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1
Banerji, Kingshuk. "Quantitative analysis of fracture surfaces using computer aided fractography." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15381.
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2
Feinberg-Ringel, Karen Stacey. "Quantitative fractographic analysis of Al[subscript]2O[subscript]3/Al-25%Li metal martrix composite." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19987.
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3
Drury, William James. "Development of quantitative fractography and its application to the study of fracture processes of materials." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20054.
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Dunn, Leigh. "Investigating accidents involving aircraft manufactured from polymer composite materials." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8448.
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This thesis looks into the examination of polymer composite wreckage from the
perspective of the aircraft accident investigator. It develops an understanding of
the process of wreckage examination as well as identifying the potential for
visual and macroscopic interpretation of polymer composite aircraft wreckage.
The in-field examination of aircraft wreckage, and subsequent interpretations of
material failures, can be a significant part of an aircraft accident investigation.
As the use of composite materials in aircraft construction increases, the
understanding of how macroscopic failure characteristics of composite materials
may aid the field investigator is becoming of increasing importance.
The first phase of this research project was to explore how investigation
practitioners conduct wreckage examinations. Four accident investigation case
studies were examined. The analysis of the case studies provided a framework
of the wreckage examination process.
Subsequently, a literature survey was conducted to establish the current level of
knowledge on the visual and macroscopic interpretation of polymer composite
failures. Relevant literature was identified and a compendium of visual and
macroscopic characteristics was created.
Two full-scale polymer composite wing structures were loaded statically, in an
upward bending direction, until each wing structure fractured and separated.
The wing structures were subsequently examined for the existence of failure
characteristics. The examination revealed that whilst characteristics were
present, the fragmentation of the structure destroyed valuable evidence.
A hypothetical accident scenario utilising the fractured wing structures was
developed, which UK government accident investigators subsequently
investigated. This provided refinement to the investigative framework and
suggested further guidance on the interpretation of polymer composite failures
by accident investigators.
5
Trexler, Matthew David. "The Relationship of Microstructure to Fracture and Corrosion Behavior of a Directionally Solidified Superalloy." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14617.
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SUMMARY
GTD-111 DS is a directionally solidified superalloy currently used in turbine engines.
To accurately predict the life of engine components it is essential to examine and characterize
the microstructural evolution of the material and its effects on material properties. The
as-cast microstructure of GTD-111 is highly inhomogeneous as a result of coring. The
current post-casting heat treatments do not effectively eliminate the inhomogeneity. This
inhomogeneity affects properties including tensile strength, fracture toughness, fracture
path, and corrosion behavior, primarily in terms of the number of grains per specimen. The
goal of this work was to link microstructural features to these properties.
Quantitative fractography was used to determine that the path of cracks during failure
of tensile specimens is influenced by the presence of carbides, which are located in the
interdendritic regions of the material as dictated by segregation. The solvus temperature
of the precipitate phase, Ni3(Al, Ti), was determined to be 1200C using traditional metallography,
differential thermal analysis, and dilatometry. A heat-treatment was designed
to homogenize the microstructure for tensile testing that isolates the carbide by dissolving
all of the eutectic Ni3(Al, Ti) precipitate phase, which is also found in the interdendritic
areas.
High temperature oxidation/sulfidation tests were conducted to investigate the corrosion
processes involved when GTD-111 DS is utilized in steam and gas combustion turbine
engines. The kinetics of corrosion in both oxidizing and sulfidizing atmospheres were determined
using thermogravimetric analysis. Additionally, metallography of these samples
after TGA revealed a correlation between the presence of grain boundaries and sulfur attack,
which led to catastrophic failure of the material under stress-free conditions in a sulfur
bearing environment. In summary, this work correlates the inhomogeneous microstructure
of GTD-111 DS to tensile fracture, and the corrosion process in turbine engines.
6
Deshpande, Nishkamraj U. "Characterization of fracture path and its relationship with microstructure and fracture toughness of aluminum alloy 7050." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20210.
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7
Harris, Jonathan James. "Metal-glass interpenetrating-phase composites." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366294.
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Boscato, Noeli. "Caracterização ceramica e avaliação fractografica da interface adesiva com resina, apos diferentes tratamentos de superficie." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288390.
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Orientador: Alvaro Della Bona, Altair A. Del Bel CuryTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Este estudo avaliou o efeito do tratamento de superfície na resistência adesiva à tração (s) entre resina e as cerâmicas IPS Empress®(E1) e VITAVM7®(V7) e o modo de falha nessa interface adesiva. A metodologia proposta teve por finalidade testar a hipótese de que a s entre resina e cerâmica é controlada pelo tratamento de superfície das cerâmicas. Foram confeccionados 10 blocos de uma cerâmica a base de leucita, (E1) e de uma cerâmica feldspática com duas fases vítreas (V7), que foram polidos até a granulação de 1 µm. Os blocos de cada cerâmica foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos e tiveram suas superfícies tratadas como segue (n=5): Grupos E1HF e V7HF: aplicação de ácido hidrofluorídrico a 9,5% (HF - Ultradent) aplicado por 60 s; Grupos E1CS e V7CS: jateamento com partículas de alumina modificadas por sílica (CS ¿ Cojet System, 3M-Espe), aplicado por 15 s. As superfícies cerâmicas tratadas foram lavadas, secadas e o silano foi aplicado deixando-o evaporar. Aplicaram-se duas camadas finas de adesivo (Single Bond, 3M), seguido da aplicação de camadas de 2 mm de resina composta (Z250, 3M), que foram fotopolimerizadas durante 40 s cada uma. Os blocos cerâmica-adesivo-resina composta foram seccionados em dois eixos, x e y, obtendo-se corpos-de-prova em forma de barras (n=30), com área adesiva média de 1,04 mm2. Os corpos-de-prova foram armazenados em água destilada a 37°C por uma semana antes do teste de tração em uma máquina de ensaios universal com velocidade de carga de 1.0 mm.min-1, seguido da análise microscópica da superfície fraturada. A análise estatística foi realizada pela análise de variância, teste de Tukey (a=.01) e análise de Weibull. As médias e desvio padrão da s (MPa) foram: E1HF: 29,8±4,5(a); E1CS: 24,6±5,6(b); V7HF: 22,3±4,0(b); V7CS: 15,7±6,9(c). Os valores médios de s do Grupo E1HF foram significativamente maiores que os valores médios dos demais grupos (p=0,0001). As duas cerâmicas apresentaram valores médios de s significativamente maiores quando tratadas com HF do que com CS (p=0,0001). Todas as fraturas ocorreram dentro da zona adesiva. O módulo de Weibull (m) foi mais alto para o Grupo E1HF (7,66), e o Grupo V7CS mostrou o valor mais baixo de m (2,54). Os resultados confirmam a hipótese inicial de que a s da resina à cerâmica é controlada, primariamente, pelo tratamento de superfície do material cerâmico
Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of ceramic surface treatments on tensile bond strength (s) and the mode of failure of a resin bonded to two types of ceramics, testing the hypothesis that s of ceramics to resin is controlled by the ceramic surface treatment. Methods: Ten blocks of each the hot-pressed leucite-based ceramic (E1- IPS Empress) and the two-phase glassy feldspathic ceramic (V7-VITAVM7) were fabricated, polished through 1 µm alumina abrasive, and divided into two groups per ceramic (n=5): Groups E1HF and V7HF, 9.5% hydrofluoric acid (HF) was applied for 60 s; Groups E1CS e V7CS, silica coating (CS) using Cojet System (3M-Espe) for 15 s. The treated ceramic surfaces were washed and dried. Silane was applied and let to evaporate. An adhesive resin (Single Bond, 3M) followed by a resin composite (Z250, 3M) were applied on the ceramic treated surfaces and light cured. The composite-ceramic blocks were cut to produce bar-shaped specimens with a mean bonding area of 1.04 mm2 (n=30). Specimens were stored in 37°C distilled water for 1 week before tensile loading to failure in a universal testing machine with cross-head speed of 1.0 mm.min-1. Fracture surfaces were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA, Tukey¿s test and Weibull analyses. Results: Mean s and standard deviation (MPa) values were as follows: E1HF: 29.8±4.5(a); E1CS: 24.6±5.6(b); V7HF: 22.3±4.0(b); V7CS: 15.7±6.9(c). Mean s value of Group E1HF was statistically higher than the other Groups mean values (p=0.0001). HF treatment produced significantly higher mean s value than CS treatment, independent of the ceramic material (p=0.0001). All fractures occurred within the adhesion zone. E1HF showed the highest Weibull modulus (m) value (7.66) and V7CS exhibited the lowest m value (2.54). Conclusion: Results confirmed the testing hypothesis that s of ceramics to resin is controlled primarily by the ceramic surface treatment
Doutorado
Protese Dental
Doutor em Clínica Odontológica
9
Caltabiano, Pietro Carelli Reis de Oliveira [UNESP]. "Fractografia quantitativa: relações entre tenacidade e o comportamento fractal em ligas metálicas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94460.
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caltabiano_pcro_me_guara_prot.pdf: 15712359 bytes, checksum: c76e08dd6fa7273cb27b89a44031baaa (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Fracture surface express the sequence of energy release events during crack propagation and, in the case of metallic alloys, the topographic evolution can descrbr the action of load lines, failures due to using processing, and others. In the cases, the quantitative fractography can help the investigation of failures in structures and manufacturing processes. In this work, two correlation analyses were carried out: the first between the stretch zone width (SZW) and fracture toughness (Kc) and the second between Kc and the fractality of the fractured surface topography, both analyzed by digital image processing. The 15-5PH stee and AA7475 aluminium alloy fracture surfaces for analysis were obtained by toughness testing. Each seurface was mapped by extend depth of field technique, and the following fractal dimension values were calculated for each mapped position: monofractal dimension (Df), structural dimension (Ds) and textural dimension (DT). The results for analysis between LZE and Kc data showed a high correlation for 15-5PH steel, also checking the validity of the delimitation method of SZW and the image reconstruction process. The fractal analysis showed that as higher the ductility of the material, as lower will be the level of linear correlation obtained between toughness and the fractal values. However, for 15-5PH steel, with behavior ranging between the linear-elastic and elastic-plastic, the level of linear correlation between Kc and the fractal values tend to be significant, especially for established correlations involving the textural dimension (Dt). However, for AA 7475 aluminium alloy no significant correlation could be established due to predominance of shallow dimples
10
Mummery, Paul Malcolm. "The micromechanisms of fracture in metal matrix composites." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b725a8ad-25da-4d3a-b84d-c3a8f493dd06.
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The effects of systematic variations in the size and volume fraction of reinforcing phase on the mechanical properties of and fracture processes in silicon carbide particlereinforced aluminium matrix composites have been studied. Tensile tests to failure have been performed to determine the mechanical properties of the composites. A simple model has been proposed for this behaviour. The micromechanisms of fracture have been investigated by a combination of fractographic and dynamic techniques. Matched fracture halves have been obtained from the composites and the fracture processes elucidated. Fracture proceeded by a ductile void nucleation, growth and coalescence mechanism. Void nucleation occurred at the reinforcing phase, with a change in nucleation mechanism on varying the micrstructural parameters. A simple critical stress criterion has been proposed for the nucleation process. Support for this proposal has been obtained by the study of sections through the failed tensile specimens. In situ scanning electron microscopy fracture studies have been performed. These revealed void nucleation before the onset of macroscopic cracking. Crack propagation has been shown to occur by the concurrent formation of microcracks ahead of the crack tip and failure of the joining matrix ligaments. The magnitude of matrix deformation has been shown to determine the extent of microcracking. Acoustic emissions have been monitored during tensile straining. Void nucleation events have been recorded from the onset of plastic deformation and continuing throughout the plastic régime until final failure. The suppression of void coalescence by the constaint imposed on matrix flow by rigidly-bonded interfaces has been proposed to account for the extended void growth in materials containing fractured particles. The importance of the local values of the microstructural parameters on the far-field strain at nucleation has been shown.
11
Caltabiano, Pietro Carelli Reis de Oliveira. "Fractografia quantitativa : relações entre tenacidade e o comportamento fractal em ligas metálicas /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94460.
