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Journal articles on the topic 'Fractographic analysis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 24 January 2023

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1

Quinn, George D. "A History of the Fractography of Brittle Materials." Key Engineering Materials 409 (March 2009): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.409.1.

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The evolution of the science of fractography of brittle materials initially was driven by failure analysis problems. Early analyses focused on general patterns of fracture and how they correlated to the loading conditions. Many early documents are simply descriptive, but the curiosity of some key scientists and engineers was aroused. Scientific or engineering explanations for the observed patterns gradually were developed. Advances in microscopy and flaw based theories of strength and fracture mechanics led to dramatic advances in the state of the art of fractographic analysis of brittle materials. Introduction: This author was drawn backwards in time as he researched the current state of the art of fractographic analysis of brittle materials for his fractography guide book.[ ] Others have written about how the fractographic analysis of metals evolved (e.g., [ , , , ]), but there is no analogue for ceramics and glasses. The key scientists, engineers, and analysts who contributed to our field are shown in Fig. 1. Other work done by industry workers who were unable or loathe to publish is now lost, inaccessible, forgotten, or even discarded. It is the goal of this paper to review the key publications and mark the noteworthy advances in the field. Some deem fractography as the study of fracture surfaces, but this author takes a broader view. Fractography is the means and methods for characterizing fractured specimens or components and, for example, a simple examination of the fragments and how they fit together to study the overall breakage pattern is a genuine fractographic analysis.

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2

UCHIDA, Hitoshi, Shozo INOUE, Tomohiro MAEKAWA, and Keiji KOTERAZAWA. "Fractography. Fractographic Analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking with Electron Channeling Patterns." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 46, no. 6 (1997): 597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.46.597.

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3

Maros, Maria Berkes, Nikoletta Kaulics Helmeczi, and Ján Dusza. "Qualitative and Quantitative Fractographic Analysis of Dynamically Impacted Si₃N₄ Ceramics." Materials Science Forum 589 (June 2008): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.589.73.

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Si3N4 is widely used as a structural ceramic, therefore mechanical characterization, especially in dynamic loading conditions is important task. In the framework of a comprehensive research work aiming at characterizing the dynamic failure process of Si3N4 based ceramics we executed instrumented impact tests. Beside determining various mechanical characteristics we executed failure analysis by fractography, as well. The current paper focuses on the fractographic analysis of the dynamic failure processes of the investigated Si3N4 based ceramics. A detailed morphological analysis has been carried out determining qualitative and quantitative features using macro- and micro-fractography.

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4

Ivasenko, I. B., O. R. Berehulyak, and R. A. Vorobel. "Analysis of dimple shape on fractographic heat-resistant steel images." Information extraction and processing 2018, no. 46 (December 27, 2018): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/vidbir2018.46.034.

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5

Ghiban, Brandusa, Florentina Catalina Varlan, Marius Niculescu, and Dan Voinescu. "Fractographic Evaluation of the Metallic Materials for Medical Applications." Key Engineering Materials 745 (July 2017): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.745.62.

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The manner of studying of the fracture modes could be done through fractography. Fractography is the study of fracture surface morphologies and it gives an insight into damage and failure mechanisms, underpinning the development of physically-based failure criteria. In composites research it provides a crucial link between predictive models and experimental observations. Fractographic methods are routinely used to determine the cause of failure in all engineering structures, especially in product failure and the practice of forensic engineering or failure analysis. In material science research, fractography is used to develop and evaluate theoretical models of crack growth behavior. One of the aims of fractographic examination is to determine the cause of failure by studying the characteristics of a fracture surface. Different types of crack growth produce characteristic features on the surface, which can be used to help identify the failure mode. The overall pattern of cracking can be more important than a single crack, however, especially in the case of brittle behavior materials. Initial fractographic examination is commonly carried out on a macro scale utilizing low power optical microscopy and oblique lighting techniques to identify the extent of cracking, possible modes and likely origins. When it is needed to identify the nature of failure, an analysis at high magnification is required and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) seems to be the best choice. The problem of fracture behavior of biometallic materials is a real one, being well and repeatedly presented in literature. Variations in alloy compositions can lead to subtle differences in mechanical, physical, or electrochemical properties. However, these differences are minor compared with the potential variability caused by differences in fabrication methodology, heat treatment, cold working, and surface finishing, where surface treatments are particularly important for corrosion and wear properties. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to summarize the different types of metals and alloys used as biomaterials, the corrosion of metals in the human body, and different failure damages of metallic implants.

