008-288.
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Salz, Jonah. "Trapping The Fox and the Trapper : Maruishi Yasushi's Challenging Debut." Asian Theatre Journal 24, no. 1 (2007): 178–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/atj.2007.0022.
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Norton, Melinda A., Alison Prentice, Juliet Dingle, Kris French, and Andrew W. Claridge. "Population characteristics and management of the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) in high-quality habitat in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales." Australian Mammalogy 37, no. 1 (2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am14026.
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Since European settlement in Australia the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) has suffered greatly from fox predation and habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation. To better understand the threats it faces we examined the population dynamics of the potoroo at two study sites in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales over five years, using live-trapping. As neither site had experienced inappropriate habitat change for over 25 years, fox predation was considered the major threat to this population. An assessment of fox activity and diet was undertaken at both sites for comparison with potoroo abundance. Potoroos increased at both sites over time, although at one site this increase was only in density and not range. The density increase would not have been detected using camera surveys, a monitoring technique recommended for this species. The relative abundance of foxes fluctuated over the study despite fox control in one of the two sites. Analysis of fox scats at the same sites indicated high levels of predation on potoroos. Future management should aim to provide effective fox control (particularly following any fire due to the associated loss of ground cover) and improved fox monitoring to ensure an accurate understanding of what is happening to the fox population.
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Mella, Valentina S. A., Christine E. Cooper, and Stephen J. J. F. Davies. "Predator odour does not influence trappability of southern brown bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) and common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)." Australian Journal of Zoology 58, no. 5 (2010): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10049.
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Predators cause changes in the behaviour of many prey species. This study investigated whether trappability of wild southern brown bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) and common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) was influenced by odour cues suggesting the presence of potential predators. Trapping success was compared between traps with predator scents and controls in two different experiments. The first measured trapping success of single clean traps, traps with unfamiliar herbivore (horse) odour and traps scented with predator (fox, cat, quoll and dingo) odours, while the second offered three choices (fox, dingo and clean traps) simultaneously. Frequency of capture of bandicoots and possums was not influenced by odour, mass or sex in either experiment. The lack of avoidance response observed in this study suggests that neither southern brown bandicoots nor common brushtail possums alter foraging behaviour in response to olfactory cues that suggest the presence of exotic or Australian predators. This is consistent with previous studies, which indicate that native Australian marsupials do not avoid predator odours.
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Kamler, Jan F., and Warren B. Ballard. "White Color Phase of the Swift Fox, Vulpes velox." Canadian Field-Naturalist 117, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i3.809.
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While live-trapping Swift Foxes (Vulpes velox) in northwestern Texas, we captured and radio-collared a Swift Fox that exhibited a white pelage and light blue eyes. Although white color phases and light blue eyes have been reported for other canid species, this is the first documentation for Swift Foxes.
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Takyu, Mayumi, Kenichi Takahashi, Kohji Uraguchi, and Tatsuo Oshida. "Fox Bait Consumption and Camera Trapping in Agricultural Areas in Eastern Hokkaido, Japan." Mammal Study 38, no. 1 (March 2013): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3106/041.038.0107.
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STIEGER, C., D. HEGGLIN, G. SCHWARZENBACH, A. MATHIS, and P. DEPLAZES. "Spatial and temporal aspects of urban transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis." Parasitology 124, no. 6 (June 2002): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182002001749.
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High prevalences of Echinococcus multilocularis have been reported from foxes of the city of Zurich, Switzerland. In order to characterize transmission in urban areas, a coproantigen ELISA was evaluated for diagnosing the infection in fox faecal samples collected in the environment. In addition, trapped rodents were investigated for the presence of metacestodes. Faecal samples could reliably be classified as being of fox origin by assessing physical properties as shown by the different parasite spectra of putative fox and dog faecal specimens. From the total of 604 tested putative fox faecal samples 156 (25·8%) were positive in the ELISA with a distinct increase in the proportion of positive samples from the urban to the periurban zone. Furthermore, samples collected in the border zone had significantly more coproantigen-positive results during winter. Prevalence of E. multilocularis in rodents was 9·1% (81/889) for Arvicola terrestris (with 3·5% of the animals harbouring between 14 and 244400 protoscoleces) and 2·4% (2/83) for Clethrionomys glareolus. E. multilocularis-infected A. terrestris were found in 9 of 10 trapping sites in the border zone. The high infection pressure in the periphery of urban areas might pose a risk for infection with E. multilocularis for both domestic carnivores as well as for urban inhabitants. Interventions into the cycle aiming at reducing the infection pressure should therefore focus on these areas.
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Marks, Clive A., and Tim E. Bloomfield. "Distribution and density estimates for urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Melbourne: implications for rabies control." Wildlife Research 26, no. 6 (1999): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98059.
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The distribution and density of red fox populations was investigated in metropolitan Melbourne from 1990 to 1993. Distribution data were collected from sightings reported by members of the public, from spotlight and active den surveys, and from trapping and road kills. Archival data suggested that resident populations of foxes have been present within the inner metropolitan area since the early 1940s. Contemporary fox populations were found to be extensively distributed throughout the urban area, with few 1-km 2 grids within a 5-km radius of the Central Business District not containing foxes. Density estimates were based on nearest-neighbour analysis of active natal dens in four field sites. Observations of cubs over a 4-year period at 17 dens within the field sites revealed a mean litter size of 4.36 cubs. Mean 4-year density estimates for each field site, immediately after the breeding season, were 0.47–2.55 dens km −2, which was estimated to represent 3–16 foxes km −2. Density estimates may be conservative, as family groups may contain more than one non-breeding adult. The implications of these data are discussed with respect to the potential role of the urban fox in the epidemiology of rabies. It was concluded that fox populations at the field sites were of sufficient density to maintain a sylvatic epizootic of rabies.
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Follmann, E. H., D. G. Ritter, and M. Beller. "Survey of fox trappers in northern Alaska for rabies antibody." Epidemiology and Infection 113, no. 1 (August 1994): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800051554.
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SUMMARYThe purpose of this research was to determine whether trappers in northern Alaska acquired immunity to rabies virus from non-bite exposures while trapping and skinning arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). In coastal Alaska recurring epizootics presumably provide trappers ample opportunity for contact with rabid animals. Serum neutralization analyses of blood samples collected from 26 individuals were conducted. All but three had negative rabies neutralizing antibody levels (< 0·05 I.U./ml). Two of these had previously received rabies vaccine but one individual who had trapped for about 47 years with an estimated harvest of over 3000 foxes and who had never received pre- or post-exposure rabies vaccination had a rabies serum neutralizing antibody concentration of 2·30 I.U./ml. This represents the first report of an unvaccinated person acquiring rabies virus antibody with a titre above the 0·5 I.U./ml level considered acceptable by the World Health Organization.
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Guzmán Báez, Diana Jatziri, and Victor H. Luja. "Primer registro municipal de zorra gris (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) en Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit, México." Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 9, no. 1 (July 25, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.2019.1.1.268.
