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Journal articles on the topic 'Fractography'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 September 2023

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1

Quinn, George D. "A History of the Fractography of Brittle Materials." Key Engineering Materials 409 (March 2009): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.409.1.

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The evolution of the science of fractography of brittle materials initially was driven by failure analysis problems. Early analyses focused on general patterns of fracture and how they correlated to the loading conditions. Many early documents are simply descriptive, but the curiosity of some key scientists and engineers was aroused. Scientific or engineering explanations for the observed patterns gradually were developed. Advances in microscopy and flaw based theories of strength and fracture mechanics led to dramatic advances in the state of the art of fractographic analysis of brittle materials. Introduction: This author was drawn backwards in time as he researched the current state of the art of fractographic analysis of brittle materials for his fractography guide book.[ ] Others have written about how the fractographic analysis of metals evolved (e.g., [ , , , ]), but there is no analogue for ceramics and glasses. The key scientists, engineers, and analysts who contributed to our field are shown in Fig. 1. Other work done by industry workers who were unable or loathe to publish is now lost, inaccessible, forgotten, or even discarded. It is the goal of this paper to review the key publications and mark the noteworthy advances in the field. Some deem fractography as the study of fracture surfaces, but this author takes a broader view. Fractography is the means and methods for characterizing fractured specimens or components and, for example, a simple examination of the fragments and how they fit together to study the overall breakage pattern is a genuine fractographic analysis.

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2

Bettge, D., and L. Schmies. "The WG Fractography Online Database – stage of development and planning." Practical Metallography 60, no. 9 (August 21, 2023): 569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-2023-0048.

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Abstract Since 2013, the AG Fraktographie (Working Group (WG) Fractography) in the DVM/DGM Joint Committee “Elektronenmikroskopie in der Materialforschung” (Electron Microscopy in Materials Research) maintains a fractographic online database (“FractoDB”, [1, 2]) available to interested professionals. When it comes to identifying failure mechanisms and causes of damage, the analysis and evaluation of fracture surfaces and their characteristics constitute important aspects of the failure analysis. Cracks and fractures in real components can only be assessed if well-documented comparative fractures from laboratory tests are available – be it in samples or in comparison components. The WG Fractography therefore gathers image material, systematically carries out laboratory and round robin tests, and analyzes fractures from failure cases. From thus obtained data, datasets are compiled and made available via the database. Currently, a browsable inventory of more than 400 datasets with a total of more than 4500 images is available. It is organized in line with guideline VDI 3822 [3]. Other activities of the WG Fractography represented in the FractoDB include, among others, the development of a fractographic set of symbols [4, 5] and the analysis of fracture characteristics using machine learning [6]. This contribution reports on latest results and plans.

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Maros, Maria Berkes, Nikoletta Kaulics Helmeczi, and Ján Dusza. "Qualitative and Quantitative Fractographic Analysis of Dynamically Impacted Si₃N₄ Ceramics." Materials Science Forum 589 (June 2008): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.589.73.

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Si3N4 is widely used as a structural ceramic, therefore mechanical characterization, especially in dynamic loading conditions is important task. In the framework of a comprehensive research work aiming at characterizing the dynamic failure process of Si3N4 based ceramics we executed instrumented impact tests. Beside determining various mechanical characteristics we executed failure analysis by fractography, as well. The current paper focuses on the fractographic analysis of the dynamic failure processes of the investigated Si3N4 based ceramics. A detailed morphological analysis has been carried out determining qualitative and quantitative features using macro- and micro-fractography.

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FENG, JUNJUN, ENYUAN WANG, QISONG HUANG, HOUCHENG DING, and YANKUN MA. "STUDY ON COAL FRACTOGRAPHY UNDER DYNAMIC IMPACT LOADING BASED ON MULTIFRACTAL METHOD." Fractals 28, no. 01 (January 30, 2020): 2050006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x20500061.