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6

Lohbauer, Ulrich, Michael Wendler, Doreen Rapp, and Renan Belli. "Fractographic analysis of lithium silicate crown failures during sintering." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 7 (January 2019): 2050313X1983896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x19838962.

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The two-step production process of glass-ceramic dental restorations involves a computer-aided design/computer-aided machining step followed by a crystallization firing for the final material properties to be achieved. Certain firing parameters are believed to trigger spontaneous fracture of crowns during the cooling process. In this study, cooling fractures have been reproducibly observed and investigated using fractography combined with material (glass transition temperature) and process (cooling rate) characterization. Stress distribution was visualized using birefringence measurements. Fractographic observations revealed fracture starting at the intaglio side of the crowns specifically at contact points with the support firing pins. Further analysis showed that a fast cooling rate was applied during the glass transition region. Thermal stresses were concentrated around the firing pin supports and released the fracture. To prevent such fractures, a slow cooling protocol below the glass transition temperature is our recommendation to dental technicians. Furthermore, the use of planar firing pad or paste supports is advised over the use of point contact supports.

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7

Fernandino, D. O., and R. E. Boeri. "Fractographic analysis of austempered ductile iron." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 39, no. 5 (December 23, 2015): 583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ffe.12380.

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8

Dusza, Jan. "Fractographic failure analysis of brittle materials." International Journal of Materials and Product Technology 15, no. 3/4/5 (2000): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmpt.2000.001249.

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9

El-Sayed, Tamer, and Russell J. Hand. "Fractographic analysis of epoxy coated glass." Ceramics International 38, no. 3 (April 2012): 2543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.11.025.

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10

Moleko, Teboho C., Maina Maringa, and Willie B. Du Preez. "Fractography and Microstructural Analysis of As-Built and Stress Relieved DMLS Ti6Al4V (ELI) Plates Subjected to High Velocity Impact." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (August 19, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9008244.

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This paper presents fractographic and microstructural analysis of as-built and stress relieved DMLS Ti6Al4V (ELI) plates with thicknesses of 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, and 14 mm, impacted by high velocity projectiles. Fractography was performed through scanning electron microscopy on the surfaces of the projectile holes, while microstructural analysis of specimens extracted from the plates close to and far from the projectile holes was conducted by way of optical microscopy. Fractography revealed brittle behavior at the entry points of the penetration holes and ductile behavior at the exit points of the penetration holes. Microstructural analysis revealed microstructural changes in the alloy and a gradual increase of the β-phase fraction toward the edge of the projectile holes through all the plate thicknesses.

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11

Stach, Sebastian, Stanisław Roskosz, Jerzy Cybo, and Jan Cwajna. "Quantitative Description of Overlaps on Sialon Ceramics Fractures by the Multifractal Method." Key Engineering Materials 409 (March 2009): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.409.394.

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A quantitative description of overlaps on fractures in sialon ceramics, is presented in the paper. A conventional analysis, aiming at the determination of the percentage share of overlaps on the basis of quantitative fractography, was preceded by stereometric/fractal analyses. They enabled the selection of representative sections of samples and then, the production of transverse microsections in those places for an analysis of the fractures’ profiles using the light microscopy method and fractographic image analysis. Based on the compared results from both methods, a successful verification was made of the research methodology developed earlier for sintered carbides and proven for a chromium-molybdenum steel.

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12

Quinn, George D. "Fractographic Analysis of Very Small Theta Specimens." Key Engineering Materials 409 (March 2009): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.409.201.