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ResumenEn febrero de 2019 se fotografió con cámaras trampa un ejemplar de zorra gris (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) 2.4 kilómetros al sur de Los Corchos, Municipio de Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit, México. Este representa el primer registro de zorra gris en el municipio de Santiago Ixcuintla y el segundo en la llanura costera del Pacífico de Nayarit, lo que extiende su distribución 88 km al sur del registro de Tecuala y a 48 km al norte de San Blas, Nayarit.Palabras clave: carnivora, fototrampeo, llanura costera del Pacífico, Nayarit, Urocyon cinereoargenteus.AbstractIn February 2019, a specimen of gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) was photographed with camera traps 2.4 kilometers south of Los Corchos, Municipality of Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit, Mexico. This represents the first record of the gray fox for the Municipality of Santiago Ixcuintla and the second for the Pacific coastal plain of Nayarit, extending its distribution 88 km south of record from Tecuala and 48 km north of San Blas, Nayarit.Key words: camera trapping, carnivora, Nayarit, Pacific coastal plain, Urocyon cinereoargenteus.
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Hu, Yang, Graeme Gillespie, and Tim S. Jessop. "Variable reptile responses to introduced predator control in southern Australia." Wildlife Research 46, no. 1 (2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18047.
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Context Australia harbours an immense diversity of reptiles, which are generally expected to have frequent and diverse trophic interactions with introduced mammalian carnivores. Nevertheless, the potential for predatory or competitive interactions is likely to be contingent on multiple processes, including the importance of reptiles in the diet of introduced predators, alongside overlaps in their body sizes and ecological niches that would influence the strength of their interactions. In Australia’s temperate and relatively productive mesic environments there is little understanding of how introduced mammalian predators affect reptile assemblages. Aims The aim was to investigate the effects that a European red fox (Vulpes vulpes; 5–7kg) suppression program had on the abundance and species richness of a reptile community, with species ranging in size from the largest local ectothermic predator, the lace monitor (Varanus varius; 4–7kg), to small terrestrial reptiles (mostly 10–150g). Methods We utilised two sampling designs (baited camera monitoring stations and pitfall trapping) to evaluate the effects of fox suppression and other site-level ecological covariates (fire regime and habitat vegetation characteristics) on the lace monitor and small terrestrial reptiles. Reptile abundance and richness at site level were estimated from count-related abundance models. Key results For lace monitors, significantly higher abundances occurred in poison-baited areas relative to control areas. This suggests that fox suppression can affect the populations of the lace monitor via mesopredator release arising from reduced competition and, possibly, predation. For small terrestrial reptiles, neither abundance nor species richness were influenced by fox suppression. Individual abundances of the three most common small reptile species matched the overall pattern, as only responses to structural parameters of the habitat were detected. Conclusions Fox suppression can have different impacts for different reptile taxa, pending their ecological niche, as only the largest species was affected. Implications Increase in lace monitor abundance may change food web dynamics in fox-suppressed sites, such as by increasing predation pressure on arboreal marsupials.
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Courtenay, O., D. W. Macdonald, R. Lainson, J. J. Shaw, and C. Dyes. "Epidemiology of canine leishmaniasis: a comparative serological study of dogs and foxes in Amazon Brazil." Parasitology 109, no. 3 (September 1994): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000078306.
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SummaryThe paper describes a longitudinal field study of canine leishmaniasis in sympatric domestic dog and crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) populations. Dogs were studied in house-to-house surveys, and foxes were studied by live-trapping and radio-telemetry. Because serological tests (IFAT in this case) for leishmaniasis are often of uncertain sensitivity and specificity, we draw conclusions comparatively. Both cross-sectional (age–prevalence) and longitudinal analyses indicate that incidence in dogs was highest in the dry season. Seasonal changes in the age–prevalence relationship for dogs suggest that serological conversion and recovery rates decline with prior exposure to infection, where ‘recovery’ may be due to loss of a positive antibody titre or death from leishmaniasis. The mean incidence in dogs was higher in the rural than in the urban population and higher in hunting dogs than pet dogs. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of fox serological data suggest that foxes remain positive for longer than dogs on average, either because detectable antibody is more persistent or because they experience a lower mortality rate due to leishmaniasis.
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Vine, S. J., M. S. Crowther, S. J. Lapidge, C. R. Dickman, N. Mooney, M. P. Piggott, and A. W. English. "Comparison of methods to detect rare and cryptic species: a case study using the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)." Wildlife Research 36, no. 5 (2009): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08069.
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Choosing the appropriate method to detect and monitor wildlife species is difficult if the species is rare or cryptic in appearance or behaviour. We evaluated the effectiveness of the following four methods for detecting red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) on the basis of equivalent person hours in a rural landscape in temperate Australia: camera traps, hair traps (using morphology and DNA from hair follicles), scats from bait stations (using DNA derived from the scats) and spotlighting. We also evaluated whether individual foxes could be identified using remote collection of their tissues. Genetic analysis of hair samples was the least efficient method of detection among the methods employed because of the paucity of samples obtained and the lack of follicles on sampled hairs. Scat detection was somewhat more efficient. Scats were deposited at 17% of bait stations and 80% of scats were amplified with a fox-specific marker, although only 31% of confirmed fox scats could be fully genotyped at all six microsatellite loci. Camera trapping and spotlighting were the most efficient methods of detecting fox presence in the landscape. Spotlighting success varied seasonally, with fox detections peaking in autumn (80% of spotlighting transects) and being lowest in winter (29% of transects). Cameras detected foxes at 51% of stations; however, there was limited seasonality in detection, and success rates varied with camera design. Log-linear models confirmed these trends. Our results showed that the appropriate technique for detecting foxes varies depending on the time of the year. It is suggested that wildlife managers should consider both seasonal effects and species biology when attempting to detect rare or elusive species.
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Dawson, Stuart J., Heather M. Crawford, Robert M. Huston, Peter J. Adams, and Patricia A. Fleming. "How to catch red foxes red handed: identifying predation of freshwater turtles and nests." Wildlife Research 43, no. 8 (2016): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16066.
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Context Predation is one of the key contributors to mortality in freshwater turtles. Confirming the identity of predators is an important step towards conservation management action. Throughout Australia, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is suspected to apply significant and unsustainable predation pressure to turtle populations, killing adults and depredating nests; however methods for confirming this are limited. Aims The present study used a range of methods to confirm predation of oblong turtle (Chelodina colliei) nests and adults by the introduced red fox. Methods First, depredated adult carapaces, and turtle egg-shell fragments from excavated nests were swabbed and analysed for trace DNA. Second, we used artificial turtle nests, monitored by camera traps, to analyse seasonal changes in the behaviour of foxes around sites where turtle nests are present, including over the nesting season. Last, we used scat analysis to identify the prevalence of turtle remains in fox diet. Key results Predominantly fox DNA was recovered from both adult carapaces and depredated eggs. In addition, camera traps recorded only foxes depredating artificial nests. Despite this evidence that foxes kill adults and excavated nests, we found that turtle remains were only a small part of the diet of foxes at this study site (hatchling or turtle egg shell were present in only 4% of 230 scats sampled). The diet of these foxes was largely anthropogenic-sourced foods, such as fruit (e.g. figs, grapes, melons; 81% of scats), sheep carrion (41%) and rodents (36%). Conclusions We conclude that DNA analysis, camera trapping and scat analysis are effective methods of identifying foxes as predators of adult turtle, and their nests. Furthermore, we found that anthropogenic foods (orchard crops, livestock or synanthropic species) may subsidise greater fox population size than might occur in their absence, thereby increasing potential pressure on these freshwater turtles. Implications Our findings give credence to the argument that foxes are effective predators of turtle adults and nests. In addition, the high proportion of anthropogenic food sources in the diet of foxes, and potential subsidisation, is an important consideration for land managers.