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Orientador: Luis Rogério de Oliveira HeinBanca: Alfeu Saraiva Ramos
Banca: Miriam de Lourdes N. Motta Melo
Resumo:Superfícies de fratura expressam a sequência de eventos de liberação de energia coma propagação de trincas. No caso de ligas metálicas, a evolução das formações topográficas pode indicar as linhas de ação de carga, falhas de uso ou de processamento e outros. Nestes casos, a fractografia pode auxiliar na investigação de falhas estruturais e nos processos de manufatura. Neste trabalho foram realizados dois tipos de análise de correlações: a primeira entre a largura da zona deestiramento (LZE) e o valor da tenacidade a fratura (Kc) e a segunda entre os valores de tenacidade à fratura e a fractalidade da topografia das superfícies fraturadas, sempre por meio de processamento digital de imagens. Para obtenção das superfícies de fratura dos corpos de provas do aço 15-5PH e da liga do alumínio AA 7475, este foram ensaiados para obtenção de valores de Kic. As superfícies de fratura geradas foram mapeadas pela técnica de reconstrução por extensão de foco, e para cada região foram calculados os valores de dimensão fractal: dimensão monofractal (Df), dimensão estrutural (Ds) e dimensão textural (DT). Os resultados da análise entre LZE e Kc apresentaram uma alta correlação para o aço 15-5PH, mostrando a validade do método de seleção da LZE o do processo de reconstrução da imagem. Já análise fractal mostrou quanto maior a ductilidade do material menor é o nível de correlação linear obtido entre tenacidade e os valores fractais. Contudo, para o aço 15-5PH, com comportamento transitando entre o regime linear elástico e elasto-plástico, o nível da correlação linear entre Kc e os valores fractais tende a ser significante, principalmente para as correlações estabelecidas envolvendo a dimensão textural (DT). Devido ao caráte dúctil da liga AA 7475 não foram encontrados correlações significantes
Abstract: Fracture surface express the sequence of energy release events during crack propagation and, in the case of metallic alloys, the topographic evolution can descrbr the action of load lines, failures due to using processing, and others. In the cases, the quantitative fractography can help the investigation of failures in structures and manufacturing processes. In this work, two correlation analyses were carried out: the first between the stretch zone width (SZW) and fracture toughness (Kc) and the second between Kc and the fractality of the fractured surface topography, both analyzed by digital image processing. The 15-5PH stee and AA7475 aluminium alloy fracture surfaces for analysis were obtained by toughness testing. Each seurface was mapped by extend depth of field technique, and the following fractal dimension values were calculated for each mapped position: monofractal dimension (Df), structural dimension (Ds) and textural dimension (DT). The results for analysis between LZE and Kc data showed a high correlation for 15-5PH steel, also checking the validity of the delimitation method of SZW and the image reconstruction process. The fractal analysis showed that as higher the ductility of the material, as lower will be the level of linear correlation obtained between toughness and the fractal values. However, for 15-5PH steel, with behavior ranging between the linear-elastic and elastic-plastic, the level of linear correlation between Kc and the fractal values tend to be significant, especially for established correlations involving the textural dimension (Dt). However, for AA 7475 aluminium alloy no significant correlation could be established due to predominance of shallow dimples
Mestre
12
Marques, Thais Peres Zanetine [UNESP]. "Fractografia quantitativa de superfícies obtidas em ensaios de propagação de trincas por fadiga em aço inoxidável 15 –5PH." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94453.
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marques_tpz_me_guara.pdf: 7111627 bytes, checksum: 6e3208be9c6bd1d049644a4aa33de525 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Superfícies de fratura apresentam a evolução entrópica durante a propagação de trincas, demonstrando relações entre componentes estruturais, campos de tensões locais e formações típicas de relevo. No caso das ligas metálicas, a evolução das formações topográficas pode indicar as linhas de ação de carga, a dinâmica do processo de fratura, falhas de uso ou de processamento, e outros. Neste trabalho, foram realizadas análises da relação entre a dimensão fractal e a variação do fator intensidade de tensão, da relação entre a dimensão fractal e a posição à frente da trinca, além do estudo da influência da espessura nos valores de dimensão fractal. Esses estudos foram efetuados a partir da topografia das superfícies fraturadas do aço 15-5PH obtidas em ensaios de propagação de trincas por fadiga, conforme ASTM E647. A investigação das fraturas foi feita por meio do método de reconstrução por extensão de foco, com o qual foi possível calcular os valores de dimensão monofractal (Df), dimensão textural (Dt) e dimensão estrutural (Ds), utilizando os mapas de elevações gerados pelo método. Os resultados das análises mostraram que os valores de Ds foram sensíveis à mudança dos micromecanismos de fratura, sendo que eles aumentaram até a transição do estágio II para o estágio III, sofrendo uma leve queda quando a trinca se propagava de forma instável e, em seguida, voltaram a aumentar quando a trinca estava perto de atingir seu tamanho crítico. Também foi observado que os valores de Ds e Dt se comportaram de forma inversa com o aumento da velocidade de propagação da trinca, em que os valores de Ds aumentaram e os de Dt decresceram em relação à evolução de K. Sendo, então, a dimensão estrutural responsável por descrever o comportamento anisotrópico do relevo, devido à evolução...
Fracture surfaces present the entropic evolution during the crack propagation, demonstrating relationship between structural components, local stress fields and typical relief formation. Regarding metallic alloys, the evolution of topographical formations may indicate the load action lines, the dynamism of the fracture process, during the processing or in use failures. In this work, it was performed the analysis of the relation between the fractal dimension and the stress intensity factor deviation, the relation between the fractal dimension and the crack tip position and also the study of the thickness influence in the fractal dimension values. These studies were performed by means of the topography of the 15-5PH steel fracture surfaces obtained throughout the fatigue crack propagation tests, in accordance with ASTM E647. The fractures investigation was executed using the 3-D reconstruction by extended depth of field method, allowing the possibility to calculate the values of the monofractal dimension (Df), textural dimension (Dt) and structural dimension (Ds), using of the elevation maps generated by the method. The analysis results showed that Ds was sensitive to changes on fracture micromechanisms, once they have increased up to the stage II to stage III transition, appearing a smooth reduction during the crack propagation at the unstable region and, after this, the values turned back to increase when the crack was near to achieve the critical length. It was also observed the Ds and Dt values presented an inverse behavior due the increase of the crack propagation velocity, while Ds raised the Dt values diminished related to the K evolution. Hence, the structural dimension is the responsible to describe the anisotropic behavior of the relief due the stress fields evolution in the crack tip... (Complete abstract click eletronic access below)
13
Dighe, Manish Deepak. "Development of digital image processing based methodology to study, quantify and correlate the microstructure and three dimensional fracture surface morphology of aluminum alloy 7050." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21013.
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O'Rourke, Matthew Daniel. "Effects of specimen geometry and coating on the thermo-mechanical fatigue of PWA 1484 superalloy." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52192.
Full textAbstract:
The single crystal superalloy PWA 1484 is used in hot section turbine blade applications due to its performance at high temperatures. In practice, the turbine blades are often coated in order to protect them from environmental degradation. However, under repeated cyclic loading, the coating may serve as a site for crack initiation in the blades. Fundamental out-of-phase (OP) thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) studies, primarily using uncoated solid cylindrical test samples, have previously examined both crack initiation and propagation in PWA 1484. In this work, mechanical strain-controlled OP TMF tests were performed on coated and uncoated specimens of a hollow cylindrical geometry in order to study the effects of both geometry and coating on the TMF crack initiation behavior. To accomplish this, it was necessary to create and analyze a modified gripping mechanism due to the unique geometry of the test samples, and as predicted by hand calculations and finite element analysis, these modifications proved to be successful. The TMF test results for the uncoated material were compared to those from previous studies under the same testing conditions, and it was found that the differences in geometry had a minimal impact on fatigue life. Comparisons of the results for the coated and uncoated material suggested that the coating may have offered a slight improvement in life, although insufficient results were available to determine whether these differences were statistically significant. Damage mechanisms resulting from different test conditions were also observed through microscopy on failed specimens.
15
Marques, Thais Peres Zanetine. "Fractografia quantitativa de superfícies obtidas em ensaios de propagação de trincas por fadiga em aço inoxidável 15 -5PH /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94453.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Luis Rogério de Oliveira HeinBanca: Ana Paulo Rosifini Alves Claro
Banca: Durval Rodrgigues Júnior
Resumo: Superfícies de fratura apresentam a evolução entrópica durante a propagação de trincas, demonstrando relações entre componentes estruturais, campos de tensões locais e formações típicas de relevo. No caso das ligas metálicas, a evolução das formações topográficas pode indicar as linhas de ação de carga, a dinâmica do processo de fratura, falhas de uso ou de processamento, e outros. Neste trabalho, foram realizadas análises da relação entre a dimensão fractal e a variação do fator intensidade de tensão, da relação entre a dimensão fractal e a posição à frente da trinca, além do estudo da influência da espessura nos valores de dimensão fractal. Esses estudos foram efetuados a partir da topografia das superfícies fraturadas do aço 15-5PH obtidas em ensaios de propagação de trincas por fadiga, conforme ASTM E647. A investigação das fraturas foi feita por meio do método de reconstrução por extensão de foco, com o qual foi possível calcular os valores de dimensão monofractal (Df), dimensão textural (Dt) e dimensão estrutural (Ds), utilizando os mapas de elevações gerados pelo método. Os resultados das análises mostraram que os valores de Ds foram sensíveis à mudança dos micromecanismos de fratura, sendo que eles aumentaram até a transição do estágio II para o estágio III, sofrendo uma leve queda quando a trinca se propagava de forma instável e, em seguida, voltaram a aumentar quando a trinca estava perto de atingir seu tamanho crítico. Também foi observado que os valores de Ds e Dt se comportaram de forma inversa com o aumento da velocidade de propagação da trinca, em que os valores de Ds aumentaram e os de Dt decresceram em relação à evolução de K. Sendo, então, a dimensão estrutural responsável por descrever o comportamento anisotrópico do relevo, devido à evolução... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Fracture surfaces present the entropic evolution during the crack propagation, demonstrating relationship between structural components, local stress fields and typical relief formation. Regarding metallic alloys, the evolution of topographical formations may indicate the load action lines, the dynamism of the fracture process, during the processing or in use failures. In this work, it was performed the analysis of the relation between the fractal dimension and the stress intensity factor deviation, the relation between the fractal dimension and the crack tip position and also the study of the thickness influence in the fractal dimension values. These studies were performed by means of the topography of the 15-5PH steel fracture surfaces obtained throughout the fatigue crack propagation tests, in accordance with ASTM E647. The fractures investigation was executed using the 3-D reconstruction by extended depth of field method, allowing the possibility to calculate the values of the monofractal dimension (Df), textural dimension (Dt) and structural dimension (Ds), using of the elevation maps generated by the method. The analysis results showed that Ds was sensitive to changes on fracture micromechanisms, once they have increased up to the stage II to stage III transition, appearing a smooth reduction during the crack propagation at the unstable region and, after this, the values turned back to increase when the crack was near to achieve the critical length. It was also observed the Ds and Dt values presented an inverse behavior due the increase of the crack propagation velocity, while Ds raised the Dt values diminished related to the K evolution. Hence, the structural dimension is the responsible to describe the anisotropic behavior of the relief due the stress fields evolution in the crack tip... (Complete abstract click eletronic access below)
Mestre
16
Kulp, Andrew Brooks. "Analysis of Strength Variation in Glass Due to Ion Exchange." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33204.
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The main goal of this project was to compare the changes in statistical variation and Weibull characteristics of the strength of glass rods as modified by heat treatment with and without an ion exchange bath. Several sample groups of 30 sodium borosilicate glass rod specimens were heat treated at various temperatures in air and in a potassium nitrate salt bath to induce an ion exchange process. All samples were then tested to failure in 4-point bending to assess the resulting Modulus of Rupture (MOR). Statistical analysis techniques and Weibull analysis were used to study the variations which occur within and between strength distributions of each sample group. A smaller sampling of test groups was subjected to fractographic analysis to study the effect of ion exchange on fracture features. The data shows that the ion exchange process caused a statistically significant increase in the strength of the glass rods. Samples which were heat treated do not show any significant changes in average strength. The fractographic analysis suggests that no changes in fracture morphology occurred as a result of ion exchange process, and that the critical flaw size population was not significantly different.Master of Science
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Campos, Kamila Amato de [UNESP]. "Fractografia quantitativa: análise do comportamento fractal de fratura em compósitos carbono/epóxi, por processamento digital de imagens." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94454.