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The theta test specimen is a versatile tool for evaluating the strength of extremely small structures. Round and hexagonal rings are compressed vertically on their ends creating a uniform tension stress in the middle gauge section. The simple compression loading scheme eliminates the need for special grips. A conventional nanoindentation hardness machine with a flat indenter applied load, monitored displacement, and recorded fracture loads. Prototype miniature specimens with web sections as thin as 7.5 m were fabricated by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of single crystal silicon wafers. The strength limiting flaws were 200 nm to 500 nm deep surface etch pits.

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13

Tu, Meng-Yin, Wen-Hsiung Wang, and Yung-Fu Hsu. "Crystallographic and Fractographic Analysis of Upper Bainite." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 49, no. 3 (2008): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mra2007204.

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14

Kašiarová, Monika, Tanguy Rouxel, J. C. Sanglebœuf, and V. Le Houérou. "Fractographic Analysis of Surface Flaws in Glass." Key Engineering Materials 290 (July 2005): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.290.300.

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Biaxial testing was used to get insight into the incidence of the surface flaw properties (size, shape) on the strength of float glass specimens. Grinding grooves, Vickers' indentations and scratches as defects were introduced at the surface of annealed float glass specimens. The machined and fractured surfaces were observed using optical and confocal microscopes. The influence of the flaw characteristics on the strength of glass was evaluated and analyzed in the light of the fracture mechanics.

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15

Poza, P., J. Pérez-Rigueiro, M. Elices, and J. LLorca. "Fractographic analysis of silkworm and spider silk." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 69, no. 9 (June 2002): 1035–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7944(01)00120-5.

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16

Borelli, B., R. Sorrentino, S. Scherrer, M. Ferrari, and F. Zarone. "Fractographic analysis of monolithic lithium disilicate crowns." Dental Materials 30 (2014): e40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.081.

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17

Chang, Chih-Ling, Hsien-Kun Lu, Keng-Liang Ou, Peng-Yu Su, and Chung-Ming Chen. "Fractographic analysis of fractured dental implant components." Journal of Dental Sciences 8, no. 1 (March 2013): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2012.09.006.

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18

Han, Won-Taek, and Minori Tomozawa. "Fractographic analysis of hydrothermally treated silica glass." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 163, no. 3 (December 1993): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(93)91309-q.

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19

Bredgauer, Iu O., D. A. Polonyankin, A. A. Fedorov, A. I. Blesman, A. V. Linovsky, and D. V. Postnikov. "Investigating wire breakage during EDM with fractographic analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1791, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1791/1/012005.

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20

Hren, Iryna, and Jaroslava Svobodova. "Fractographic Analysis of Strontium-Modified Al-Si Alloys." Manufacturing Technology 18, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 900–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/198.2018/a/1213-2489/mt/18/6/900.

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21

Garg, N. B., and A. Garg. "Fractographic Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Microalloyed Steel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012174.

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Abstract Extensive efforts made over the past few decades have enhanced the rising performance of High-Strength Low-Alloy steels. Use of thermomechanical processing was considered for this research. However, the desired mechanical properties are obtained by formulating alloys. Further, to enhance mechanical properties, impact energy, the subsequent quenching and tempering are used. The metallurgical transformation caused by deformation followed by cooling and/or heat treatment has added influences on steels’ mechanical properties. The rational decrease in impact energy value is complex.

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22

Scherrer, Susanne S., Janet B. Quinn, George D. Quinn, and H. W. Anselm Wiskott. "Fractographic ceramic failure analysis using the replica technique." Dental Materials 23, no. 11 (November 2007): 1397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2006.12.002.

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23

Ma, Lingyue, and Roberto Dugnani. "Fractographic analysis of silicate glasses by computer vision." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 40, no. 8 (July 2020): 3291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.01.065.

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24

Kostandov, Yu A., A. A. Skoblin, S. I. Fedorkin, and Yu A. Shevlyakov. "Fractographic analysis of crack propagation in dynamic loading." Mechanics of Composite Materials 22, no. 6 (1987): 676–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00605300.