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Wilson B, A., and J. Wolrige. "Assessment of the Diet of the Fox, Vulpes vulpes, in Habitats of the Eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 2 (1999): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00201.
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The Eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria have highly diverse native mammal communities. Although the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) has been recorded in the area the extent of its distribution and effects on native mammals are unclear. The aims of this study were to analyse the diet of the Red Fox in the study area, to compare the diet between seasons and habitats (woodland, forest, heathland) and to assess the diet in the habitat of the New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) which is endangered in Victoria. Fox scats collected monthly in each habitat were analysed to determine the composition of the diet and small mammal trapping was carried out in each habitat to determine potential small mammal prey species. Overall, mammals (42%) constituted the highest proportion in the fox scats and sixteen species, including nine native species were recorded. Large-sized native mammals including Swamp Wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) and the Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) constituted 60% of the mammal diet category. The occurrence of plant material was significantly different between seasons, being more abundant in winter. There was a significant difference in the frequency of large introduced mammals in the diet between seasons, with consumption being higher in winter. The occurrence of large, native mammalian prey increased from 15% in winter to 47% in autumn. The frequency of occurrence of the major dietary categories (plant material, invertebrates, reptiles, birds, mammals) was similar across habitats. Large introduced mammals occurred in higher proportions in the diet from woodland habitat. Small mammals were more numerous in scats of heathland and scats from the forest contained the highest abundance of medium-sized mammals. There was no evidence of the endangered New Holland Mouse in scats collected from habitat where a population of the species was present.
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Viviano, Andrea, Emiliano Mori, Niccolò Fattorini, Giuseppe Mazza, Lorenzo Lazzeri, Alessandra Panichi, Luigi Strianese, and Walid Fathy Mohamed. "Spatiotemporal Overlap between the European Brown Hare and Its Potential Predators and Competitors." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 21, 2021): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020562.
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Analysis of spatiotemporal partitioning is pivotal to shed light on interspecific coexistence. Most research effort has involved large-sized carnivores and their prey, whereas little attention has been devoted to lagomorphs. We assessed spatiotemporal overlap among the European brown hare Lepus europaeus and its potential competitors and predators through camera-trapping in an area in Central Italy. We estimated the interspecific patterns of the spatiotemporal activity rhythms of brown hares, its potential predators (the red fox Vulpes vulpes, the pine marten Martes martes, the domestic cat Felis catus, and the domestic dog Canis familiaris), and a competitor, the roe deer Capreolus capreolus. Brown hare activity was studied in natural conditions as well as in a fenced area that excluded terrestrial predators and competitors. Free-ranging hares developed a more nocturnal behavior to avoid diurnal predators (i.e., domestic carnivores and martens). Although high temporal overlap was observed between free-ranging brown hares and both red foxes (82%) and roe deer (81%), hares avoided fox by being more active on darkest nights, as well as avoided roe deer through spatial partitioning. We suggest that hares may adapt their spatiotemporal behavior to avoid potential predators and competitors.
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Thompson, I. D. "Habitat Needs of Furbearers in Relation to Logging in Boreal Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 64, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc64251-3.
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A literature review of boreal furbearers in Ontario indicates a substantial lack of a scientific basis on which to manage habitat or populations except for marten (Martes americana) and beaver (Castor canadensis). A review of known habitat requirements is presented for marten, lynx (Felis lynx), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), ermine (Mustela erminea), mink (Mustela vision), beaver, otter (Lutra canadensis), and muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), including known impacts of timber harvesting. Use of fur harvest statistics as indicators of population and ultimately habitat is questionable because catch integrates many variables and habitat change occurs slowly. Considerable data suggest that management for relatively few prey species may be an alternative to attempting to manage habitat for individual furbearers. Data from Manitouwadge, Ontario show marten prefer old growth forests and occur at extremely low densities up to 40 years after logging. Fox and lynx were most abundant in 20-30-year-old successional stands. Ermine occurred in all ages of stands that were censused. Access by logging roads is a negative factor for populations of all furbearers as it enhances morality from trapping, particularly if pelt prices are high.
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Tomeleri, Crisieli M., Paolo M. Cunha, Márcia M. Dib, Durcelina Schiavoni, Witalo Kassiano, Bruna Costa, Denilson C. Teixeira, et al. "Effect of Resistance Exercise Order on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021165.
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We compared the effects of two specific resistance training (RT) exercise orders on cardiovascular risk factors. Forty-four untrained older women (>60 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: control (CON, n = 15), multi-joint to single-joint (MJ-SJ, n = 14), and single-joint to multi-joint (SJ-MJ, n = 15) exercise orders. Training groups performed a whole-body RT program (eight exercises, 3 × 10–15 repetitions for each exercise) over 12 weeks in 3 days/week. Body fat, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c, glucose, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, total radical-trapping antioxidant (TRAP), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), ferrous oxidation-xylenol (FOX), and nitric oxide concentrations (NOx) were determined pre- and post-intervention. Significant interaction group × time (p < 0.05) revealed reducing fat mass and trunk fat and improvements in glucose, LDL-c, IL-10, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, FOX, and AOPP concentrations in both training groups, without differences between them (p > 0.05). The results suggest that 12 weeks of RT, regardless of exercise order, elicit positive adaptations on body fat and metabolic biomarkers similarly in older women.
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García-Solís, Fernando, Jaime R. Rau, and Edwin J. Niklitschek. "Occurrence and Abundance of an Apex Predator and a Sympatric Mesopredator in Rural Areas of the Coastal Range of Southern Chile." Land 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010040.
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The two mammalian carnivores, puma (Puma concolor) and South American grey fox (Lycalopex griseus) were studied, in a remote area located in the humid temperate forest of the coastal range of southern Chile. A total of six locations were selected in three landscapes: pre-mountain range, mountain range, and coast. The chosen study locations are relevant because they correspond to threatened areas with different levels of human intervention., so they offer the ideal setting for studying how different species of carnivores respond to both human presence and activities. A dataset was collected for 24 months during 2016–2018 through photo-trapping (13 camera traps placed along 50 photo-trap stations). Wes estimated the apparent occurrence and relative abundance index (RAI) of the fauna registered, by means of generalized linear models to contrast those of an apex predator, such as the puma and a sympatric mesopredator, the South American grey fox, across the three landscapes. The ecological variables assessed were the RAI of the other carnivore considered, exotic carnivores such as dogs and cats, human intervention, farmland effect, prey availability, and habitat quality. The primary hypothesis was that the apparent occurrence and RAI of puma and fox would be positively associated with the RAI of prey and livestock and negatively with human intervention. On the other hand, the secondary hypothesis dealt with the interactions between puma and fox faced with different degrees of human intervention. The results showed that the apparent occurrence of the puma was statistically explained by location only, and it was highest at the mountain range. The apparent occurrence of foxes was explained by both puma apparent occurrence and relative integrated anthropization index (INRA), being highest in the pre-mountain range. Concerning the RAI of pumas, high values were yielded by location and fox RAI. For the RAI of foxes, they were location, puma RAI, and INRA. It can be suggested that eucalyptus plantations from the pre-mountain range could offer an adequate habitat for the puma and the fox, but not the coastal range, as the mountain range could be acting as a biological barrier. Due to the nature of the data, it was not possible to detect any relevant effect between the two carnivores’ considered, between their respective preys, or the very abundant presence of dogs.