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Coal fractography is a powerful tool for interpreting coal fracture behaviors, which is significant for dealing with failure issues encountered in deep coal mining. However, the accuracy of coal fractography highly depends on the method of quantitatively characterizing coal fracture surfaces. In this study, coal fractography under dynamic impact loading was investigated based on a multifractal method, the multifractal spectrum parameters were proposed to quantitatively describe the coal fracture surfaces. The width of the multifractal spectrum [Formula: see text] characterizes the uniformity of the surface asperity distribution, and the spectrum parameter [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] characterizes the proportion of dominant asperities on fracture surface. The coal fractography results indicate that larger loading rate leads to more asperities on the coal fracture surfaces, i.e. rougher fracture surfaces, and the fracture surfaces are dominated by small asperities induced by dynamic impact loading. In addition, significant anisotropy effect was found on the fracture surfaces under dynamic impact loading by the spatial distributions of multifractal spectrum parameter [Formula: see text]. The parameter [Formula: see text] was further utilized to determine the macrocrack direction and microfracture markings on the coal fracture surfaces, the results transpire that the multifractal method is feasible for coal fractographic analysis under dynamic loading conditions.

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5

Moleko, Teboho C., Maina Maringa, and Willie B. Du Preez. "Fractography and Microstructural Analysis of As-Built and Stress Relieved DMLS Ti6Al4V (ELI) Plates Subjected to High Velocity Impact." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (August 19, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9008244.

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This paper presents fractographic and microstructural analysis of as-built and stress relieved DMLS Ti6Al4V (ELI) plates with thicknesses of 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, and 14 mm, impacted by high velocity projectiles. Fractography was performed through scanning electron microscopy on the surfaces of the projectile holes, while microstructural analysis of specimens extracted from the plates close to and far from the projectile holes was conducted by way of optical microscopy. Fractography revealed brittle behavior at the entry points of the penetration holes and ductile behavior at the exit points of the penetration holes. Microstructural analysis revealed microstructural changes in the alloy and a gradual increase of the β-phase fraction toward the edge of the projectile holes through all the plate thicknesses.

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6

Oudbashi, Omid, and Russell Wanhill. "Long-Term Embrittlement of Ancient Copper and Silver Alloys." Heritage 4, no. 3 (September 10, 2021): 2287–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030130.

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The manifestations of ancient metals’ embrittlement, cracking and fracture, are challenging problems for restorers and conservators, yet the scientific understanding of these problems is limited. In particular, the study and interpretation of fracture surfaces, fractography, is a minor or non-existent consideration for most archaeometallurgical investigations. This paper presents a survey of fractographic analyses, in combination with the more widely used disciplines of microstructural studies, metallography, and chemical analyses for some Old-World copper alloy (bronzes) and high-silver alloy artifacts that have undergone long-term corrosion and embrittlement damage. We show that fractography, as an adjunct to metallography, can improve the interpretation of these types of damage and assist in selecting the best methods for restoration and conservation of the objects made from these alloys.

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7

Lauschmann, Hynek, Ondřej Ráček, Michal Tůma, and Ivan Nedbal. "TEXTURAL FRACTOGRAPHY." Image Analysis & Stereology 21, no. 4 (May 3, 2011): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v21.ps49-s59.

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The reconstitution of the history of a fatigue process is based on the knowledge of any correspondences between the morphology of the crack surface and the velocity of the crack growth (crack growth rate - CGR). The textural fractography is oriented to mezoscopic SEM magnifications (30 to 500x). Images contain complicated textures without distinct borders. The aim is to find any characteristics of this texture, which correlate with CGR. Pre-processing of images is necessary to obtain a homogeneous texture. Three methods of textural analysis have been developed and realized as computational programs: the method based on the spectral structure of the image, the method based on a Gibbs random field (GRF) model, and the method based on the idealization of light objects into a fibre process. In order to extract and analyze the fibre process, special methods - tracing fibres and a database-oriented analysis of a fibre process - have been developed.