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25

Mecholsky, J. J. "Fractographic Analysis of Delayed Failure in Fluoride Glasses." Materials Science Forum 5-6 (January 1985): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.5-6.695.

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26

CVIJOVIĆ, Z., M. VRATNICA, and K. GERIĆ. "Fractographic analysis of fatigue damage in 7000aluminium alloys." Journal of Microscopy 232, no. 3 (December 2008): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.02122.x.

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27

Radchenko, O. K., K. O. Gogaev, O. Yu Koval, and S. O. Firstov. "Fractographic analysis of green compacts of metal powders." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 51, no. 3-4 (July 2012): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-012-9424-3.

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28

Sehanobish, Kalyan, Abdelsamie Moet, Alexander Chudnovsky, and Paul P. Petro. "Fractographic analysis of field failure in polyethylene pipe." Journal of Materials Science Letters 4, no. 7 (July 1985): 890–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00720531.

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29

Kosarevych, R. Ya, O. Z. Student, L. M. Svirs’ka, B. P. Rusyn, and H. M. Nykyforchyn. "Computer analysis of characteristic elements of fractographic images." Materials Science 48, no. 4 (January 2013): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11003-013-9527-0.

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30

Adiman, A., B. Budiarto, and S. Siswanto. "Fracture failure analysis on drive shaft component of diesel locomotive." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 878, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/878/1/012066.

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Abstract Failure analysis is a systematic method of investigation to find the cause of the failure mechanism of a component or equipment. This research describes the fracture analysis of driveshaft components in a diesel locomotive. The drive shaft which is a connecting component around the compressor in the locomotive engine has failed. The methods used in this study include literature studies, visual observations, data collection, material characteristics through chemical composition tests, hardness tests, tensile tests, microstructure observations, fractographic observation, data processing, and analysis of test results. Based on the results of chemical composition testing and mechanical testing shows that the drive shaft is classified as plain carbon steel, specifically AISI 1025 steel. Visual observations and microstructure observations show that the driveshaft failure occurred at the connection part, which is the connection around the welded region. From the fractography results show a visible pattern of deformation plastic that showing the fracture occurred since the connection cannot bear the load given.

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31

Kasl, Josef. "Failure Analysis of a 20 MW Turbine Rotor." Key Engineering Materials 647 (May 2015): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.647.235.

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This contribution deals with the analysis of causes of a breakdown of a turbine rotor where stage 13 completely broke off. Microstructure and fractographic analyses showed that a dominant cause of the breakdown was stress corrosion cracking caused by impurities in the steam.

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32

Morgado, Teresa L. M., Armando Sousa Brito, and Carlos M. Branco. "Failure Analysis of a Damaged Helicopter Rescue Hoist Cable." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.325.

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This paper presents the results and main conclusions of a study made to analyze the cause of failure occurred with an austenitic 304 class stainless steel wire rope of a helicopter rescue hoist. The cable is made up of 19 strands, 12 outside and 7 inside. As each strand contains 7 wires, the whole cable is made up of 133 wires. The study includes the chemical and microstructural characterization of the material, as well as the determination of its hardness, mechanical properties and the fractographic analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tensile tests were performed for three velocities simulating different work conditions: 250mm/min, 50mm/min and 5mm/min. The fractographic analysis shows that the cable suffered lateral loss of material due to friction and leading to the failure of the remaining material by ductile mode.

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33

Białobrzeska, Beata, Łukasz Konat, and Robert Jasiński. "Fractographic Analysis of Brinar 400 and Brinar 500 Steels in Impact Testing." Scanning 2018 (2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2524735.

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Properties of low-alloy boron-containing steels Brinar 400 and Brinar 500 in as-delivered and normalized conditions are considered. Charpy tests carried out within temperature ranges of ductile-to-brittle transition were followed by fractographic analysis. The tests were carried out on specimens with their axes parallel and perpendicular to hot-working direction, at −40°C, −20°C, 0°C, and +20°C. The determined impact properties of Brinar steels were complemented with fractographic analysis performed with use of a scanning electron microscope. It was found that temperatures of ductile-brittle transition were significantly different for the materials in as-delivered and normalized conditions. In addition the tensile tests were carried out, determining basic strength properties of the analyzed materials.