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campos_ka_me_guara.pdf: 6227902 bytes, checksum: ee44aa7120c6145b6c7adb73f08cf527 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Superfícies de fratura expressam a seqüência de eventos de liberação de energia com a propagação de trincas, mostrando a relação entre os componentes da estrutura, campos de tensões locais e a formação de texturas típicas em seu relevo. No caso dos compósitos de matriz polimérica, a evolução das formações topográficas pode indicar as linhas de ação de carga, os efeitos de degradação pelo ambiente ou os defeitos de processamento. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar se as regiões de relevo formadas pelos diferentes mecanismos de propagação de trincas na fratura de compósitos termorrígidos, carbono/epóxi, podem ser relacionadas a diferentes valores de dimensão fractal, correspondendo à sua influência sobre a tenacidade. Os corpos-de-prova de compósito carbono/epóxi foram divididos em três grupos, sendo natural, com condicionamento higrotérmico e com condicionamento ultravioleta. As fraturas analisadas foram provenientes de ensaios DCB, em modo I de carregamento, sendo a aquisição das imagens feitas com o uso de microscópio óptico de reflexão e as topografias das superfícies obtidas pelo método de reconstrução por extensão de foco, calculando-se os valores de dimensão fractal com o uso dos mapas de elevações. A dimensão fractal foi classificada como: dimensão monofractal (Df), quando a fratura é descrita por um único valor; ou dimensão textural (Dt), que é uma análise macroscópica da fratura, combinada com a dimensão estrutural (Ds), que é uma análise microscópica. Os resultados demonstraram que não há relação entre Df e GIC, como proposto por Mecholsky, em seus trabalhos, não sendo esta medida uma propriedade do material. Quanto a Dt, esta medida não pode descrever qualquer propriedade do material, pois se restringe à descrição local do processo de fratura. Já Ds, descreve...
Fracture surfaces express the sequence of events of energy release with crack propagation, showing the relationship between the components of the structure, local stress fields and the formation of textures in his typical relief. In the case of polymer matrix composites, the evolution of topographic features may indicate the lines of action of load, the effects of degradation of the environment or processing defects. Therefore, the objective this work is to assess if the relief regions formed by different mechanisms of crack propagation in the fracture of thermosetting composites, carbon / epoxy, may be related to different values of fractal dimension, corresponding to its influence on toughness. Composite carbon / epoxy specimens were divided into three groups, namely natural, with hygrothermal conditioning and ultraviolet conditioning. The fractures were analyzed from DCB tests in mode I loading, with the acquisition of images by using an optical microscope and the surface topographies obtained by an extended depth-of-field method, calculating the values of fractal dimension with the use of elevation maps. The fractal dimension was classified as: monofractal dimension (Df), when the fracture is described by a single value, or texture dimension (Dt), which is a macroscopic fracture, combined with the structural dimension (Ds), which is a microscopic analysis. The results showed that there isn´t relationship between Df and GIC, as proposed by Mecholsky in his work, since this measure is not a material property. As for Dt, this measure cannot describe any property of the material, because it restricts the description of the process to local fracture conditions. In other way, Ds describes the micro-relief and is associated to the forces involved in the rupture of atomic bonds and, thus, to the association between micromechanics and microstructure... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Ratier, Alexis. "Détermination de l'historique de chargement d'une pièce rompue ou fissurée en service." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4008.
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Le but de la thèse est de déterminer l’historique de chargement d’une pièce rompue ou fissurée en service, par analyse des surfaces de fissuration. Pour les analyses de défaillances, les enjeux sont de définir le rôle du chargement dans la défaillance et de déterminer la fraction de durée de vie atteinte lors de la détection de la fissure. Un enjeu complémentaire est d’enrichir la base de données de chargements en service. L’organe choisi pour cette étude est l’essieu-axe ferroviaire. Ainsi, la sollicitation étudiée est en flexion rotative et les matériaux considérés sont les aciers A4T (25CrMo4) et A1N (C40). Suite à une revue bibliographique, quatre méthodes d’analyse quantitative des surfaces de fissuration ont été ciblées et testées, deux ont été retenues et développées. La première est basée sur la quantification des faciès de rupture (stries de fatigue, cupules, fissures secondaires…). La seconde s’appuie sur l’analyse des contraintes résiduelles (fractographie X) en profondeur pour déterminer l’épaisseur de matériau plastifié sous la surface de rupture. Cette profondeur correspond au sillage plastique induit par la propagation de la fissure et est fonction du chargement recherchéThe aim of the thesis is to determine the loading history of a broken or cracked piece in service, by analysing the cracking surfaces. For failure analyses, the issues are to define the role of the loading in the failure and to determine the fraction of lifespan reached when the crack is detected. An additional issue is to expand the in-service loadings database. The component chosen for this study is the railway axle. Thus, the studied stress is in alternate bending and the considered materials are the steels A4T (25CrMo4) and A1N (C40). Following a bibliographic review, four methods for quantitative analysis of cracking surfaces were targeted and tested, two of which were selected and developed. The first one is based on the quantification of fractographic features (fatigue striations, dimples, secondary cracks...). The second is based on the in-depth analysis of the residual stresses (X-ray fractography) to determine the thickness of plasticized material below the fracture surface. This depth corresponds to the plastic wake induced by the crack propagation and is a function of the sought loading
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Pilchak, Adam L. "The effect of friction stir processing on the microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of investment cast Ti-6Al-4V." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1243874522.
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Ward, D'Anthony Allen. "The Effect of Dwell Loading on the Small Fatigue Crack Growth at Notches in IN100." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1355235018.
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Campos, Kamila Amato de. "Fractografia quantitativa : análise do comportamento fractal de fratura em compósitos carbono/epóxi, por processamento digital de imagens /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94454.
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Resumo: Superfícies de fratura expressam a seqüência de eventos de liberação de energia com a propagação de trincas, mostrando a relação entre os componentes da estrutura, campos de tensões locais e a formação de texturas típicas em seu relevo. No caso dos compósitos de matriz polimérica, a evolução das formações topográficas pode indicar as linhas de ação de carga, os efeitos de degradação pelo ambiente ou os defeitos de processamento. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar se as regiões de relevo formadas pelos diferentes mecanismos de propagação de trincas na fratura de compósitos termorrígidos, carbono/epóxi, podem ser relacionadas a diferentes valores de dimensão fractal, correspondendo à sua influência sobre a tenacidade. Os corpos-de-prova de compósito carbono/epóxi foram divididos em três grupos, sendo natural, com condicionamento higrotérmico e com condicionamento ultravioleta. As fraturas analisadas foram provenientes de ensaios DCB, em modo I de carregamento, sendo a aquisição das imagens feitas com o uso de microscópio óptico de reflexão e as topografias das superfícies obtidas pelo método de reconstrução por extensão de foco, calculando-se os valores de dimensão fractal com o uso dos mapas de elevações. A dimensão fractal foi classificada como: dimensão monofractal (Df), quando a fratura é descrita por um único valor; ou dimensão textural (Dt), que é uma análise macroscópica da fratura, combinada com a dimensão estrutural (Ds), que é uma análise microscópica. Os resultados demonstraram que não há relação entre Df e GIC, como proposto por Mecholsky, em seus trabalhos, não sendo esta medida uma propriedade do material. Quanto a Dt, esta medida não pode descrever qualquer propriedade do material, pois se restringe à descrição local do processo de fratura. Já Ds, descreve... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)Abstract: Fracture surfaces express the sequence of events of energy release with crack propagation, showing the relationship between the components of the structure, local stress fields and the formation of textures in his typical relief. In the case of polymer matrix composites, the evolution of topographic features may indicate the lines of action of load, the effects of degradation of the environment or processing defects. Therefore, the objective this work is to assess if the relief regions formed by different mechanisms of crack propagation in the fracture of thermosetting composites, carbon / epoxy, may be related to different values of fractal dimension, corresponding to its influence on toughness. Composite carbon / epoxy specimens were divided into three groups, namely natural, with hygrothermal conditioning and ultraviolet conditioning. The fractures were analyzed from DCB tests in mode I loading, with the acquisition of images by using an optical microscope and the surface topographies obtained by an extended depth-of-field method, calculating the values of fractal dimension with the use of elevation maps. The fractal dimension was classified as: monofractal dimension (Df), when the fracture is described by a single value, or texture dimension (Dt), which is a macroscopic fracture, combined with the structural dimension (Ds), which is a microscopic analysis. The results showed that there isn't relationship between Df and GIC, as proposed by Mecholsky in his work, since this measure is not a material property. As for Dt, this measure cannot describe any property of the material, because it restricts the description of the process to local fracture conditions. In other way, Ds describes the micro-relief and is associated to the forces involved in the rupture of atomic bonds and, thus, to the association between micromechanics and microstructure... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Luis Rogerio de Oliveira Hein
Coorientador: Edson Cocchieri Botelho
Banca: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira
Banca: Ana Lucia Horovistiz
Mestre
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Григорович, Кравець Василь, Романишин Олександр Богданович, Vasyl Kravets, and Oleksandr Romanyshyn. "Розроблення автоматизованих методів механічних випробувань та електронно-мікроскопічних досліджень стальних зразків." Master's thesis, Тернопільський національний технічний університет ім. І. Пулюя, Факультет прикладних інформаційних технологій та електроінженерії, Кафедра автоматизації технологічних процесів і виробництв, 2019. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29643.
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Робота виконана на кафедрі автоматизації технологічних процесів і виробництв факультету прикладних інформаційних технологій та електроінженерії Тернопільського національного технічного університету імені Івана Пулюя Міністерства освіти і науки України.
Захист відбудеться «24» грудня 2019р.о 8.00год. на засіданні екзаменаційної комісії №43 у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана ПулюяУ магістерській роботі розв’язано задачу розроблення автоматизованого методу автоматизації механічних випробувань із застосуванням цифрової та аналогової техніки. Під час випробувань вимірювали велику кількість електричних та неелектричних величин за допомогою закладених або вбудованих в машину на час випробувань давачів (measuring element, sensor). Давачі можуть складатися з одного елементу (тензорезистори) або багатьох складних блоків багатофункціонального перетворення. Одночасно з записом показів давачів у пам’яті ЕОМ їх, звичайно, виводять і на прилади для здійснення візуального контролю за перебігом випробувань
The master's thesis addresses the problem of developing an automated method of automation of mechanical tests using digital and analog techniques. During the tests, a large number of electrical and non-electrical quantities were measured using the measuring or sensor elements embedded or integrated into the machine during the testing. Sensors can consist of a single element (strain gauges) or many complex blocks of multifunctional conversion. At the same time as recording the sensors in the memory of the computer, they are usually output to devices for visual monitoring of the test.
1. Аналітична частина 1.1. Аналіз методів механічних випробувань та мікроскопічного аналізу 1.2. Актуальність виконання проекту 1.3. Методи стереометрії як спосіб відтворення «історії руйнування» 1.4. Розвиток механічних та оптико-цифрових методів досліджень 2. Технологічна частина 2.1. Характеристика об’єкту або предмету дослідження 2.2. Напружено-деформований стан ролика МБЛЗ 2.3. Програма і методика теоретичних та експериментальних досліджень 2.4. Підбір механічних пристосувань 2.5. Аналіз і узагальнення отриманої інформації 3. Конструкторська частина 3.1. Автоматизована система керування сервогідравлічною машиною CTM-100 на базі платформи MTL32 3.2. Автоматизація проведення досліджень теплостійких сталей на в’язкість руйнування. Програмний комплекс TestBuilder 3.2.1. Генератор циклічних навантажень 3.2.2. Багатоциклові втомні навантаження 3.2.3. Модуль статичного навантаження 3.2.4. Програмування складних послідовностей навантаження 3.2.5 Запис та експорт даних досліджень 3.2.6. Встановлення і використання обмежень 4. Науково-дослідна частина 4.1. Вимірювання глибини зони витягування компактного зразка 4.2. Вимірювання фрактографічних рельєфних утворень 5. Спеціальна частина 5.1. Засоби тензо- і динамометрії 5.2. Програма для запису діаграм деформування 6. Техніко-економічне обгрунтування 6.1. Вдосконалення організації наукових досліджень 6.2. Планування та розрахунок передвиробничих затрат та капіталовкладень на проведення НДР 7. Охорона праці та безпека в надзвичайних ситуаціях 8. Екологія Висновки Перелік посилань
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Присташ, Андрій Степанович, Юрій Вадимович Сторожук, Andrii Prystash, and Yurii Storozhuk. "Автоматизований експрес-метод оцінювання ударної в’язкості епоксикомпозитів за кількісним аналізом морфології поверхні руйнування лабораторних зразків." Master's thesis, Тернопільський національний технічний університет ім. І. Пулюя, Факультет прикладних інформаційних технологій та електроінженерії, Кафедра автоматизації технологічних процесів і виробництв, 2019. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29787.