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Schauster, Edward R., Eric M. Gese, and Ann M. Kitchen. "Population ecology of swift foxes (Vulpes velox) in southeastern Colorado." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-009.
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Swift foxes (Vulpes velox) were once distributed across most of the shortgrass prairie of North America. The arrival of settlers and the concurrent loss of habitat, trapping, incidental poisoning, and shooting brought about a decline in its numbers until the swift fox remained only in the southern part of its historic range. A current understanding of swift fox population ecology is important to management and conservation efforts. We examined the population ecology of swift foxes on a native shortgrass prairie ecosystem in southeastern Colorado. From January 1997 to December 1998 we investigated home-range size and space use, spatial overlap, dispersal patterns, survival rates, and reproduction using a sample of 90 (42 males, 48 females) radio-collared foxes. Home ranges were largest (9.4 ± 4.9 km2) and spatial overlap was greatest using nighttime locations when foxes were active, while daytime locations indicated that the use of dens was exclusive among social units, and space use (2.8 ± 2.2 km2) was reduced during the day. Among resident foxes, survival rates were higher for adults than for juveniles. For dispersing foxes, adults that dispersed had higher survival rates than juvenile dispersers. Social units ranged in size from 2 to 4 foxes. About 58% of the social units produced pups; litter size averaged 2.4 pups at den emergence. Among the surviving pup cohort, some pups were philopatric, some dispersed long distances, while others dispersed to neighboring territories. Swift fox density was negatively associated with both coyote (Canis latrans) and lagomorph abundance but positively correlated with rodent abundance.
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King, John. "Trapping the Fox You Are(N't) with a Riddle: The Autobiographical Crisis of Stephen Dedalus in Ulysses." Twentieth Century Literature 45, no. 3 (1999): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/441921.
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Nixon, Charles M., Lonnie P. Hansen, and Stephen P. Havera. "Demographic characteristics of an unexploited population of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-076.
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Demographic changes in an unexploited population of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) were studied between 1971 and 1978 on 45.2 ha of upland forest in east-central Illinois. Known numbers of squirrels varied between 69 and 142. Adult squirrels (>15 months old) comprised >50% of the known population during the study, with annual survival exceeding 60%. Young-of-the-year made up <20% of the livetrapped population. Increasing populations were characterized by increases (P < 0.05) in numbers of yearling–adult males and young-of-the-year of both sexes. Recruitment depended on both immigration and on production of young by resident females. Recruitment success (proportion of new squirrels resident at least 6 months after initial capture) of immigrants was best for adults and yearlings and poorest for subadults. Adult female breeding success was highest in the winter and correlated negatively with the number of females conceiving the previous breeding period. The size and composition of the seed crop of trees in autumn had no effect (P > 0.05) on recruitment, conception, survival rates, or changes in overall density when at least some winter-storable tree seed was available. In most years, adult females were dispersed evenly, but adult males and young of both sexes showed an aggregated or random dispersion. Breeding rates for yearling females, recruitment success of immigrants and of juveniles born on the study area, and overall changes in squirrel densities between trapping periods correlated negatively (P < 0.05) with the number of adult females but not with the number of males or younger females. Interpretation of dispersion of adult females and the relationship of numbers of adult females to population change suggest that fox squirrels stabilize their numbers in the absence of obvious environmental stresses through aggressive interactions between adult females and resident young and immigrants of all ages.
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Barker, J., D. Lunney, and T. Bubela. "Mammal surveys in the forests of the Carrai Plateau and Richmond Range in north-east New South Wales." Australian Mammalogy 17, no. 1 (1994): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am94003.
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Mammal surveys were carried out on the Carrai Plateau and Richmond Range in north-east New South Wales between March 1988 and November 1989. The emphasis was placed on rainforest mammals, following the recognition by Adam ( 1987) that the species lists of mammals in the state's rainforests were incomplete and that more research was needed. The mammals were surveyed primarily by analysis of prey remains in Dog and Fox scats, collected from roads throughout the forests, and from bat trapping. The bat fauna at both the Carrai Plateau and Richmond Range is rich (1 0 species and nine species respectively, including the rare Golden-tipped Bat, Kerivoula papuensis, in the Richmond Range). Scat analysis revealed the presence of 24 native species on the Carrai Plateau, and on the Richmond Range there were 17 species, including high numbers of two pademelon species. Feral prey species are almost completely absent, although the Fox is an established predator in both areas. A sharp division was identified between the mammal faunas of closed and open forests. Differences were found also between the mammal fauna composition of the two rainforest sites, and with those of nearby eucalypt forests. The mammal fauna of New South Wales rainforests is distinct from open forests and future mammal surveys are needed to ensure an adequate level of knowledge to identify and conserve these areas.
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Read, J. L., E. Dagg, and K. E. Moseby. "Prey selectivity by feral cats at central Australian rock-wallaby colonies." Australian Mammalogy 41, no. 1 (2019): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17055.
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Threatened warru, or black-footed rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis MacDonnell Ranges race), populations in northern South Australia continued to decline despite baiting for foxes (Vulpes vulpes), which improved their short-term conservation status elsewhere. To investigate whether feral cats (Felis catus) also represent a risk to warru we compared frequencies of prey occurrence in 103 feral cat and 14 fox stomachs shot near warru colonies in northern South Australia during 2001–17 with measures of prey abundance from pitfall trapping and opportunistic searches. We hypothesise that one fresh adult warru kill and the presence of warru remains in four other cats suggests predation by cats on adult and juvenile warru. Small reptiles and invertebrates were the most frequently recorded prey of cats in summer, whereas rodents and small dasyurids were the most frequent prey items in winter. Small mammals, small snakes and pygopodid lizards were over-represented in the diet of cats compared with estimated encounter frequencies, whereas fast-running dragons, knob-tailed geckoes (Nephrurus) and echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) were not recorded from cat stomachs despite being relatively abundant. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), rodents and fruits were the most frequently recorded items in fox stomachs. This study reinforces that targeted management of feral cat populations should be considered in concert with control of canids in sustainable recovery programs for warru and other cat-vulnerable species.
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Mori, Emiliano, Giuseppe Mazza, Chiara Pucci, Davide Senserini, Roisin Campbell-Palmer, Marco Contaldo, and Andrea Viviano. "Temporal Activity Patterns of the Eurasian Beaver and Coexisting Species in a Mediterranean Ecosystem." Animals 12, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12151961.
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Analyses of temporal partitioning and overlaps in activity rhythms are pivotal to shed light on interspecific coexistence between similar species or prey and predators. In this work, we assessed the overlap of activity rhythms between the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber and its potential competitors and predators through camera trapping in an area in Central Italy. Interspecific overlaps of temporal activity patterns were estimated for the beavers, potential predators (the red fox Vulpes vulpes and the grey wolf Canis lupus), and a potential competitor, the coypu Myocastor coypus. The beavers showed a mostly crepuscular behaviour. Although high temporal overlap was observed between the Eurasian beavers and the red foxes and grey wolves, the activity of the beavers did not overlap with that of the predators. Accordingly, the beavers were more active on the darkest nights, i.e., avoiding bright moonlight.