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34

Bredgauer, Iu O., D. A. Polonyankin, A. A. Fedorov, A. I. Blesman, A. V. Linovsky, and D. V. Postnikov. "FRACTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF BRASS WIRE BREAKAGES ARISING DURING WEDM." Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines 8, no. 1 (2020): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2310-9793-8-1-130-135.

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Проволочная электроэрозионная обработка широко (ПЭЭО) применяется в различных сферах производства. К ее недостаткам относится сравнительно невысокая производительность, обусловленная, помимо прочих факторов, обрывами проволоки. В данной статье методом фрактографического анализа проводится исследование проволоки, претерпевшей обрыв в ходе обработки. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что электрод-инструмент подвергается механическому растяжению, сопровождающемуся вязким изломом. Наиболее вероятной причиной обрывов является уменьшение поперечного сечения проволоки, которое может быть вызвано коротким замыканием между электродами.

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35

Kaulics, Nikoletta, and Maria Maros. "Qualitative and quantitative fractographic analysis of dynamically impacted Si3N4ceramics." Pollack Periodica 2, no. 2 (August 2007): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/pollack.2.2007.2.10.

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36

Abd, Muhannad M., and S. M. Alduwaib. "Fractographic Analysis of Tensile Failures of Zirconia Epoxy Nanocomposites." Baghdad Science Journal 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 0430. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.19.2.0430.

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This work characterizes the fractographic features of the neat epoxy and ZrO2 epoxy nanocomposites. All samples were subjected to a tensile test to determine the tensile strength and tensile modulus. SEM images were used to study the morphology of the fractured surface. The fractographic of the fracture surfaces were studied by microstructure analysis program (j-images) to specify the effect of ZrO2 nanoparticles on tensile performance and failure mechanism for ZrO2 epoxy nanocomposites. The tensile test results show that the addition of ZrO2 nanoparticles (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 vol.%) to the epoxy matrix leads to increase the tensile strength about 40% for optimal content of ZrO2 nanoparticles at 4 vol.%, tensile modules of ZrO2 epoxy nanocomposites increased about 200% for optimal content of ZrO2 nanoparticles at 4 vol.%. SEM images show that the patterns of fractured surfaces of ZrO2 epoxy nanocomposites are different from the pattern of the neat epoxy. The fracture roughness of ZrO2 epoxy nanocomposites increased with the increases of the percentages of ZrO2 nanoparticles, where the increment of fracture roughness about 30% for optimal content of ZrO2 nanoparticles at 4 vol.% can be indicator for the improvement of mechanical properties (tensile strength and modules).

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37

Kumar, Masa Suresh, Kesarabandi Raghavendra, Magalapalaya Anjanappa Venkataswamy, and Honnudike Venkateshwararao Ramachandra. "Fractographic analysis of tensile failures of aerospace grade composites." Materials Research 15, no. 6 (October 23, 2012): 990–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-14392012005000141.

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38

SHIRAKI, Naoto, Hiroshi MORITA, Toshimasa MOROOKA, and Hideo KOBAYASHI. "Fractographic Analysis and Strength Evaluation of Ceramic/Metal Joints." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 62, no. 598 (1996): 1513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.62.1513.

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39

Campos, Roberto E., Paulo V. Soares, Antheunis Versluis, Osmir Batista de O. Júnior, Gláucia M. B. Ambrosano, and Isabella Ferola Nunes. "Crown fracture: Failure load, stress distribution, and fractographic analysis." Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 114, no. 3 (September 2015): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.02.023.

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40

Vidal, A. C., and A. R. Martins. "Microstructural and Fractographic Analysis on Samples of Fractured Bolts." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, S02 (July 21, 2003): 740–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603443705.

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41

Turkulin, H., M. Arnold, H. Derbyshire, and J. Sell. "Structural and fractographic SEM analysis of exterior coated wood." Surface Coatings International Part B: Coatings Transactions 84, no. 1 (January 2001): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02699699.