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Робота виконана на кафедрі автоматизації технологічних процесів і виробництв факультету прикладних інформаційних технологій та електроінженерії Тернопільського національного технічного університету імені Івана Пулюя Міністерства освіти і науки України.
Захист відбудеться «26» грудня 2019 р. о 8.00 год. на засіданні екзаменаційної комісії №43 у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана ПулюяУ магістерській роботі обґрунтовано та експериментально виявлено в взаємозв’язок ФР (D) поверхні руйнування композитних матеріалів із частками фулерену С60 за схемами випробувань (1-6), проведених доц. О.О. Сапроновим та енергією ударного руйнування зразків. За даними оптико-цифрового аналізу виявлено та описано геометричні особливості поверхонь руйнування притаманні крихким та в’язким ділянкам, які в свою чергу пов'язані з енергетичними параметрами процесу їх формування. Саме це було теоретично обґрунтовано і апробовано під час проведення досліджень.
In the master's thesis, the interfacial surface of fractal dimensions of composite materials with C60 fullerene particles according to the schemes of tests (1-6), conducted by Assoc. professor O.O. Sapronov and impact toughness energy of the specimens. According to optical-digital analysis, the geometric features of fracture surfaces inherent in brittle and viscous areas are identified and described, which in turn are related to the energy parameters of their formation process. This was theoretically substantiated and tested during the research.
1. АНАЛІТИЧНА ЧАСТИНА 1.1. Взаємозвязок між ударною вязкістю та структурою композитних матеріалів 12 1.2. Методи розрахунку фрактальної розмірності та їх особливості 14 2. ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНА ЧАСТИНА 2.1. Характеристика технології та алгоритми обчислення ФР 23 2.2. Використання аналітичних систем для кількісного аналізу зображень 29 2.3. Параметр ФР за дослідження епоксидних композитів 37 3. КОНСТРУКТОРСЬКА ЧАСТИНА. 3.1. Аналіз вихідних даних на проектування, базових властивостей ФР 40 3.2. Обґрунтування вибору методів обчислення ФР 53 3.3. Обґрунтування вибору, опис та розрахунок технічних засобів автоматизації 55 4. НАУКОВО-ДОСЛІДНА ЧАСТИНА 4.1. Характеристика об’єкту або предмету дослідження 57 4.2. Точність обчислення параметрів та принципи її забезпечення 4.3. Визначення ФР ділянок вязкого руйнування 74 4.4. Нові закономірності ударного руйнування 76 5. СПЕЦІАЛЬНА ЧАСТИНА 5.1. Обґрунтування вибору програмного забезпечення для розрахунків ФР 78 5.2. Обґрунтування вибору методу сіток 82 6. ТЕХНІКО-ЕКОНОМІЧНЕ ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ 85 7. ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ 95 8. ЕКОЛОГІЯ 99 ВИСНОВКИ 105 ПЕРЕЛІК ПОСИЛАНЬ 106
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Gaspar, Blake T. "Influence of Grain Size and Widmanstätten Colonies on Variability of Tensile Properties of Forged Ti-6Al-4V." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1196.
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When testing forgings for specifications, it was found that some parts did not meet the requirements for mechanical properties. This triggered an investigation into two of the parts from the lot that did not meet specification. The ultimate reason for failure was due to lower than necessary yield strength and ultimate tensile strength values, as well as unwanted variability between regions of the part. Therefore, samples of the regions were tensile tested to determine the differences that existed in yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation. After tensile testing, quantitative metallography and fractography were conducted to identify aspects of the microstructure and fracture surfaces that may have caused the variability. Three aspects of the microstructure that were identified as characteristics that may affect the mechanical properties were: grain size, Widmanstätten colony size, and volume fraction of the β phase. Based on measurements it was determined that a smaller Widmanstätten colony size found to be roughly 120 microns/colony was associated with a larger yield strength and UTS than larger colony sizes of roughly 170 microns/ colony. Grain size also played a role with smaller grain sizes of roughly 1550 microns/grain being associated with a higher yield strength and UTS than the larger grains of roughly 2000 microns/grain. Fractography also suggested that the presence of interlamellar decohesion and trans-lamellar failure may have created sites of further crack initiation, resulting in a lower ultimate tensile strength. These differences were theorized to be caused by a temperature gradient created during the heat treatment that created non-uniform cooling rates, resulting in the differences in microstructural characteristics.
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Major, Štěpán. "Vliv plasmové nitridace na únavovou životnost vysocepevných ocelí při biaxiálním zatěžování." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233936.
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This work deals with fatigue life and fractographycal analysis of plasma-nitrided and virgin specimen made of the low-alloy high-strength steel. Specimens were subjected to in-phase combined bending-torsion loading. The work is focused on three groups of problems. The first group of problems was associated with the fatigue life and its prediction. The objective was to examine a relationship between the presence of the nitrided layer and fatigue life. The application of surface layers has significantly improved the fatigue life in the high-cycle region. An extended comparison between classical and advanced multiaxial criteria was performed. Criterions proposed by Marin and Matake were found to be most precise. The second objective of this work was to examine a relationship between the loading ratio ( is the bending amplitude and is the torsion amplitude ) and the fracture surface topography in the highcycle fatigue. Properties of fracture surfaces were quantified by many roughness and fractal parameters. Many roughness parameters start to incrise rapidly above a critical value of the loading ratio zc = 0,5. The last part of this work deals with the fractographical analysis of fish-eye cracks that were formed in plasma-nitrided steel specimens under symetrical bending, symetrical torsion and biaxial in-phase bending-torsion combinations.
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Hakim, Issa A. "Non-destructive Evaluation Measurements and Fracture Effects in Carbon/Epoxy Laminates Containing Porosity." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1500896942896879.
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Bjurenstedt, Anton. "Imperfections in Recycled Aluminium-Silicon Cast Alloys." Licentiate thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH. Forskningsmiljö Material och tillverkning – Gjutning, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-26790.
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In striving to produce high quality cast components from recycled aluminium alloys,imperfections have to be considered, because recycled aluminium usually containsmore of it. However, there are great energy savings to be made by using recycledaluminium; as little as 5% of the energy needed for primary aluminium productionmay be required. High quality castings are dependent on, besides alloy chemistry, bothmelt quality and the casting process; the focus of this work is related to the meltquality.This thesis aims to increase knowledge about imperfections, foremost about Fe-richparticles, oxides/bifilms, and porosity. Experiments were performed at industrialfoundry facilities and in a laboratory environment. Melt quality was evaluated byproducing samples with the reduced pressure test (RPT), from which both densityindex (DI) and bifilm index (BI) could be measured, results that were related to tensiletest properties. Data from tensile test samples were analysed, and fracture surfacesand cross sections were studied in both light microscope and in scanning electronmicroscope (SEM). For the purpose of investigating nucleation of primary Fe-richparticles (sludge) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used.In the analysis of results, a correlation between the morphology of particles and tensileproperties were found. And elongated Fe-rich β-particles were seen to fracturethrough cleavage towards the centre. However, DI and BI have not been possible torelate to tensile properties.The nucleation temperature of primary Fe-rich particles were found to increase withincreased Fe, Mn, and Cr contents, i.e. the sludge factor (SF), regardless of cooling rate.For a set SF, an increase of cooling rate will decrease the nucleation temperature.
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Adair, Benjamin Scott. "Characterization and modeling of thermo-mechanical fatigue crack growth in a single crystal superalloy." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52191.
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Turbine engine blades are subjected to extreme conditions characterized by significant and simultaneous excursions in both stress and temperature. These conditions promote thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) crack growth which can significantly reduce component design life beyond that which would be predicted from isothermal/constant load amplitude results. A thorough understanding of the thermo-mechanical fatigue crack behavior in single crystal superalloys is crucial to accurately evaluate component life to ensure reliable operations without blade fracture through the use of "retirement for cause" (RFC). This research was conducted on PWA1484, a single crystal superalloy used by Pratt & Whitney for turbine blades. Initially, an isothermal constant amplitude fatigue crack growth rate database was developed, filling a void that currently exists in published literature. Through additional experimental testing, fractography, and modeling, the effects of temperature interactions, load interactions, oxidation and secondary crystallographic orientation on the fatigue crack growth rate and the underlying mechanisms responsible were determined. As is typical in published literature, an R Ratio of 0.7 displays faster crack growth when compared to R = 0.1. The effect of temperature on crack growth rate becomes more pronounced as the crack driving force increases. In addition secondary orientation and R Ratio effects on crack growth rate were shown to increase with increasing temperature. Temperature interaction testing between 649°C and 982°C showed that for both R = 0.1 and 0.7, retardation is present at larger alternating cycle blocks and acceleration is present at smaller alternating cycle blocks. This transition from acceleration to retardation occurs between 10 and 20 alternating cycles for R = 0.1 and around 20 alternating cycles for R = 0.7. Load interaction testing showed that when the crack driving force is near KIC the overload size greatly influences whether acceleration or retardation will occur at 982°C. Semi-realistic spectrum testing demonstrated the extreme sensitivity that relative loading levels play on fatigue crack growth life while also calling into question the importance of dwell times. A crack trajectory modeling approach using blade primary and secondary orientations was used to determine whether crack propagation will occur on crystallographic planes or normal to the applied load. Crack plane determination using a scanning electron microscope enabled verification of the crack trajectory modeling approach. The isothermal constant amplitude fatigue crack growth results fills a much needed void in currently available data. While the temperature and load interaction fatigue crack growth results reveal the acceleration and retardation that is present in cracks growing in single crystal turbine blade materials under TMF conditions. This research also provides a deeper understanding of the failure and deformation mechanisms responsible for crack growth during thermo-mechanical fatigue. The crack path trajectory modeling will help enable "Retirement for Cause" to be used for critical turbine engine components, a drastic improvement over the standard "safe-life" calculations while also reducing the risk of catastrophic failure due to "chunk liberation" as a function of time. Leveraging off this work there exists the possibility of developing a "local approach" to define a crack growth forcing function in single crystal superalloys.
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Hein, Luis Rogerio de Oliveira. "Estudo da zona de estiramento atraves de tecnica de reconstrução tridimensional." [s.n.], 1996. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263038.