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Ferreras, Pablo, Francisco Díaz-Ruiz, and Pedro Monterroso. "Improving mesocarnivore detectability with lures in camera-trapping studies." Wildlife Research 45, no. 6 (2018): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18037.
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Context Camera trapping is commonly employed for studying carnivores because it provides better data than do other methods, and with lower costs. Increasing the probability of detecting the target species can reduce parameter uncertainty and survey effort required to estimate density and occurrence. Different methods, including attractants and baits, can be used to increase detectability. However, their efficacy has rarely been quantitatively assessed. Aims To quantify the efficacy of scent and bait attractants to increase the detection probability of mesocarnivores by camera trapping. Methods We tested two scent lures, valerian extract (Val) and lynx urine (LU), their combination (Val–LU), and a non-reward bait (i.e. not accessible to the animal), raw chicken, as carnivore attractants in two protected areas of central Spain. We used camera-trapping records under an occupancy-modelling framework to estimate attractant-specific detection probabilities for six mesocarnivore species, and quantified their effects by comparing these estimates with the baseline (i.e. no attractant) detectability. Key results The weekly detection probability of four mesocarnivore species (red fox, Vulpes vulpes, stone marten, Martes foina, common genet, Genetta genetta, and Eurasian badger, Meles meles) significantly increased when Val–LU (between 0.11 ± 0.07 and 0.67 ± 0.05) or chicken (between 0.31 ± 0.02 and 0.77 ± 0.22) were used as attractant, when compared with baseline detectability (between 0.01 ± 0.02 and 0.29 ± 0.05). Although rarely, wildcats (Felis silvestris) were mostly detected with Val–LU. The probability of detecting a species after k sampling occasions (7 days each) where it was present was highly improved with both Val–LU and chicken for all species (e.g. from 0.20 to 0.98 after four sampling occasions with chicken for the stone marten). Both attractants reduced the sampling time required to ascertain that a species was absent to between 42% and 15% of baseline values. Conclusions The tested attractants greatly improved the detectability of most Iberian mesocarnivores. Although chicken was preferable for some species such as stone marten, Val–LU is most efficient for detecting the whole mesocarnivore community, including rare species such as wildcats. Implications Attractant selection in studies using non-invasive detection methods must be supported by quantitative assessment of the detection probability associated to each attractant. Researchers must choose those attractants best fitting target species and study aims.
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Heltai, Miklós, László Szemethy, László Szabó, and Emese Szőcs. "Small and médium sized predators monitoring along River Dráva." Natura Somogyiensis, no. 7 (2005): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24394/natsom.2005.7.157.
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We have been working on the small and medium sized predator species’ monitoring since 1999, within the framework of Monitoring River Dráva’s nature conservation area. The monitoring is carried out with live trapping. In the first two years of our work the methods were finalized. In our work, given valuable results since 2001 we have caught 86 individuals of seven predator species (red fox, polecat, weasel, stone and pine marten, wild cat, domestic cat) so far, during the 26 848 trap-nights. The average catch effectiveness was 0.317 captures/ 100 trap-nights. We could prove the presence of the ermine and the otter on the research area with additional methods. The wild cat, and the pine marten turned out to be the most frequent predator. Both species have narrow-bearing, and find human disturbance hard to bear. These qualities give the ability to these species to be the indicators of the changes in living places of the territory by follow the changes of their population with attention.
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Torretta, E., A. Mosini, M. Piana, P. Tirozzi, M. Serafini, F. Puopolo, N. Saino, and A. Balestrieri. "Time partitioning in mesocarnivore communities from different habitats of NW Italy: insights into martens’ competitive abilities." Behaviour 154, no. 2 (2017): 241–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003420.
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Most studies focused on species coexistence have been directed at the differential use of habitat and food resources; nonetheless, the differential use of the diel cycle may enhance the coexistence of same-sized species. We investigated the activity patterns of mesocarnivores (red fox (Vulpes vulpes), European badger (Meles meles), pine marten (Martes martes), stone marten (M. foina)) in NW Italy via camera-trapping. We hypothesized that the smallest species would tend to avoid competition by selecting time periods when larger species were less active. Foxes, badgers, and stone martens were mainly nocturnal. In lowland areas overlap between coexisting species was generally low, while in Mediterranean habitats all activity patterns tended to be unimodal and overlap was generally high. The pine marten showed a cathemeral pattern. We suggest that the lower ability of the stone marten to avoid interference competition at community-level may play a major role in determining its widespread exclusion from forested areas by the pine marten.
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Bubela, Tania, Robert Bartell, and Warren Müller. "Factors affecting the trappability of red foxes in Kosciusko National Park." Wildlife Research 25, no. 2 (1998): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr95046.
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The factors that affect the trappability of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) in alpine and subalpine New South Wales were examined by means of treadle snares. Trapping (1) on animal tracks without the use of a bait or lure, and (2) by setting snares around a bait, led to the capture of individuals of both sexes and all age-classes. A greater number of foxes was captured per number of snares set in winter than in other seasons because of the commensal foraging patterns of foxes at this time. Foxes were more likely to be caught within 100 m of their home-range boundaries during snow-free months and outside their home ranges while foraging at ski resorts in winter. Snares were found to be difficult to set, and foxes were captured in only 50% of sprung snares. Treadle snares caused no apparent long-term injuries to 40 red foxes that were radio- tracked and observed for 1–24 months after capture.
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Karssene, Yamna, Raquel Godinho, Mohsen Chammem, Berardino Cocchiararo, Said Nouira, and Carsten Nowak. "Noninvasive DNA sampling and camera trapping suggest dramatic regional conservation status of an understudied carnivore: the Rüppell’s fox in Tunisia." Journal of Natural History 53, no. 23-24 (June 26, 2019): 1439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2019.1656295.
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Comer, S., L. Clausen, S. Cowen, J. Pinder, A. Thomas, A. H. Burbidge, C. Tiller, D. Algar, and P. Speldewinde. "Integrating feral cat (Felis catus) control into landscape-scale introduced predator management to improve conservation prospects for threatened fauna: a case study from the south coast of Western Australia." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19217.
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Abstract ContextFeral cat predation has had a significant impact on native Australian fauna in the past 200 years. In the early 2000s, population monitoring of the western ground parrot showed a dramatic decline from the pre-2000 range, with one of three meta-populations declining to very low levels and a second becoming locally extinct. We review 8 years of integrated introduced predator control, which trialled the incorporation of the feral cat bait Eradicat® into existing fox baiting programs. AimsTo test the efficacy of integrating feral cat control into an existing introduced predator control program in an adaptive management framework conducted in response to the decline of native species. The objective was to protect the remaining western ground parrot populations and other threatened fauna on the south coast of Western Australia. MethodsA landscape-scale feral cat and fox baiting program was delivered across south coast reserves that were occupied by western ground parrots in the early 2000s. Up to 500000ha of national parks and natures reserves were baited per annum. Monitoring was established to evaluate both the efficacy of landscape-scale baiting in management of feral cat populations, and the response of several native fauna species, including the western ground parrot, to an integrated introduced predator control program. Key resultsOn average, 28% of radio-collared feral cats died from Eradicat® baiting each year, over a 5-year period. The results varied from 0% to 62% between years. Changes in site occupancy by feral cats, as measured by detection on camera traps, was also variable, with significant declines detected after baiting in some years and sites. Trends in populations of native fauna, including the western ground parrot and chuditch, showed positive responses to integrated control of foxes and cats. ImplicationsLandscape-scale baiting of feral cats in ecosystems on the south coast of Western Australia had varying success when measured by direct knockdown of cats and site occupancy as determined by camera trapping; however, native species appeared to respond favourably to integrated predator control. For the protection of native species, we recommend ongoing baiting for both foxes and feral cats, complemented by post-bait trapping of feral cats. We advocate monitoring baiting efficacy in a well designed adaptive management framework to deliver long-term recovery of threatened species that have been impacted by cats.