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42

Petrosyan, M. K., Yu M. Tovmasyan, I. G. Kuznetsova, and V. V. Kovriga. "Fractographic analysis of the plastic failure of thermoplastic binders." Mechanics of Composite Materials 22, no. 6 (1987): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00605296.

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43

Marat-Mendes, R., and M. de Freitas. "Fractographic analysis of delamination in glass/fibre epoxy composites." Journal of Composite Materials 47, no. 12 (June 3, 2012): 1437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998312448496.

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44

Saratti, C. M., G. T. Rocca, I. Krejci, and S. S. Scherrer. "Fractographic analysis in vivo failed molar resin composite restorations." Dental Materials 34 (2018): e104-e105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2018.08.219.

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45

Ramos, Carla Müller, Paulo Francisco Cesar, Estevam Augusto Bonfante, José Henrique Rubo, Linda Wang, and Ana Flávia Sanches Borges. "Fractographic principles applied to Y-TZP mechanical behavior analysis." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 57 (April 2016): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.12.006.

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46

Kaufman, M. J., and A. J. Forty. "A detailed fractographic analysis of cleavage steps in silicon." Journal of Materials Science 21, no. 9 (September 1986): 3167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00553353.

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47

Mazerat, S., and R. Pailler. "Dataset on fractographic analysis of various SiC-based fibers." Data in Brief 34 (February 2021): 106676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106676.

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48

Šmátralová, Magdalena, Jana Kosňovská, Gabriela Rožnovská, and Václav Kurek. "Failure Analysis of the Rail." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.243.

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The paper describes the rail failures occurring repeatedly in the same distance from the rail butt weldment. The results of this investigation, especially fractographic analysis of the fracture surface of rail, evaluation of its macrostructure and microstructure, EDS analysis and hardness measurements revealed that transverse crack initiated in the foot of rail gauge and propagated by fatigue mechanism until the final cleavage fracture.

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Barbosa Marques, Luís Felipe, Jonas Frank Reis, Ana Beatriz Ramos Moreira Abrahão, Luis Rogério D. Oliveira Hein, Edson Cocchieri Botelho, and Michelle L. Costa. "Interfacial, mechanical, and thermal behavior of PEI/glass fiber welded joints influenced by hygrothermal conditioning." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983211055826.

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This work aims to characterize the influence of hygrothermal conditioning on the mechanical and thermal behavior as well as the fractographic aspects of the interface of poly(ether imide) and glass fiber composite joints welded by electrical resistance using 400 mesh of AISI 304 stainless steel. The composites were mechanically characterized by Lap Shear Strength (LSS) and End Notched Flexure (ENF) testing to investigate maximum shear stress and energy from mode II interlaminar fracture toughness. Fractography was performed by SEM, while the influence on glass transition temperature and working temperature were evaluated by Dynamic-Mechanical Analysis and thermogravimetry. In the conditioned samples, the mechanical properties reduced 23% in the LSS test and 28% in the ENF test, while the fractography studies revealed elements of interlaminar and intralaminar fracture in both conditions. Thermal properties did not change significantly to disqualify this composite when applied to welding.

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Liu, William. "Failure Analysis of Repeat Tooth Breakage of a 40MW Steam Turbine Load Gearbox." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.60.

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A repeat premature gear tooth breakage occurred in a load gearbox of a 40MW steam turbine. Factographic examination indicated that the breakage was a complex fatigue fracture. The oil deposit on the fracture surface has been applied as an auxiliary fractographic method. The root cause of the failure was due to improper heat treatment. The insufficient surface hardness and shallow case resulted in case/core separation through main fatigue crack propagation. The very coarse detrimental tempered low carbon martensites in core resulted in cleavage fracture in final fast fracture. The fractographic morphology of the butterfly has been revealed. Hertzian stress and non-metallic inclusions are not the necessary condition of the butterfly formation. The microcracks within the butterflies did not actively play the role of the fatigue rupture.

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