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Orientadores: Ana Maria Martinez Nazar e Jean Jacques AmmannTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: O estudo das relações entre a zona de estiramento e a tenacidade à fratura dos materiais para uso em estruturas mecânicas tem encontrado grande interesse no meio científico e tecnológico. Entretanto, grandes restrições vêm sendo encontradas quanto à adoção de técnicas para sua avaliação, o que tem implicado em uma pequena quantidade de trabalhos sobre a geometria dessa região. Desta forma, este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de um método para análise da superfície da zona de estiramento, baseado nos conceitos das medições de paralaxe e em técnicas de processamento digital de imagens, buscando estabelecer critérios mais precisos para a definição de seus limites naturais e estudar a evolução de sua geometria, através da análise de perfis. O algoritmo para reconstrução tridimensional foi inteiramente desenvolvido dentro do ambiente gráfico do programa KHOROS, criado por pesquisadores da New Mexico University. Empregando-se técnicas de observação em microscópio eletrônico de varredura especialmente adaptadas para este trabalho, foram fotografados pares estereoscópicos de zonas de estiramento formadas em superfícies de fratura de amostras da liga AI 7050, obtidas em ensaios mecânicos para determinação do CTOD crítico, seguindo orientações do método EGF PI-87-D. Assim, foram obtidos perfis de elevação que permitiram realizar medições de parâmetros como a largura e a altura da zona de estiramento, bem como estudar a evolução de sua geometria. A zona de estiramento apresenta relevo muito acidentado, o que provoca uma dispersão natural dos resultados, apesar do emprego de uma definição consistente para a identificação de seus limites. Conclui-se que os perfis da região, desde que sob estado de deformação plana, podem ter sua geometria média descrita pela forma de uma semi-parábola. Esses resultados levaram a concluir que a metodologia e o algoritmo desenvolvidos têm aplicação viável na fractografia quantitativa
Abstract: The study about stretch zone and materiaIs fracture toughness behaviour has been found remarkable interest in the science and technology field. Moreover, there are many restrictions about the use of measurement techniques, noted by a low number of published works related to stretch zone geometry. The goal of this research is to develop a method for stretch zone surface analysis, based on parallax measurement theory using digital image processing techniques, to stablish accurated criteria for its natural boundaries detinition and to study its geometrical evolution, by profilometric analysis. The three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm has been fully developed using the graphic interface of KHOROS program, created by New Mexico University researchers. By means of particular scanning electron microscopy techniques, stretch zone stereo pairs of AI 7050 alloy fracture surfaces were photographed as indicated by EGF Pl-87-D method. These fracture surfaces were obtained from CTOD testing. The reconstructed surfaces were analysed by means of profiles, to measure width and heigth parameters of the stretch zone and to study its geometry. Because the complex stretch zone surface topographies, it was observed a large but natural dispersion of size data, despite the use of a reliable definition for region boundaries identification. So, it is concluded that stretch zone profiles mean geometry, under plane strain, can be described by the semi-parabolic shape. Finally, the results let to conclude that developed methodology and algorithm has viable use for quantitative fractographic analysis
Doutorado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
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Poisson, Jean-Louis. "Détermination d'un critère de fatigue multiaxial appliqué à un élastomère synthétique." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00780307.
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Les élastomères présentent une diversité d'utilisation et des caractéristiques mécaniques spécifiques (grandes déformations, comportement dissipatif, ...) qui en font une famille de matériaux très utilisés dans l'industrie. Lors de leur fonctionnement, les pièces réelles subissent des sollicitations complexes. Comprendre les phénomènes induits par la fatigue multiaxiale constitue ainsi un enjeu important dans la phase de conception industrielle. Le matériau utilisé au cours de cette étude est un polychloroprène (CR), fourni par la société Hutchinson et présent dans les poulies découpleuses. Celui-ci possède une réponse dissipative en grandes déformations. Son comportement est modélisé à partir de lois de comportements viscohyperélastiques suivant deux approches : une méthode analytique impliquant un calcul simple en un point d'un cylindre et l'autre utilisant un calcul éléments finis implémenté dans ANSYS. Une campagne expérimentale en fatigue multiaxiale est alors réalisée, en traction-torsion afin de tester l'énergie dissipée comme critère de fatigue multiaxial. Celui-ci présente des résultats intéressants. Des diagramme de Haigh ont été établis afin de mettre en évidence le phénomène de cristallisation. Des analyses post-mortem ont été menés avec un microscope électronique à balayage et expose des spécificités morphologiques liées à la sollicitation vue par le matériau.
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Diawara, Bandiougou. "Caractérisation quantitative de la microstructure de l'acier 16MND5 des cuves de réacteurs nucléaires à eau pressurisée." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENI063.
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Ce travail de thèse concerne l’acier 16MND5 des cuves des Réacteurs à Eau Préssurisée (REP).L’étude vise à caractériser de manière quantitative la microstructure et à comprendre l’effet desparamètres influents (vitesse de refroidissement, température de revenu …) sur sa formation. D’unpoint de vue expérimental, l’étude est menée grâce à l’utilisation des techniques d’observationcomme la métallographie, le MET, MEB et l’EBSD, et la réalisation de traitements thermiquescontrôlés (dilatométrie notamment).Ces observations visent à identifier les différents constituants de l’acier et de déterminer lesgrandeurs quantitatives les caractériser (tailles, fractions volumiques des différentes phases ainsique leurs orientations cristallographiques).Nous avons dans un premier temps caractérisé de manière complète et quantitative, lamicrostructure de l’acier 16MND5 à l’état de réception (trempé et revenu). L’étude a permis demontrer qu’il existe un gradient de microstructure entre la peau interne et le coeur de l’épaisseur dela virole. La microstructure à coeur est constituée de ferrite proeutectoïde, de bainite et d’amas decarbures, tandis qu’en peau interne on est en présence de bainite et d’amas de carbures.Une campagne d’essais de dilatométrie a été réalisée afin de simuler la microstructure brute detrempe de l’acier 16MND5 et d’observer l’effet de la vitesse de refroidissement, des températuresde transformation sur la microstructure des aciers de cuve. Ces essais ont révélé que lamicrostructure de l’acier 16MND5 après refroidissement est constituée de bainite, d’îlots demartensite et d’austénite résiduelle (M-A) enrichie en carbone. Ce sont ces îlots M-A qui donnentnaissance aux amas de carbures lors du revenu final.L’effet de la composition chimique de cet acier a été étudié grâce à l’utilisation d’une tôle ayant unecomposition chimique plus riche en carbone et en éléments d’alliages. Ce travail a montré quel’augmentation des teneurs en carbone et en éléments d’alliages modifiaient la morphologie et lacristallographie de la ferrite.L’étude des comportements mécaniques des constituants présents en peau interne, quart épaisseur etmi épaisseur a été réalisée grâce à des essais de résilience sur des éprouvettes de mini charpy. Cetteétude a permis de montrer qu’à basse température (-120°C) la peau interne présente de meilleurespropriétés de résilience que le quart et la mi épaisseur de la virole. Des examens de la surfacelatérale des éprouvettes de Charpy ont montré que la présence de ferrite proeutectoïde favorise lagermination de micro-fissures de clivageReactor pressure vessel is the second security barrier of the nuclear reactor and it is elaboratedwith a low carbon steel ( C-0.16%). Due to the large size of the ferrule there is temperatureand cooling rate gradient, which lead to microstructure gradient. To develop predictive modelit is necessary to well describe the microstructure which depend to the processing parameters.We focuse our work in investigating the effect of the processing parameters (cooling rate,chemical composition...) on the final microstructure during phase transformation.To get these informations and better describe the microstructure, we have used someexperimental technics like SEM, EBSD, TEM and Optical Microscopy. The steel used is alow carbon steel with a composition of C-0.16%, Mn-1.32%, Ni-0.72%, Mo-0.49%, Si-0.23%, Cr-0.23%, P-0.010%, S-0.004%. The material has been tempered in the range 635°C-660°C after cooling. Three positions have been chosen for examinations, because the coolingrate is not the same between the center and the edge of the material. The results of theobservations made in the different scale, indicate that the microstructure is mainly baniticwith bainitic ferrite and cementite precipitates. Examinations of the precipitates withextractive replicas in TEM reveal that morphology of cementite particles is complex they arecylinder-shaped particles, short bars particles and skeletal particles. OrientationsRelationships (OR) have been determined between ferrite and cementite particles with thinfoils in TEM by using Selected Area Diffraction, in a large number areas the Isaichev andBagaryatskii OR have been observed, a little Pitsch Petch OR have been obtained. The EBSDmap shows that the bainitic ferrite morphologies are both lath like and polygon. Themisorientations inside the laths are very small (0.5° misorientation point to point) andbetween laths we have the range 49-60° misorientation. The profile of misorientationsbetween point to point indicates higher frequency for the range 49-60°. Charpy test have beenperformed to analyze the effect of the microstructure on the fracture energy at lowtemperature. The results show that the fracture energy decreases when the content ofproeutectoid ferrite is high
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Le, Flour Jean-Claude. "Elaboration d'alliages d'aluminium et de composites base aluminium par metallurgie des poudres : etude du procede et caracterisation des produits." Paris, ENMP, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ENMP0072.
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Loffredo, Maria de Castro Monteiro. "Resistencia mecanica e tenacidade a fratura do osso cortical bovino." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263211.
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Orientador: Itamar FerreiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: As fraturas de ¿stress¿ são fraturas causadas pela fadiga óssea em pessoas jovens e saudáveis e que fazem treinamentos físicos rigorosos, como os chamados atletas de elite. Por essa razão, as causas para ocorrerem tais fraturas ainda são indefinidas. Sabe-se que sua fisiopatologia é caracterizada pela nucleação e propagação de micro-trincas na cortical óssea. Dessa forma, foi proposto neste estudo identificar algumas propriedades mecânicas do osso cortical que se aproximem das condições de tensão geradas nas atividades físicas. Foi, então, estudado o comportamento de uma barra retangular de osso cortical bovino no ensaio de flexão em três pontos para identificar o módulo de ruptura e o módulo de elasticidade do osso. O ensaio de tenacidade à fratura também foi conduzido por meio do ensaio de flexão em três pontos em corpos-de-prova com um entalhe usinado transversalmente ao eixo longitudinal dos espécimes. Os resultados mostraram que apesar do osso cortical ser um material mecanicamente resistente, com módulo de ruptura (MOR) médio de 227,5 MPa, ele possui níveis razoavelmente baixos de tenacidade à fratura, KIc médio de 9,6 MPa.m1/2. A análise fractográfica dos espécimes ensaiados mostrou que o osso apresenta alguns mecanismos de fratura característicos e que suas microestruturas estabelecem funções na nucleação e propagação da trinca, tornando o osso mais ou menos tenaz
Abstract: Stress fractures are caused by fatigue exercising in bones that occur in young health people who are submitted to rigorous physical training. It¿s known that its path physiology is characterized by initiation and propagation of microcracks. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify some of the mechanical properties of cortical bone that approach to the tension conditions originated in physical activities. A rectangular beam of bovine cortical bone was then tested in three-point bending to determine the values of modulus of rupture and Young¿s modulus of bone. Fracture toughness tests were conducted in single-edge-notched specimens. Results showed that bone is a strength material, with averaged modulus of rupture of 227.5 MPa, and a low value of fracture toughness averaged in 9.6 MPa.m1/2. The fractographic analyses of tested specimens showed that bones have some characteristic fracture mechanisms during failure and its microstructures influence the initiation and propagation of cracks, making it more or less resistant to crack propagation
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Oliveira, Bruno Ozi Silva Rosalin de. "Efeitos do revenimento realizado a baixa temperatura na resistência ao impacto em aços carbono e ligados temperados." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2011. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1312.
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Previous issue date: 2011-02-15This work has as main objective the determination of mechanical behavior, specially the impact resistance of martensitic structures based on carbon and on alloyed steels. The main concern is the response of these alloys when tempering at low temperatures (below 180°C). Heat treatments were performed by quenching in water and oil in order to determine the severity of the medium through testing the hardness, impact, micrographic and fractographic analysis. The SAE1045 and SAE4140 steels were also subjected to heat treatment tempering at low temperatures, 100°C, 140°C and 180°C, to verify the increase of toughness and possible changes in microstructure of these materials. It was the largest recorded hardenability of SAE4140 steel over SAE1045 steel, in agreement with the literature, through the results of hardness and micrographic analysis performed. The quenching in oil of the SAE4140 steel showed a predominantly martensitic microstructure which generated a hardness greater than SAE1045 steel showed a microstructure of martensite with islands of fine pearlite and ferrite. At all the tempering carried out for SAE1045 stel there is an increase in absorbed energy on impact with increasing temperature, and that these low-temperature tempering have significant influences on the material toughness. The tempering have higher increases of energy absorption and lateral expansion of SAE1045 steel in the conditions of quenching in water than in quenching in oil. For SAE4140 steel quenching in water (not very usual in practice) generated cracks in some specimens, since tempering in oil gave high values of absorbed energy during impact and showed no significant changes in the low-temperature tempering. It follows that for SAE1045 steel the low tempering temperature cause a significant increase in material toughness regardless of the quenching medium, however for tempering SAE4140 steel in water makes it impossible to evaluate because of the cracks generated in the coolong and quenching in oil no improvement in toughness can be observed.
Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo a determinação do comportamento mecânico, mais especificamente a resistência ao impacto, de estruturas martensíticas baseadas em aços ao carbono e ligados. A preocupação principal é a resposta dessas ligas quando revenidas em temperaturas baixas (inferior a 180°C). Foram realizados os tratamentos térmicos de têmpera em água e óleo com o intuito de verificar a severidade do meio através dos ensaios de dureza, impacto, análise micrográfica e fractográfica. Os aços SAE1045 e SAE4140 também foram submetidos aos tratamentos térmicos de revenimento a baixas temperaturas, 100°C, 140°C e 180°C, para verificação do aumento da tenacidade e possíveis alterações microestruturais desses materiais. Foi verificada a maior temperabilidade do aço SAE4140 em relação ao aço SAE1045, em concordância com a literatura, através dos resultados de dureza e da análise micrográfica realizada. Na têmpera em óleo o aço SAE4140 apresentou uma microestrutura predominantemente martensítica o que gerou uma dureza superior a do aço SAE1045 que apresentou uma microestrutura de martensita com ilhas de perlita fina e ferrita. Nos revenimentos realizados foi constatado que para o aço SAE1045 ocorre um aumento de energia absorvida no impacto com o aumento da temperatura, e que estes revenimentos a baixa temperatura têm influências significativas sobre a tenacidade do material. Os revenimentos apresentam maiores aumentos de energia absorvida e expansão lateral no aço SAE1045 nas condições de têmpera em água do que na têmpera em óleo. Para o aço SAE4140 a têmpera em água (não muito usual na prática) gerou trincas em alguns corpos de prova, já a têmpera em óleo proporcionou valores elevados de energia absorvida no impacto e não mostrou alterações significativas nos revenimentos a baixa temperatura. Conclui-se que para o aço SAE1045 os revenimentos a baixa temperatura causam um aumento significativo na tenacidade do material independentemente do meio de têmpera; já para o aço SAE4140 a têmpera em água inviabiliza a avaliação devido as trincas geradas no resfriamento e para têmpera em óleo nenhuma melhoria na tenacidade pode ser observada.
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Gomes, Márcia Aparecida. "Caracterização mecânica e microestrutural de compósitos de matriz metálica Al/SiCp e Al/Al2O3p obtidos via interação por laminação acumulativa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18158/tde-01032016-131333/.
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Compósitos de matriz metálica (CMM) reforçados com dois tipos de particulado cerâmico foram produzidos por meio do processo ARB (Accumulative Roll Bonding) a fim de estudar os efeitos destes no que diz respeito às propriedades mecânicas e microestruturais. ARB é um processo de deformação plástica severa aplicada originalmente a uma pilha de lâminas metálicas, a qual é laminada, seccionada em duas metades, as quais são empilhadas e novamente laminadas, e assim por diante, desenvolvido com o propósito de reduzir o tamanho de grão e aumentar a resistência mecânica do produto final. O processo é econômico e capaz de produzir de folhas ultrafinas a placas espessas, sem que haja restrição de quantidade. Confeccionou-se CMM de alumínio reforçados com partículas de carbeto de silício (Al+SiCp) e alumina (e Al+Al2O3p) com granulometria média de 40µm, as quais foram caracterizadas microestruturalmente e ensaiadas em tração até a falha, cuja análise foi conduzida via microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Ambas as amostras obtiveram ganho em sua resistência mecânica, comparadas ao alumínio monolítico (sem adição de partículas de reforço) e alumínio recozido. Foram ensaiados em tração corpos de prova com e sem presença de entalhe, sendo que as peças entalhadas apresentaram comportamento esperado de aumento de resistência mecânica e baixo alongamento e fratura de aspecto frágil. De acordo com análise feita por fratografia houve boa ancoragem e dispersão das partículas de reforço na matriz.Metal matrix composite (CMM) reinforced with two types of ceramic particles have been produced through the process ARB (Accumulative Roll Bonding) in order to study their effect as regards the mechanical and microstructural properties. ARB is a severe plastic deformation process originally applied to a stack of metal sheets, which is laminated, sectioned into two halves, which are stacked and rolled again, and so on, developed with the purpose of reducing the grain size and increase the mechanical strength of the final product. The process is economical and capable of producing ultrafine sheets to thicker plates without much restriction. Were fabricated CMM of the aluminum reinforced with particles of silicon carbide (Al + SiCp) and alumina (and Al + Al2O3p) with an average particle size of 40μm, which are characterized microstructurally and tested in tension until failure, whose analysis was conducted via scanning electron microscopy. Both samples were successful in its mechanical strength compared to the monolithic aluminum (without addition of reinforcing particles) and annealed aluminum. They were tested for tensile specimens with and without the presence of notch, and the carved pieces showed strength-enhancing behavior and low elongation and frail fracture. According to analysis by fractography was good anchoring and reinforcement particles dispersed in the matrix.
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Cagatay, Onur. "Rubber Toughening Of Phenolic Resin By Using Nitrile Rubber And Amino Silane." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606281/index.pdf.
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The aim of this study was to investigate rubber toughening of resol type phenol-formaldehyde resin. For this purpose, phenolic resin was first modified by only acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, and then by using nitrile rubber together with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane.
Test specimens were prepared by mixing and casting of liquid phenolic resin in three groups. In the first one, neat phenolic resin specimens were produced. In the second group, phenolic resin was modified with 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 wt.% nitrile rubber, while in the last group modification was carried out by using 0.5 wt.% nitrile rubber together with 1, 2, and 4wt.% amino silane (with respect to nitrile rubber). All specimens were heat cured in the oven.
In order to observe behaviors of the specimens, Three-Point Bending, Charpy Impact, Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness, and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis tests were conducted according to the related ISO standards for all specimens groups. Scanning Electron Microscopy was also used for the fractographic analysis of some samples.
It can be concluded that, although there were problems in mixing and casting of liquid resol type phenolic resin, its toughness could be improved by using nitrile rubber and amino silane. Modification by using nitrile rubber and amino silane together was much more effective than by using only nitrile rubber. In this synergistic case for instance, Charpy impact strength and fracture toughness values of the neat phenolic specimens were increased 63% and 50%, respectively. SEM studies indicated that the main rubber toughening mechanism was shear yielding observed as deformation lines especially initiated at the domains of nitrile rubber and amino silane.
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Gaddam, Raghuveer. "Effect of boron and hydrogen on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Ti-6Al-4V." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Materialvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17757.
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Titanium and its alloys are widely used in applications ranging from aeroengines and offshore equipment to biomedical implants and sporting goods, owing to their high ratio of strength to density, excellent corrosion resistance, and biomedical compatibility. Among the titanium alloys used in aerospace, Ti-6Al-4V (an α+β alloy) is the most widely used, in applications in which the temperature may reach 350°C, at which point it retains good fatigue and fracture properties as well as moderate tensile strength and ductility. These alloy properties are dependent on variables such as crystalline structure, alloy chemistry, manufacturing techniques and environmental conditions during service. These variables influence the microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium alloys. With regard to the alloy chemistry and operating environment, the focus of the present work is to understand the influence of boron and hydrogen on the microstructure and selected mechanical properties of cast Ti-6Al-4V. The addition of boron to cast Ti-6Al-4V (0.06 and 0.11 wt% in this work) refines the coarse “as cast” microstructure, which is evaluated quantitatively using FoveaPro image analysis software. Compression testing was performed using a Gleeble 1500 instrument, by applying a 10% strain at different strain rates (0.001, 0.1 and 1 s-1) for temperatures in the range 25-1100°C. The tests were performed to evaluate the effect of boron on the mechanical properties of the alloy. It was observed that there is an increase in the compressive strength, predominantly at room temperature, of cast Ti-6Al-4V after the addition of boron. Metallographic evaluation showed that this increase in strength is a likely result of reductions in both the prior β grain and α colony dimensions, which is caused by boron addition. Studies in a hydrogen environment at 150 bar showed that cast Ti-6Al-4V exhibited lower yield strength and lower ultimate tensile strength in comparison with those properties measured in an air environment. No significant change in the ductility was observed. It was also noted that in a high strain range (≈2%) the low cycle fatigue (LCF) life was significantly reduced in hydrogen compared with air. Microstructural and fractographic characterization techniques were used to establish the role of hydrogen on the deformation mechanism by analysing the crack propagation path through the microstructure. It is seen that cracks tend to propagate along the interface between prior β grain boundaries and/or along the α colony boundariesGodkänd; 2011; 20110823 (raggad); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Konstruktionsmaterial/Engineering Materials Examinator: Docent Marta-Lena Antti, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: PhD Magnus Hörnqvist, Volvo Aero Corp. Materials Technology, Trollhättan Tid: Torsdag den 22 september 2011 kl 10.00 Plats: E246, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Krystýnová, Michaela. "Víceprvkové systémy biomateriálů na bázi hořčíku a zinku." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433000.
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Dissertation thesis deals with basic research in the field of materials from pure Zn powders and Mg, Zn, and Ca binary mixtures prepared by powder metallurgy. General powder metallurgy principles and methods, a brief description of Mg, Zn, and Ca structure and properties, and the latest research in the field of bulk materials preparation from these elements via powder metallurgy are summarized in the theoretical part of the thesis. The experimental part focuses on the preparation of materials from finer and coarser Zn powder particles by hot pressing at 300 and 400 °C using the pressure of 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 MPa. Binary mixtures based on Mg with the addition of Zn or Ca were prepared by hot pressing in the solid-state (300 °C) and hot pressing in the semi-solid state (400 °C, 450 °C in the case of Mg-Ca system) using the pressure of 500 MPa. Binary mixtures based on Zn with the addition of Mg or Ca were prepared by hot pressing in the semi-solid state (400 °C) using the pressure of 500 MPa. The prepared materials were evaluated in terms of microstructure, elemental and phase composition, microhardness, flexural strength, and fractography. The results showed that in the case of processed from pure Zn powders, a better combination of the flexural strength and displacement was achieved in the case of the finer Zn powder, namely in the material prepared at a temperature of 400 °C and a pressure of 500 MPa. In the case of mixtures, the best connection between the powder particles was achieved in the case of a material based on finer Zn powder with 0.5 wt.% of Mg, which had a significant effect on the achieved values of flexural strength and displacement. The amount of minor powder in the mixture had a significant effect on the prepared material structure and phase composition, while the processing conditions influenced the reached strength characteristics and fracture mechanism.
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Beck, Branislav. "Nízkoteplotní zkoušky a lomová houževnatost vybraných keramických materiálů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231786.
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Diploma thesis deals with the determination of fracture toughness values of sintered silicon carbide and casted basalt using both the Single Edge V-Notch Beam (SEVNB) and the Chevron Notched Beam (CNB) methods at room and cryogenic temperatures. The first part of this thesis offers general overview and categorization of ceramic materials. Fracture mechanics of the ceramic materials and available fracture toughness testing methods are discussed in following chapters. The last section in the theoretical part is aimed to the microstructure and properties of the silicon carbide. Experimental part of the work summarizes methods used for characterization of selected materials from the microstructural and fracture point of view. Preparation of samples for microstructural observation and samples for fracture toughness determination are described in details. The results of the fracture toughness data for sintered silicon carbide and cast-basalt obtained at room temperature and at -100 °C are displayed. Consideration of possible measurements errors and application of various fracture toughness testing methods are discussed in the next chapter of this work. The difference in the fracture toughness values with the decrease of testing temperature was found. The difference depends on both, the used method of fracture toughness determination and the material used for the tests. The most important results gained during the experimental work are summarized in the chapter “Conclusions”.
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Oliveira, Jose Alberto [UNESP]. "Fractografia quantitativa: relações entre diferentes condições de tratamento térmico e a dimensão fractal." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152081.