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Marks, Clive A., Frank Gigliotti, and Frank Busana. "Field performance of the M-44 ejector for red fox (Vulpes vulpes) control." Wildlife Research 30, no. 6 (2003): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01032.
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The M-44 ejector was used to recover red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the eastern highlands of Victoria during two summer and two winter trials in 1997–99. Two transects containing 20 devices each were established at five independent sites. Meat baits containing rhodamine B (RB) were used in a three-week free-feeding period at each site before the ejectors were loaded with cyanide capsules and set for a further six weeks. No significant correlation was found between bodyweight and the distance from the bait station that foxes were recovered. No bias was detected in the age of either sex or the overall ratio of males to females. Bait station activity in the free-feed period was not closely correlated with the recovery of foxes at the same bait station. Comparisons with published data found no significant difference in the age structure and sex ratio of foxes recovered with the M-44 and those taken by trapping or day shooting. Nearest-neighbour distances between recovered foxes were significantly smaller in summer 1997/98 than for consecutive periods (P < 0.05). Fox recoveries were contagious in their distribution in all but the winter 1998 period. The age of foxes recovered declined from summer to winter in each year (P < 0.05) and the ratio of yearlings to adults systematically increased over the four periods. Only 39.5% of the 160 foxes recovered overall had consumed a RB-marked bait used in the three-week free-feed period, and 43% of all foxes recovered in the first week were not marked. Over a six-week recovery period in summer 1997/98 and winter 1998 there was a significant inverse relationship between time and the number of foxes recovered (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the slopes of the regression describing the recovery of marked and unmarked foxes during summer 1997/98, suggesting that both groups were removed at the same rate. We discuss these data with reference to the use of fox age as an indicator of control performance and suggest a simple strategy to enhance baiting efficacy when fox distribution is contagious.
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Thompson, Graham G., Scott A. Thompson, and Andrew Bengsen. "The value of camera traps in monitoring a feral-cat and fox reduction program." Wildlife Research 46, no. 7 (2019): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18087.
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Abstract ContextWe examined the effectiveness of camera traps to monitor the success of a feral-cat (Felis catus) and fox (Vulpes vulpes) reduction program near Ravensthorpe, Western Australia. AimsTo determine whether camera traps are an effective tool to measure a reduction in the abundance of F. catus and V. vulpes at a local scale. MethodsIn all, 201 Foxoff® baits (i.e. 1080) were laid along the edge of unsealed tracks for each of three periods (i.e. opened 13–15 May 2017, Period 1 closed 29–31 May 2017, Period 2 closed 12–13 June 2017, Period 3 closed 25–26 June 2017), and 98 bait sites were monitored by camera traps during each period. In addition, 150 baited cage traps were deployed to catch F. catus for the same three periods. Vulpes vulpes and F. catus were also shot in the adjacent paddocks before traps were opened and during the laying of traps and bait replacement. We used the first 13 days of camera-trapping data for each period to examine whether there was a significant reduction in V. vulpes and F. catus. Key resultsCamera traps recorded a significant reduction in V. vulpes images, but knock-down with Foxoff® baits was not as effective as in other programs, and there was no change in the measured abundance of F. catus. Numerous baits were taken and not recorded by camera traps. Multiple V. vulpes moved past or investigated, but did not take baits and a V. vulpes was recorded regurgitating a bait. ConclusionsCamera traps were not effective for recording bait-take events. Vulpes vulpes knock-down was low and slow compared with other studies, did not reflect the number of baits taken and Foxoff® baits appeared unpalatable or unattractive to many V. vulpes. ImplicationsCamera traps did not record a high proportion of bait-take, appeared to be insensitive to small changes in fox and cat abundance and Foxoff® baits were less effective in reducing the abundance of V. vulpes than in other studies.
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Caruso, N., E. Luengos Vidal, M. Guerisoli, and M. Lucherini. "Carnivore occurrence: do interview-based surveys produce unreliable results?" Oryx 51, no. 2 (April 25, 2016): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315001192.
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AbstractInterviews with local people have been widely used by biologists as a cost-effective approach to studying certain topics in wildlife ecology and conservation. However, doubts still exist about the validity and quality of the information gathered, especially in studies targeting cryptic or elusive species, such as carnivores. We assessed the reliability of interviews (n = 155) in detecting the presence of three species of carnivores with different characteristics, by comparing interview results with data obtained through camera trapping surveys at 52 sites in central Argentina. The degree of concordance between methods was low for Geoffroy's cat Leopardus geoffroyi and especially for the puma Puma concolor. However, Geoffroy's cats were detected more frequently by camera traps than interviews, whereas the opposite was true for pumas. For the pampas fox Pseudalopex gymnocercus, a less elusive species, we observed a high degree of concordance and a similar probability of occurrence between methods. Our results indicate that data obtained by interviewing local inhabitants should be used with caution because the information about species presence provided by local people may be inaccurate and biased.
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García-Olaechea, Alvaro, and Cindy M. Hurtado. "Temporal overlap between two sympatric carnivores in northwestern Peru and southwestern Ecuador." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 15244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5483.12.2.15244-15250.
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The coexistence of sympatric species is determined by differences in their ecological niche. Thus, for taxonomically and ecologically similar species to coexist, they must segregate in at least one of the three most important dimensions of the ecological niche: space, time or diet. The Pampas Cat Leopardus colocola and the Sechuran Fox Lycalopex sechurae are sympatric species; and they are the most common medium-sized carnivores in the Sechura Desert and in the lowland seasonally dry tropical forest of Peru and Ecuador. We evaluated the activity pattern of both mesocarnivores using camera trapping and temporal overlap analysis in both arid ecosystems. We found a high degree of activity overlap and no statistically significant difference in the activity pattern of both species (Δ = 0.85 with 95% CI = 0.81 – 0.94; W = 0.531, SD = 2, P = 0.767), both being cathemeral. There is, however, a contrasting pattern in the daytime activity of these species in the dry forest. These results suggest that the different diet composition may be the main dimension that is facilitating the coexistence of both mesocarnivores in the arid ecosystems of northern Peru and southern Ecuador.
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Norton, Melinda A., Kris French, and Andrew W. Claridge. "Habitat associations of the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) at multiple spatial scales." Australian Journal of Zoology 58, no. 5 (2010): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10042.