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8

Tanaka, Sumio, Yukio Hirose, and Keisuke Tanaka. "X-ray Fractographic Study on Alumina and Zirconia Ceramics." Advances in X-ray Analysis 34 (1990): 719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800015032.

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The residual stress left on the fracture surface is one of the important parameters in X-ray fractographic study. It has been used to analyze fracture mechanisms in fracture toughness and fatigue tests especially of high strength steels.In this paper, X-ray fractography was applied to brittle fracture of alumina (Al2O3) and zirconia (ZΓO2) ceramics.

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9

Ghiban, Brandusa, Florentina Catalina Varlan, Marius Niculescu, and Dan Voinescu. "Fractographic Evaluation of the Metallic Materials for Medical Applications." Key Engineering Materials 745 (July 2017): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.745.62.

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The manner of studying of the fracture modes could be done through fractography. Fractography is the study of fracture surface morphologies and it gives an insight into damage and failure mechanisms, underpinning the development of physically-based failure criteria. In composites research it provides a crucial link between predictive models and experimental observations. Fractographic methods are routinely used to determine the cause of failure in all engineering structures, especially in product failure and the practice of forensic engineering or failure analysis. In material science research, fractography is used to develop and evaluate theoretical models of crack growth behavior. One of the aims of fractographic examination is to determine the cause of failure by studying the characteristics of a fracture surface. Different types of crack growth produce characteristic features on the surface, which can be used to help identify the failure mode. The overall pattern of cracking can be more important than a single crack, however, especially in the case of brittle behavior materials. Initial fractographic examination is commonly carried out on a macro scale utilizing low power optical microscopy and oblique lighting techniques to identify the extent of cracking, possible modes and likely origins. When it is needed to identify the nature of failure, an analysis at high magnification is required and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) seems to be the best choice. The problem of fracture behavior of biometallic materials is a real one, being well and repeatedly presented in literature. Variations in alloy compositions can lead to subtle differences in mechanical, physical, or electrochemical properties. However, these differences are minor compared with the potential variability caused by differences in fabrication methodology, heat treatment, cold working, and surface finishing, where surface treatments are particularly important for corrosion and wear properties. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to summarize the different types of metals and alloys used as biomaterials, the corrosion of metals in the human body, and different failure damages of metallic implants.

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10

Barbosa Marques, Luís Felipe, Jonas Frank Reis, Ana Beatriz Ramos Moreira Abrahão, Luis Rogério D. Oliveira Hein, Edson Cocchieri Botelho, and Michelle L. Costa. "Interfacial, mechanical, and thermal behavior of PEI/glass fiber welded joints influenced by hygrothermal conditioning." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983211055826.

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This work aims to characterize the influence of hygrothermal conditioning on the mechanical and thermal behavior as well as the fractographic aspects of the interface of poly(ether imide) and glass fiber composite joints welded by electrical resistance using 400 mesh of AISI 304 stainless steel. The composites were mechanically characterized by Lap Shear Strength (LSS) and End Notched Flexure (ENF) testing to investigate maximum shear stress and energy from mode II interlaminar fracture toughness. Fractography was performed by SEM, while the influence on glass transition temperature and working temperature were evaluated by Dynamic-Mechanical Analysis and thermogravimetry. In the conditioned samples, the mechanical properties reduced 23% in the LSS test and 28% in the ENF test, while the fractography studies revealed elements of interlaminar and intralaminar fracture in both conditions. Thermal properties did not change significantly to disqualify this composite when applied to welding.

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11

Lauschmann, Hynek, Filip Šiška, and Ivan Nedbal. "Textural Fractography of Fatigue Failures under Variable Cycle Loading." Materials Science Forum 482 (April 2005): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.482.259.