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A morfologia de superfícies de fratura contém informações importantes do processo de fratura, tais como, o tipo de carregamento e a energia envolvida. Neste contexto, a fractografia quantitativa é uma ferramenta que permite caracterizar superfícies de fratura de forma qualitativa e quantitativa. O objetivo foi avaliar a sensibilidade da dimensão fractal na caracterização de diferentes micromecanismos de fratura, e correlacionar com a energia envolvida no processo de fratura, foram reproduzidas três condições de tratamento térmico do aço SAE 4340, visando obter micromecanismos de fratura característicos da ruptura dúctil e frágil. As superfícies de fratura foram geradas pelo ensaio de impacto charpy, ASTM A370, a temperatura ambiente. Com isso, através do método de reconstrução por extensão de foco na microscopia óptica, as superfícies de fratura foram reconstruídas, como resultado, foram obtidos mapas topográficos do relevo. A caracterização quantitativa da topografia foi realizada por meio da dimensão fractal, utilizando a abordagem monofractal, auto-similaridade, e bifractal que é calcada no conceito da auto-afinidade. As três condições de tratamento térmico foram eficazes, produzindo micromecanismos de fratura característicos da fratura dúctil, isto é, predominância de microvazios e da fratura frágil com predominância de clivagem. A abordagem monofractal se mostrou sensível a mudança de morfologia da superfície de fratura, no entanto, a sensibilidade foi pequena para morfologias similares, ou seja, na distinção entre quasi-clivagem e clivagem. Por outro lado, na abordagem bifractal a sensibilidade da dimensão fractal textural foi mais expressiva, evidenciando a diferença entre quasi-clivagem e clivagem.
The fracture surface morphology contains important information about the fracture process, such as the type of loading and the energy involved. In this context, quantitative fractography is a tool that allows qualitative and quantitative characterization of fracture surfaces. In order to evaluate the sensitivity of the fractal dimension in the characterization of different fracture micromechanisms and to correlate with the energy involved in the fracture process, three thermal treatment conditions of the steel SAE 4340 were reproduced in order to obtain fracture micromechanisms characteristic of the ductile and fragile fracture. The fracture surfaces were generated by the charpy impact test, ASTM A370, at room temperature. Thus, through the method of reconstruction by extension of focus in optical microscopy, the fracture surfaces were reconstructed, as a result, topographic maps of the relief were obtained. The quantitative characterization of the topography was performed through the fractal dimension, using the monofractal, self-similarity, and bifractal approach that is based on the concept of self-affinity. The three heat treatment conditions were effective, producing fracture micromechanisms characteristic of the ductile fracture, that is, predominance of microvoids and fragile fracture with predominance of cleavage. The monofractal approach was shown to be sensitive to change in fracture morphology, however, sensitivity was small for similar morphologies, in the distinction between quasi-cleavage and cleavage. On the other hand, in the bifractal approach the sensitivity of the fractal textural dimension was more expressive, evidencing the difference between quasi-cleavage and cleavage.
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Gejdoš, Pavel. "Studium nízkocyklových únavových vlastností hořčíkové slitiny AZ31 s 0,5% vápníku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228608.
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In this work have been identified mechanical and fatigue properties of magnesium alloy AZ31 with 0.5% calcium, which was cast using squeeze casting. In addition, it was observed microstructure of the alloys and made fractographic assessment of fracture surfaces after fatigue loading.
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Pereira, Rafael Mezher Silva. "Microestrutura, fratografia, propriedades elétricas e mecânicas de cermeto de Cu/Ni/Ag/Y2O3." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2015. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1355.
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Previous issue date: 2015-01-30This paper studies the effects in a copper (Cu) alloy with the addition of Nickel (Ni), Silver (Ag) and Yttria (Y2O3), the metal-ceramic (cermet) alloy was manufactured by Powder Metallurgy (PM), this technique was chosen because it is advantageous when working with alloy elements with large difference in melting point, vapor pressure and density. It was used with the intention of creating a composite with good mechanical and electrical strength, capable to be measured by analyzing samples (including fractography) besides the usual experimental procedures of hardness and current tests. The results aim to explore some characteristics of this alloy as well as investigate and pursue such physical properties to meet current technology needs principally related as an option to anode of solid fuels or electrical contact in low temperatures. In general the study was satisfactory as it presents significant data especially in regard to the interaction of some physical characteristics on microscopic level of the components studied in this cermet that is still unknown and requires continued research. A fact that can be highlighted is the apparent lack of diffusion of Yttria particles that, as noted in the electronic mapping, were lodged between copper particles causing a not very homogeneous dispersion of the components in the alloy. This factor was most likely caused by low effectiveness compression and sintering of the samples, also impacting significantly on the hardness values and the conductivity values of about 29% IACS which measured in ambient temperature for metal alloys would be low, but for this metal-ceramic alloy is reasonable, as they have some inverse physical properties when exposed to cold temperatures resulting in lower resistivity values and higher critical temperatures making it suitable for low temperature electrical contacts. Y3 (Cu 90%/ Ni5%/ Ag3%/ Y2O32%) and Y6 (Cu 90%/ Ni7%/ Ag0%/ Y2O33%) samples with high concentration of Ni and low concentrations of Y2O3 had higher hardness values, and Y7 (Cu 95%/ Ni0%/ Ag0%/ Y2O35%) sample with high Cu concentration presented higher conductivity between all the samples.
Este trabalho estuda os efeitos da de Níquel (Ni), Prata (Ag) e Ítria (Y2O3) em uma liga de Cobre (Cu). Esta liga metal-cerâmica (cermeto) foi fabricada através da Metalurgia do Pó (MP), que foi escolhida pois é vantajosa quando se trabalha com ligas de elementos com grande diferença de ponto de fusão, pressão de vapor e densidade. Esta técnica foi utilizada objetivando criar um composto com resistência mecânica e elétrica e que pudesse ser mensurado e caracterizado através da análise de amostras por meio de procedimentos experimentais usuais de dureza e de corrente elétrica assim como fratografia. Os resultados mostram e exploram algumas características interessantes desta liga, e ao investigar tais propriedades físicas objetiva-se satisfazer as necessidades tecnológicas atuais principalmente como opções para uso como ânodo de combustível sólido ou como contato elétrico para baixas temperaturas. De modo geral o estudo foi satisfatório já que apresenta dados marcantes principalmente no que se diz respeito à interação de algumas características físicas a nível microscópico dos componentes estudados neste cermeto que ainda é pouco conhecido e requer continuidade de pesquisa. Um fato que pode ser ressaltado é a aparente não difusão das partículas de Ítria que, como observado nos mapeamentos eletrônicos, ficaram alojadas entre os aglutinados de cobre fazendo com que a dispersão dos componentes na liga não fosse homogênea. Tal fator muito provavelmente foi causado pela baixa eficácia da compactação e também da sinterização das amostras o que impactou consideravelmente nos valores de dureza que ficaram abaixo do esperado, assim como os valores de condutividade por volta de 29 %IACS que medidos a temperatura ambiente para uma liga exclusivamente metálica seria considerado baixo, mas no caso desta liga metal-cerâmica é bastante razoável. Já que possuem algumas propriedades físicas inversas quando submetidas a baixas temperaturas resultando em valores de resistividade mais baixos e temperaturas críticas mais elevadas ideais para contatos elétricos a baixa temperatura. As amostras Y3 (Cu 90%/ Ni5%/ Ag3%/ Y2O32%) e Y6 (Cu 90%/ Ni7%/ Ag0%/ Y2O33%) com alta concentração de Ni e baixa concentração de Y2O3 apresentaram maior dureza, e a amostra Y7 (Cu 95%/ Ni0%/ Ag0%/ Y2O35%) com alta concentração de Cu maior condutividade.
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Filho, Nelson do Nascimento Atanazio. "Estudo da influência do meio corrosivo na resistência à fadiga do aço estrutural SAE 8620." CNEN - Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, 2006. http://www.bdtd.cdtn.br//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1.
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NenhumaA corrosão-fadiga é provavelmente um dos mais complexos de todos os fenômenos, sendo influenciada por fatores ambientais, mecânicos, metalúrgicos, somados a uma componente cíclica de tensões. A corrosão-fadiga pode ser definida como a ação combinada de um ambiente agressivo e uma tensão cíclica que conduzem à falha prematura dos metais por trincamento. A maior parte da vida em fadiga está relacionada a uma sucessão de processos durante os quais planos de escorregamento, deformações localizadas, danos e micro trincas se iniciam e desenvolvem até a nucleação de trinca macroscópica. Neste estudo, a influência da solução de NaCl 3,5% nas propriedades de fadiga do aço foi avaliada. Foram analisadas as curvas de S-N-P obtidas sob ambiente corrosivo e comparadas com as curvas de S-N-P obtidas em água destilada. Em geral, a corrosão-fadiga em soluções aquosas é um processo eletroquímico. O mecanismo de iniciação de trincas por corrosão-fadiga proposto para explicar a redução da vida em fadiga de metais em ambientes corrosivos, foi analisado neste trabalho
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Karlsson, Daniel. "Life and fracture in very high cycle fatigue of a high strength steel." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap och fysik (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-86135.
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Classical fatigue models teach that there is an intrinsic fatigue limit for steels, representing a level of stress that is too low for regular crack growth where every cyclic load propagates a fatigue crack through the material. Modern application with extreme lifetimes has shown that fatigue will still take place in steels with stress levels well below the expected fatigue limit. This relatively new area of study has been named Very High Cycle Fatigue, or VHCF, and describes fatigue failures with a number of load cycles exceeding 107. Fractography of steels that has suffered VHCF tends to reveal an especially rough crack surface adjacent to where the fatigue crack originates, which is typically some form of defect in the bulk of the steel. This area is believed to be critical for VHCF and has been referred to in a number of ways by different studies, but will herein be called Fine Granular Area, or FGA. The aim of this study is to try and get a better understanding of VHCF. This was done by fractography analysis of test specimens of high strength tool steel that suffered fatigue failure at lifetimes ranging from about 106 cycles to 1,9x109 cycles. The lower lifetimes were achieved using hydraulic testing equipment, while the specimens in the VHCF range suffered fatigue failure in ultrasonic testing equipment allowing the application of a cyclic stress at a rate of 20 000 Hz. The resulting fracture surfaces were then investigated using a scanning electron microscope, or SEM, taking special note of the fatigue initiating defects and, in the case of VHCF, the rough area found adjacent to it. In combination with the SEM an elemental analysis of the fatigue initiating defects as well as the bulk of the material was done using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, or EDS. This was done to find out what the defects consisted of; confirming that they were slags and checking that the composition of the material of the bulk of the specimen matches what was expected. Using light optical microscopy in combination with acid etching of the surface of samples cut out of the test specimens the structure of the steel was investigated. Calculating the local stresses at the location of the fatigue initiating defect was done using FEM in combination with displacement amplitude gathered from the ultrasonic testing equipment. The data gathered was then measured and compared to that of previous studies, using models of prediction and seeing how they match the experimental results. The results suggest that the stress intensity factor at the internal slags is critical for VHCF and that with lower stress intensity factors one can expect longer lifetimes. Another observation is a relatively consistent stress intensity factor at the edge of the FGA combined with the original defect, likely signifying the transition from the creation of FGA to traditional crack propagation. There also seems to be a connection between the size of the FGA and the number of cycles to failure, with larger FGA with increasing lifetimes. The most glaring shortcoming of this study is the amount satisfactory tests conducted, and thus amount of data points, is very low due to the majority of specimens suffered failure at the threading used to connect them to the ultrasonic testing equipment at lifetimes far too low to be relevant.Klassiska utmattningsmodeller lär ut att det finns en utmattningsgräns för stål, vilket representerar en spänningsnivå som är för låg för regelbunden sprickväxt där varje cyklisk belastning sprider en utmattningsspricka genom materialet. Moderna applikation med extrema livstider har visat att utmattning fortfarande äger rum i stål med spänningsnivåer långt under den förväntade utmattningsgränsen. Detta relativt nya studieområde har fått namnet Very High Cycle Fatigue, eller VHCF, och beskriver utmattningsfall med ett antal belastningscykler som överstiger 107. Fraktografi av stål som har drabbats av VHCF tenderar att ha en särskilt gropig sprickyta som ligger intill där utmattningssprickan har sitt ursprung, vilket typiskt är någon form av defekt i stålets bulk. Detta område tros vara kritiskt för VHCF och har hänvisats till på ett antal sätt av olika studier, men kommer här att kallas Fine Granular Area eller FGA. Syftet med denna studie är att försöka få en bättre förståelse för VHCF. Detta gjordes genom fraktografianalys av testprover av verktygsstål med hög hållfasthet som drabbades av utmattningsbrott vid livstider från cirka 106 cykler till 1,9x109 cykler. De lägre livslängderna uppnåddes med hjälp av hydraulisk testutrustning, medan proverna i VHCF-området drabbades av utmattningsbrott i ultraljudstestutrustning som klarar att applicera en cyklisk stress med en frekvens på 20 kHz. De resulterande sprickytorna undersöktes sedan med hjälp av ett svepelektronmikroskop, eller SEM, med särskild fokus på utmattningsinitierande defekter och, i fallet med VHCF, det grova området som hittades intill det, FGA. I kombination med SEM utfördes en elementanalys av utmattningsinitierande defekter liksom huvuddelen av materialet med energidispersiv röntgenspektroskopi, eller EDS. Detta gjordes för att ta reda på vad inneslutningarna bestod av för att bekräfta att de var slagg samt kontrollera att sammansättningen av materialet i huvuddelen av provet matchar det som förväntades. Med användning av optisk ljusmikroskopi i kombination med syraetsning av ytan på prover som skars ut ur testproverna undersöktes stålets struktur. Beräkning av de lokala spänningarna på platsen för den utmattningsinitierande defekten gjordes med hjälp av FEM i kombination med förskjutningsamplituden som samlats från ultraljudsutrustningen. De insamlade uppgifterna mättes sedan och jämfördes med tidigare studier genom att använda diverse modeller och se hur de matchar de experimentella resultaten. Resultaten antyder att stressintensitetsfaktorn vid inneslutningarna är kritisk för VHCF och att man med lägre stressintensitetsfaktorer kan förvänta sig längre livstid. En annan observation är en relativt konsekvent stressintensitetsfaktor vid kanten av FGA, vilket sannolikt markerar övergången från skapandet eller utbredning av FGA till traditionell sprickutbredning. Det verkar också finnas en koppling mellan storleken på FGA och antalet cykler till fel, med större FGA med ökande livslängd. Den mest uppenbara bristen i denna studie är mängden tillfredsställande tester som genomförts. Därmed är mängden datapunkter mycket låg, detta på grund av att majoriteten av proverna misslyckades vid gängningen som användes för att ansluta dem till ultraljudstestutrustningen vid livstider alltför låga för att vara relevanta.