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This study examined the coarse- and fine-scale habitat preferences of the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, in order to inform the management of this threatened species. Live-trapping was conducted in autumn and spring, from 2005 to 2008, at two sites. Macrohabitat preferences were examined by comparing trap success with numerous habitat attributes at each trap site. In spring 2007 and autumn 2008, microhabitat use was also examined, using the spool-and-line technique and forage digging assessments. While potoroos were trapped in a wide range of macrohabitats, they displayed some preference for greater canopy and shrub cover, and ground cover with lower floristic diversity. While most individuals also displayed preferences for various microhabitat attributes, no clear trends were evident across all individuals. Potoroos displayed some foraging preference for microhabitats with higher shrub cover densities and more open ground cover. Despite extensive fox predation risks, individual potoroos did not all preferentially utilise dense ground cover. Future management of known and potential potoroo habitat should aim to provide effective introduced predator control and enhance the diversity of vegetation attributes while avoiding practices that simplify the habitat.
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Kontsiotis, Vasileios J., Archimidis Triantafyllidis, Stylianos Telidis, Ioanna Eleftheriadou, and Vasilios Liordos. "The Predictive Ability of Wildlife Value Orientations for Mammal Management Varies with Species Conservation Status and Provenance." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 11335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011335.
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Wildlife value orientations (WVOs) can predict consensus or controversy over wildlife-related issues and are therefore important for their successful management. We carried out on-site face-to-face interviews with Greek people (n = 2392) to study two basic WVOs, i.e., domination (prioritize human well-being over wildlife) and mutualism (wildlife has rights just as humans). Our sample was more mutualism-oriented than domination-oriented; however, domination was a better predictor of management acceptability than mutualism. WVOs were better predictors of the acceptability of lethal strategies (shooting, destruction at breeding sites, 11–36% of variance explained) relative to taking no action (9–18%) and non-lethal strategies (e.g., compensation, fencing, trapping, and relocating, 0–13%). In addition, the predictive ability of WVOs, mostly for accepting lethal strategies, increased with the increasing severity of the conflict (crop damage, attacking domestic animals, 11–29%; disease transmission, 17–36%) and depending on species conservation status and provenance (endangered native brown bear (Ursus arctos), 11–20%; common native red fox (Vulpes vulpes), 12–31%; common exotic coypu (Myocastor coypus), 17–36%). Managers should consider these findings for developing education and outreach programs, especially when they intend to raise support for lethal strategies. In doing so, they would be able to subsequently implement effective wildlife management plans.
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Gwyn, Julian. "The Miíkmaq, Poor Settlers, and the Nova Scotia Fur Trade, 1783-1853." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 14, no. 1 (February 4, 2005): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010320ar.
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Abstract Nova Scotia's fur trade has hitherto been overlooked. It was of small importance so long as hostilities dominated Nova Scotia until 1758-60. Once peace settled on the colony, and when the Mi'kmaq of Nova Scotia held a virtual monopoly on trapping, the trade remained of little consequence. The principal source of the harvested furs was neither Cape Breton nor peninsular Nova Scotia, but the upper Saint John River Valley in Maliseet territory, and much of it was exported to London via Boston. With the influx of loyalist refugees in the 1780s, the fur trade in what remained of Nova Scotia began in earnest. This view, based on an extensive examination of British Customs House records, is contrary to what previous historians have stated. Led by Nova Scotia's harvest of mink and fox, which represented, after 1810, between 20% and 25% of the annual exports from British North America to London, the colony's fur trade remained vigorous until the 1860s. Much of this increased production, exported from Halifax, resulted from the efforts of poor settlers, who successfully challenged the Native monopoly, as the Nova Scotia Mi'kmaq, from the 1780s, were pushed to the very brink of extinction as a people.
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Lanszki, Zsófia, Győző F. Horváth, Zsolt Bende, and József Lanszki. "Differences in the diet and trophic niche of three sympatric carnivores in a marshland." Mammal Research 65, no. 1 (September 16, 2019): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13364-019-00456-z.
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Abstract In order to conserve wetlands, it is crucial to have reliable knowledge of population and community processes. Our aims were to explore the dietary differences that allow coexistence of carnivores belonging to different trophic guilds, and to detect the presence of the relict Pannonian root vole subspecies (Microtus oeconomus méhelyi) within the Kis-Balaton marshland (Hungary). The 1-year dietary study was based on faecal analysis of the main mammalian predators of the area, i.e. red fox (Vulpes vulpes), martens (Martes spp.) and Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). Small mammals, mainly Microtus species and water vole (Arvicola amphibius), were the primary foods for each carnivore. The dietary pattern of the otter was unique among European studies. Analysis of frequency data and estimated consumed biomass data revealed significant interspecific and intraspecific (seasonal) foraging differences among the three predators. Based on diets and live trapping of small mammals, foxes and martens selected voles, they selected against mice and shrews. The selection of the root vole was confirmed from faecal samples of foxes and martens. Consequently, faecal analysis of common carnivores can be an effective monitoring tool in providing data about prey species under special habitat conditions. Thus, it may contribute to wetland conservation indirectly.
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Dundas, Shannon J., Peter J. Adams, and Patricia A. Fleming. "Population monitoring of an endemic macropod, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus), in the northern jarrah forest, Western Australia." Australian Mammalogy 40, no. 1 (2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am16033.
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Monitoring populations of threatened species plays a part in continued conservation and contributes to assessment of how effective management actions are. We estimated population indices and studied cohort demographics of mainland populations of quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) at 14 sites across the northern jarrah forest. One site is currently monitored through annual trapping, seven were intensively surveyed a decade previously, while six sites had no previous monitoring. Across the 14 study sites, no quokkas were detected at one site and the other population estimates ranged from 5 to 25 adults. Most females (86% of capture events) carried a pouch young or were lactating (indicating a young at foot). Quokka populations at the eight previously-surveyed sites showed variable population changes. We discuss likely contributing factors, including broad-scale fox baiting and fire. Comparative studies of native species over time are important; however, such comparison has limited capacity to explain population changes without comparable methods or where relevant contributing factors (e.g. predator numbers, habitat change) have not likewise been monitored. The threat of changing climate in the northern jarrah forest (where increasing temperatures and greater frequency of drought have been witnessed over the last decades) and implications for control of fire regimes increases the urgency for an updated review of quokka populations to guide appropriate management actions.
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Giraldi, F., and F. Petruccione. "Anomalies in Strongly Coupled Harmonic Quantum Brownian Motion." Open Systems & Information Dynamics 20, no. 01 (March 2013): 1350002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1230161213500029.
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The exact dynamics of a quantum damped harmonic oscillator coupled to a reservoir of boson modes has been formally described in terms of the coupling function, both in weak and strong coupling regime. In this scenario, we provide a further description of the exact dynamics through integral transforms. We focus on a special class of spectral densities, sub-ohmic at low frequencies, and including integrable divergencies referred to as photonic band gaps. The Drude form of the spectral densities is recovered as upper limit. Starting from special distributions of coherent states as external reservoir, the exact time evolution, described through Fox H-functions, shows long time inverse power law decays, departing from the exponential-like relaxations obtained for the Drude model. Different from the weak coupling regime, in the sub-ohmic condition, undamped oscillations plus inverse power law relaxations appear in the long time evolution of the observables position and momentum. Under the same condition, the number of excitations shows trapping of the population of the excited levels and oscillations enveloped in inverse power law relaxations. Similarly to the weak coupling regime, critical configurations give arbitrarily slow relaxations useful for the control of the dynamics. If compared to the value obtained in weak coupling condition, for strong couplings the critical frequency is enhanced by a factor 4.
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Recio, Mariano R., Carmen M. Arija, Sara Cabezas-Díaz, and Emilio Virgós. "Changes in Mediterranean mesocarnivore communities along urban and ex-urban gradients." Current Zoology 61, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.5.793.