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A new concept of counting time at fatigue processes is proposed, aimed to reach fractographic compatibility in cases of different loading sequences. Values of cycle effectivity are summarized to give the new reference time. The improvement is shown in application - textural fractography of three specimens loaded by constant cycle, constant cycle with periodic overloading, and a random block, respectively. In contrast to the conventional crack growth rate, the reference crack growth rate is related to common morphologic features of all fracture surfaces.

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12

UCHIDA, Hitoshi, Shozo INOUE, Tomohiro MAEKAWA, and Keiji KOTERAZAWA. "Fractography. Fractographic Analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking with Electron Channeling Patterns." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 46, no. 6 (1997): 597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.46.597.

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13

Richter, H. G. "Fractography of Bioceramics." Key Engineering Materials 223 (February 2002): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.223.157.

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14

Schulson, E. M., I. Baker, C. D. Robertson, R. B. Bolon, and R. J. Harnimon. "Fractography of ice." Journal of Materials Science Letters 8, no. 10 (October 1989): 1193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01730067.

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15

Underwood, Ervin E., and Kingshuk Banerji. "Fractals in fractography." Materials Science and Engineering 80, no. 1 (June 1986): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(86)90297-1.

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16

AMEEN, M. S. "Fractography in geology." Journal of the Geological Society 151, no. 5 (September 1994): 889–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.151.5.0889.

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17

Shtremel', M. A. "Possibilities of Fractography." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 47, no. 5-6 (May 2005): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11041-005-0051-1.

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18

Krechkovska, Halyna, Oleksandra Student, Grzegorz Lesiuk, and José Correia. "Features of the microstructural and mechanical degradation of long term operated mild steel." International Journal of Structural Integrity 9, no. 3 (June 11, 2018): 296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-10-2017-0056.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the technical state of old and repair steels of Shukhov’s tower elements after operation during ~ 110 and 70 years of the water tower in Nikolaev, basing on their mechanical tests, metallography and fractography investigations. Design/methodology/approach For their certification, the fractographic and structural features and mechanical properties (hardness, strength, plasticity and impact toughness) were analyzed. Both the steels under consideration were characterized by low values of hardness and brittle fracture resistance. The mechanical characteristics of the old steel are lower compared with the repair one. It cannot be only explained by the quality of metal rolling. Moreover, the plasticity characteristics of both steels, defined in synthetic acid rain environment, are lower than in the air. Using fractography investigation, the operational damages in the bulk metal in the form of the elements of cleavage fracture in the central part of the fracture surfaces of specimens tested at the hydrogenation condition by synthetic acid rain environment were revealed. Findings The results of this study suggested a degradation of steels’ characteristics caused by the development of scattering damages during their operation. Higher relative elongation of the old steel at lower hardness and impact toughness were also evidenced in that. The metallography and fractography investigations also supported this finding. Originality/value This original study aimed at characterizing the microstructural and mechanical degradation of mild steels that was collected from Shukhov’s tower structural elements.

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19

Mušálek, Radek, Catalina Taltavull, Antonio Julio Lopez Galisteo, and Nicholas Curry. "Evaluation of Failure Micromechanisms of Advanced Thermal Spray Coatings by In Situ Experiment." Key Engineering Materials 606 (March 2014): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.606.187.

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Identification of failure mechanisms of thermal spray coatings by means of traditional fractography of failed parts is often troublesome. Reason for this is a highly inhomogeneous character of the coating microstructure and harsh in-service conditions which may hinder evidentiary fractographic marks. In this study, failure evolution of advanced thermal barrier coating (TBC) prepared by plasma spraying was studied in-situ at high magnification in a scanning electron microscope under well-defined laboratory conditions of three-point bending (3PB).

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20

Hvizdoš, Pavol, Ján Dusza, Robert Danzer, Roger Morrell, and George D. Quinn. "Fractography of Advanced Ceramics V “Fractography from MACRO- to NANO-scale”." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 37, no. 14 (November 2017): 4241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.05.013.