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Arcego, Mateus Leal. "Resistência à ruptura transversal de aços rápidos AISI M2 produzidos por metalurgia do pó e sujeitos a diferentes condições de tratamentos." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2016. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1694.
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Previous issue date: 2016-02-24Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O objetivo do trabalho é analisar os mecanismos que se destacaram na fratura sob diferentes condições de tratamento. As condições estudadas foram: Sinterizada (sem tratamento posterior a sinterização), Temperada e Revenida, Boretada, Normalizada, Temperada e Revenida com superfície jateada e Boretada + Revestimento de nitreto de titânio (TiN). Neste trabalho foram realizados ensaios de resistência à ruptura transversal (TRS) em aços rápidos (HSS) AISI M2 produzidos por metalurgia do pó (MP) e com diferentes condições de tratamentos térmicos aplicadas. As amostras foram produzidas com o pó do aço rápido AISI M2 atomizado à água, compactado uniaxialmente em matriz flutuante de duplo efeito e sinterizadas em forno à vácuo. Foram feitas 15 amostras por condição de forma a obter um controle estatístico da variação da porosidade das amostras. Ensaios TRS foram realizados levando os corpos de prova ao rompimento de forma abrupta, sem características de deformação plástica, o que caracterizou as fraturas como frágil. Em uma análise levando em conta a TRS, a dureza e a porosidade, evidenciou-se que a TRS e a dureza não são diretamente proporcionais, porém a TRS é sensível a porosidade, sendo que para variações de 3% na porosidade a TRS pode variar em até 20%. Observando as fractografias, notou-se que as amostras Boretadas, possuem mecanismos de preenchimento de poros através do crescimento da camada de boretos, o que é um fator positivo em relação a TRS. Outro mecanismo observado nas amostras boretadas, é o fato de ocorrer 2 modos de fratura na camada de boretos, o modo I, modo de abertura normal de trinca, e o modo II, modo deslizante de cisalhamento. Esse fato pode ser explicado pela diferença entre os módulos de Elasticidade entre as fases FeB e Fe2B da camada boretada, alterando o comportamento da curva de tensão-deformação, causando uma grande concentração de tensão na região e favorecendo a ocorrência deste efeito. Porosidades do tipo interligadas foram observadas na matriz de todas as condições analisadas.
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Solignac, Marie-Paul. "Etude du comportement a la fissuration en fluage et en fatigue d'aciers inoxydables austenitiques z2 cnd 17-12 (316 l) a 550 c." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066540.
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Description du comportement du materiau en fluage par une loi puissance. Etude des relations entre la vitesse de propagation et les parametres mecaniques. Prevision de la duree de vie. En fatigue, etude de l'influence des parametres experimentaux et de certains traitements (vieillissement, ecrouissage) sur la fissuration. Etude par microscopie electronique des modes de rupture, ainsi que de la microstructure necessaire a la comprehension du comportement de l'acier
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Sandor, Leonardo Taborda. "Uma metodologia para a avaliação dos gradientes de tenacidade a fratura ao longo da camada cementada do aço SAE 5115." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264971.
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Orientador: Itamar FerreiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Este trabalho propõe um modelo para avaliar pontualmente as variações de tenacidade à fratura ao longo da camada cementada de um aço SAE 5115. A pequena espessura dessas camadas impede a retirada de corpos de prova nas dimensões especificadas pelas normas de ensaios de tenacidade à fratura. Assim, para simular uma camada cementada retirou-se corpos de prova de tração e de tenacidade à fratura de amostras de aços SAE 5115, 5140, 5160 e 52100 assumindo a influência local apenas da variação do teor de carbono e considerando que os teores dos demais elementos de liga são essencialmente constantes. Os corpos de prova após eletrodeposição de cobre foram tratados termicamente numa carga industrial de cementação, têmpera e revenimento para serem submetidos aos efeitos térmicos sem absorção de carbono. Os resultados da análise microestrutural, dos ensaios de microdureza, de tração e de tenacidade à fratura foram agrupados em um único gráfico e comparados com o perfil de cementação de peças de aço SAE 5115 tratadas nas mesmas condições. Foi confirmado que a tenacidade à fratura varia inversamente proporcional à microdureza (HV1) e que a previsão do comportamento de uma trinca numa camada cementada pode ser feita por meio de equação ou diagrama que relacionam a miicrodureza HV1 com a tenacidade à fratura (K1c ou CTODc)
Abstract: The purpose of this work is to propose a model for evaluating the fracture toughness along the SAE 5115 steel carburized layer. Due to the small thickness of those layers, it is impossible to machine specimens from those layer in accordance with standards. For simulating the microstructures of the carburized layer in order to get samples for tensile and the fracture toughness testing, specimens of SAE 5115, 5140, 5160, and 52100 steels assuming the local influence just of the variation of the content of carbon and considering that the contents of the other alloy elements are essentially constant. The specimens after electroplated copper layer were heat treated in an industrialload of carburizing, quenching, and tempering for they be submitted to the thermal effects without absorption of carbono The results of the microstructure analysis and microhardness, tension, and fracture toughness tests were placed in a single graph and compared with the profile of the carburizing of the steel SAE 5115 heat treated in the same conditions. It was confirmed that the fracture toughness varies inversely proportional to the microhardness (HV1) and that the forecast of the behavior of a crack in a carburized layer can be made through equation or it designs that relate the microhardness (HV1) with the fracture toughness (KIC or CTODc)
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Krishna, Ram. "Microstructural investigation of alloys used for power generation industries." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8601.
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Nickel based superalloys are currently being investigated for high temperature applications in advanced steam power plant operating at temperatures of 700˚C and above. Three nickel-based superalloys Inconel 617, Inconel 625 and Nimonic 263 alloys, which are of primary interest for boiler technology components such as furnace walls, superheater tubes, header and steam pipes, etc and for steam turbine technology components such as HP &IP cylinders, rotor forgings, casing and valve chest, blading, etc., have been evaluated for long and short term creep performance. Creep deformation processes occurring at high temperatures and stresses lead to the evolution of microstructures in the form of precipitation, precipitate coarsening and recovery effects. The deterioration in mechanical properties as a result of this microstructural change has been evaluated by hardness testing. This work discusses the microstructural evolution occurring in alloys in samples that have been creep exposed at a series of temperatures from 650°C to 775°C and for durations from 1000 to 45,000 hours using advanced FEGSEM, TEM, XRD and phase extraction techniques. The fractions and morphology of different phases, their locations during exposure to higher temperatures and probable creep fracture mechanism in these alloys are illustrated and discussed.
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Abaidullin, Ilgiz. "Vliv mikrostruktury na hodnoty KV mikrolegované oceli 694F60." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377871.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of this master’s thesis was to find the causes of impact toughness scattering of forgings of the test disk with dimension range of 540 – 170 mm. The experimental samples were developed from steel A694 F60. To reach the main aim light microscopy, electron microscopy, EBSD technique, fractographic analysis and hardness measurement HV10 were utilized.
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Marques, Luís Felipe Barbosa. "Influência do intemperismo no mecanismo da fratura de compósitos soldados PEI/fibra de vidro /." Guaratinguetá, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192263.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Michelli Leali CostaResumo: Dentre os setores de aplicações comerciais de materiais compósitos avançados, destaca-se o setor aeroespacial com larga aplicação desses materiais. Entre as técnicas de união aplicadas aos compósitos termoplásticos está a soldagem com grandes vantagens em relação aos outros processos de uniões tais como, redução de custo, agilidade de processamento, redução de elementos acumuladores de tensão, preparações mais simplórias das superfícies a serem soldadas. Mesmo com essas vantagens e, embora o processo já seja utilizado nos setores industriais, a soldagem de compósitos tem como desafio a melhoria de sua resistência, a aplicação do processo para reparos ou processamentos em campo, além da necessidade de avaliação dos efeitos das condições climáticas em juntas soldadas, as quais podem estar submetidas quando em operação em uma aeronave, por exemplo. Mediante a isso, esse trabalho visa produzir e estudar juntas soldadas por resistência elétrica e por tocha acetilênica em compósito PEI/fibra de vidro. Os compósitos obtidos foram submetidos ao condicionamento higrotérmico seguido de ensaios mecânicos de LSS (Lap Shear Strength) e ENF (End-Notched Flexure). O mecanismo de fratura das juntas soldadas foi avaliado por microscopia. A partir das análises e dos resultados obtidos, foi observado que os valores de resistência ao cisalhamento em modo II dos compósitos soldados por resistência elétrica (3270,9 J/m²) são similares aos descritos na literatura para os compósitos PEI/fibra de vid... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Among the commercial application sectors of advanced composite materials, the aerospace sector with wide application of these materials stands out. Among the joining techniques applied to thermoplastic composites is welding with great advantages over other joining processes such as cost reduction, processing agility, reduction of stress accumulators, little or no preparation required of the surface to be processed. Even with these advantages, and although the process is already used in the industrial sectors, composite welding has the challenge of improving its resistance, the application of the process for field repairs or processing, and the need to evaluate the effects of weather conditions. welded joints, which may be subjected when operating in an aircraft, for example. Therefore, this work aims to produce and study joints welded by electric resistance and acetylene torch in PEI / fiberglass composite. The composites obtained were subjected to hygrothermal conditioning followed by mechanical tests of LSS (Lap Shear Strength) and ENF (End-Notched Flexure). The fracture mechanism of the welded joints was evaluated by microscopy. From the analyzes and results obtained, it was observed that the shear strength values in mode II of the composites welded by electric resistance (3270.9 J / m²) are similar to those described in the literature for PEI / fiberglass composites. However, for the composites welded by the oxyacetylene process, a reduction of approximately 20% in the va... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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