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Abstract Urbanization causes wildlife habitat loss, fragmentation, and the replacement of specialist species by generalists and/or exotic taxa. Because mesocarnivores are particularly vulnerable to habitat modifications, the rapid expansion of urban areas and the increasing trend for ex-urban development occurring in Mediterranean ecosystems may be major drivers of change in mesocarnivore communities. We combined camera trapping and sign surveys to quantify the richness and relative abundance of a set of wild and domestic mesocarnivores. We quantified these variables controlling for the gradient of urbanism, ex-urbanism, and other environmental variables in patches of natural vegetation in the region of Madrid (central Spain), and a non-urbanized control area ~220 km south of Madrid city. Using conditional autoregressive models (CAR) and model selection procedures, we found that urbanization influenced mesocarnivore community composition but this influence was not detrimental for all the species tested. Generalist carnivores such as the red fox Vulpes vulpes were more abundant in urban and ex-urban areas. Ex-urban development creates overlapping areas between wild and domestic species (such as the domestic cat Felis catus and the wildcat Felis silvestris) but contact between wild and domestic carnivores in natural areas is unlikely. Detection of species in the control area was very low. Therefore, the impact of urbanization in causing changes in mesocarnivore communities may be less than other factors such as illegal predator culling.
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Bandyopadhyay, Meghna, A. Cole Burton, Sandeep Kumar Gupta, and Ramesh Krishnamurthy. "Understanding the distribution and fine-scale habitat selection of mesocarnivores along a habitat quality gradient in western Himalaya." PeerJ 10 (September 16, 2022): e13993. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13993.
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Background: Human activities have resulted in a rapid increase of modified habitats in proximity to wildlife habitats in the Himalaya. However, it is crucial to understand the extent to which human habitat modification affects wildlife. Mesocarnivores generally possess broader niches than large carnivores and adapt quickly to human activities. Here, we use a case study in the western Himalaya to test the hypothesis that human disturbance influenced mesocarnivore habitat use. Methods: We used camera trapping and mitochondrial DNA-based species identification from faecal samples to obtain mesocarnivore detections. We then compared the responses of mesocarnivores between an anthropogenic site and a less disturbed park along a contiguous gradient in habitat quality. The non-linear pattern in species-specific habitat selection and factors responsible for space usage around villages was captured using hierarchical generalized additive modelling (HGAM) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination. Results: Wildlife occurrences along the gradient varied by species. Leopard cat and red fox were the only terrestrial mesocarnivores that occurred in both anthropogenic site and park. We found a shift in habitat selection from less disturbed habitat in the park to disturbed habitat in anthropogenic site for the species detected in both the habitat types. For instance, red fox showed habitat selection towards high terrain ruggedness (0.5 to 0.7 TRI) and low NDVI (−0.05 to 0.2) in the park but no such specific selection in anthropogenic site. Further, leopard cat showed habitat selection towards moderate slope (20°) and medium NDVI (0.5) in park but no prominent habitat selections in anthropogenic site. The results revealed their constrained behaviour which was further supported by the intensive site usage close to houses, agricultural fields and human trails in villages. Conclusions: Our results indicate shifts in habitat selection and intensive site usage by mesocarnivores in the human-modified habitat. In future, this suggests the possibility of conflict and disease spread affecting both the people and wildlife. Therefore, this study highlights the requisite to test the wildlife responses to rapidly growing human expansions in modified habitats to understand the extent of impact. The management strategies need to have an integrated focus for further expansions of modified habitat and garbage disposal strategies, especially in the human-wildlife interface area.
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Tobajas, Jorge, Esther Descalzo, Rafael Mateo, and Pablo Ferreras. "Using lures for improving selectivity of bait intake by red foxes." Wildlife Research 49, no. 2 (October 15, 2021): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr21002.
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Abstract Context The use of baits for reducing the populations of harmful animal species, eradicating invasive species, vaccination, contraception or producing conditioned aversion, is widespread worldwide. However, baiting programs are often not successful enough and affect non-target species, requiring new approaches for baiting methods. Aims The aim of the present study was to evaluate two attractants used in carnivore studies to improve bait intake probability by red foxes and minimise bait intake by non-target species. Methods Non-toxic baits were distributed across 1000 ha, with bait intake monitored by camera traps during 3-week trials. Baits were assigned to two treatments with lures (lynx urine and Fatty Acid Scent – FAS) and one control. Bait intake by red foxes and non-target species was analysed using Generalised Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses. Key results Lynx urine significantly increased the bait intake by red foxes (58.8%) compared with control (5.7%) and FAS (16.7%) treatment. However, FAS did not significantly increase the bait intake by red foxes compared with control. Bait intake by non-target species differed significantly between treatments, with lower intake in lynx urine (23.5%) treatment than control (54.7%), but not regarding FAS (36.7%), and neither between FAS and control. The probability of bait persistence after the 3-week trial period differed significantly among treatments, being lower in lynx urine treatment (0.18) than FAS (0.50) and control (0.43). All baits taken by foxes with lynx urine treatment (58.8%) occurred within the first 10 days, whereas intake by non-target species (23.5%) stopped after Day 7. Conclusions The use of lynx urine lure increased the proportion of baits consumed by red fox and reduced bait intake by non-target species. Implications Lures can serve to optimise bait delivery methods for red foxes in their different applications, such as conditioned aversion studies, vaccination, live trapping or predator control, while minimising risks to non-target species and reducing the costs and application time.
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Priddel, David, and Robert Wheeler. "An experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) to western New South Wales." Wildlife Research 31, no. 4 (2004): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03050.
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A total of 85 brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) from Western Australia and two sites in South Australia were translocated to Yathong Nature Reserve (YNR) in western New South Wales in October 2001. Aerial baiting to control the introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes) had been undertaken on YNR since 1996. Thirty-one bettongs were fitted with radio-transmitters at the time of release, and two subsequently. Trapping took place at irregular intervals after the translocation. In all, 73% of telemetered bettongs died within the first six months; all were dead within 13 months. Eight bettongs died within the first eight days immediately following their release, due to causes other than predation. These eight all originated from St Peter Island (SPI), South Australia. A low incidence of breeding on SPI supports the belief that this source population was in poor condition and unsuited for translocation. Overall, 19 of the 33 telemetered bettongs were killed by predators: 14 (74%) by feral house cats (Felis catus), two (11%) by birds, and three (16%) by predators, which, although they could not be fully identified, were not foxes. One month after release, surviving bettongs weighed less than they did at the time of their release (mean decrease in mass = 9.7%, range 2.6–22.4%, n = 11). Within two months of their release most had regained any lost mass (mean change in mass since release = –0.3%, range –5.9 to 10.5%). Food resources on YNR appeared sufficient to sustain adult brush-tailed bettongs, despite a period of severe drought. Small pouch young present at the time of release were subsequently lost. Females gave birth and carried small pouch young (up to 50 mm), but no young-at-foot were recorded. Bettongs did not disperse further than 10 km from their release site. Overall, 50% of aerial-tracking locations were no further than 3.2 km from the release site, and 92% no further than 7.0 km. This experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs failed due to predation by cats. It demonstrated that foxes were no longer a threat to wildlife on YNR and identified cats as the major impediment to the restoration of locally extinct fauna.