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21

Scherrer, Susanne S., Janet B. Quinn, and George D. Quinn. "Fractography of Dental Restorations." Key Engineering Materials 409 (March 2009): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.409.72.

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The dental community is using a variety of ceramic restorative materials such as porcelains (leucite or alumina based), glass-ceramics (leucite, mica, lithium disilicates), alumina-glass infiltrated, and CAD-CAM ceramics including pure alumina and zirconia (3Y-TZP) core materials. Polycrystalline ceramics such as alumina and zirconia serve as substructure materials (i.e., framework or core) upon which glassy ceramics are veneered for an improved appearance. Under masticatory loads, sudden fracture of the full-thickness restoration or of the veneering ceramic (chips) may occur. Stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope analyses were used to perform qualitative (descriptive) fractography on clinically failed dental ceramic restorations. The most common features visible on the fracture surfaces of the glassy veneering ceramic of recovered broken parts were hackle, wake hackle, twist hackle, arrest lines, and compression curls. The observed features are indicators of the local direction of crack propagation and were used to trace the crack’s progression back to its initial starting zone (the origin). This paper presents the applicability of fractographic failure analyses for understanding fracture processes in brittle dental restorative materials and it draws conclusions as to possible design or processing inadequacies in failed restorations.

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22

Wanhill, Russell, and Omid Oudbashi. "Archaeometallurgical Fracture Analysis." AM&P Technical Articles 181, no. 4 (May 1, 2023): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2023-04.p028.

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Abstract This article provides an overview of cracking and fracture mechanisms in heritage gold, silver, low-tin bronze, and wrought iron alloys. Understanding these mechanisms can be important for restorers, and possibly for conservators and curators as well. Metallography is widely used (when sampling is permitted) for studying archaeometallurgical artifacts in detail. However, fracture surface examinations and analysis (i.e., fractography) can often provide even greater insight. Case studies demonstrate the benefits of employing fractographic analysis to study cracking and fracture mechanisms in heritage alloys.

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23

KOTERAZAWA, Ryoichi. "Recent Development in Fractography." Tetsu-to-Hagane 73, no. 1 (1987): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.73.1_19.

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24

Christensen, Angi, Joseph Hefner, Michael Smith, Jodi Webb, Maureen Bottrell, and Todd Fenton. "Forensic Fractography of Bone." Forensic Anthropology 1, no. 1 (January 2018): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/fa.2018.0004.

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25

Watanabe, Chuichi, Yoshio Kawahara, Hajime Ohtani, and Shin Tsuge. "Development of pyrolysis-fractography." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 64, no. 2 (September 2002): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2370(02)00031-1.

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26

Skibicki, Dariusz, Janusz Sempruch, and Łukasz Pejkowski. "Steel X2CrNiMo17-12-2 Testing for Uniaxial, Proportional and Non-Proportional Loads as Delivered and in the Annealed Condition." Materials Science Forum 726 (August 2012): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.726.171.

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The article presents the results of fatigue life and fractographic testing of steel X2CrNiMo17-12-2 exposed to proportional and non-proportional fatigue loads. The following load types were applied: tension-compressive strength, torsion, proportional combined/complex loads produced by tension-compressive strength and torsion as well as non-proportional combined load – by tension-compressive strength and torsion by the phase shift angle φ=90°. The paper analyses the effect of the load method on the fatigue life and fractography of fatigue fractures recorded, and especially the effect of non-proportional load.

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Schmies, L., B. Botsch, Q. H. Le, A. Yarysh, U. Sonntag, M. Hemmleb, and D. Bettge. "Classification of fracture characteristics and fracture mechanisms using deep learning and topography data." Practical Metallography 60, no. 2 (January 30, 2023): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-2022-1008.

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Abstract In failure analysis, micro-fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces is usually performed based on practical knowledge which is gained from available studies, own comparative tests, from the literature, as well as online databases. Based on comparisons with already existing images, fracture mechanisms are determined qualitatively. These images are mostly two-dimensional and obtained by light optical and scanning electron imaging techniques. So far, quantitative assessments have been limited to macroscopically determined percentages of fracture types or to the manual measurement of fatigue striations, for example. Recently, more and more approaches relying on computer algorithms have been taken, with algorithms capable of finding and classifying differently structured fracture characteristics. For the Industrial Collective Research (Industrielle Gemeinschaftsforschung, IGF) project “iFrakto” presented in this paper, electron-optical images are obtained, from which topographic information is calculated. This topographic information is analyzed together with the conventional 2D images. Analytical algorithms and deep learning are used to analyze and evaluate fracture characteristics and are linked to information from a fractography database. The most important aim is to provide software aiding in the application of fractography for failure analysis. This paper will present some first results of the project.

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28

Mishima, Tadao, Hiroyuki Yoshida, Yukio Hirose, and Keisuke Tanaka. "Pre-Cracking Technique and its Application to X-Ray Fractography of Alumina Ceramics." Advances in X-ray Analysis 31 (1987): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800022060.

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X–ray fractography is a new method utilizing the X–ray diffraction technique to observe the fracture surface for the analysis of the micromechanisms and mechanics of fracture.In the present study, X–ray fractography was applied to brittle fracture of alumina ceramics. The first part deals with our new method of pre–cracking of ceramics. Pre–cracking was introduced to a singleedge notched specimen by longitudinal compression. Then the fracture toughness tests were conducted with pre–cracked specimens as well as notched ones. The effect of the notch radius on the fracture–toughness value was determined. The second part describes the result of X–ray fractography.

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29

Stach, Sebastian, Stanisław Roskosz, Jerzy Cybo, and Jan Cwajna. "Quantitative Description of Overlaps on Sialon Ceramics Fractures by the Multifractal Method." Key Engineering Materials 409 (March 2009): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.409.394.

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A quantitative description of overlaps on fractures in sialon ceramics, is presented in the paper. A conventional analysis, aiming at the determination of the percentage share of overlaps on the basis of quantitative fractography, was preceded by stereometric/fractal analyses. They enabled the selection of representative sections of samples and then, the production of transverse microsections in those places for an analysis of the fractures’ profiles using the light microscopy method and fractographic image analysis. Based on the compared results from both methods, a successful verification was made of the research methodology developed earlier for sintered carbides and proven for a chromium-molybdenum steel.

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30

Morrell, Roger. "Fractography and Fracture Toughness Measurement." Key Engineering Materials 409 (March 2009): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.409.17.

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Using a variety of advanced ceramic materials, a comparison has been conducted of fracture toughness test methods using the single edge vee-notch beam method and the surface crack in flexure method, the latter restricted to optical fractography. Good agreement has been found between the two methods on materials which were amenable to the SCF method. It has further been shown that the SEVNB method can produce reliable results on materials to which the SCF method is not readily applicable.

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31

Fujiki, Sakae. "Fractography Method for Plastic Material." Seikei-Kakou 28, no. 9 (August 20, 2016): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.28.367.

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32

Bhanuprasad, V. V., M. A. Staley, P. Ramakrishnan, and Y. R. Mahajan. "Fractography of Metal Matrix Composites." Key Engineering Materials 104-107 (July 1995): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.104-107.495.

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33

Supancic, Peter. "Fracture and Fractography of Electroceramics." Key Engineering Materials 223 (February 2002): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.223.69.

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34

Sasajima, Mikio, Masakazu Shimanuki, and Seiji Koizumi. "Fractography-Research procedure of fracture." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 50, no. 6 (June 30, 2000): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.50.293.

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35

Parrington, Ronald J. "Fractography of Metals and Plastics." Practical Failure Analysis 2, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/152981502770351644.

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36

Lynch, S. P., and S. Moutsos. "A brief history of fractography." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 6, no. 6 (December 2006): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/154770206x156231.

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37

Tsirk, Are. "Notes on a Fractography Guide." Lithic Technology 34, no. 1 (March 2009): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2009.11721069.

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38

Goswami, Tarun. "Conjoint bending torsion fatigue — fractography." Materials & Design 23, no. 4 (June 2002): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-3069(02)00005-5.

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39

Hvizdoš, Pavol, Ján Dusza, George D. Quinn, Tanja Lube, and Jérôme Chevalier. "Fractography of Advanced Ceramics VI." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 40, no. 14 (November 2020): 4709–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.06.052.

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40

Banerji, K. "Quantitative fractography: A modern perspective." Metallurgical Transactions A 19, no. 4 (April 1988): 961–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02628381.

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41

Shikhmanter, L., I. Eldror, and B. Cina. "Fractography of unidirectional CFRP composites." Journal of Materials Science 24, no. 1 (January 1989): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00660949.

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Powell, Gordon W. "The fractography of casting alloys." Materials Characterization 33, no. 3 (October 1994): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(94)90048-5.

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Svoboda, J., and V. Sklenička. "Quantitative fractography of creep cavitation." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 24, no. 7 (July 1990): 1335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(90)90352-h.

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Tagawa, Tetsuya, Satoshi Igi, Shinobu Kawaguchi, Mitsuru Ohata, and Fumiyoshi Minami. "Fractography of burst-tested linepipe." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 89 (January 2012): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2011.09.009.

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Averbach, B. L. "Recent developments in quantitative fractography." JOM 42, no. 10 (October 1990): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03220403.

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46

Ayensu, A. "Fractography of quartz single crystals." Journal of Materials Science Letters 14, no. 2 (1995): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00456561.

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Li, Zong-quan, Guang-hai Li, Hui Shen, Yong Qin, Xi-jun Wu, and Dao-xiang Peng. "Fractography of embrittled copper bicrystals." Materials Science and Engineering: A 163, no. 1 (May 1993): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(93)90580-8.

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Parrington, Ronald J. "Fractography of metals and plastics." Practical Failure Analysis 2, no. 5 (October 2002): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02715463.

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Maros, Maria Berkes, Nikoletta Kaulics Helmeczi, Péter Arató, and Csaba Balázsi. "Mechanical and Fractographic Analyses of Monolithic Si₃N₄ Ceramics during Impact Testing." Key Engineering Materials 409 (March 2009): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.409.338.

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Abstract:

A comprehensive experimental and theoretical work aiming at studying the dynamic failure process of silicon nitride ceramics has been recently started. The main goal of this research programme consists in characterizing the mechanical behaviour of the material under dynamic loading as well as investigating the dynamic failure process using micro- and macro-fractography. The current paper deals with the phenomenon of special rate dependence of KId dynamic fracture toughness of Si3N4 based ceramics. The KId values have been determined during instrumented impact test on the one hand based on the dynamic key curve method using notched specimens, on the other hand based on fractographic analyses of fracture surface of impacted unnotched samples.

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Konečná, Radomila, Gianni Nicoletto, Adrián Bača, and Ludvík Kunz. "Metallographic Characterization and Fatigue Damage Initiation in Ti6Al4V Alloy Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering." Materials Science Forum 891 (March 2017): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.891.311.

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Abstract:

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) is a complex process where a part is build-up by localized melting of gas atomized powder layers by a concentrated laser beam followed rapid solidification. The microstructure of DMLS produced material is substantially different from that of conventionally manufactured materials, although the ultimate strength is similar. However, yield strength and elongation and especially fatigue behavior may vary considerably according to the process parameters and post fabrication heat treatment because they affect structural heterogeneity, porosity content, residual stresses, and surface conditions. Fatigue tests of DMLS Ti6Al4V alloy are interpreted in the light of a thorough metallographic and fractographic investigation. The fatigue crack initiation for three different cyclic stress directions with respect to build direction is determined by fractography.

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